Journal articles: 'Electroactive scaffold'

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Gupta, Kriti, Ruchi Patel, Madara Dias, Hina Ishaque, Kristopher White, and Ronke Olabisi. "Development of an Electroactive Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Excitable Tissues." International Journal of Biomaterials 2021 (January 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669504.

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For many cells used in tissue engineering applications, the scaffolds upon which they are seeded do not entirely mimic their native environment, particularly in the case of excitable tissues. For instance, muscle cells experience contraction and relaxation driven by the electrical input of an action potential. Electroactive materials can also deform in response to electrical input; however, few such materials are currently suitable as cell scaffolds. We previously described the development of poly(ethyelene glycol) diacrylate-poly(acrylic acid) as an electroactive scaffold. Although the scaffold itself supported cell growth and attachment, the voltage (20 V) required to actuate these scaffolds was cytotoxic. Here, we describe the further development of our hydrogels into scaffolds capable of actuation at voltages (5 V) that were not cytotoxic to seeded cells. This study describes the critical next steps towards the first functional electroactive tissue engineering scaffold.

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Angulo-Pineda, Carolina, Kasama Srirussamee, Patricia Palma, Victor M. Fuenzalida, Sarah H. Cartmell, and Humberto Palza. "Electroactive 3D Printed Scaffolds Based on Percolated Composites of Polycaprolactone with Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide for Antibacterial and Tissue Engineering Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030428.

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Applying electrical stimulation (ES) could affect different cellular mechanisms, thereby producing a bactericidal effect and an increase in human cell viability. Despite its relevance, this bioelectric effect has been barely reported in percolated conductive biopolymers. In this context, electroactive polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with conductive Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide (TrGO) nanoparticles were obtained by a 3D printing method. Under direct current (DC) along the percolated scaffolds, a strong antibacterial effect was observed, which completely eradicated S. aureus on the surface of scaffolds. Notably, the same ES regime also produced a four-fold increase in the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells attached to the 3D conductive PCL/TrGO scaffold compared with the pure PCL scaffold. These results have widened the design of novel electroactive composite polymers that could both eliminate the bacteria adhered to the scaffold and increase human cell viability, which have great potential in tissue engineering applications.

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Sun, Baojun, Yajie Sun, Shuwei Han, Ruitong Zhang, Xiujuan Wang, Chunxia Meng, Tuo Ji, et al. "Electroactive Hydroxyapatite/Carbon Nanofiber Scaffolds for Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010530.

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Traditional bone defect treatments are limited by an insufficient supply of autologous bone, the immune rejection of allogeneic bone grafts, and high medical costs. To address this medical need, bone tissue engineering has emerged as a promising option. Among the existing tissue engineering materials, the use of electroactive scaffolds has become a common strategy in bone repair. However, single-function electroactive scaffolds are not sufficient for scientific research or clinical application. On the other hand, multifunctional electroactive scaffolds are often complicated and expensive to prepare. Therefore, we propose a new tissue engineering strategy that optimizes the electrical properties and biocompatibility of carbon-based materials. Here, a hydroxyapatite/carbon nanofiber (HAp/CNF) scaffold with optimal electrical activity was prepared by electrospinning HAp nanoparticle-incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and then carbonizing the fibers. Biochemical assessments of the markers of osteogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells (h-ADSCs) cultured on HAp/CNF scaffolds demonstrate that the material promoted the osteogenic differentiation of h-ADSCs in the absence of an osteogenic factor. The results of this study show that electroactive carbon materials with a fibrous structure can promote the osteogenic differentiation of h-ADSCs, providing a new strategy for the preparation and application of carbon-based materials in bone tissue engineering.

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Wibowo, Arie, Gusti U. N. Tajalla, Maradhana A. Marsudi, Glen Cooper, Lia A. T. W. Asri, Fengyuan Liu, Husaini Ardy, and Paulo J. D. S. Bartolo. "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of Cilembu Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L var. Rancing) as Potential Filler for 3D Printed Electroactive and Anti-Infection Scaffolds." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072042.

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Electroactive biomaterials are fascinating for tissue engineering applications because of their ability to deliver electrical stimulation directly to cells, tissue, and organs. One particularly attractive conductive filler for electroactive biomaterials is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their high conductivity, antibacterial activity, and ability to promote bone healing. However, production of AgNPs involves a toxic reducing agent which would inhibit biological scaffold performance. This work explores facile and green synthesis of AgNPs using extract of Cilembu sweet potato and studies the effect of baking and precursor concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mM) on AgNPs’ properties. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed that the smallest particle size of AgNPs (9.95 ± 3.69 nm) with nodular morphology was obtained by utilization of baked extract and ten mM AgNO3. Polycaprolactone (PCL)/AgNPs scaffolds exhibited several enhancements compared to PCL scaffolds. Compressive strength was six times greater (3.88 ± 0.42 MPa), more hydrophilic (contact angle of 76.8 ± 1.7°), conductive (2.3 ± 0.5 × 10−3 S/cm) and exhibited anti-bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC3658 (99.5% reduction of surviving bacteria). Despite the promising results, further investigation on biological assessment is required to obtain comprehensive study of this scaffold. This green synthesis approach together with the use of 3D printing opens a new route to manufacture AgNPs-based electroactive with improved anti-bacterial properties without utilization of any toxic organic solvents.

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Zaszczyńska, Angelika, Arkadiusz Gradys, Anna Ziemiecka, Piotr K. Szewczyk, Ryszard Tymkiewicz, Małgorzata Lewandowska-Szumieł, Urszula Stachewicz, and Paweł Ł. Sajkiewicz. "Enhanced Electroactive Phases of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) Fibers for Tissue Engineering Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9 (May 2, 2024): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094980.

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Nanofibrous materials generated through electrospinning have gained significant attention in tissue regeneration, particularly in the domain of bone reconstruction. There is high interest in designing a material resembling bone tissue, and many scientists are trying to create materials applicable to bone tissue engineering with piezoelectricity similar to bone. One of the prospective candidates is highly piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which was used for fibrous scaffold formation by electrospinning. In this study, we focused on the effect of PVDF molecular weight (180,000 g/mol and 530,000 g/mol) and process parameters, such as the rotational speed of the collector, applied voltage, and solution flow rate on the properties of the final scaffold. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy allows for determining the effect of molecular weight and processing parameters on the content of the electroactive phases. It can be concluded that the higher molecular weight of the PVDF and higher collector rotational speed increase nanofibers’ diameter, electroactive phase content, and piezoelectric coefficient. Various electrospinning parameters showed changes in electroactive phase content with the maximum at the applied voltage of 22 kV and flow rate of 0.8 mL/h. Moreover, the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was confirmed in the culture of human adipose-derived stromal cells with known potential for osteogenic differentiation. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that PVDF scaffolds may be taken into account as a tool in bone tissue engineering and are worth further investigation.

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Chen, Jing, Juan Ge, Baolin Guo, Kun Gao, and Peter X. Ma. "Nanofibrous polylactide composite scaffolds with electroactivity and sustained release capacity for tissue engineering." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 14 (2016): 2477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb02703a.

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Wibowo, Arie, Cian Vyas, Glen Cooper, Fitriyatul Qulub, Rochim Suratman, Andi Isra Mahyuddin, Tatacipta Dirgantara, and Paulo Bartolo. "3D Printing of Polycaprolactone–Polyaniline Electroactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030512.

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Electrostimulation and electroactive scaffolds can positively influence and guide cellular behaviour and thus has been garnering interest as a key tissue engineering strategy. The development of conducting polymers such as polyaniline enables the fabrication of conductive polymeric composite scaffolds. In this study, we report on the initial development of a polycaprolactone scaffold incorporating different weight loadings of a polyaniline microparticle filler. The scaffolds are fabricated using screw-assisted extrusion-based 3D printing and are characterised for their morphological, mechanical, conductivity, and preliminary biological properties. The conductivity of the polycaprolactone scaffolds increases with the inclusion of polyaniline. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using human adipose-derived stem cells to determine cell viability and proliferation up to 21 days. A cytotoxicity threshold was reached at 1% wt. polyaniline loading. Scaffolds with 0.1% wt. polyaniline showed suitable compressive strength (6.45 ± 0.16 MPa) and conductivity (2.46 ± 0.65 × 10−4 S/cm) for bone tissue engineering applications and demonstrated the highest cell viability at day 1 (88%) with cytocompatibility for up to 21 days in cell culture.

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Castro, Nelson, Margarida M. Fernandes, Clarisse Ribeiro, Vítor Correia, Rikardo Minguez, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Magnetic Bioreactor for Magneto-, Mechano- and Electroactive Tissue Engineering Strategies." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123340.

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Biomimetic bioreactor systems are increasingly being developed for tissue engineering applications, due to their ability to recreate the native cell/tissue microenvironment. Regarding bone-related diseases and considering the piezoelectric nature of bone, piezoelectric scaffolds electromechanically stimulated by a bioreactor, providing the stimuli to the cells, allows a biomimetic approach and thus, mimicking the required microenvironment for effective growth and differentiation of bone cells. In this work, a bioreactor has been designed and built allowing to magnetically stimulate magnetoelectric scaffolds and therefore provide mechanical and electrical stimuli to the cells through magnetomechanical or magnetoelectrical effects, depending on the piezoelectric nature of the scaffold. While mechanical bioreactors need direct application of the stimuli on the scaffolds, the herein proposed magnetic bioreactors allow for a remote stimulation without direct contact with the material. Thus, the stimuli application (23 mT at a frequency of 0.3 Hz) to cells seeded on the magnetoelectric, leads to an increase in cell viability of almost 30% with respect to cell culture under static conditions. This could be valuable to mimic what occurs in the human body and for application in immobilized patients. Thus, special emphasis has been placed on the control, design and modeling parameters governing the bioreactor as well as its functional mechanism.

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Sanchez, Jérémie-Luc, and Christel Laberty-Robert. "A novel microbial fuel cell electrode design: prototyping a self-standing one-step bacteria-encapsulating bioanode with electrospinning." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 21 (2021): 4309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tb00680k.

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A microbial fuel cell bioanode encapsulating electroactive bacteria in core–shell fibers mixed with a conductive scaffold was electrospun. This new design opens up perspectives of storable ready-to-use anodes for portable applications.

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Barbosa, Frederico, Fábio F. F. Garrudo, Ana C. Marques, Joaquim M. S. Cabral, Jorge Morgado, Frederico Castelo Ferreira, and João C. Silva. "Novel Electroactive Mineralized Polyacrylonitrile/PEDOT:PSS Electrospun Nanofibers for Bone Repair Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 13203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713203.

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Bone defect repair remains a critical challenge in current orthopedic clinical practice, as the available therapeutic strategies only offer suboptimal outcomes. Therefore, bone tissue engineering (BTE) approaches, involving the development of biomimetic implantable scaffolds combined with osteoprogenitor cells and native-like physical stimuli, are gaining widespread interest. Electrical stimulation (ES)-based therapies have been found to actively promote bone growth and osteogenesis in both in vivo and in vitro settings. Thus, the combination of electroactive scaffolds comprising conductive biomaterials and ES holds significant promise in improving the effectiveness of BTE for clinical applications. The aim of this study was to develop electroconductive polyacrylonitrile/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PAN/PEDOT:PSS) nanofibers via electrospinning, which are capable of emulating the native tissue’s fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) and providing a platform for the delivery of exogenous ES. The resulting nanofibers were successfully functionalized with apatite-like structures to mimic the inorganic phase of the bone ECM. The conductive electrospun scaffolds presented nanoscale fiber diameters akin to those of collagen fibrils and displayed bone-like conductivity. PEDOT:PSS incorporation was shown to significantly promote scaffold mineralization in vitro. The mineralized electroconductive nanofibers demonstrated improved biological performance as observed by the significantly enhanced proliferation of both human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hBM-MSCs). Moreover, mineralized PAN/PEDOT:PSS nanofibers up-regulated bone marker genes expression levels of hBM-MSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation, highlighting their potential as electroactive biomimetic BTE scaffolds for innovative bone defect repair strategies.

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Amiryaghoubi, Nazanin, and Marziyeh Fathi. "Bioscaffolds of graphene based-polymeric hybrid materials for myocardial tissue engineering." BioImpacts 14, no. 1 (August 12, 2023): 27684. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/bi.2023.27684.

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Introduction: Biomaterials currently utilized for the regeneration of myocardial tissue seem to associate with certain restrictions, including deficiency of electrical conductivity and sufficient mechanical strength. These two factors play an important role in cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. The contractile property of cardiomyocytes depends on directed signal transmission over the electroconductive systems that happen inside the innate myocardium. Because of their distinctive electrical behavior, electroactive materials such as graphene might be used for the regeneration of cardiac tissue. Methods: In this review, we aim to provide deep insight into the applications of graphene and graphene derivative-based hybrid polymeric scaffolds in cardiomyogenic differentiation and cardiac tissue regeneration. Results: Synthetic biodegradable polymers are considered as a platform because their degradation can be controlled over time and easily functionalized. Therefore, graphene-polymeric hybrid scaffolds with anisotropic electrical behavior can be utilized to produce organizational and efficient constructs for macroscopic cardiac tissue engineering. In cardiac tissue regeneration, natural polymer based-scaffolds such as chitosan, gelatin, and cellulose can provide a permissive setting significantly supporting the differentiation and growth of the human induced pluripotent stem cells -derived cardiomyocytes, in large part due to their negligible immunogenicity and suitable biodegradability. Conclusion: Cardiac tissue regeneration characteristically utilizes an extracellular matrix (scaffold), cells, and growth factors that enhance cell adhesion, growth, and cardiogenic differentiation. From the various evaluated electroactive polymeric scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration in the past decade, graphene and its derivatives-based materials can be utilized efficiently for cardiac tissue engineering.

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Yow, Soh-Zeom, Tze Han Lim, Evelyn K. F. Yim, Chwee Teck Lim, and Kam W. Leong. "A 3D Electroactive Polypyrrole-Collagen Fibrous Scaffold for Tissue Engineering." Polymers 3, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym3010527.

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Guan, Shui, Yangbin Wang, Feng Xie, Shuping Wang, Weiping Xu, Jianqiang Xu, and Changkai Sun. "Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Gelatin Hydrogel Scaffolds Incorporated with Conductive PEDOT Nanoparticles for Improved Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 8326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238326.

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Tissue engineering scaffolds provide biological and physiochemical cures to guide tissue recovery, and electrical signals through the electroactive materials possess tremendous potential to modulate the cell fate. In this study, a novel electroactive hydrogel scaffold was fabricated by assembling poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles on a carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin (CMCS/Gel) composite hydrogel surface via in situ chemical polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, conductivity, porosity, swelling rate, in vitro biodegradation, and mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogel samples were characterized. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) on conductive hydrogels were investigated. The CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels exhibited high porosity, excellent water absorption, improved thermal stability, and adequate biodegradability. Importantly, the mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogels were similar to those of brain tissue, with electrical conductivity up to (1.52 ± 0.15) × 10−3 S/cm. Compared to the CMCS/Gel hydrogel, the incorporation of PEDOT nanoparticles significantly improved the adhesion of NSCs, and supported long-term cell growth and proliferation in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. In addition, under the differentiation condition, the conductive hydrogel also significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation with the up-regulation of β-tubulin III expression. These results suggest that CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels may be an attractive conductive substrate for further studies on neural tissue repair and regeneration.

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Vandghanooni, Somayeh, Hadi Samadian, Sattar Akbari-Nakhjavani, Balal Khalilzadeh, Morteza Eskandani, Bakhshali Massoumi, and Mehdi Jaymand. "Electroactive nanofibrous scaffold based on polythiophene for bone tissue engineering application." Journal of Materials Research 37, no. 3 (January 6, 2022): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00482-1.

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Wu, Yehong, Sheng Feng, Xingjie Zan, Yuan Lin, and Qian Wang. "Aligned Electroactive TMV Nanofibers as Enabling Scaffold for Neural Tissue Engineering." Biomacromolecules 16, no. 11 (October 7, 2015): 3466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00884.

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Ribeiro, Sylvie, Teresa Marques-Almeida, Vanessa F. Cardoso, Clarisse Ribeiro, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez. "Modulation of myoblast differentiation by electroactive scaffold morphology and biochemical stimuli." Biomaterials Advances 151 (August 2023): 213438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213438.

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Ma, Chunyang, Le Jiang, Yingjin Wang, Fangli Gang, Nan Xu, Ting Li, Zhongqun Liu, et al. "3D Printing of Conductive Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Containing Polypyrrole Nanoparticles with Different Morphologies and Concentrations." Materials 12, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152491.

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Inspired by electrically active tissues, conductive materials have been extensively developed for electrically active tissue engineering scaffolds. In addition to excellent conductivity, nanocomposite conductive materials can also provide nanoscale structure similar to the natural extracellular microenvironment. Recently, the combination of three-dimensional (3D) printing and nanotechnology has opened up a new era of conductive tissue engineering scaffolds exhibiting optimized properties and multifunctionality. Furthermore, in the case of two-dimensional (2D) conductive film scaffolds such as periosteum, nerve membrane, skin repair, etc., the traditional preparation process, such as solvent casting, produces 2D films with defects of unequal bubbles and thickness frequently. In this study, poly-l-lactide (PLLA) conductive scaffolds incorporated with polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles, which have multiscale structure similar to natural tissue, were prepared by combining extrusion-based low-temperature deposition 3D printing with freeze-drying. Furthermore, we creatively integrated the advantages of 3D printing and solvent casting and successfully developed a 2D conductive film scaffold with no bubbles, uniform thickness, and good structural stability. Subsequently, the effects of concentration and morphology of PPy nanoparticles on electrical properties and mechanical properties of 3D conductive scaffolds and 2D conductive films scaffolds have been studied, which provided a new idea for the design of both 2D and 3D electroactive tissue engineering scaffolds.

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Wang, Liu, Changfeng Lu, Shuhui Yang, Pengcheng Sun, Yu Wang, Yanjun Guan, Shuang Liu, et al. "A fully biodegradable and self-electrified device for neuroregenerative medicine." Science Advances 6, no. 50 (December 2020): eabc6686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6686.

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Peripheral nerve regeneration remains one of the greatest challenges in regenerative medicine. Deprivation of sensory and/or motor functions often occurs with severe injuries even treated by the most advanced microsurgical intervention. Although electrical stimulation represents an essential nonpharmacological therapy that proved to be beneficial for nerve regeneration, the postoperative delivery at surgical sites remains daunting. Here, a fully biodegradable, self-electrified, and miniaturized device composed of dissolvable galvanic cells on a biodegradable scaffold is achieved, which can offer both structural guidance and electrical cues for peripheral nerve regeneration. The electroactive device can provide sustained electrical stimuli beyond intraoperative window, which can promote calcium activity, repopulation of Schwann cells, and neurotrophic factors. Successful motor functional recovery is accomplished with the electroactive device in behaving rodent models. The presented materials options and device schemes provide important insights into self-powered electronic medicine that can be critical for various types of tissue regeneration and functional restoration.

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Barbosa, Frederico, Frederico Castelo Ferreira, and João Carlos Silva. "Piezoelectric Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Bone, Articular Cartilage and Osteochondral Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062907.

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Osteochondral tissue (OCT) related diseases, particularly osteoarthritis, number among the most prevalent in the adult population worldwide. However, no satisfactory clinical treatments have been developed to date to resolve this unmet medical issue. Osteochondral tissue engineering (OCTE) strategies involving the fabrication of OCT-mimicking scaffold structures capable of replacing damaged tissue and promoting its regeneration are currently under development. While the piezoelectric properties of the OCT have been extensively reported in different studies, they keep being neglected in the design of novel OCT scaffolds, which focus primarily on the tissue’s structural and mechanical properties. Given the promising potential of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds capable of both recapitulating the piezoelectric nature of the tissue’s fibrous ECM and of providing a platform for electrical and mechanical stimulation to promote the regeneration of damaged OCT, the present review aims to examine the current state of the art of these electroactive smart scaffolds in OCTE strategies. A summary of the piezoelectric properties of the different regions of the OCT and an overview of the main piezoelectric biomaterials applied in OCTE applications are presented. Some recent examples of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds developed for potentially replacing damaged OCT as well as for the bone or articular cartilage segments of this interfacial tissue are summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives concerning the use of piezoelectric electrospun scaffolds in OCT regeneration are discussed.

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Li, Meng-yan, Paul Bidez, Elizabeth Guterman-Tretter, Yi Guo, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Peter I. Lelkes, Xu-bo Yuan, et al. "ELECTROACTIVE AND NANOSTRUCTURED POLYMERS AS SCAFFOLD MATERIALS FOR NEURONAL AND CARDIAC TISSUE ENGINEERING." Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 25, no. 04 (2007): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0256767907002199.

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Arnaboldi, Serena, Tiziana Benincori, Andrea Penoni, Luca Vaghi, Roberto Cirilli, Sergio Abbate, Giovanna Longhi, et al. "Highly enantioselective “inherently chiral” electroactive materials based on a 2,2′-biindole atropisomeric scaffold." Chemical Science 10, no. 9 (2019): 2708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc04862b.

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Shafei, Sajjad, Javad Foroughi, Leo Stevens, Cynthia S. Wong, Omid Zabihi, and Minoo Naebe. "Electroactive nanostructured scaffold produced by controlled deposition of PPy on electrospun PCL fibres." Research on Chemical Intermediates 43, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 1235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11164-016-2695-4.

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Mackle, Joseph N., David J. P. Blond, Emma Mooney, Caitlin McDonnell, Werner J. Blau, Georgina Shaw, Frank P. Barry, J. Mary Murphy, and Valerie Barron. "In vitro Characterization of an Electroactive Carbon-Nanotube-Based Nanofiber Scaffold for Tissue Engineering." Macromolecular Bioscience 11, no. 9 (July 4, 2011): 1272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201100029.

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Li, Liao, and Tjong. "Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Fibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070952.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE) with excellent piezoelectricity and good biocompatibility are attractive materials for making functional scaffolds for bone and neural tissue engineering applications. Electrospun PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds can produce electrical charges during mechanical deformation, which can provide necessary stimulation for repairing bone defects and damaged nerve cells. As such, these fibrous mats promote the adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of bone and neural cells on their surfaces. Furthermore, aligned PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) fibrous mats can enhance neurite growth along the fiber orientation direction. These beneficial effects derive from the formation of electroactive, polar β-phase having piezoelectric properties. Polar β-phase can be induced in the PVDF fibers as a result of the polymer jet stretching and electrical poling during electrospinning. Moreover, the incorporation of TrFE monomer into PVDF can stabilize the β-phase without mechanical stretching or electrical poling. The main drawbacks of electrospinning process for making piezoelectric PVDF-based scaffolds are their small pore sizes and the use of highly toxic organic solvents. The small pore sizes prevent the infiltration of bone and neuronal cells into the scaffolds, leading to the formation of a single cell layer on the scaffold surfaces. Accordingly, modified electrospinning methods such as melt-electrospinning and near-field electrospinning have been explored by the researchers to tackle this issue. This article reviews recent development strategies, achievements and major challenges of electrospun PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

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Chhatwal, Megha, Anup Kumar, Satish K. Awasthi, Michael Zharnikov, and Rinkoo D. Gupta. "An Electroactive Metallo–Polypyrene Film As A Molecular Scaffold For Multi-State Volatile Memory Devices." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120, no. 4 (January 26, 2016): 2335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12597.

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Cui, Liguo, Jin Zhang, Jun Zou, Xianrui Yang, Hui Guo, Huayu Tian, Peibiao Zhang, et al. "Electroactive composite scaffold with locally expressed osteoinductive factor for synergistic bone repair upon electrical stimulation." Biomaterials 230 (February 2020): 119617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119617.

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Huang, Peng, Yang Wu, Xinxin Wang, Peng Chen, Shuigen Li, and Yuan-Li Ding. "Engineering edge-exposed MoS2 nanoflakes anchored on the 3D cross-linked carbon frameworks for enhanced lithium storage." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 08 (November 2020): 2051050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604720510509.

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High-rate capability and long cycle life are currently the two most major challenges for high-power rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Developing electroactive materials with high-efficiency electron/ion transport network and robust mechanical stability is a key. Herein, we have successfully designed and fabricated 3D cross-linked nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet frameworks with good interconnection and hierarchical nanostructures, and simultaneously decorated edge-enriched molybdenum disulfide (MoS[Formula: see text] nanoflakes inside the whole carbon scaffold via a salt template assisted confinement pyrolysis strategy, yielding the unique 3D carbon scaffold/MoS2 hybrids. In such a design, such hybrids not only facilitate lithium diffusion kinetics and efficient utilization of MoS2nanoflakes owing to much exposed edges and well interconnection between active components and carbon frameworks, but also provide highly efficient electron/ion transport pathway. When evaluated as anode for lithium storage, the obtained products show superior rate capability of 284 mAh g[Formula: see text] up to 5 A g[Formula: see text] and long-term cycling stability. This work demonstrates an efficient solution to design and construct a high-efficiency electron/ion transport network for high-power applications for energy storage devices.

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Mawad, Damia, Catherine Mansfield, Antonio Lauto, Filippo Perbellini, Geoffrey W. Nelson, Joanne Tonkin, Sean O. Bello, et al. "A conducting polymer with enhanced electronic stability applied in cardiac models." Science Advances 2, no. 11 (November 2016): e1601007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601007.

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Electrically active constructs can have a beneficial effect on electroresponsive tissues, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Conducting polymers (CPs) are being considered as components of these constructs because of their intrinsic electroactive and flexible nature. However, their clinical application has been largely hampered by their short operational time due to a decrease in their electronic properties. We show that, by immobilizing the dopant in the conductive scaffold, we can prevent its electric deterioration. We grew polyaniline (PANI) doped with phytic acid on the surface of a chitosan film. The strong chelation between phytic acid and chitosan led to a conductive patch with retained electroactivity, low surface resistivity (35.85 ± 9.40 kilohms per square), and oxidized form after 2 weeks of incubation in physiological medium. Ex vivo experiments revealed that the conductive nature of the patch has an immediate effect on the electrophysiology of the heart. Preliminary in vivo experiments showed that the conductive patch does not induce proarrhythmogenic activities in the heart. Our findings set the foundation for the design of electronically stable CP-based scaffolds. This provides a robust conductive system that could be used at the interface with electroresponsive tissue to better understand the interaction and effect of these materials on the electrophysiology of these tissues.

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Marsudi, Maradhana Agung, Ridhola Tri Ariski, Arie Wibowo, Glen Cooper, Anggraini Barlian, Riska Rachmantyo, and Paulo J. D. S. Bartolo. "Conductive Polymeric-Based Electroactive Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Current Progress and Challenges from Biomaterials and Manufacturing Perspectives." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111543.

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The practice of combining external stimulation therapy alongside stimuli-responsive bio-scaffolds has shown massive potential for tissue engineering applications. One promising example is the combination of electrical stimulation (ES) and electroactive scaffolds because ES could enhance cell adhesion and proliferation as well as modulating cellular specialization. Even though electroactive scaffolds have the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering due to their ability to distribute ES directly to the target tissues, the development of effective electroactive scaffolds with specific properties remains a major issue in their practical uses. Conductive polymers (CPs) offer ease of modification that allows for tailoring the scaffold’s various properties, making them an attractive option for conductive component in electroactive scaffolds. This review provides an up-to-date narrative of the progress of CPs-based electroactive scaffolds and the challenge of their use in various tissue engineering applications from biomaterials perspectives. The general issues with CP-based scaffolds relevant to its application as electroactive scaffolds were discussed, followed by a more specific discussion in their applications for specific tissues, including bone, nerve, skin, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle scaffolds. Furthermore, this review also highlighted the importance of the manufacturing process relative to the scaffold’s performance, with particular emphasis on additive manufacturing, and various strategies to overcome the CPs’ limitations in the development of electroactive scaffolds.

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Chen, Yutong, Yan Xu, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Electromagnetic-responsive targeted delivery scaffold technology has better potential to repair injured peripheral nerves: a narrative review." Advanced Technology in Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (September 2024): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/atn.atn-d-24-00002.

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Peripheral nerve injury with long size defects has been an urgent clinical challenge. With the development of bioengineering, nanotechnology and additive manufacturing technologies, biologic delivery systems have gradually shown great potential for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury. The main problem of general biologic delivery systems is that the loading capacity of biologics is positively correlated with the release rate, and it is more difficult to achieve long-term stable release of high biologics-loaded scaffolds; thus, it is not possible to carry out full-cycle targeted therapy for peripheral nerve injury sites. To solve these problems, the mechanisms of common neurotrophic factors, bioelectrical signals and biomagnetic signals for repairing peripheral nerve injury are discussed in this paper. Moreover, this review summarizes the mechanism of electroactive and magnetoresponsive materials that have significant ability to repair peripheral nerve injury to promote nerve regeneration and provides an overview of the biologic delivery mechanism for repairing peripheral nerve injury in different structural dimensions. It was finally concluded that electromagnetic responsive targeted delivery scaffolds (four-dimensional scaffolds) have good peripheral nerve repair ability, which provides guidance for the clinical application of targeted therapy for peripheral nerve injury.

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Tajalla, Gusti Umindya Nur, Mukhammad Arif Fakhruddin, Adinda Asmoro, Arif Basuki, and Arie Wibowo. "The Influence of Ph on Green Synthesis of Honey-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 891 (July 6, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.891.83.

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become interesting metal nanoparticles for filler composite electroactive bone scaffold due to its favorable electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and antibacterial activity. The green synthesis method was selected to produce AgNPs because of using safer solvents, minimizing dangerous reagents, and providing benign response conditions suitable for medical applications. In this study, AgNPs were prepared by a green synthesis approach using Indonesian wild honey with a wider pH range (5, 8, 11). Based on visual observation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, increasing pH leads to faster formation of AgNPs and smaller particle size of AgNPs. It was found that the smallest particle size of AgNPs (hydrodynamic diameter is 46.5 nm from DLS result and the actual particle size is 6.3 ± 1.5 nm from TEM result) was generated at pH 11.

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Aliwarga, Bryan S., Khalid Muhammad, Lia A. T. W. Asri, and Arie Wibowo. "Microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of unbaked cilembu sweet potato." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2866, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2866/1/012002.

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Abstract Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) is one of attractive nanomaterials for biomedical applications, such as electroactive scaffold, antimicrobial treatment, anticancer therapy, and wound healing. Previously, AgNP was successfully synthesized using extract of Cilembu sweet potato (CSP) only if the extract was baked in oven at 120 °C for 60 minutes, which is an energy-intensive and time-consuming process. In this study, AgNPs was fabricated using unbaked extract of CSP with employing fast microwave heating instead of baking process. Microwave irradiation time were varied (0, 30, 60 and 90 seconds) to know the influence of microwave irradiation time on particles size and morphology of the obtained AgNPs. The obtained samples were evaluated using UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy to know the surface plasmon resonance characteristic, average particles size and morphologies of the obtained AgNPs respectively.

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Aleemardani, Mina, Pariya Zare, Amelia Seifalian, Zohreh Bagher, and Alexander M. Seifalian. "Graphene-Based Materials Prove to Be a Promising Candidate for Nerve Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury." Biomedicines 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010073.

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Peripheral nerve injury is a common medical condition that has a great impact on patient quality of life. Currently, surgical management is considered to be a gold standard first-line treatment; however, is often not successful and requires further surgical procedures. Commercially available FDA- and CE-approved decellularized nerve conduits offer considerable benefits to patients suffering from a completely transected nerve but they fail to support neural regeneration in gaps > 30 mm. To address this unmet clinical need, current research is focused on biomaterial-based therapies to regenerate dysfunctional neural tissues, specifically damaged peripheral nerve, and spinal cord. Recently, attention has been paid to the capability of graphene-based materials (GBMs) to develop bifunctional scaffolds for promoting nerve regeneration, often via supporting enhanced neural differentiation. The unique features of GBMs have been applied to fabricate an electroactive conductive surface in order to direct stem cells and improve neural proliferation and differentiation. The use of GBMs for nerve tissue engineering (NTE) is considered an emerging technology bringing hope to peripheral nerve injury repair, with some products already in preclinical stages. This review assesses the last six years of research in the field of GBMs application in NTE, focusing on the fabrication and effects of GBMs for neurogenesis in various scaffold forms, including electrospun fibres, films, hydrogels, foams, 3D printing, and bioprinting.

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Zhou, Ting, Liwei Yan, Chaoming Xie, Pengfei Li, Lili Jiang, Ju Fang, Cancan Zhao, et al. "A Mussel‐Inspired Persistent ROS‐Scavenging, Electroactive, and Osteoinductive Scaffold Based on Electrochemical‐Driven In Situ Nanoassembly." Small 15, no. 25 (May 20, 2019): 1805440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805440.

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Liang, Zheng, Kai Yan, Guangmin Zhou, Allen Pei, Jie Zhao, Yongming Sun, Jin Xie, et al. "Composite lithium electrode with mesoscale skeleton via simple mechanical deformation." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaau5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau5655.

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Lithium metal–based batteries are attractive energy storage devices because of high energy density. However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and virtually infinite volume change, which cause performance fading and safety concerns, have limited their applications. Here, we demonstrate that a composite lithium metal electrode with an ion-conducting mesoscale skeleton can improve electrochemical performance by locally reducing the current density. In addition, the potential for short-circuiting is largely alleviated due to side deposition of mossy lithium on the three-dimensional electroactive surface of the composite electrode. Moreover, the electrode volume only slightly changes with the support of a rigid and stable scaffold. Therefore, this mesoscale composite electrode can cycle stably for 200 cycles with low polarization under a high areal current density up to 5 mA/cm2. Most attractively, the proposed fabrication process, which only involves simple mechanical deformation, is scalable and cost effective, providing a new strategy for developing high performance and long lifespan lithium anodes.

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Golbaten-Mofrad, Hooman, Alireza Seyfi Sahzabi, Saba Seyfikar, Mohammad Hadi Salehi, Vahabodin Goodarzi, Frederik R. Wurm, and Seyed Hassan Jafari. "Facile template preparation of novel electroactive scaffold composed of polypyrrole-coated poly(glycerol-sebacate-urethane) for tissue engineering applications." European Polymer Journal 159 (October 2021): 110749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110749.

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Miguel, Álvaro, Francisco González, Víctor Gregorio, Nuria García, and Pilar Tiemblo. "Solvent-Free Procedure for the Preparation under Controlled Atmosphere Conditions of Phase-Segregated Thermoplastic Polymer Electrolytes." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030406.

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A solvent-free method that allows thermoplastic solid electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) PEO to be obtained under controlled atmosphere conditions is presented. This method comprises two steps, the first one being the melt compounding of PEO with a filler, able to physically crosslink the polymer and its pelletizing, and the second the pellets’ swelling with an electroactive liquid phase. This method is an adaptation of the step described in previous publications of the preparation of thermoplastic electrolytes by a single melt compounding. In comparison to the single step extrusion methodology, this new method permits employing electroactive species that are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions. The two-step method can also be designed to produce controlled phase-segregated morphologies in the electrolyte, namely polymer-poor and polymer-rich phases, with the aim of increasing ionic conductivity over that of homogeneous electrolytes. An evaluation of the characteristics of the electrolytes prepared by single and two-step procedures is done by comparing membranes prepared by both methods using PEO as a polymeric scaffold and a solution of the room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMI TFSI) and the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide lithium salt (Li TFSI) as liquid phase. The electrolytes prepared by both methods have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optic microscopy profilometry, differential scanning calorimetry, self-creep experiments, and dielectric spectroscopy. In this way, the phase separation, rheology, and ionic conductivity are studied and compared. It is striking how the electrolytes prepared with this new method maintain their solid-like behavior even at 90 °C. Compared to the single step method, the two-step method produces electrolytes with a phase-separated morphology, which results in higher ionic conductivity.

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Barbosa, F., F. F. F. Garrudo, P. S. Alberte, M. S. Carvalho, F. C. Ferreira, and J. C. Silva. "NOVEL PIEZOELECTRIC AND OSTEOCONDUCTIVE NANOFIBRES FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_1 (January 2, 2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.1.111.

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The current procedures being applied in the clinical setting to address osteoporosis-related delayed union and nonunion bone fractures have been found to present mostly suboptimal outcomes. As a result, bone tissue engineering (BTE) solutions involving the development of implantable biomimetic scaffolds to replace damaged bone and support its regeneration are gaining interest. The piezoelectric properties of the bone tissue, which stem primarily from the significant presence of piezoelectric type I collagen fibrils in the tissue's extracellular matrix (ECM), play a key role in preserving the bone's homeostasis and provide integral assistance to the regeneration process. However, despite their significant potential, these properties of bone tend to be overlooked in most BTE-related studies. In order to bridge this gap in the literature, novel hydroxyapatite (HAp)-filled osteoinductive and piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) electrospun nanofibers were developed to replicate the bone's fibrous ECM composition and electrical features. Different HAp nanoparticle concentrations (1–10%, wt%) were tested to assess their effect on the physicochemical and biological properties of the resulting fibers. The fabricated scaffolds displayed biomimetic collagen fibril-like diameters, while also presenting mechanical features akin to type I collagen. The increase in HAp presence was found to enhance both surface and piezoelectric properties of the fibers, with an improvement in scaffold wettability and increase in β-phase nucleation (translating to increased piezoelectricity) being observed. The HAp-containing scaffolds also exhibited an augmented bioactivity, with a more comprehensive surface mineralization of the fibers being obtained for the scaffolds with the highest HAp concentrations. Improved osteogenic differentiation of seeded human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells was achieved with the addition of HAp, as confirmed by an increased ALP activity, calcium deposition and upregulated expression of key osteogenic markers. Overall, our findings highlight, for the first time, the potential of combining PVDF-TrFE and HAp to develop electroactive and osteoinductive nanofibers for BTE.Acknowledgements: The authors thank FCT for funding through the projects InSilico4OCReg (PTDC/EME-SIS/0838/2021), OptiBioScaffold (PTDC/EME-SIS/4446/2020) and BioMaterARISES (EXPL/CTM-CTM/0995/2021), the PhD scholarship (2022.10572.BD) and to the research institutions iBB (UIDB/04565/2020 and UIDP/04565/2020) and Associate Laboratory i4HB (LA/P/0140/2020).

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Fan, Bo, Zheng Guo, Xiaokang Li, Songkai Li, Peng Gao, Xin Xiao, Jie Wu, Chao Shen, Yilai Jiao, and Wentao Hou. "Electroactive barium titanate coated titanium scaffold improves osteogenesis and osseointegration with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for large segmental bone defects." Bioactive Materials 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 1087–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.001.

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Alves, Thais, Juliana Souza, Venancio Amaral, Danilo Almeida, Denise Grotto, Renata Lima, Norberto Aranha, et al. "Biomimetic dense lamellar scaffold based on a colloidal complex of the polyaniline (PANi) and biopolymers for electroactive and physiomechanical stimulation of the myocardial." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 579 (October 2019): 123650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123650.

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Hamzah, Mohd Syahir Anwar, Azhan Austad, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, and Nadirul Hasraf Mat Nayan. "Tensile and wettability properties of electrospun polycaprolactone coated with pectin/polyaniline composite for drug delivery application." International Journal of Structural Integrity 10, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 704–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-04-2019-0033.

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Purpose Over the years, electrical stimulation in drug delivery system holds particular interest in producing spatially and temporally controlled release mechanism. These systems helped in localized doses drugs to be administrated and response efficiently at target site to achieve excellent healing effect in control microenvironment. Extensive research is needed in order to develop versatile electroactive biomaterials in the field of therapeutics applications. This paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This work reports the development of polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun coated with pectin/polyaniline (PANi) composite, which has been characterized and whose drug delivery application is ascertained. The composite has been characterized on its mechanical conductivity and wettability properties to evaluate best formulation. The analysis on morphological properties using scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the formation of the dual-layer electro-responsive composite. Findings Among different formulations studied, the pectin/PANi composition (12 percent/3 percent) was found to be an optimized composition with ultimate tensile strength of 55.48±0.65 MPa and modulus strength of 63.30±0.43 MPa with 2.41×10–3 Scm−1 electrical percolation. The hydrophobic PCL electrospun reduced as coating material was introduced on top with optimum of 85.3 percent degree of swelling and water contact angle at 39.17±0.67°. SEM micrograph revealed strong interaction between dual-layer structures with interconnected porous of uniform fibers. Originality/value Overall, these data present a multiangle initial characterization of this novel dual-layer electro-responsive composite for applications in drug delivery. However, additional analysis should be performed in order to provide a clear verification as drug delivery scaffold.

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Marques-Almeida, Teresa, Vanessa F. Cardoso, Miguel Gama, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez, and Clarisse Ribeiro. "Patterned Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Osteogenic Differentiation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 8352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218352.

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The morphological clues of scaffolds can determine cell behavior and, therefore, the patterning of electroactive polymers can be a suitable strategy for bone tissue engineering. In this way, this work reports on the influence of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) electroactive micropatterned scaffolds on the proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. For that, micropatterned P(VDF-TrFE) scaffolds were produced by lithography in the form of arrays of lines and hexagons and then tested for cell proliferation and differentiation of pre-osteoblast cell line. Results show that more anisotropic surface microstructures promote bone differentiation without the need of further biochemical stimulation. Thus, the combination of specific patterns with the inherent electroactivity of materials provides a promising platform for bone regeneration.

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Planellas, Marc, Maria M. Pérez-Madrigal, Luís J. del Valle, Sophio Kobauri, Ramaz Katsarava, Carlos Alemán, and Jordi Puiggalí. "Microfibres of conducting polythiophene and biodegradable poly(ester urea) for scaffolds." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 6 (2015): 925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01243g.

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Massaglia, Giulia, Adriano Sacco, Angelica Chiodoni, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, and Marzia Quaglio. "Living Bacteria Directly Embedded into Electrospun Nanofibers: Design of New Anode for Bio-Electrochemical Systems." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113088.

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The aim of this work is the optimization of electrospun polymeric nanofibers as an ideal reservoir of mixed electroactive consortia suitable to be used as anodes in Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SCMFCs). To reach this goal the microorganisms are directly embedded into properly designed nanofibers during the electrospinning process, obtaining so called nanofiber-based bio-composite (bio-NFs). This research approach allowed for the designing of an advanced nanostructured scaffold, able to block and store the living microorganisms inside the nanofibers and release them only after exposure to water-based solutions and electrolytes. To reach this goal, a water-based polymeric solution, containing 5 wt% of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and 10 wt% of environmental microorganisms, is used as the initial polymeric solution for the electrospinning process. PEO is selected as the water-soluble polymer to ensure the formation of nanofiber mats offering features of biocompatibility for bacteria proliferation, environment-friendliness and, high ionic conductivity. In the present work, bio-NFs, based on living microorganisms directly encapsulated into the PEO nanofiber mats, were analyzed and compared to PEO-NFs made of PEO only. Scanning electron microscopy allowed researchers to confirm the rise of a typical morphology for bio-NFs, evidencing the microorganisms’ distribution inside them, as confirmed by fluorescence optical microscopy. Moreover, the latter technique, combined with optical density measurements, allowed for demonstrating that after electrospinning, the processed microorganisms preserved their proliferation capability, and their metabolic activity after exposure to the water-based electrolyte. To demonstrate that the energy-production functionality of exo-electrogenic microorganisms was preserved after the electrospinning process, the novel designed nanomaterials, were directly deposited onto carbon paper (CP), and were applied as anode electrodes in Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cells (SCMFCs). It was possible to appreciate that the maximum power density reached by bio-NFs, which resulted in being double of the ones achieved with PEO-NFs and bare CP. SCMFCs with bio-NFs applied as anodic electrodes reached a current density value, close to (250 ± 5.2) mA m−2, which resulted in being stable over time and was comparable with the one obtained with carbon-based electrode, thus confirming the good performance of the whole device.

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Ivanoska-Dacikj, Aleksandra, Petre Makreski, Nikola Geskovski, Joanna Karbowniczek, Urszula Stachewicz, Nenad Novkovski, Jelena Tanasić, Ivan Ristić, and Gordana Bogoeva-Gaceva. "Electrospun PEO/rGO Scaffolds: The Influence of the Concentration of rGO on Overall Properties and Cytotoxicity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020988.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is one of the graphene derivatives that can be employed to engineer bioactive and/or electroactive scaffolds. However, the influence of its low and especially high concentrations on scaffolds’ overall properties and cytotoxicity has yet to be explored. In this study, polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based scaffolds containing from 0.1 to 20 wt% rGO were obtained by electrospinning. Morphological, thermal and electrical properties of the scaffolds were characterized by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, DSC and electrical measurements. The diameter of the fibers decreased from 0.52 to 0.19 µm as the concentration of rGO increased from 0.1 wt% to 20 wt%. The presence of rGO above the percolation threshold (5.7 wt%) resulted in a significantly reduced electrical resistivity of the scaffolds. XRD and Raman analysis revealed delamination of the graphene layers (interlayer spacing increased from 0.36 nm to 0.40–0.41 nm), and exfoliation of rGO was detected for the samples with an rGO concentration lower than 1 wt%. In addition, an evident trend of increasing cell viability as a function of the rGO concentration was evidenced. The obtained results can serve as further guidance for the judicious selection of the rGO content incorporated into the PEO matrix for constructing electroactive scaffolds.

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Wickham, Abeni, Mikhail Vagin, Hazem Khalaf, Sergio Bertazzo, Peter Hodder, Staffan Dånmark, Torbjörn Bengtsson, Jordi Altimiras, and Daniel Aili. "Electroactive biomimetic collagen-silver nanowire composite scaffolds." Nanoscale 8, no. 29 (2016): 14146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nr02027e.

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A tissue-mimetic collagen-silver nanowire composite material has been developed that offers charge storage and injection capacities similar to conjugated polymer scaffolds while supporting proliferation of cardiomyocytes and providing antimicrobial activity.

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Mejias, Sara H., Zahra Bahrami-Dizicheh, Mantas Liutkus, Dayn Joshep Sommer, Andrei Astashkin, Gerdenis Kodis, Giovanna Ghirlanda, and Aitziber L. Cortajarena. "Repeat proteins as versatile scaffolds for arrays of redox-active FeS clusters." Chemical Communications 55, no. 23 (2019): 3319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06827e.

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Hitscherich, Pamela, Ashish Aphale, Richard Gordan, Ricardo Whitaker, Prabhakar Singh, Lai-hua Xie, Prabir Patra, and Eun Jung Lee. "Electroactive graphene composite scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 106, no. 11 (October 16, 2018): 2923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36481.

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Por Hajrezaei, Sana, Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak, Shahriar Hojjati Emami, and Elham Shahryari. "Biocompatible and Electroconductive Nanocomposite Scaffolds with Improved Piezoelectric Response for Bone Tissue Engineering." International Journal of Polymer Science 2022 (April 25, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4521937.

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Electroactive scaffolds are relatively new tools in tissue engineering that open new avenue in repairing damaged soft and hard tissues. These scaffolds can induce electrical signaling while providing an ECM-like microenvironment. However, low biocompatibility and lack of biodegradability of piezoelectric and conductive polymers limits their clinical translation. In the current study, we have developed highly biocompatible, electroconductive nanofibrous scaffolds based on poly-L-lactic acid/polyaniline/carbon nanotube (PLLA/polyaniline/CNT). Physical and chemical properties of fabricated scaffolds were tested using various techniques. Biological characteristics of the scaffolds are also examined to check cellular attachment as well as differentiation of cultured (progenitor) cells. Scaffolds were optimized to direct osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Such scaffolds can offer new strategies for the regeneration of damaged/lost bone.

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Farooqi, Abdul Razzaq, Julius Zimmermann, Rainer Bader, and Ursula van Rienen. "Numerical Simulation of Electroactive Hydrogels for Cartilage–Tissue Engineering." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182913.

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The intrinsic regeneration potential of hyaline cartilage is highly limited due to the absence of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, as well as a low cell turnover within the tissue. Despite various advancements in the field of regenerative medicine, it remains a challenge to remedy articular cartilage defects resulting from trauma, aging, or osteoarthritis. Among various approaches, tissue engineering using tailored electroactive scaffolds has evolved as a promising strategy to repair damaged cartilage tissue. In this approach, hydrogel scaffolds are used as artificial extracellular matrices, and electric stimulation is applied to facilitate proliferation, differentiation, and cell growth at the defect site. In this regard, we present a simulation model of electroactive hydrogels to be used for cartilage–tissue engineering employing open-source finite-element software FEniCS together with a Python interface. The proposed mathematical formulation was first validated with an example from the literature. Then, we computed the effect of electric stimulation on a circular hydrogel sample that served as a model for a cartilage-repair implant.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electroactive scaffold'

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