Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electroactive polymers (EAPs)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Electroactive polymers (EAPs)'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Wang, Tiesheng, Meisam Farajollahi, Yeon Sik Choi, I.-Ting Lin, Jean E. Marshall, Noel M. Thompson, Sohini Kar-Narayan, John D. W. Madden, and Stoyan K. Smoukov. "Electroactive polymers for sensing." Interface Focus 6, no. 4 (August 6, 2016): 20160026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0026.

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Electromechanical coupling in electroactive polymers (EAPs) has been widely applied for actuation and is also being increasingly investigated for sensing chemical and mechanical stimuli. EAPs are a unique class of materials, with low-moduli high-strain capabilities and the ability to conform to surfaces of different shapes. These features make them attractive for applications such as wearable sensors and interfacing with soft tissues. Here, we review the major types of EAPs and their sensing mechanisms. These are divided into two classes depending on the main type of charge carrier: ionic EAPs (such as conducting polymers and ionic polymer–metal composites) and electronic EAPs (such as dielectric elastomers, liquid-crystal polymers and piezoelectric polymers). This review is intended to serve as an introduction to the mechanisms of these materials and as a first step in material selection for both researchers and designers of flexible/bendable devices, biocompatible sensors or even robotic tactile sensing units.
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Kanaan, Akel F., Ana C. Pinho, and Ana P. Piedade. "Electroactive Polymers Obtained by Conventional and Non-Conventional Technologies." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162713.

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs), materials that present size/shape alteration in response to an electrical stimulus, are currently being explored regarding advanced smart devices, namely robotics, valves, soft actuators, artificial muscles, and electromechanical sensors. They are generally prepared through conventional techniques (e.g., solvent casting and free-radical polymerization). However, non-conventional processes such as those included in additive manufacturing (AM) are emerging as a novel approach to tune and enhance the electromechanical properties of EAPs to expand the scope of areas for this class of electro-responsive material. This review aims to summarize the published work (from the last five years) in developing EAPs either by conventional or non-conventional polymer processing approaches. The technology behind each processing technique is discussed as well as the main mechanism behind the electromechanical response. The most common polymer-based materials used in the design of current EAPs are reviewed. Therefore, the main conclusions and future trends regarding EAPs obtained by conventional and non-conventional technologies are also given.
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Rahman, Md Hafizur, Harmony Werth, Alexander Goldman, Yuki Hida, Court Diesner, Logan Lane, and Pradeep L. Menezes. "Recent Progress on Electroactive Polymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications." Ceramics 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 516–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4030038.

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are an advanced family of polymers that change their shape through electric stimulation and have been a point of interest since their inception. This unique functionality has helped EAPs to contribute to versatile fields, such as electrical, biomedical, and robotics, to name a few. Ionic EAPs have a significant advantage over electronic EAPs. For example, Ionic EAPs require a lower voltage to activate than electronic EAPs. On the other hand, electronic EAPs could generate a relatively larger actuation force. Therefore, efforts have been focused on improving both kinds to achieve superior properties. In this review, the synthesis routes of different EAP-based actuators and their properties are discussed. Moreover, their mechanical interactions have been investigated from a tribological perspective as all these EAPs undergo surface interactions. Such interactions could reduce their useful life and need significant research attention for enhancing their life. Recent advancements and numerous applications of EAPs in various sectors are also discussed in this review.
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Maksimkin, Aleksey V., Tarek Dayyoub, Dmitry V. Telyshev, and Alexander Yu Gerasimenko. "Electroactive Polymer-Based Composites for Artificial Muscle-like Actuators: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132272.

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Unlike traditional actuators, such as piezoelectric ceramic or metallic actuators, polymer actuators are currently attracting more interest in biomedicine due to their unique properties, such as light weight, easy processing, biodegradability, fast response, large active strains, and good mechanical properties. They can be actuated under external stimuli, such as chemical (pH changes), electric, humidity, light, temperature, and magnetic field. Electroactive polymers (EAPs), called ‘artificial muscles’, can be activated by an electric stimulus, and fixed into a temporary shape. Restoring their permanent shape after the release of an electrical field, electroactive polymer is considered the most attractive actuator type because of its high suitability for prosthetics and soft robotics applications. However, robust control, modeling non-linear behavior, and scalable fabrication are considered the most critical challenges for applying the soft robotic systems in real conditions. Researchers from around the world investigate the scientific and engineering foundations of polymer actuators, especially the principles of their work, for the purpose of a better control of their capability and durability. The activation method of actuators and the realization of required mechanical properties are the main restrictions on using actuators in real applications. The latest highlights, operating principles, perspectives, and challenges of electroactive materials (EAPs) such as dielectric EAPs, ferroelectric polymers, electrostrictive graft elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, ionic gels, and ionic polymer–metal composites are reviewed in this article.
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Xu, Wan Lu, Jian Bo Cao, Shi Ju E, Jia Ji, Jia Jiang, Jie Yu, and Ruo Yang Wang. "Principle Experiment of Electroactive Polymer Wind-Driven Generator." Advanced Materials Research 305 (July 2011): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.305.88.

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In order to alleviate the conflict among economic development, energy, and environment, the research and experimental analysis for the electroactive polymers (EAPs) was done. The EAPs were a new style of clean and efficient energy materials. The wind-driven generator installation based on EAPs was emulated and designed. The possibility of power generation was proved by the experiments.
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Bar-Cohen, Yoseph, and Qiming Zhang. "Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Sensors." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 3 (March 2008): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.42.

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AbstractPolymers are highly attractive for their inherent properties of mechanical flexibility, light weight, and easy processing. In addition, some polymers exhibit large property changes in response to electrical stimulation, much beyond what is achievable by inorganic materials. This adds significant benefit to their potential applications.The focus of this issue of MRS Bulletin is on polymers that are electromechanically responsive, which are also known as electroactive polymers (EAPs). These polymers respond to electric field or current with strain and stress, and some of them also exhibit the reverse effect of converting mechanical motion to an electrical signal.There are many types of known polymers that respond electromechanically, and they can be divided according to their activation mechanism into field-activated and ionic EAPs. The articles in this issue cover the key material types used in these two groups, review the mechanisms that drive them, and provide examples of applications and current challenges. Recent advances in the development of these materials have led to improvement in the induced strain and force and the further application of EAPs as actuators for mimicking biologic systems and sensors. As described in this issue, the use of these actuators is enabling exciting applications that would be considered impossible otherwise.
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Olvera Bernal, Rigel Antonio, M. V. Uspenskaya, and R. O. Olekhnovich. "Biopolymers and its application as electroactive polymers." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-270-277.

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Smart materials are a group of materials that exhibit the ability to change their composition or structure, their electrical and/or mechanical properties, or even their functions in response to an external stimulus such as heat, light, electricity, pressure, etc. Some of the advantages of these materials are: lightweight, flexibility, low cost of production, high energy density, fast response and compact size. One of the promises in the area of smart materials can be found in “smart polymer”. Polymers have many attractive characteristics, such as: lightweight, inexpensiveness, fractures tolerant, and pliable. Furthermore, they can be configured into almost any conceivable shape and their properties can be tailored according to the required needs. The capability of electroactive polymers (EAPs) to respond to electrical stimuli with a mechanical response, is attracting the attention of the scientific community from a wide range of disciplines. Biopolymers in recent decades have been studied as potential electroactive materials. These groups of polymers are extracted from a natural source; thus, they are eco-friendly, additionally they stand as a cheaper solution for the development of smart materials.The present manuscript will explore some of its applications as EAPs.
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Li, Yi, Mingfei Guo, and Yanbiao Li. "Recent advances in plasticized PVC gels for soft actuators and devices: a review." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 42 (2019): 12991–3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04366g.

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Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) gels belong to a class of electroactive polymers (EAPs), which have the ability to realize bending motion, contractile motion, extended motion and crawling motion under electric stimulation.
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Hwang, Jiunn-Jer, Aamna Bibi, Yu-Ci Chen, Kun-Hao Luo, Hsiang-Yuan Huang, and Jui-Ming Yeh. "Comparative Studies on Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Electroactive Polyamic Acid and Corresponding Polyimide without/with Attached Sulfonated Group for Electrochemical Sensing of Ascorbic Acid." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173487.

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In this study, electroactive poly (amic acid) (EPAA) and corresponding polyimide (EPI) without or with a sulfonated group (i.e., S-EPAA, and S-EPI) were prepared and applied in electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid (AA). The electroactive polymers (EAPs) containing EPAA/EPI and S-EPAA/S-EPI were synthesized by using an amine-capped aniline trimer (ACAT) and sulfonated amine-capped aniline trimer (S-ACAT) as an electroactive segment that controlled the redox capability and influenced the degree of sensitivity of the EAPs towards AA. Characterization of the as-prepared EAPs was identified by FTIR spectra. The redox capability of the EAPs was investigated by electrochemical cyclic voltammetric studies. It should be noted that the redox capability of the EAPs was found to show the following trend: S-EPAA > S-EPI > EPAA > EPI. For the electrochemical sensing studies, a sensor constructed from an S-EPAA-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) demonstrated 2-fold, 1.27-fold, and 1.35-fold higher electro-catalytic activity towards the oxidation of AA, compared to those constructed using a bare CPE, S-EPI-, and EPI/EPAA-modified CPE, respectively. The higher redox capability of S-EPAA-modified CPE exhibited a good electrochemical response towards AA at a low oxidative potential, with good stability and selectivity. Moreover, an electrochemical sensor constructed from S-EPAA-modified CPE was found to reveal better selectivity for a tertiary mixture of AA/DA/UA, as compared to that of EPI-modified, EPAA-modified and S-EPI-modified CPE, based on a series of differential pulse voltammograms.
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Bass, Patrick S., Lin Zhang, and Z. Y. Cheng. "Time-dependence of the electromechanical bending actuation observed in ionic-electroactive polymers." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 07, no. 02 (April 2017): 1720002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x17200028.

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The characteristics of the electromechanical response observed in an ionic-electroactive polymer (i-EAP) are represented by the time ([Formula: see text]) dependence of its bending actuation ([Formula: see text]). The electromechanical response of a typical i-EAP — poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with lithium perchlorate (LP) — is studied. The shortcomings of all existing models describing the electromechanical response obtained in i-EAPs are discussed. A more reasonable model: [Formula: see text] is introduced to characterize this time dependence for all i-EAPs. The advantages and correctness of this model are confirmed using results obtained in PEO-LP actuators with different LP contents and at different temperatures. The applicability and universality of this model are validated using the reported results obtained from two different i-EAPs: one is Flemion and the other is polypyrrole actuators.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Fimbel, Amaury. "Origami à base de matériaux électroactifs pour des applications spatiales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0071.

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Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une collaboration Cifre entre le LGEF et l’entreprise ArianeGroup. La fluctuation de forme de structures complexes à l'aide de polymères électroactifs est le sujet principal de cette étude. Les matériaux électroactifs, qui, de par leurs structures peuvent réaliser une conversion électromécanique de l’énergie, prouvent progressivement leur potentiel de percée technologique dans de nombreux domaines. En plus de l'hypothèse qu'ils pourraient éventuellement remplacer les capteurs et actionneurs actuellement utilisés, les nouvelles capacités de ces matériaux tant au niveau des performances que des capacités de couplage multiphysique sont une sérieuse source d’espoir pour aborder et résoudre des problèmes issus de secteurs émergents. Ces innovations technologiques potentielles peuvent affecter particulièrement le domaine de l'aérospatial. La combinaison d'une faible masse volumique et d'une densité d'énergie mécanique considérable pour un polymère semble apporter une réponse attrayante à la mise au point de dispositifs innovants, compacts et modulables. Mais certains points restent à explorer pour démontrer tout le potentiel applicatif de cette technologie et aboutir au développement de systèmes intelligents. Une grande partie de ce travail de recherche va donc se concentrer sur cette problématique. Ce projet se focalise ainsi sur l'élaboration et la caractérisation d'un composite à haute performance pour l'actionnement électrostatique et sa tenue en vieillissement en milieu spatial. Les objectifs de l'étude mécanique des structures origami sont de trouver des solutions concernant la compréhension et le développement de systèmes complexes et modulables. L’association de ces deux axes ouvre la voie à la création de structures mécaniques très légères pilotables par un champ électrique. Cette thèse concerne les applications spatiales mais peut tout à fait s’ancrer dans un enjeu sociétal plus large comme par exemple le médical, la robotique ou encore le domaine des transports
This thesis project is part of a Cifre collaboration between the Electrical Engineering and Ferro Electricity Laboratory and ArianeGroup. The main subject of this study is the shape shifting of complex structures by using electroactive polymers. Electroactive materials, whose internal conformations are capable of electromechanical energy conversion, are gradually proving their potential for technological breakthroughs in many fields. In addition to the hypothesis that they could eventually replace actual sensors and actuators, the new capabilities of these materials in terms of both performance and multiphysics coupling capacities are a serious source of hope for tackling and solving problems in emerging fields. These potential technological innovations may be of particular interest for aerospace industry. Combination of low density and high mechanical energy density in a polymer seems to offer an attractive answer to the development of innovative, compact and modular devices. However, some parts remain to be explored in order to demonstrate the full application potential of this technology and lead to the development of smart systems. A large part of this research work will focus on this issue. This project will deal with the development and characterization of a high-performance composite for electrostatic actuation and its resistance to ageing in a space environment. The objectives of the mechanical study of origami structures are to find solutions for understanding and developing complex, modular systems. The combination of these two lines opens the way to the creation of very light mechanical structures that can be controlled by an electric field. This thesis concerns space applications, but can also be applied to a wider societal issue, such as medical, robotics or transport sectors
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Lochmatter, Patrick. "Development of a shell-like electroactive polymer (EAP) actuator /." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17221.

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Mallavarapu, Kiran. "Feedback Control of Ionic Polymer Actuators." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34154.

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An ionic polymer actuator consists of a thin Nafion-117 sheet plated with gold or platinum on both sides. An ionic polymer actuator undergoes large deformation in the presence of low applied voltage across its thickness and exhibits low impedance. They can also be used as large displacement sensors by bending them to induce stresses and generate a voltage response. They operate best in a humid environment. Ionic polymer actuators have been used for various practical applications such as bio-mimetic robotic propulsion, flexible low mass robotic arms, propellors for swimming robotic structures, linear and platform type robotic actuators and active catheter systems. One of the disadvantages of ionic polymer actuators is that their settling time to a unit step voltage is on the order of 5-20 seconds in a cantilever configuration. The slow time constant of an ionic polymer limits the actuation bandwidth. The characteristics of ionic polymer actuators, low force and large displacement (as compared to other actuator technologies such as PZT or PVDF), cannot be used in applications requiring a faster response time for a given actuation signal. Due to this limitation, many applications will not be able to make use of the large displacement effectively because of the limited bandwidth of the actuator. Another disadvantage of using an ionic polymer actuator is that the stiffness of the actuator is a function of the hydration of the polymer. Difficulties in controlling the hydration, which changes with respect to time, results in inconsistencies in the mechanical response exhibited by the polymers during continual usage. Several physical models of ionic polymer actuators have been proposed. The physical phenomenon responsible for the bending is not completely understood and no clear set of principles have been able to explain the motion of the polymers completely. Physical phenomena like ionic motion, back diffusion of water and electrostatic force have been used to explain these models. This research demonstrates the use of feedback control to overcome the limitation of slow settling time. First, an empirical model of the ionic polymers developed by Kanno was modified by studying the step response of these actuators. The empirical model is used to design a feedback compensator by state space modeling techniques. Since the ionic polymer actuator has a slow settling time in the open-loop, the design objectives are to minimize the settling time and constrain the control voltage to be less than a prescribed value. The controller is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) techniques which reduced the number of design parameters to one variable. Simulations are performed which show settling times of 0.03 seconds for closed-loop feedback control are possible as compared to the open-loop settling time of 16-18 seconds. The maximum control voltage varied from 1.2 Volts to 3.5 Volts depending on the LQR design parameter. The controller is implemented and results obtained are consistent with the simulations. Closed-loop settling time is observed to be 4-8 seconds and the ratio of the peak response to the steady-state response is reduced by an order of magnitude. Discrepancies between the experiment and the simulations are attributed to the inconsistencies in the resonant frequency of the actuator. Experiments demonstrate that changes in the surface hydration of the polymer result in 20\% variations in the actuator resonance. Variations in the actuator resonance require a more conservative compensator design, thus limiting the performance of the feedback control system.
Master of Science
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Schroeck, Christopher A. "A Reticulation of Skin-Applied Strain Sensors for Motion Capture." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1560294990047589.

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Lin, I.-Ting. "Dielectric elastomer actuators in electro-responsive surfaces based on tunable wrinkling and the robotic arm for powerful and continuous movement." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289711.

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Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have been used for artificial muscles for years. Recently the DEA-based deformable surfaces have demonstrated controllable microscale roughness, ease of operation, fast response, and possibilities for programmable control. DEA muscles used in bioinspired robotic arms for large deformation and strong force also become desirable for their efficiency, low manufacturing cost, high force-to-weight ratio, and noiseless operation. The DEA-based responsive surfaces in microscale roughness control, however, exhibit limited durability due to irreversible dielectric breakdown. Lowering device voltage to avoid this issue is hindered by an inadequate understanding of the electrically-induced wrinkling deformation as a function of the deformable dielectric film thickness. Also, the programmable control and geometric analysis of the structured surface deformation have not yet been fully explored. Current methods to generate anisotropic wrinkles rely on mechanical pre-loading such as stretching or bending, which complicates the fabrication and operation of the devices. With a fixed mechanical pre-loading, the device can only switch between the flat state and the preset wrinkling state. In this thesis, we overcome these shortcomings by demonstrating a simple method for fabricating fault-tolerant electro-responsive surfaces and for controlling surface wrinkling patterns. The DEA-based system can produce different reversible surface topographies (craters, irregular wrinkles, structured wrinkles) upon the geometrical design of electrode and application of voltage. It remains functional due to its ability to self-insulate breakdown faults even after multiple high voltage breakdowns, and the induced breakdown punctures can be used for amplification of local electric fields for wrinkle formation at lower applied voltages. We enhance fundamental understanding of the system by using different analytical models combined with numerical simulation to discuss the mechanism and critical conditions for wrinkle formation, and compare it with the experimental results from surface topography, critical field to induce wrinkles in films of different thickness, and wrinkling patterns quantitatively analysed by different disorder metrics. Based on the results, we demonstrate its wide applicability in adjustable transparency films, dynamic light-grating filter, molding for static surface patterns, and multi-stable mirror-diffusor-diffraction grating device. For DEAs used for macroscopic-scale deformation in robotic arms, the main issue that undermines the performance of DEA muscles is the trade-off between strong force and large displacement, which limits the durability and range of potential robotic and automation applications of DEA-driven devices. In this thesis, this challenge is tackled by using DEAs in loudspeaker configuration for independent scaling-up of force and displacement, developing a theoretical prediction to optimise the operation of such DEAs in bioinspired antagonistic system to maximise speed and power of the robotic arm, and designing a clutch-gear-shaft mechanical system collaborating with the muscles to decouple the displacement and output force. Therefore, the trade-off between force and displacement in traditional DEA muscles can be resolved. The mechanical system can also convert the short linear spurt to an unlimited rotary motion. Combining these advantages, continuous movement with high output force can be accomplished.
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(6620390), Sang-Won Shim. "Designing Natural Haptic Interfaces and Signals." Thesis, 2019.

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This thesis research is concerned with the exploration, design, and validation of novel haptic technologies and signals that feel natural and meaningful in a calm and pleasant way. Our ultimate goal is to expand the possibilities of human-machine interaction by developing a single tactile display and a set of signals through a systematic design approach. It is generally a challenge to evoke a broad range of emotions with vibrotactile stimulation, especially at low signal intensities. During the first part of this thesis research, three types of prototypes were developed and explored using novel haptic technologies. The first was a circular array braille display consisting of eight small six-pin braille modules. The forty-eight pins were arranged in a circular shape to deliver circular tactile information such as time and direction. The second was a braille stick consisting of sixteen six-pin braille modules arranged in a row. The entire display could be easily grasped in the hand so that tactile information can be easily accessible. The third was a 3-by-3 electroactive polymer actuator array driven at high voltages that gives a subtle “tapping” feel on the skin. However, each of the three prototypes suffered from a limited range of expression and was not pursued further.
After the initial prototyping efforts, a 2-by-2 vibrotactile display, the palmScape, was conceived and developed. Custom-designed stimulation patterns based on natural phenomena that feel calm and pleasant were designed and implemented with the palmScape. We use text labels to set the context for the vibrotactile icons that attempt to capture and expresses natural metaphors through variations in signal amplitude, frequency, duration, rhythm, modulation, spatial extent, as well as slow movements. Fourteen participants evaluated twenty vibrotactile icons by rating the perceived valence and arousal levels. The twenty stimuli included sixteen custom-designed vibrotactile icons from this thesis research and four reference patterns from two published studies. The results show that our custom-designed patterns were rated at higher valence levels than the corresponding reference signals at similar arousal ratings. Five of the sixteen vibrotactile icons from this research occupied the fourth quadrant of the valence-arousal space that corresponds to calm and pleasant signals. These findings support the validity of the palmScape display and our signal design approach for achieving a calm and pleasant experience and the possibility of reaching a broader range of expressiveness with vibrotactile signals.
Future studies will continue with the design of signals that can express a broader range of metaphors and emotions through the palmScape, and build an emotional evaluation database that can be combined with other modalities. Our work can be further expanded to support an immersive experience with naturalistic-feeling vibrotactile effects and broaden the expressiveness of human-computer interfaces in media consumption, gaming, and other communicative application domains.
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Books on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Yoseph, Bar-Cohen, ed. Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles: Reality, potential, and challenges. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press, 2001.

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Yoseph, Bar-Cohen, ed. Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles: Reality, potential, and challenges. 2nd ed. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press, 2004.

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Electroactive Polymers (Eap): Symposium Held November 29-December 1, 1999, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings, V. 600.). Materials Research Society, 2000.

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Bar-Cohen, Yoseph. Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles: Reality, Potential, and Challenges, Second Edition (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM136). 2nd ed. SPIE Publications, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Pelrine, Ron, and Roy Kornbluh. "Dielectric Elastomers as Electroactive Polymers (EAPs): Fundamentals." In Electromechanically Active Polymers, 671–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31530-0_30.

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Pelrine, Ron, and Roy Kornbluh. "Dielectric Elastomers as Electroactive Polymers (EAPs): Fundamentals." In Electromechanically Active Polymers, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31767-0_30-1.

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Zarras, P., A. Guenthner, D. J. Irvin, J. D. Stenger-Smith, S. Hawkins, L. Baldwin, R. Quintana, et al. "Multi-Functional Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) as Alternatives for Cadmium Based Coatings." In ACS Symposium Series, 133–49. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2010-1050.ch010.

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Serdas, S., J. Bluhm, and J. Schröder. "Simulation of ionic Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) by considering a thermodynamical consistent model within the framework of the theory of porous media." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 453–58. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-75.

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Bar-Cohen, Yoseph. "Biomimetic Muscles and Actuators Using Electroactive Polymers (EAP)." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 331–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9780-1_268.

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Kheyraddini Mousavi, Arash, Zayd Chad Leseman, Manuel L. B. Palacio, Bharat Bhushan, Scott R. Schricker, Vishnu-Baba Sundaresan, Stephen Andrew Sarles, et al. "Biomimetic Muscles and Actuators Using Electroactive Polymers (EAP)." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 285–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_268.

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Dubois, Philippe, Samuel Rosset, Muhamed Niklaus, Massoud Dadras, and Herbert Shea. "Metal Ion Implanted Compliant Electrodes in Dielectric Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Membranes." In Artificial Muscle Actuators using Electroactive Polymers, 18–25. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-18-4.18.

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Bar-Cohen, Yoseph. "EAP Actuators for Biomimetic Technologies with Humanlike Robots as one of the Ultimate Challenges." In Artificial Muscle Actuators using Electroactive Polymers, 1–7. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-18-4.1.

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Stasik, Mark, Jay Sayre, Rachel Thurston, Wes Childers, Aaron Richardson, Megan Moore, and Paul Gardner. "Evaluation of Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Concept to Enhance Respirator Facial Seal." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 147–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118511350.ch15.

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"Chapter 6 Characterization of EAPs." In Electroactive Polymers, 135–55. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110641066-006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Wang, Jingwen, Hani E. Naguib, and Aimy Bazylak. "Investigation of Electroactive Polymers for the PEMFC GDL." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33168.

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In this work, electroactive polymers (EAPs) are introduced as novel materials for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Polypyrrole (PPy) is selected as a promising EAP for the PEMFC. The fabrication procedures including the polymer solution preparation and the electro-chemical deposition process for producing a thin and porous PPy film are presented. The activation behavior of PPy thin film is observed, and the surface properties are analyzed.
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Spath, William E., and Wayne W. Walter. "Feasibility of Integrating Multiple Types of Electroactive Polymers to Develop an Artificial Human Muscle." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37321.

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have been labeled as the future stakeholder for artificial muscle technology and machine actuation. The US Armed Forces have seen an increased population of service members suffering from loss of limbs as a result of conflicts overseas. Civilian populations have suffered as well, due to muscle tissue deterioration brought on by injury or disease. Many prosthetic limbs have been engineered with rotary actuation, but do not mimic fluid motion as human muscles do. Through the research of biomimetics, imitating nature and applying those techniques to technology, electroactive polymers have been found to produce the fluid-like characteristics of biological muscles as needed for precise artificial simulation. These materials exhibit common traits of biological muscle tissue regarding potential energy storage. When activated by an electrical voltage potential, EAPs can produce characteristics such as: bending/axial strain or changes in viscosity. One classification of electroactive polymers, Ionic EAPs, exhibit bipolar activation under low voltages and can be found in various physical states; solid, liquid, and gel states. These characteristics make Ionic EAPs the most attractive materials to be used in low energy or mobile applications, such as exoskeletons and implants. For high strain and large load applications, electronic EAPs can be used. Electronic EAPs require high voltages which induces high rates of strain and large deformations. To date, it appears that various types of EAP materials are being used individually, as opposed to integrated with other types. Biological muscles are made of many different proteins organized in an optimized geometrical structure which yields a more efficient response combined than achieved individually. The focus of the current project is to integrate multiple EAP materials in a designed mechanical system to produce a closer representation of a biological muscle. The status of this RIT project; to design, fabricate, and test an integrated EAP-based artificial muscle will be discussed along with the conceptual thinking for design obtained to date.
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Han, L. H., and T. J. Lu. "Mechanical Properties Measurement of Electroactive Polymers." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58115.

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs), such as piezoelectric polymer, polyelectrolyte gels, dielectric elastomer and conducting polymer etc., are emerging as a new type of actuation materials for a broad range of actuator and transducer applications, because of their higher strain, higher response and higher efficiency. Acrylic elastomer films have demonstrated higher specific energy density (0.4J/g) and more than 100% actuated strains, and have been recommended for the artificial muscle actuators. Much research has been carried out to investigate the actuation properties of EAP films, however, little information is available for the mechanical properties of EAP films, which are crucial for designing EAP actuators. This work focuses on developing a means of characterizing the mechanical properties of EAP thin film materials, describing the mechanical behavior with the suitable constitutive models and determining the material parameters for the development of actuators. To measure the mechanical properties of EAP films, a uniaxial testing system is developed, which consists of a small-scale force transducer, a CCD camera, a National Instruments card and a laser displacement transducer. The loading and unloading cycles on film specimens are controlled by an Instron Machine. The applied force and the total are stored in the computer by the National Instrument card. A sequence of 2D images are recorded by the CCD camera to capture the deformation process of the film sample. Then, the displacements of the marks on the film surface vertical to the thickness plane are calculated from the sequential images by image analysis techniques. There are several well-known models available to describe the mechanical behaviors of the EAP films, such as Neo-Hookean, Mooney-Rivlin and Ogden models etc. To determine the most suitable constitutive models and corresponding material constants, a generalized method based on finite element analysis is proposed and implemented by interfacing with ABAQUS finite element package. The kernel of the method is to minimize the difference between the measured displacement field and the computed displacement field. A global optimisation algorithm, simulated annealing (SA), is used to minimize the objective. The experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of the dielectric elastomer film (VHB4910) is presented as an example to demonstrate the functions of the testing system and the developed method. The developed testing system and method can also be used for characterizing the mechanical properties of other EAP film materials.
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Krishnan, Arjun S., Ravi Shankar, Tushar K. Ghosh, and Richard J. Spontak. "Nanostructured Triblock Copolymer Network With Tailorable Electroactive Response." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-529.

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In recent years, the use of electroactive polymers (EAPs), which are polymeric materials that respond to an external electrical stimulus by changing shape or size, has been the focus of considerable research effort. While most studies have considered chemically cross-linked homopolymers, only a few reports have addressed the use of physically cross-linked triblock copolymer systems. We have previously demonstrated that triblock copolymer networks swollen by a midblock-selective, nonvolatile solvent constitute excellent candidates as dielectric elastomers, one class of EAP materials. Due to the presence of a molecularly self-organized nanostructure in such materials, this EAP genre is generally referred to as electro-active nanostructured polymers (ENPs). These systems not only exhibit high actuation strains (>200%), but are also amenable to facile processing and recycling. In this study, we examine the electromechanical response of symmetric triblock copolymers possessing styrenic endblocks and a rubbery midblock selectively solvated with an aliphatic mineral oil. Our findings show that the specimen thickness has a significant effect on the electroactive response of the system. Moreover, we are able to correlate the electromechanical properties of ENPs with their mechanical properties.
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Minaian, Nazanin, Daniel Fisher, and Kwang Jin Kim. "Sensing like aquatic organisms: using electroactive polymers (EAPs) in an artificial lateral line system." In Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXVI, edited by John D. Madden, Anne L. Skov, and Stefan S. Seelecke. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3001944.

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Spath, William E., and Wayne W. Walter. "Development of a Two-Dimensional Model of the Human Arm to Investigate the Biomimetic Substitution of Human Bicep Muscle With a Dielectric Electroactive Polymer Muscle Actuator." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85686.

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Current prostheses are not able to meet the needs of patients. The authors have recently been investigating the feasibility of integrating multiple types of electroactive polymers (EAP) to develop an artificial muscle for prostheses and muscle implants; much like biological muscle is made up of multiple types of muscle fibers. The intent is to produce a lightweight device which has smooth fluid-like motion, in contrast to the jerky motion of current prostheses which use heavy rotary actuators. A human arm model, isolating the bicep muscle, was developed to better understand the requirements on force and strain that an artificial muscle must meet to replace biological muscle. This study was conducted with the assistance of orthopedic surgeons from the Rochester General Hospital. Bicep muscle characteristics were compared with those of dielectric elastomer electroactive polymers (DEAP), since they produce relatively high force and large strain during actuation. Results show that current characteristics of DEAPs will not allow for direct substitution of human muscle fibers with EAPs because their force and strain outputs are too low. To increase the force and strain output of DEAPs to that of human muscle fibers, the stiffness of the DEAP needs to be increased. The analysis done and results obtained are discussed in the paper, as well as possible ways to increase the stiffness of EAPs to better meet the requirements for biological muscle replacement.
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Thien, Austen, and Kishore Pochiraju. "Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Soft Electroactive Polymer Hydrogels Using a Customized 3D Printer." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72007.

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Electroactive polymers (EAP) have shown promise in producing significant and controllable linear displacement in slim and lightweight packages. EAPs allow for seamless integration and multi-functionality since they are actuated by a driving voltage that could be controlled by a microprocessor. Polyacrylamide (PAAM)/Polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel EAPs are commonly chosen due to their low driving voltage, significant amount of displacement, and rapid manufacturing capabilities, as these gels can be 3D printed. To effectively extrude these gels in 3D printers, their viscosity, gelation time, shear thinning, and self-wettability must be characterized. In this research, ungelled solutions of PAAM are prepared and then strain-tested at temperatures from 60C to 80C and with 1–2 drops of TEMED catalyst to determine the gelation time that is optimal for 3D printing. Strain testing of ungelled PAAM solutions is also used to determine the shear thinning propertie of the gel. All strain testing is conducted using a rheometer with 25 mm diameter plates and an oven enclosure. A prototype extrusion system is designed and fabricated to be used for self-wettability testing of the gel. The process data will then be used in the design of a modified 3D printer to manufacture and test different configurations of these hydrogel actuators.
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Singh, Nitin Kumar, Kazuto Takashima, and Shyam Sudhir Pandey. "Electronic versus Ionic Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) Strain Sensors for Wearable Electronics: A Comparative Study." In I3S2022Warsaw. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022021001.

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Pagano, Claudia, Matteo Malosio, and Irene Fassi. "Basic Characterization of a Linear Elastomer Actuator." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87285.

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Innovative types of actuators are required for several applications, especially in the field of medicine, robotics and micro-systems. In this context, Electroactive Polymers represent a promising group among all smart materials. They can change their dimensions and shape when an external voltage is applied, and their mechanical flexibility and ease of processing offer advantages over traditional electroactive materials expanding the options for different mechanical configurations. Dielectric elastomers are among the most promising EAPs for many applications, including actuators and sensors for the microfactory: they work in a dry environment, can achieve great deformations and support high voltage. They can be represented by a parallel plate capacitor: under an electric field the elastomer is squeezed in the thickness causing expansion in the transverse direction. Dielectric EAP actuators require large electric fields (hundreds of kV/mm) but can produce very large strain (up to 400%). Due to their unique properties and potential applications, in this paper the study of the electromechanical behaviour of a dielectric elastomer and a possible application related with the microfabrication of hybrid microsystem is presented.
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Ahmed, Saad, and Zoubeida Ounaies. "Self-Clearing of Metalized Electrodes and its Impact on Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Based Actuators." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9107.

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EAP based actuator technologies are extensively studied to design smart/intelligent systems ranging from deployable space structures, morphing wings, to medical devices and artificial muscles. Despite the extensive research on electroactive polymers (EAP), practical implementation of this technology is slow because of low induced forces and defect-driven premature electrical breakdown. Multilayered or stacked configuration can address the low induced force issue. However, construction procedure of multilayered sample is susceptible to more defects, which can further aggravate defect-driven premature breakdown of EAP actuators. Reducing the number of defects using self-clearing concept can improve the EAP actuators’ ability to withstand high electric fields. Self-clearing refers to the partial local breakdown of dielectric medium due to the presence of impurities, which in turn results in the evaporation of some of the metalized electrodes. After this evaporation, the impurity is cleared and any current path would be safely cut off, which means the actuator continues to perform, albeit with a reduced actuation area due to electrode evaporation. In this paper we study the impact of self-clearing metalized silver electrodes on the electrical and electromechanical behavior of EAPs, more specifically P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) terpolymer. First, we use Weibull statistics to systematically estimate the self-clearing/preconditioning field needed to clear the defects. Then electrical breakdown experiments are conducted with and without preconditioning the samples to investigate their effects on the breakdown strength of the EAP. Finally, we implement this self-clearing/preconditioning field on single and multilayered P (VDF-TrFE-CTFE) unimorph actuators and investigate the resulting electromechanical performance. Due to preconditioning of the actuators using self-clearing concept, the actuators endure higher electric fields compared to a control sample. Loss of capacitance occurs during self-clearing, which in turn affects the electromechanical performance of the actuator. For that reason, we also report on the blocked force of preconditioned and controlled actuators to evaluate and compare their electromechanical performance.
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Reports on the topic "Electroactive polymers (EAPs)"

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Zhang, Q. M., Takeo Furukawa, Yoseph Bar-Cohen, and J. Scheinbeim. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 600, Electroactive Polymers (EAP) Symposium Held in Boston, Massachusetts on November 29-December 1, 1999. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381226.

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