To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Electro-Slag Remelting/ESR.
Journal articles on the topic 'Electro-Slag Remelting/ESR'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 20 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Electro-Slag Remelting/ESR.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Rao, Lei, Qi Yao Hu, and Xiao Long Li. "Numerical Simulation Study of Consumable Electrode Melting Process in Electro-Slag Remelting Ingots." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3895.
Full textAbstract:
Electro-slag remelting (ESR) is a kind of special metallurgy techniques to produce high quality alloy materials. The interface of electrode and slag is the energy entrance of entire system in the remelting process. Mathematical model of consumable electrode’s melting process has been built in this paper. Some valuable variation rules of droplet diameter, droplet forming time, melting rate and purification coefficient following melting current and slag bath depth have been studied through a series of simulation work. Based on the mechanism studying of the consumable electrode’s melting, some meaningful experience to optimize the technological parameters and improve material quality of electro slag ingot has been gotten.
2
Pribulová, A., P. Futáš, A. Kmita, D. Márasová, and M. Holtzer. "Impact of electro slag remelting on 14 109 steel properties." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0025.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) is one of the remelting processes in the field of metal refinery. In this process, the slag plays various roles, such as heat generation, protection of melt, and chemical refining. The main objective of the experiments described in this article was to identify the most appropriate slag composition for the electro slag remelting of the steel in order to achieve the chemical composition compliant with the standard applicable to the given steel, minimum sulphur content, minimum contents of oxide and sulphide inclusions, as well as mechanical properties corresponding to the standard applicable to the steel STN 14 109. Ten electrodes were remelted, whereas the remelting was carried out under 8 slags. The used slags containing 70% of CaF2 and 30% of Al2O3 with different addition of CaO, the slags consisted of the same components as previous slags, whereas the ratio of individual components was 1:1:1, and with SiO2 and MgO and slag without Al2O3. With regard to all the above mentioned facts, the slag types which may be regarded as the most appropriate for the STN 14 109 steel remelting are the basic slags containing 70% of CaF2 - 30% of Al2O3 with added 30 and 45 weight % of CaO.
3
Pribulová, Alena, Peter Futáš, and Marianna Bartošová. "Cleanness and Mechanical Properties of Steel after Remelting under Different Slags by ESR." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.112.
Full textAbstract:
Quality of machine production is very close-knit with quality of metallurgical semi-products and with improvement their working properties. It can be achieved first of all by decrease of sulphur and non-metallic inclusions content in metal. Improvement of working properties provide remelted processes above an electro slag remelting (ESR). The slags play very important role by ESR process. By experiments steel with next chemical composition was used: C (0,9 – 1,1%), Mn (0,30 – 0,50%), Si (0,15 – 0,35%), Cr (1,30 – 1,65%), Ni (max.0,30%), Cu (max.0,25%), P (max.0,027%), S (max.0,030%). The steel was remelted under 8 types of slags on the base of CaO, Al2O3, CaF2 and SiO2 in different ratios. The contribution deals with influence of chemical composition of slag on mechanical properties and cleannes of metal after electro slag remelting. Variation of slag chemical composition enables to change chemical composition of remelted steel, to reduce the non-metallic inclusions and sulphur content and to improve the mechanical properties of steel.
4
Sjöqvist Persson, Ewa, Andrey Karasev, Alec Mitchell, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Origin of the Inclusions in Production-Scale Electrodes, ESR Ingots, and PESR Ingots in a Martensitic Stainless Steel." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121620.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of the study was to define the origin of the inclusions in production-scale electro-slag remelting, (ESR) and electro-slag remelting under a protected pressure controlled atmosphere, (PESR), ingots. The inclusion characteristics in production samples were studied using both polished sample surfaces (two-dimensional (2-D) investigations) and inclusions extracted from steel samples by electrolytic extraction (three-dimensional (3-D) investigations) using SEM in combination with EDS. The results were compared to results from previously reported laboratory-, pilot-, and production-scale trials including electrode, remelted, and conventional ingots. The results show that primary, semi-secondary, and secondary inclusions exist in the remelted ingots. The most probable inclusion to survive from the electrode is a MgO-Al2O3 (spinel). It was also found that the ESR/PESR process slag acts in a similar way to a calcium treatment modification of alumina inclusions. On the whole, the most significant finding is that the overall cleanliness of the electrode including the inclusions in the electrode has an influence on the inclusion content of the ESR and PESR ingots.
5
Wang, Fei, Xi Chun Chen, and Han Jie Guo. "Influences of Adding Aluminum on Inclusions in H13 Steel through P–ESR." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.218.
Full textAbstract:
Reducing oxide inclusions’ number and size by aluminum deoxidization is an effective way for improving working life of high strength steel. For this purpose, during inert gas protection electro–slag remelting (P–ESR) process and H13 steel as electrodes, the deoxidizer being made of aluminum grains, iron powder and calcium fluoride powder mixture was added into slag pool with different addition rates. Results of experiment indicated that, by P–ESR remelting, oxygen content reduced from 0.0045 to 0.0010 with different aluminum addition rates. Based on the SEM and EDS analysis, inclusions transformed from CaO–MnO–SiO2–Al2O3 particles in electrode to pure Al2O3 particles, and number and size of particles modified obviously. Finally, action mechanism of the deoxidizer during P–ESR process was discussed by analysis results and thermodynamic calculation.
6
Moon, Jung Ho, and Tae Kwon Ha. "Characterization of High Speed Steel Billets Fabricated by Electro-Slag Rapid Remelting Method." Materials Science Forum 804 (October 2014): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.804.303.
Full textAbstract:
M2 steels, the typical Co-free high speed steel (HSS) possessing hardness level of 63~65 HRc, are most widely used for cutting tools. On the other hand, Co-containing HSS’s, such as M35 and M42, show a higher hardness level of 65~67 HRc and used for high quality cutting tools. In the fabrication of HSS’s, it is very important to control cleanliness and eutectic carbide structure of the ingot and it is required to increase productivity at the same time. Production of HSS ingots includes a variety of processes such as casting, electro-slag remelting (ESR), forging, blooming, and wire rod rolling processes. In the present study, electro-slag rapid remelting (ESRR) process, an advanced ESR process combined by continuous casting, was successfully employed to fabricate HSS billets of M2, M35, and M42 steels. Distribution and structure of eutectic carbides of the billets were analysed and cleanliness, hardness, and composition profile of the billets were also evaluated.
7
K.M Kelkar, J. Mok, S. V. Patankar, and A. Mitchell. "Computational modeling of electroslag remelting processes." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120048.
Full textAbstract:
Alloys used for the production of rotating components in aeroengines and land-based turbines are subject to stringent requirements to ensure absence of melt-related defects such as inclusions and segregation. Accordingly, the production of the superalloys alloys used in these applications involves multiple remelting stages, each of which plays a distinct role in ensuring that the final ingot is defect-free. Because of the complexity of these processes, high-temperature environments, and high initial and operating costs, trial-and-error based approaches for process design are inadequate. Computational modeling provides fundamental understanding of the physical phenomena and quantitative information about the effects of process parameters. Therefore, such models are very useful for design of new processes and optimization of existing processes. The paper describes a generalized framework for the modeling of the Electro-Slag Remelting (ESR) process. The model accounts for electromagnetic, fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena in a coupled manner for axisymmetric, steady-state conditions. A control-volume based computational method is used for the solution of the governing equations. The model incorporates a number of physically motivated computational features for efficient and accurate analysis of the transport processes. These include use of the effective viscosity approach for handling the liquid, mushy, and solid regions, implicit treatment of the interaction at the slag-metal interface, and contact heat transfer at the ingot-mold interface. Further, the computational method has been enhanced to address the AC electromagnetics in the ESR process. Thus, the model is able to predict the Joule heating within the slag, the distribution of the Lorentz force, the pool shape, and the motion in the slag and metal pools that arises due to buoyancy and Lorentz forces. The model is being validated using available experimental measurements for pool shape in full- scale ESR furnaces. Results of the model predictions for the flow, temperature, and electromagnetic fields are presented along with a comparison of the predicted and measured pool shapes.
8
Persson, Ewa Sjöqvist, Sofia Brorson, Alec Mitchell, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Impact of Solidification on Inclusion Morphology in ESR and PESR Remelted Martensitic Stainless Steel Ingots." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030408.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on the impact of solidification on the inclusion morphologies in different sizes of production-scale electro-slag remelting (ESR) and electro-slag remelting under a protected pressure-controlled atmosphere, (PESR), ingots, in a common martensitic stainless steel grade. The investigation has been carried out to increase the knowledge of the solidification and change in inclusion morphologies during ESR and PESR remelting. In order to optimize process routes for different steel grades, it is important to define the advantages of different processes. A comparison is made between an electrode, ESR, and PESR ingots with different production-scale ingot sizes, from 400 mm square to 1050 mm in diameter. The electrode and two of the smallest ingots are from the same electrode charge. The samples are taken from both the electrode, ingots, and rolled/forged material. The solidification structure, dendrite arm spacing, chemical analyzes, and inclusion number on ingots and/or forged/rolled material are studied. The results show that the larger the ingot and the further towards the center of the ingot, the larger inclusions are found. As long as an ingot solidifies with a columnar dendritic structure (DS), the increase in inclusion number and size with ingot diameter is approximately linear. However, at the ingot size (1050 mm in diameter in this study) when the center of the ingot converts to solidification in the equiaxial mode (EQ), the increase in number and size of the inclusions is much higher. The transition between a dendritic and an equiaxial solidification in the center of the ingots in this steel grade takes place in the region between the ingot diameters of 800 and 1050 mm.
9
Kharicha, Abdellah, Wolfgang Schützenhöfer, Andreas Ludwig, and Gerhard Reiter. "Influence of the Slag/Pool Interface on the Solidification in an Electro-Slag Remelting Process." Materials Science Forum 649 (May 2010): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.649.229.
Full textAbstract:
The Electro-Slag-Remelting (ESR) is an advanced technology for the production of components of e.g. high quality steels. In the present study a comprehensive computational model using the VOF technique for the prediction of the slag/pool interface is presented for axisymmetric and steady state conditions. In this model the distribution of the electric current is not constant in time, but is dynamically computed according to the evolution of the slag and steel phase distribution. The turbulent flow, created by the Lorentz and buoyancy forces, is computed by solving the time-averaged mass and momentum conservation equations. The turbulence effect is modelled by using a k-model. Two numerical simulations were performed, one assuming a flat interface, and a second leaving the interface free to find an equilibrium shape. The results are then analysed and compared for both cases.
10
Xu, Wen Yong, Zhou Li, Hua Yuan, Yue Wang, Na Liu, and Guo Qing Zhang. "Influence of Master Alloy on the Cleanliness of Spray Formed Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.421.
Full textAbstract:
Three kinds of master alloys, including scrap material, vacuum induction melting (VIM) ingot and electro slag remelting (ESR) ingot, were spray formed into different billets. The influence of master alloy on the cleanliness of spray formed superalloy was investigated by means of electron beam (EB) button melting and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), on the basis of optimized process of spray forming and EB button melting. The results show that the inclusions in spray formed preform are mainly composed of alumina and magnesia, stem from master alloy and some refractory materials in the process of remelting. The cleaner the master alloy, the lower level of inclusion contents of the billet. Among three kinds of master alloys, the ESR ingot exhibit the cleanest melt surface in the process of re-melting and contains much smaller inclusions in EB button. The cleanliness of spray formed billet is better than ingot stack for deposition. Superclean sprayforming billet with smaller size inclusions (<100μm) can be attained by the ESR ingots.
11
Yan, Wei, Yang Zhang, Weiqing Chen, and Jing Li. "Freckle formation and prevention in high strength low alloy steel ingots." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 3 (2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020030.
Full textAbstract:
Freckles considerably limit the development of larger electro-slag remelting (ESR) ingots. To simulate the freckling conditions in ESR ingots, high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel was solidified with varying solidification front angles. Note that the freckling potential is enhanced and the orientation of freckle channel tends to be in the vertical direction with increase in solidification front angle. This is because the tilted solidification front contributes the available buoyancy and transports light (Si, Mn, Cr)-enriched liquid flows upwards toward the mush zone and then accumulates in the open segregation channel. For freckle formation in experimental HSLA steel ingots, a modified Rayleigh number (Ra) that considers the anisotropy of permeability and solidification front angle was evaluated and a threshold value of Ra that separates the freckled and freckle-free area was determined to be 0.79.
12
Entezari, E., B. Avishan, H. Mousalou, and S. Yazdani. "Effect of Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon bainitic steel." Metallic Materials 56, no. 04 (2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/km_2018_4_253.
Full text
13
Ahmadian, Peyman, and Mahdi Taghizadeh. "The effect of non-metallic inclusion size and orientation on tensile properties of stainless steel (simulation and experiment)." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 26, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/471.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the effect of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) on tensile behavior of titanium stabilized Fe-20Cr-9Ni steel was investigated. The size of NMIs was decreased via the electro-slag remelting (ESR) process. JK-inclusion rating method revealed that the studied steel consisted of D-type (square-shaped) inclusions. According to energy dispersive spectroscopy, it was determined that the appeared inclusions in the matrix of the titanium stabilized Fe-20Cr-9Ni steel is predominantly titanium nitride (TiN). As a result of the ESR process, excellent improvement in the tensile properties of the studied steel was observed. Subsequently, the effect of inclusion size (d = 5, 10, 25, 50 µm) and orientation (α = 0, 45°) on stress concentration factor around the non-metallic inclusion and metallic matrix was simulated. The result of finite element analysis indicated that, for both square (α = 0 °) and rhombus (α = 45°) shape inclusions, increasing inclusion size has resulted in high-stress concentration factor during plastic deformation. On the other hands, generated Mises stress field around the non-metallic inclusion presented that, for the same inclusion size, rhombus (α = 45°) shape inclusion is more susceptible to homogenous deformation in comparison with square (α = 0°) one.
14
Yang, Jun Gil, and Joo Hyun Park. "Distribution Behavior of Aluminum and Titanium Between Nickel-Based Alloys and Molten Slags in the Electro Slag Remelting (ESR) Process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 48, no. 4 (May 15, 2017): 2147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-017-0994-9.
Full text
15
Katada, Yasuyuki. "Current Research Activities on High Nitrogen Steel in Japan." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.114.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen evolution research has been widely carried out in Japan after the Forth International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels held in 1995 in Kyoto (HNS1995). The first research forum on nitrogen evolution research has been started in The Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering in 1996, followed by a series of research forums in the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan (ISIJ). In the meantime, a pressurized electro-slag remelting furnace was newly developed in National Institute for Material Science in 1998. A new research group regarding the availability of nitrogen on the improvement in steel properties has been started in ISIJ in 2004. Current research activities of the group cover the fabrication of HNS such as mechanical alloying, pressurized ESR and nitrogen absorption, evaluation technologies of HNS such as microstructure and precipitation behavior of nitride, mechanical properties, corrosion properties and physical properties, joining/welding technologies. As one of the applications of HNS, Ni-free high nitrogen steels with high strength, anti-corrosion, non-magnetic properties are very attractive in the fields of bio/medical ones as anti-Ni allergy material. Recent research activities including some topics mentioned above will be discussed.
16
Gupta, R. K., V. Anil Kumar, U. V. Gururaja, B. R. N. V. Shivaram, Y. Maruti Prasad, P. Ramkumar, K. V. A. Chakravarthi, and P. Sarkar. "Processing and Characterization of Inconel 625 Nickel Base Superalloy." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.38.
Full textAbstract:
Nickel-based superalloy Inconel 625 is widely used in aeronautical, aerospace, chemical, petrochemical and marine applications due to its good mechanical properties, weldability and resistance to high temperature corrosion on prolonged exposure to aggressive environments. It is a solid solution strengthened medium strength superalloy, which contains chromium, molybdenum and niobium as alloying additions. Considering the chemistry and specification requirements of the alloy, it was processed through vacuum induction melting (VIM) process followed by electro slag remelting (ESR) route to obtain alloy with controlled gas and inclusion contents. Homogenisation cycle was selected and was carried out at 1170°C temperature to obtain uniformity in chemistry and microstructure. Chemical homogeneity was confirmed through analysis of samples from top, middle and bottom of the secondary ESR ingot. Hot working range was decided considering the flowability of superalloy and the same was carried out under close monitoring of temperature and with specified amount of reduction per stroke. Intermediate reheating and reduction during forging was noted to be an important aspect so to avoid cracking during forging. Processing parameters were established to obtain forgings of different thicknesses with sound ultrasonic quality. Microstructure analysis revealed single phase austenitic grain structure with ASTM grain size no. 4-7, confirming that material has undergone sufficient amount of mechanical working. Mechanical testing was carried out and the mechanical properties were found to be meeting the requirement. Present paper provides details of melting process selection, thermomechanical processing and characterization of the superalloy to achieve the targeted mechanical properties.
17
Varela-Castro, G., and J. M. Cabrera. "Prediction of hot flow curves of construction steels by physically-based constitutive equations." MRS Proceedings 1485 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.206.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe development of accurate constitutive equations is important for the success of computer simulations of high temperature forming operations. Often, these simulations must be made on alloys that have not been completely characterized. For that reason physically-based constitutive equations taking the chemical composition into consideration, involving deformation mechanisms and characteristic properties of the material are necessary. The influence that exerts the solute elements to an alloy on the mechanisms of diffusion on deformation processes at high temperatures is not an easy subject and the available information in literature is scarce.This study examines that influence working on the basis of eight structural plain carbon steels with the chemical composition ranging between 0.15-0.45%C, 0.2-0.4%Si and 0.6-1.6%Mn produced by Electro-Slag Remelting ESR process and tested by isothermal uniaxial compression technique. The studied deformation conditions include strain rates ranging between 5·10−4 to 1·10−1 s−1 and temperatures between 0.6-0.75Tm, with Tm the melting temperature.A constitutive expression for the hot working behavior is proposed, it includes the variation of the diffusion parameters with the chemical composition. To such aim the effect of the chemical composition of the alloy on the pre-exponential factor D0 of the gamma iron self-diffusion coefficient Dsd is included. Finally, a comparison of the experimental and predicted results shows the good agreement of the model with experimental flow data.
18
Kostina, M. V., and L. G. Rigina. "Nitrogen-containing steels and methods of their production." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 8 (October 8, 2020): 606–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-8-606-622.
Full textAbstract:
The systems of alloying Fe – Cr – N, Fe – Cr – Mn – N, Fe – Cr – Ni – Mn – N, Fe – Cr – Ni – N are considered and attention is paid to the compositions of developed or already used steels. Mechanical, operational and other properties of a number of modern nitrogenalloyed steels with an equilibrium and super-equilibrium concentration of nitrogen are considered. The optimal intervals of their doping with nitrogen are given and the contribution of nitrogen to formation of the structural-phase state and the complex of their properties is estimated. For example, in the Fe – Cr – N system of practical interest are the austenitic steels Fe – (21 – 22) Cr – (1.1 – 1.3) N, solid solution hardened, technologically plastic, with a yield strength of 800 MPa and high corrosion resistance. Corrosion-resistant high-strength austenitic steels are in demand of the Fe – Cr – Mn – N system, such as Fe – (18 – 21) Mn – (14 – 22) Cr – (0.4 – >0.6) N, in which nickel as austenite-forming element is completely or partially replaced by manganese and nitrogen. Examples of steels of the Fe – Cr – Mn – Ni – N system with high service properties are given. Since alloying steels with nitrogen requires an assessment of the maximum possible level of its content (solubility) in the metal and the creation of conditions for the introduction of nitrogen into the liquid metal and its preservation in the solid metal, attention is paid to: calculations of nitrogen solubility, taking into account the effect on it of the chemical composition of steel, temperature and pressure at which alloying occurs; the concept of compositionally stable nitrogen content and the coefficient of compositional stability. The main methods of production of nitrided steels are considered. The quality of metal in open smelting and after refining electro-slag remelting (ESR) is compared. The latter makes it possible to preserve nitrogen during the remelting of nitrided steels, to ensure its uniform distribution along the height and cross-section of the ingot, to obtain ingots with a good surface and a dense structure with a radialaxial orientation and without shrinkage defects. The advantages of the method of electroslag remelting under pressure (PESR) are noted – the ability to obtain high-quality metal with a nitrogen content above its equilibrium concentration (under standard conditions) and to provide an almost ideal ecology of production.
19
"BÖHLER W302 SUPERIOR." Alloy Digest 60, no. 10 (October 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ts0699.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Böhler W302 Superior is a premium grade H13. The term SUPERIOR refers to Böhler’s unique processing method, which includes electro-slag remelting (ESR) to obtain steel with superior mechanical properties. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-699. Producer or source: Böhler-Uddeholm North America.
20
"CARPENTER TEN STAR HIGH-SPEED STEEL." Alloy Digest 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1991). http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ts0344.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract CARPENTER TEN STAR is a general-purpose molybdenum-bearing high-speed steel. Its excellent wear and cutting properties are the result of its high percentages of carbon and vanadium. It is produced by the ESR (Electro Slag Remelting) process. This datasheet provides information on composition and hardness as well as deformation. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-344. Producer or source: Carpenter. Originally published as Carpenter Ten Star, January 1979, revised June 1991.