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Journal articles on the topic 'Electroactive hydrogels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Jayaramudu, Tippabattini, Hyun-U. Ko, Hyun Kim, Jung Kim, Ruth Muthoka, and Jaehwan Kim. "Electroactive Hydrogels Made with Polyvinyl Alcohol/Cellulose Nanocrystals." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091615.

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This paper reports a nontoxic, soft and electroactive hydrogel made with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The CNC incorporating PVA-CNC hydrogels were prepared using a freeze–thaw technique with different CNC concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results proved the good miscibility of CNCs with PVA. The optical transparency, water uptake capacity and mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogels were investigated in this study. The CNC incorporating PVA-CNC hydrogels showed improved displacement output in the presence of an electric field and the displacement increased with an increase in the CNC concentration. The possible actuation mechanism was an electrostatic effect and the displacement improvement of the hydrogel associated with its enhanced dielectric properties and softness. Since the prepared PVA-CNC hydrogel is nontoxic and electroactive, it can be used for biomimetic soft robots, actively reconfigurable lenses and active drug-release applications.

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2

Guan, Shui, Yangbin Wang, Feng Xie, Shuping Wang, Weiping Xu, Jianqiang Xu, and Changkai Sun. "Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Gelatin Hydrogel Scaffolds Incorporated with Conductive PEDOT Nanoparticles for Improved Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 8326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238326.

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Tissue engineering scaffolds provide biological and physiochemical cures to guide tissue recovery, and electrical signals through the electroactive materials possess tremendous potential to modulate the cell fate. In this study, a novel electroactive hydrogel scaffold was fabricated by assembling poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles on a carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin (CMCS/Gel) composite hydrogel surface via in situ chemical polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, conductivity, porosity, swelling rate, in vitro biodegradation, and mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogel samples were characterized. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) on conductive hydrogels were investigated. The CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels exhibited high porosity, excellent water absorption, improved thermal stability, and adequate biodegradability. Importantly, the mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogels were similar to those of brain tissue, with electrical conductivity up to (1.52 ± 0.15) × 10−3 S/cm. Compared to the CMCS/Gel hydrogel, the incorporation of PEDOT nanoparticles significantly improved the adhesion of NSCs, and supported long-term cell growth and proliferation in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. In addition, under the differentiation condition, the conductive hydrogel also significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation with the up-regulation of β-tubulin III expression. These results suggest that CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels may be an attractive conductive substrate for further studies on neural tissue repair and regeneration.

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3

Li, Longchao, Juan Ge, Baolin Guo, and Peter X. Ma. "In situ forming biodegradable electroactive hydrogels." Polymer Chemistry 5, no. 8 (2014): 2880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3py01634j.

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4

Farooqi, Abdul Razzaq, Julius Zimmermann, Rainer Bader, and Ursula van Rienen. "Numerical Simulation of Electroactive Hydrogels for Cartilage–Tissue Engineering." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182913.

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The intrinsic regeneration potential of hyaline cartilage is highly limited due to the absence of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, as well as a low cell turnover within the tissue. Despite various advancements in the field of regenerative medicine, it remains a challenge to remedy articular cartilage defects resulting from trauma, aging, or osteoarthritis. Among various approaches, tissue engineering using tailored electroactive scaffolds has evolved as a promising strategy to repair damaged cartilage tissue. In this approach, hydrogel scaffolds are used as artificial extracellular matrices, and electric stimulation is applied to facilitate proliferation, differentiation, and cell growth at the defect site. In this regard, we present a simulation model of electroactive hydrogels to be used for cartilage–tissue engineering employing open-source finite-element software FEniCS together with a Python interface. The proposed mathematical formulation was first validated with an example from the literature. Then, we computed the effect of electric stimulation on a circular hydrogel sample that served as a model for a cartilage-repair implant.

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5

Shi, Zhijun, Weiwei Zhao, Sixiang Li, and Guang Yang. "Self-powered hydrogels induced by ion transport." Nanoscale 9, no. 43 (2017): 17080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02962d.

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6

Cao, Jian, Zhongxing Liu, Limin Zhang, Jinlong Li, Haiming Wang, and Xiuhui Li. "Advance of Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications in Orthopedics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6668209.

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Electroconductive hydrogels (EHs) are promising composite biomaterials of hydrogels and conductive electroactive polymers, incorporating bionic physicochemical properties of hydrogels and conductivity, electrochemistry, and electrical stimulation (ES) responsiveness of conductive electroactive polymers. The biomedical domain has increasingly seen EHs’ application to imitating the biological and electrical properties of human tissues, acclaimed as one of the most effective biomaterials. Bone’s complex bioelectrochemical properties and the corresponding stem cell differentiation affected by electrical signal elevate EHs’ application value in repairing and treating bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Noteworthily, the latest orthopedic biological applications require broader information of EHs. Except for presenting the classification and synthesis of EHs, this review recapitulates the advance of EHs application to orthopedics in the past five years and discusses the pertinent development tendency and challenge, aiming to provide a reference for EHs application direction and prospect in orthopedic therapy.

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7

Jones, Scott L., Kok Hou Wong, Pall Thordarson, and François Ladouceur. "Self-assembling electroactive hydrogels for flexible display technology." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22, no. 49 (November 23, 2010): 494105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/49/494105.

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8

Wu, Yaobin, Baolin Guo, and Peter X. Ma. "Injectable Electroactive Hydrogels Formed via Host–Guest Interactions." ACS Macro Letters 3, no. 11 (October 17, 2014): 1145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mz500498y.

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9

Au-Yong, Sophie, Melike Firlak, Emily R. Draper, Sofia Municoy, Mark D. Ashton, Geoffrey R. Akien, Nathan R. Halcovitch, et al. "Electrochemically Enhanced Delivery of Pemetrexed from Electroactive Hydrogels." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 4953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224953.

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Electroactive hydrogels based on derivatives of polyethyleneglycol (PEG), chitosan and polypyrrole were prepared via a combination of photopolymerization and oxidative chemical polymerization, and optionally doped with anions (e.g., lignin, drugs, etc.). The products were analyzed with a variety of techniques, including: FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR (solution state), 13C NMR (solid state), XRD, TGA, SEM, swelling ratios and rheology. The conductive gels swell ca. 8 times less than the non-conductive gels due to the presence of the interpenetrating network (IPN) of polypyrrole and lignin. A rheological study showed that the non-conductive gels are soft (G′ 0.35 kPa, G″ 0.02 kPa) with properties analogous to brain tissue, whereas the conductive gels are significantly stronger (G′ 30 kPa, G″ 19 kPa) analogous to breast tissue due to the presence of the IPN of polypyrrole and lignin. The potential of these biomaterials to be used for biomedical applications was validated in vitro by cell culture studies (assessing adhesion and proliferation of fibroblasts) and drug delivery studies (electrochemically loading the FDA-approved chemotherapeutic pemetrexed and measuring passive and stimulated release); indeed, the application of electrical stimulus enhanced the release of PEM from gels by ca. 10–15% relative to the passive release control experiment for each application of electrical stimulation over a short period analogous to the duration of stimulation applied for electrochemotherapy. It is foreseeable that such materials could be integrated in electrochemotherapeutic medical devices, e.g., electrode arrays or plates currently used in the clinic.

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10

Burrs, S. L., D. C. Vanegas, M. Bhargava, N. Mechulan, P. Hendershot, H. Yamaguchi, C. Gomes, and E. S. McLamore. "A comparative study of graphene–hydrogel hybrid bionanocomposites for biosensing." Analyst 140, no. 5 (2015): 1466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01788a.

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Graphene–nanometal enzymatic biosensors were prepared using hydrogels composed of chitosan, poly-N-isopropylacrylamide, silk fibroin, or cellulose nanocrystals. The comparative study investigated electroactive surface area, charge transfer, response time, limit of detection, and sensitivity toward alcohols.

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11

Zhu, Hui, Weitao Dai, Liming Wang, Cong Yao, Chenxi Wang, Bingsong Gu, Dichen Li, and Jiankang He. "Electroactive Oxidized Alginate/Gelatin/MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Composite Hydrogel with Improved Biocompatibility and Self-Healing Property." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183908.

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Conductive hydrogels (CHs) have shown promising potential applied as wearable or epidermal sensors owing to their mechanical adaptability and similarity to natural tissues. However, it remains a great challenge to develop an integrated hydrogel combining outstanding conductive, self-healing and biocompatible performances with simple approaches. In this work, we propose a “one-pot” strategy to synthesize multifunctional CHs by incorporating two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) multi-layer nano-flakes as nanofillers into oxidized alginate and gelatin hydrogels to form the composite CHs with various MXene contents. The presence of MXene with abundant surface groups and outstanding conductivity could improve the mechanical property and electroactivity of the composite hydrogels compared to pure oxidized alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL). MXene-ADA-GELs kept good self-healing properties due to the dynamic imine linkage of the ADA-GEL network and have a promoting effect on mouse fibroblast (NH3T3s) attachment and spreading, which could be a result of the integration of MXenes with stimulating conductivity and hydrophily surface. This study suggests that the electroactive MXene-ADA-GELs can serve as an appealing candidate for skin wound healing and flexible bio-electronics.

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12

Smirnov, M. A., N. V. Bobrova, I. Yu Dmitriev, V. Bukolšek, and G. K. Elyashevich. "Electroactive hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid) and polypyrrole." Polymer Science Series A 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965545x11010068.

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13

Guo, Baolin, Anna Finne-Wistrand, and Ann-Christine Albertsson. "Versatile functionalization of polyester hydrogels with electroactive aniline oligomers." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 49, no. 9 (March 15, 2011): 2097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24643.

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14

Palza, Humberto, Paula Zapata, and Carolina Angulo-Pineda. "Electroactive Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020277.

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The flexibility in polymer properties has allowed the development of a broad range of materials with electroactivity, such as intrinsically conductive conjugated polymers, percolated conductive composites, and ionic conductive hydrogels. These smart electroactive polymers can be designed to respond rationally under an electric stimulus, triggering outstanding properties suitable for biomedical applications. This review presents a general overview of the potential applications of these electroactive smart polymers in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterials. In particular, details about the ability of these electroactive polymers to: (1) stimulate cells in the context of tissue engineering by providing electrical current; (2) mimic muscles by converting electric energy into mechanical energy through an electromechanical response; (3) deliver drugs by changing their internal configuration under an electrical stimulus; and (4) have antimicrobial behavior due to the conduction of electricity, are discussed.

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15

Muya, Francis Ntumba, Xolani Terrance Ngema, Priscilla Gloria Lorraine Baker, and Emmanuel Iheanyichukwu Iwuoha. "Sensory Properties of Polysulfone Hydrogel for Electro-Analytical Profiling of Vanadium and Selenium in Aqueous Solutions." Journal of Nano Research 44 (November 2016): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.44.142.

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Hydrogels have been a topic of extensive research because of their unique bulk and surface properties. They play a vital role in development of controlled release drug delivery systems. Polysulfone hydrogels are hydrophilic porous materials, which provide the advantage of biocompatibility and effective orientation of biomolecule in the design of the novel biosensors [1-2]. Polysulfone hydrogels may be prepared as water swellable powders or drop cast as thin films on screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). Polysulfone hydrogels produce electroactive thin films, characterized by 2 well resolved redox peaks, with a formal potential of 0.0867 V and diffusion coefficient in aqueous medium of 9.06e-9 Cm2/s. In this paper we report on the initial speciation studies and analytical performance of Selenium and Vanadium at the hydrogel electrodes, as evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry in a range of -0.7 V to +0.0 V versus Ag/AgCl. The morphology, adsorption and thin film integrity was evaluated using High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy.

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16

Gupta, Kriti, Ruchi Patel, Madara Dias, Hina Ishaque, Kristopher White, and Ronke Olabisi. "Development of an Electroactive Hydrogel as a Scaffold for Excitable Tissues." International Journal of Biomaterials 2021 (January 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6669504.

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For many cells used in tissue engineering applications, the scaffolds upon which they are seeded do not entirely mimic their native environment, particularly in the case of excitable tissues. For instance, muscle cells experience contraction and relaxation driven by the electrical input of an action potential. Electroactive materials can also deform in response to electrical input; however, few such materials are currently suitable as cell scaffolds. We previously described the development of poly(ethyelene glycol) diacrylate-poly(acrylic acid) as an electroactive scaffold. Although the scaffold itself supported cell growth and attachment, the voltage (20 V) required to actuate these scaffolds was cytotoxic. Here, we describe the further development of our hydrogels into scaffolds capable of actuation at voltages (5 V) that were not cytotoxic to seeded cells. This study describes the critical next steps towards the first functional electroactive tissue engineering scaffold.

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17

Xiong, Changlun, Wenbin Zhong, Yubo Zou, Jinwei Luo, and Wantai Yang. "Electroactive biopolymer/graphene hydrogels prepared for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 211 (September 2016): 941–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.117.

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18

Pirahmadi, Pegah, Mehrdad Kokabi, and Ghazaleh Alamdarnejad. "Polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/carbon nanotubes electroactive shape memory nanocomposite hydrogels." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 11 (September 24, 2020): 49995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.49995.

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19

Guillot-Ferriols, Maria, María Inmaculada García-Briega, Laia Tolosa, Carlos M. Costa, Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez, José Luis Gómez Ribelles, and Gloria Gallego Ferrer. "Magnetically Activated Piezoelectric 3D Platform Based on Poly(Vinylidene) Fluoride Microspheres for Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Gels 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100680.

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic commitment before injection enhances bone regeneration therapy results. Piezoelectric stimulation may be an effective cue to promote MSCs pre-differentiation, and poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF) cell culture supports, when combined with CoFe2O4 (CFO), offer a wireless in vitro stimulation strategy. Under an external magnetic field, CFO shift and magnetostriction deform the polymer matrix varying the polymer surface charge due to the piezoelectric effect. To test the effect of piezoelectric stimulation on MSCs, our approach is based on a gelatin hydrogel with embedded MSCs and PVDF-CFO electroactive microspheres. Microspheres were produced by electrospray technique, favouring CFO incorporation, crystallisation in β-phase (85 %) and a crystallinity degree of around 55 %. The absence of cytotoxicity of the 3D construct was confirmed 24 h after cell encapsulation. Cells were viable, evenly distributed in the hydrogel matrix and surrounded by microspheres, allowing local stimulation. Hydrogels were stimulated using a magnetic bioreactor, and no significant changes were observed in MSCs proliferation in the short or long term. Nevertheless, piezoelectric stimulation upregulated RUNX2 expression after 7 days, indicating the activation of the osteogenic differentiation pathway. These results open the door for optimising a stimulation protocol allowing the application of the magnetically activated 3D electroactive cell culture support for MSCs pre-differentiation before transplantation.

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20

Maher, Shaimaa, Haitham Kalil, and Mekki Bayachou. "Alginate/Polyethyleneimine-Based Nitric Oxide-Releasing Hydrogel As a Potential Platform to Study the Effects of NO on Carcinogenesis." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552318mtgabs.

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Numerous biological functions are affected by the functions of nitric oxide (NO), such as cell proliferation and programmed cell death. NOis a ubiquitous free radical gas that exerts a wide range of biological effects and acts as a signaling molecule in the body. Recent studies have indicated that nitric oxide regulates multiple cancer-related processes, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis. Alternatively, it is also emerging as a potential anti-oncogenic agent under other conditions. Nitric oxide is synthesized by a complex family of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes. There is encouraging interest in developing NO-releasing materials as potent tumoricidal agents in which high and localized concentrations of NO may be directly released in a sustained manner to the tumor site. The goal of this project is to develop a hydrogel that incorporates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) using a layer-by-layer building strategy to form layers of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and iNOSoxy as NO-releasing coatings on alginate hydrogel. When the hydrogel coated with PEI/iNOSoxy films are exposed to arginine, a source of reducing equivalents, and other required ingredients, nitric oxide is formed and released. In this work, FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the functional groups of pristine sodium alginate (SA), polyethyleneimine (PEI) and SA/PEI composite hydrogels. We also used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface characterization. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the amount of electroactive heme-enzyme adsorbed on the modified surfaces. We examine how the electroactive heme enzyme in the thin films correlates with the enzymatic NOS activity in terms of NO release fluxes from PEI/NOS-coated hydrogels. After the structural characterization of the NOS/hydrogel films using spectroscopy, we examined their function in terms of NO release profiles. We observed an initial “burst” of NO release during the first 4 hours of activity, followed by a decline and then stable NO release for up to 144 hours possibility to interrogate the role of NO on the balance of cell proliferation and cell death in these cell lines. The measured fluxes are higher than what have been reported in the literature for other inorganic NO-releasing systems. This data will allow us to build NOS-alginate hydrogels with defined NO release profiles for application in cell biology to test the effect of sustained NO release on cell proliferation and cell death on specific cancer cell lines.

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21

Jin, E., Zhen Zhang, Hua Lian, Xin Chen, Chunsheng Xiao, Xiuli Zhuang, and Xuesi Chen. "Injectable electroactive hydrogels based on Pluronic® F127 and tetraaniline copolymer." European Polymer Journal 88 (March 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.01.013.

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22

Guo, Baolin, Anna Finne-Wistrand, and Ann-Christine Albertsson. "Degradable and Electroactive Hydrogels with Tunable Electrical Conductivity and Swelling Behavior." Chemistry of Materials 23, no. 5 (March 8, 2011): 1254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm103498s.

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23

Farooqi, Abdul Razzaq, Julius Zimmermann, Rainer Bader, and Ursula van Rienen. "Computational study on electromechanics of electroactive hydrogels for cartilage-tissue repair." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 197 (December 2020): 105739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105739.

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24

Bhat, Ankita, Alexa R. Graham, Hemang Trivedi, Matthew K. Hogan, Philip J. Horner, and Anthony Guiseppi-Elie. "Engineering the ABIO-BIO interface of neurostimulation electrodes using polypyrrole and bioactive hydrogels." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1107.

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AbstractFollowing spinal cord injury, the use of electrodes for neurostimulation in animal models has been shown to stimulate muscle movement, however, the efficacy of such treatment is impaired by increased interfacial impedance caused by fibrous encapsulation of the electrode. Sputter-deposited gold-on-polyimide electrodes were modified by potentiostatic electrodeposition of poly(pyrrole-co-3-pyrrolylbutyrate-conj-aminoethylmethacrylate): sulfopropyl methacrylate [P(Py-co-PyBA-conj-AEMA):SPMA] to various charge densities (0–100 mC/cm2) to address interfacial impedance and coated with a phosphoryl choline containing bioactive hydrogel to address biocompatibility at the ABIO-BIO interface. Electrodes were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (surface morphology), multiple-scan rate cyclic voltammetry (peak current and electroactive area), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (charge transfer resistance and membrane resistance). SEM analysis and electroactive area calculations identified films fabricated with a charge density of 50 mC/cm2 as well suited for neurostimulation electrodes. Charge transfer resistance demonstrated a strong inverse correlation (−0.83) with charge density of electrodeposition. On average, the addition of polypyrrole and hydrogel to neurostimulation electrodes decreased charge transfer resistance by 82 %. These results support the use of interfacial engineering techniques to mitigate high interfacial impedance and combat the foreign body response towards epidurally implanted neurostimulation electrodes.

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25

Migliorini, Lorenzo, Yunsong Yan, Federico Pezzotta, Francesca Maria Sole Veronesi, Cristina Lenardi, Sandra Rondinini, Tommaso Santaniello, and Paolo Milani. "Cellulose-based electroactive hydrogels for seaweed mimicking toward hybrid artificial habitats creation." MRS Communications 8, no. 03 (August 15, 2018): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2018.163.

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26

Shin, Mikyung, Kwang Hoon Song, Justin C. Burrell, D. Kacy Cullen, and Jason A. Burdick. "Injectable and Conductive Granular Hydrogels for 3D Printing and Electroactive Tissue Support." Advanced Science 6, no. 20 (August 21, 2019): 1901229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901229.

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27

Alacid, Yolanda, Andrés F. Quintero Jaime, María José Martínez-Tomé, C. Reyes Mateo, and Francisco Montilla. "Disposable Electrochemical Biosensor Based on the Inhibition of Alkaline Phosphatase Encapsulated in Acrylamide Hydrogels." Biosensors 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12090698.

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The present work describes the development of an easy-to-use portable electrochemical biosensor based on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a recognition element, which has been immobilized in acrylamide-based hydrogels prepared through a green protocol over disposable screen-printed electrodes. To carry out the electrochemical transduction, an electroinactive substrate (hydroquinone diphosphate) was used in the presence of the enzyme and then it was hydrolyzed to an electroactive species (hydroquinone). The activity of the protein within the matrix was determined voltammetrically. Due to the adhesive properties of the hydrogel, this was easily deposited on the surface of the electrodes, greatly increasing the sensitivity of the biosensor. The device was optimized to allow the determination of phosphate ion, a competitive inhibitor of ALP, in aqueous media. Our study provides a proof-of-concept demonstrating the potential use of the developed biosensor for in situ, real-time measurement of water pollutants that act as ALP inhibitors.

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Jacumasso, Sheila C., Gabriela de Alvarenga, Adriana C. de Lazzari, Naiara M. F. M. Sampaio, Bruno J. G. Silva, Luis F. Marchesi, Marcio Vidotti, and Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti. "Alginate/Polypyrrole Hydrogels as Potential Extraction Phase for Determination of Atrazine, Caffeine, and Progesterone in Aqueous Samples." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 10609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010609.

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Hydrogels are smart-swelling 3D structures capable of incorporating/expelling water while maintaining their structures. When combined with electroactive materials, such as conducting polymers, the resulting composite may present tunable properties. Herein, the preparation and characterization of alginate-polypyrrole composite hydrogels is described using chemical polymerization to form polypyrrole inside and around alginate beads, employing two simple protocols. These materials were qualitatively tested as extraction phases, using the solid-phase extraction technique, for the pre-concentration of contaminants of emerging concern (atrazine, caffeine, and progesterone). Compared to alginate alone, the composite materials showed a modified extraction capacity, especially for the extraction of progesterone. It was shown that the alginate matrix also contributes to the extraction, not only acting as a support but also as an active extraction media, evidencing a good combination of materials.

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29

Cui, Haitao, Yadong Liu, Yilong Cheng, Zhe Zhang, Peibiao Zhang, Xuesi Chen, and Yen Wei. "In Vitro Study of Electroactive Tetraaniline-Containing Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering." Biomacromolecules 15, no. 4 (March 5, 2014): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm4018963.

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30

Liu, Yu-Hao, Shu-Min Hsu, Fang-Yi Wu, Hsun Cheng, Mei-Yu Yeh, and Hsin-Chieh Lin. "Electroactive Organic Dye Incorporating Dipeptides in the Formation of Self-Assembled Nanofibrous Hydrogels." Bioconjugate Chemistry 25, no. 10 (October 3, 2014): 1794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc500299c.

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31

Wang, Li, Sanming Hu, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Xiaohong Li, Zhijun Shi, and Guang Yang. "Enhanced cell proliferation by electrical stimulation based on electroactive regenerated bacterial cellulose hydrogels." Carbohydrate Polymers 249 (December 2020): 116829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116829.

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32

Joo, Hyeonseo, Hoseong Han, and Sunghun Cho. "Fabrication of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Polyaniline Nanofiber/Graphene Hydrogel for High-Performance Coin Cell Supercapacitor." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040928.

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Electroactive polymer hydrogel offers several advantages for electrical devices, including straightforward synthesis, high conductivity, excellent redox behavior, structural robustness, and outstanding mechanical properties. Here, we report an efficient strategy for generating polyvinyl alcohol–polyaniline–multilayer graphene hydrogels (PVA–PANI–MLG HDGs) with excellent scalability and significantly improved mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties; the hydrogels were then utilized in coin cell supercapacitors. Production can proceed through the simple formation of boronate (–O–B–O–) bonds between PANI and PVA chains; strong intermolecular interactions between MLG, PANI, and PVA chains contribute to stronger and more rigid HDGs. We identified the optimal amount of PVA (5 wt.%) that produces a nanofiber-like PVA–PANI HDG with better charge transport properties than PANI HDGs produced by earlier approaches. The PVA–PANI–MLG HDG demonstrated superior tensile strength (8.10 MPa) and higher specific capacitance (498.9 F/cm2, 166.3 F/cm3, and 304.0 F/g) than PVA–PANI HDGs without MLG. The remarkable reliability of the PVA–PANI–MLG HDG was demonstrated by 92.6% retention after 3000 cycles of galvanostatic charge–discharge. The advantages of this HDG mean that a coin cell supercapacitor assembled using it is a promising energy storage device for mobile and miniaturized electronics.

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33

Karimi Hajishoreh, Negar, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Nasim Naderi, and Mojdeh Salehnia. "Reduced graphene oxide facilitates biocompatibility of alginate for cardiac repair." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 35, no. 4-5 (July 2020): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911520933913.

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The benefits of combined cell/material therapy appear promising for myocardial infarction treatment. The safety of alginate, along with its excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, has been extensively investigated for cardiac tissue engineering. Among graphene-based nanomaterials, reduced graphene oxide has been considered as a promising candidate for cardiac treatment due to its unique physicochemical properties. In this study, the reduced graphene oxide incorporation effect within alginate hydrogels was investigated for cardiac repair application. Reduced graphene oxide reinforced alginate properties, resulting in an increase in gel stiffness. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogels prepared with human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells was assessed by the 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay. Following reduced graphene oxide addition, alginate-reduced graphene oxide retained significantly higher cell viability compared to that of alginate and cells cultured on tissue culture plates. Acridine orange/propidium iodide staining was also used to identify both viable and necrotic human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells within the prepared hydrogels. After a 72-h culture, the percentage of viable cells was twice as much as those cultured on either alginate or tissue culture plate, reaching approximately 80%. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to assess gene expression of neonatal rat cardiac cells encapsulated on hydrogels for TrpT-2, Conx43, and Actn4 after 7 days. The expression of all genes in alginate-reduced graphene oxide increased significantly compared to that in alginate or tissue culture plate. The results obtained confirmed that the presence of reduced graphene oxide, as an electro-active moiety within alginate, could tune the physicochemical properties of this material, providing a desirable electroactive hydrogel for stem cell therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease.

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Aparicio-Collado, J. L., N. García-San-Martín, J. Molina-Mateo, C. Torregrosa Cabanilles, V. Donderis Quiles, A. Serrano-Aroca, and R. Sabater i Serra. "Electroactive calcium-alginate/polycaprolactone/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid hydrogels for skeletal muscle tissue engineering." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 214 (June 2022): 112455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112455.

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Jayaramudu, Tippabattini, Hyun-U. Ko, Lindong Zhai, Yaguang Li, and Jaehwan Kim. "Preparation and characterization of hydrogels from polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose and their electroactive behavior." Soft Materials 15, no. 1 (October 18, 2016): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1539445x.2016.1246458.

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Li, Yufen, Yuanna Sun, Ying Xiao, Guorong Gao, Shuhui Liu, Jianfeng Zhang, and Jun Fu. "Electric Field Actuation of Tough Electroactive Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Functional Triblock Copolymer Micelles." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 39 (September 20, 2016): 26326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08841.

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Moghimiardekani, Ali, Brenda G. Molina, Hamidreza Enshaei, Luis J. del Valle, Maria M. Pérez‐Madrigal, Francesc Estrany, and Carlos Alemán. "Semi‐Interpenetrated Hydrogels‐Microfibers Electroactive Assemblies for Release and Real‐Time Monitoring of Drugs." Macromolecular Bioscience 20, no. 7 (May 25, 2020): 2000074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.202000074.

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38

Zhao, Xin, Baolin Guo, and Peter X. Ma. "Single component thermo-gelling electroactive hydrogels from poly(caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(caprolactone)-graft-aniline tetramer amphiphilic copolymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 43 (2015): 8459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb01658d.

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Single component injectable degradable conductive hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility based on poly(caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(caprolactone) and aniline tetramer were prepared via a thermo-gelling approach.

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Damiri, Fouad, Md Habibur Rahman, Mehrukh Zehravi, Aeshah A. Awaji, Mohammed Z. Nasrullah, Heba A. Gad, Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz, et al. "MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-Embedded Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: A Review." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051666.

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Polymeric nanocomposites have been outstanding functional materials and have garnered immense attention as sustainable materials to address multi-disciplinary problems. MXenes have emerged as a newer class of 2D materials that produce metallic conductivity upon interaction with hydrophilic species, and their delamination affords monolayer nanoplatelets of a thickness of about one nm and a side size in the micrometer range. Delaminated MXene has a high aspect ratio, making it an alluring nanofiller for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Herein, we have classified and discussed the structure, properties and application of major polysaccharide-based electroactive hydrogels (hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate sodium (SA), chitosan (CS) and cellulose) in biomedical applications, starting with the brief historical account of MXene’s development followed by successive discussions on the synthesis methods, structures and properties of nanocomposites encompassing polysaccharides and MXenes, including their biomedical applications, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility aspects. Finally, the MXenes and their utility in the biomedical arena is deliberated with an eye on potential opportunities and challenges anticipated for them in the future, thus promoting their multifaceted applications.

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Hou, Chengyi, Yourong Duan, Qinghong Zhang, Hongzhi Wang, and Yaogang Li. "Bio-applicable and electroactive near-infrared laser-triggered self-healing hydrogels based on graphene networks." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 30 (2012): 14991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm32255b.

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Mehrali, Mehdi, Ashish Thakur, Christian Pablo Pennisi, Sepehr Talebian, Ayyoob Arpanaei, Mehdi Nikkhah, and Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz. "Nanoreinforced Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials that are Compatible with Load-Bearing and Electroactive Tissues." Advanced Materials 29, no. 8 (December 14, 2016): 1603612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603612.

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Berti, Fernanda V., Pathomthat Srisuk, Lucília P. da Silva, Alexandra P. Marques, Rui L. Reis, and Vitor M. Correlo. "Synthesis and Characterization of Electroactive Gellan Gum Spongy-Like Hydrogels for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering Applications." Tissue Engineering Part A 23, no. 17-18 (September 2017): 968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0430.

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Santaniello, Tommaso, Lorenzo Migliorini, Erica Locatelli, Ilaria Monaco, Yunsong Yan, Cristina Lenardi, Mauro Comes Franchini, and Paolo Milani. "Hybrid nanocomposites based on electroactive hydrogels and cellulose nanocrystals for high-sensitivity electro–mechanical underwater actuation." Smart Materials and Structures 26, no. 8 (July 19, 2017): 085030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aa7cb6.

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Elyashevich, G. K., and M. A. Smirnov. "New pH-responsive and electroactive composite systems containing hydrogels and conducting polymers on a porous matrix." Polymer Science Series A 54, no. 11 (November 2012): 900–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965545x12110028.

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Cui, Haitao, Jun Shao, Yu Wang, Peibiao Zhang, Xuesi Chen, and Yen Wei. "PLA-PEG-PLA and Its Electroactive Tetraaniline Copolymer as Multi-interactive Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering." Biomacromolecules 14, no. 6 (May 9, 2013): 1904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm4002766.

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Petrovic, Steven C., Weimin Zhang, and Malgorzata Ciszkowska. "Preparation and Characterization of Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Studies with Electroactive Probes." Analytical Chemistry 72, no. 15 (August 2000): 3449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990994f.

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Kim, Seon Jeong, Sang Jun Park, Sang Min Lee, Young Moo Lee, Hee Chan Kim, and Sun I. Kim. "Electroactive characteristics of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 89, no. 4 (May 6, 2003): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.12331.

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Zarrintaj, Payam, Aleksandra M. Urbanska, Saman Seyed Gholizadeh, Vahabodin Goodarzi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, and Masoud Mozafari. "A facile route to the synthesis of anilinic electroactive colloidal hydrogels for neural tissue engineering applications." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 516 (April 2018): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.044.

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Lopes, Laís C., Fernanda F. Simas-Tosin, Thales R. Cipriani, Luís F. Marchesi, Marcio Vidotti, and Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti. "Effect of low and high methoxyl citrus pectin on the properties of polypyrrole based electroactive hydrogels." Carbohydrate Polymers 155 (January 2017): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.050.

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Peng, Zhiyuan, Chuanzhi Wang, Zhicheng Zhang, and Wenbin Zhong. "Synthesis and Enhancement of Electroactive Biomass/Polypyrrole Hydrogels for High Performance Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors." Advanced Materials Interfaces 6, no. 23 (October 21, 2019): 1901393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901393.

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