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Journal articles on the topic 'Electro-optical modulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Chang, Chia‐Cheng, Chih‐Ping Chen, Che‐Chung Chou, Wen‐Jang Kuo, and Ru‐Jong Jeng. "Polymers for Electro‐Optical Modulation." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part C: Polymer Reviews 45, no. 2 (April 2005): 125–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/mc-200055482.

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2

Zalesski, V. B., A. I. Konoiko, V. M. Kravchenko, and H. S. Kuzmitskaya. "Amplitude electro-optical modulation of radiation by sequences of Fabry-Perot resonators." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Physics and Mathematics Series 56, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-2430-2020-56-2-217-223.

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In this paper, we considered the method of amplitude electro-optical modulation of radiation using sequences of Fabry-Perot resonators based on the transverse electro-optical effect on the example of lithium niobate LiNbO3. With this method, it is possible to significantly reduce the voltage of the control electromagnetic field of the electro-optical amplitude modulator operating in the transmission mode of the light beam while maintaining its high efficiency. The reduction of the control voltage is achieved by increasing the number of Fabry-Perot resonators installed in series and the phase shift relative to the extremum of the transmittance function. This method allows to diminish the duration of the received light signals which leads to an increase in the clock frequency while maintaining a high efficiency of the radiation modulation. Diminishing the duration of light signals is achieved by using separate modulation channels of two sequences of electro-optical Fabry-Perot resonators, the first of which works on the transmission and the second one on the reflection. Increasing the clock frequency at the output of the modulator is achieved by summing the signals coming from several modulation channels. It is shown that the value of the control voltage for an amplitude electro-optical modulator based on a sequence of Fabry-Perot resonators made of lithium niobate LiNbO3, with an operating wavelength of 1.307 microns, can be 4 V in the case when its initial operating point corresponds to the maximum transmittance. The control voltage is 2 V if the initial operating point is shifted in phase relative to the extremum of the transmittance function.

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3

Chen, Der Chin, and Jing Yuan Su. "Near-Infrared Electro-Optics Modulation Coding Technology Using the Aperture Module with the Changeable Stop." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 2872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.2872.

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In this paper we demonstrate a new technology in which we use the spatial optical modulation with trigger pulse width and pulse width modulation of light source (LED,LD) to build the near-infrared electro-optics modulation coding system (NIEOMCS). Using the optical coupler to let the pulse modulation near infrared LED collimated light of transmitter enter into an optical fiber and spatial optical modulator, the electro-optics modulation signal is then detected by the photodiode of the receiver. Because of aperture module with three changeable stop sizes and three duty cycles of light signal, there are 27 kinds of code modes in this system. When the receiver aperture is smaller than the correlation length of fading and the observation interval is shorter than the correlation time of fading, the modulation code error rate of the modulation system occurring is less than 0.2%.

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4

Sorger, Volker J., Norberto D. Lanzillotti-Kimura, Ren-Min Ma, and Xiang Zhang. "Ultra-compact silicon nanophotonic modulator with broadband response." Nanophotonics 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0009.

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AbstractElectro-optic modulators have been identified as the key drivers for optical communication and signal processing. With an ongoing miniaturization of photonic circuitries, an outstanding aim is to demonstrate an on-chip, ultra-compact, electro-optic modulator without sacrificing bandwidth and modulation strength. While silicon-based electro-optic modulators have been demonstrated, they require large device footprints of the order of millimeters as a result of weak non-linear electro-optical properties. The modulation strength can be increased by deploying a high-Q resonator, however with the trade-off of significantly sacrificing bandwidth. Furthermore, design challenges and temperature tuning limit the deployment of such resonance-based modulators. Recently, novel materials like graphene have been investigated for electro-optic modulation applications with a 0.1 dB per micrometer modulation strength, while showing an improvement over pure silicon devices, this design still requires device lengths of tens of micrometers due to the inefficient overlap between the thin graphene layer, and the optical mode of the silicon waveguide. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, silicon-based, electro-optic modulator with a record-high 1 dB per micrometer extinction ratio over a wide bandwidth range of 1 μm in ambient conditions. The device is based on a plasmonic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) waveguide, which efficiently concentrates the optical modes’ electric field into a nanometer thin region comprised of an absorption coefficient-tuneable indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer. The modulation mechanism originates from electrically changing the free carrier concentration of the ITO layer which dramatically increases the loss of this MOS mode. The seamless integration of such a strong optical beam modulation into an existing silicon-on-insulator platform bears significant potential towards broadband, compact and efficient communication links and circuits.

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5

Feng, Song, Lian-bi Li, and Bin Xue. "Research on a Micro-Nano Si/SiGe/Si Double Heterojunction Electro-Optic Modulation Structure." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8297650.

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The electro-optic modulator is a very important device in silicon photonics, which is responsible for the conversion of optical signals and electrical signals. For the electro-optic modulator, the carrier density of waveguide region is one of the key parameters. The traditional method of increasing carrier density is to increase the external modulation voltage, but this way will increase the modulation loss and also is not conducive to photonics integration. This paper presents a micro-nano Si/SiGe/Si double heterojunction electro-optic modulation structure. Based on the band theory of single heterojunction, the barrier heights are quantitatively calculated, and the carrier concentrations of heterojunction barrier are analyzed. The band and carrier injection characteristics of the double heterostructure structure are simulated, respectively, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis is demonstrated. The micro-nano Si/SiGe/Si double heterojunction electro-optic modulation is designed and tested, and comparison of testing results between the micro-nano Si/SiGe/Si double heterojunction micro-ring electro-optic modulation and the micro-nano Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) micro-ring electro-optic modulation, Free Spectrum Range, 3 dB Bandwidth, Q value, extinction ratio, and other parameters of the micro-nano Si/SiGe/Si double heterojunction micro-ring electro-optic modulation are better than others, and the modulation voltage and the modulation loss are lower.

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6

Battal, Enes, Ayse Ozcan, and Ali Kemal Okyay. "Resistive Switching-based Electro-Optical Modulation." Advanced Optical Materials 2, no. 12 (September 8, 2014): 1149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.201400209.

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7

Li, Miaofeng, Xi Xiao, Qi Yang, and Shaohua Yu. "40 Gbaud binary phase shift keying signal modulation using a substrate removed silicon modulator." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (July 27, 2017): 1740009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917400097.

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Substrate removing technique is proposed in silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) to improve the electro-optic bandwidth. Based on this technique, a silicon MZM with 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth of 55 GHz is achieved at 5 V reverse bias for the first time. The V[Formula: see text] L of the modulator is 1.3 V[Formula: see text]cm with an on-chip insertion loss of 5.4 dB. The substrate removing technique reduces the electrode transmission loss, achieves the electro-optical group index matching and realizes 50 [Formula: see text] impedance matching, simultaneously. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate BPSK modulation based on this modulator at the baud rate up to 56 Gb/s.

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8

Amin, Rubab, Can Suer, Zhizhen Ma, Ibrahim Sarpkaya, Jacob B. Khurgin, Ritesh Agarwal, and Volker J. Sorger. "Active material, optical mode and cavity impact on nanoscale electro-optic modulation performance." Nanophotonics 7, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0072.

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AbstractElectro-optic modulation is a key function in optical data communication and possible future optical compute engines. The performance of modulators intricately depends on the interaction between the actively modulated material and the propagating waveguide mode. While a variety of high-performance modulators have been demonstrated, no comprehensive picture of what factors are most responsible for high performance has emerged so far. Here we report the first systematic and comprehensive analytical and computational investigation for high-performance compact on-chip electro-optic modulators by considering emerging active materials, model considerations and cavity feedback at the nanoscale. We discover that the delicate interplay between the material characteristics and the optical mode properties plays a key role in defining the modulator performance. Based on physical tradeoffs between index modulation, loss, optical confinement factors and slow-light effects, we find that there exist combinations of bias, material and optical mode that yield efficient phase or amplitude modulation with acceptable insertion loss. Furthermore, we show how material properties in the epsilon near zero regime enable reduction of length by as much as by 15 times. Lastly, we introduce and apply a cavity-based electro-optic modulator figure of merit, Δλ/Δα, relating obtainable resonance tuning via phase shifting relative to the incurred losses due to the fundamental Kramers-Kronig relations suggesting optimized device operating regions with optimized modulation-to-loss tradeoffs. This work paves the way for a holistic design rule of electro-optic modulators for high-density on-chip integration.

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9

Kanojka, A. I. "Amplitude modulation of radiation by coupled resonators." Doklady BGUIR 18, no. 6 (October 1, 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2020-18-6-18-24.

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In this paper, we describe a method that allows one to realize highly efficient amplitude modulation of radiation at the output of electro-optical laser switches with two coupled resonators, in which electro-optical elements are located both in two split arms and in every arm of a multipath interferometer with combined channels with a control voltage 2 times lower than in existing laser switches. Moreover, the electro-optical elements located in the two split arms of a multipath interferometer with combined channels, with one passage of the light flux through the electro-optical element, must make the opposite controlled changes in the phase difference of the interfering light beams. Therefore, for such electro-optical switches with two coupled resonators the value of the required electric power will be, respectively, 2 times less than that of the existing ones, which significantly expands their operating frequency range. In this case, a laser switch with electrooptical elements located in the two split arms of a multipath interferometer has an asymmetric dependence of the output radiation intensity on the change in the phase difference of the interfering light beams relative to the zero value of the light intensity. A laser switch with electro-optical elements located on all arms of a multipath interferometer with combined channels has a symmetric dependence of the output radiation intensity on the magnitude of the phase difference of the interfering light beams relative to the zero value of the light intensity. In addition, due to the coherent summation of the amplitudes of the interfering light waves, such laser electro-optical shutters also have amplification of radiation with a resonant wavelength.

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10

Sharif, Morteza A., Bijan Ghafary, and M. H. Majles Ara. "A Novel Graphene-Based Electro-Optical Modulator Using Modulation Instability." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28, no. 24 (December 15, 2016): 2897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2016.2624562.

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11

Cai, Ming, Shulong Wang, Bo Gao, Yindi Wang, Tao Han, and Hongxia Liu. "A New Electro-Optical Switch Modulator Based on the Surface Plasmon Polaritons of Graphene in Mid-Infrared Band." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010089.

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In this paper, a new electro-optical switch modulator based on the surface plasmon polaritons of graphene is proposed. An air–graphene-substrate–dielectric structure is adopted in the modulator. In this structure, the graphene is considered as a film of metal whose thickness tends to be infinitesimal. By changing the external voltage, the boundary conditions can be changed to decide whether the surface plasmon polariton waves can be excited in mid-infrared band. Because of this effect, the structure can be used as an electro–optical switch modulator, whose modulation depth is about 100% in theory. Finally, the 3 dB bandwidth (~34 GHz) and the energy loss (36.47 fJ/bit) of the electro–optical switch modulator are given, whose low energy loss is very suitable for engineering applications.

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12

Capmany, José, and Carlos R. Fernández-Pousa. "Quantum model for electro-optical amplitude modulation." Optics Express 18, no. 24 (November 17, 2010): 25127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.025127.

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13

Capmany, José, and Carlos R. Fernández-Pousa. "Quantum model for electro-optical phase modulation." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 27, no. 6 (April 30, 2010): A119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.27.00a119.

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14

Yan, Xudong, Wei Liu, Yong Zhou, Dong Yuan, Xiaowen Hu, Wei Zhao, and Guofu Zhou. "Improvement of Electro-Optical Properties of PSLC Devices by Silver Nanowire Doping." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010145.

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Polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) devices modulating the light that goes through them have broad applications. In this study, to improve the electro-optical properties of a PSLC device, Ag nanowires with diameter about 20 nm were doped into PSLC active layer with different concentrations. The influence of Ag nanowires concentration on the driving voltage, on-state response time and frequency modulation characteristics of a PSLC device were studied. The results indicate that the doping of Ag nanowires can reduce the driving voltage of PSLC cell up to 42%. The response time of the PSLC cell can decrease by about 41%. Meanwhile, frequency modulation does not show significant improvement upon Ag nanowire doping. Overall, Ag nanowire doping can improve the electro-optical properties of PSLC device effectively.

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15

KIM, AHYOUNG, J. W. WU, S. H. HAN, BYOUNGCHOO PARK, and HIDEO TAKEZOE. "ELECTRO-OPTIC AND ELECTRO-GYRATION EFFECTS IN CHIRAL MOLECULAR SYSTEMS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 13, no. 03n04 (December 2004): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863504002018.

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The linear electro-optic (EO) and electro-gyration (EG) effects are studied in an optically active material systems including Bi 12 SiO 20 (BSO) oxide and bent-core liquid crystals. In an isotropic BSO sample, the breaking of intrinsic centro-symmetry allowed the EO modulation of the refractive index. In a mixture of bent-shaped liquid crystalline molecules having both optical activity and birefringence, the observed intensity modulation is investigated, which is related to the nonlinear optical responses of both the optical rotatory power and the birefringence. Both the linear EO and EG effects are understood in terms of the superposition principle of linear and circular birefringences.

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16

Kawanishi, Tetsuya. "Precise Optical Modulation and Its Application to Optoelectronic Device Measurement." Photonics 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050160.

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Optoelectronic devices which play important roles in high-speed optical fiber networks can offer effective measurement methods for optoelectronic devices including optical modulators and photodetectors. Precise optical signal modulation is required for measurement applications. This paper focuses on high-speed and precise optical modulation devices and their application to device measurement. Optical modulators using electro-optic effect offers precise control of lightwaves for wideband signals. As examples, this paper describes frequency response measurement of photodetectors using high-precision amplitude modulation and wavelength domain measurement of optical filters using fast optical frequency sweep. Precise and high-speed modulation can be achieved by active trimming which compensates device structure imbalance due to fabrication error, where preciseness can be described by on-off extinction ratio. A Mach-Zehnder modulator with sub Mach-Zehnder interferometors can offer high extinction-ratio optical intensity modulation, which can be used for precise optoelectronic frequency response measurement. Precise modulation would be also useful for multi-level modulation schemes. To investigate impact of finite extinction ratio on optical modulation, duobinary modulation with small signal operation was demonstrated. For optical frequency domain analysis, single sideband modulation, which shifts optical frequency, can be used for generation of stimulus signals. Rapid measurement of optical filters was performed by using an optical sweeper consisting of an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator for optical frequency control and an arbitrary waveform generator for generation of a source frequency chirp signal.

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17

Thorn, A. P., P. C. Klipstein, and R. W. Glew. "Electro-optical modulation properties of GaAs doping superlattices." IEE Proceedings J Optoelectronics 136, no. 1 (1989): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-j.1989.0009.

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18

Garzarella, A., R. J. Hinton, S. B. Qadri, and Dong Ho Wu. "Intrinsic optical modulation mechanism in electro-optic crystals." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 22 (June 2, 2008): 221111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2940340.

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19

Tarasenko, O., and W. Margulis. "Electro-optical fiber modulation in a Sagnac interferometer." Optics Letters 32, no. 11 (April 23, 2007): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.32.001356.

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20

PARK, SUNTAK, JUNG JIN JU, JUNG YUN DO, SEUNG KOO PARK, and MYUNG-HYUN LEE. "MULTI-CHANNEL ELECTRO-OPTIC POLYMER MODULATOR BASED ON A NOVEL SIDE-CHAIN POLYMER." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 13, no. 03n04 (December 2004): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863504001943.

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A multi-channel optical modulator with 16 independent modulators is fabricated using an electro-optic (EO) polymer with a large EO coefficient and good thermal stability. The 16-channel modulator has lumped type electrodes for modulation and heaters for thermal biasing. The device has good uniform modulation characteristics between individual modulators. The deviation of half-wave voltages is 0.2 V and that of insertion losses about 1 dB. Crosstalks range from -28 to -36 dB and extinction ratios are more than 21 dB.

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21

Cai, Ming, Shulong Wang, Zhihong Liu, Yindi Wang, Tao Han, and Hongxia Liu. "Graphene Electro-Optical Switch Modulator by Adjusting Propagation Length Based on Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide in Infrared Band." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102864.

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A modulator is the core of many optoelectronic applications such as communication and sensing. However, a traditional modulator can hardly reach high modulation depth. In order to achieve the higher modulation depth, a graphene electro-optical switch modulator is proposed by adjusting propagation length in the near infrared band. The switch modulator is designed based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure, which is comprised of an SiO2 substrate, graphene–Si–graphene heterostructure, Ag nanowire and SiO2 cladding. The propagation length of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide varies from 0.14 μm to 20.43 μm by the voltage tunability of graphene in 1550 nm incident light. A modulator with a length of 3 μm is designed based on the hybrid waveguide and it achieves about 100% modulation depth. The lower energy loss (~1.71 fJ/bit) and larger 3 dB bandwidth (~83.91 GHz) are attractive for its application in a photoelectric integration field. In addition, the excellent robustness (error of modulation effects lower than 8.84%) is practical in the fabrication process. Most importantly, by using the method of adjusting propagation length, other types of graphene modulators can also achieve about 100% modulation depth.

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22

Zhou, Zhi Yuan, Qing Xin Meng, Hao Tian, and Zhong Xiang Zhou. "Optimization for Amplitude Modulator of THz Wave Based on Polymer Waveguide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.322.

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The Terahertz modulator based on polymer electro-optic modulation is designed by Macher-Zehnder structure. The ridge waveguide is used to realize TM00 mode transmission, and the Y-branch with double circular arch type is to decrease the loss of transmission in modulator. The transmission of THz is analyzed by the beam propagate method (BPM). The structure parameters of the M-Z modulator, such as the size of ridge waveguide, the type of Y-branch and the optical offset structure for phase, are optimized to realize THz amplitude modulation. The depth of modulation is 83.8% when the applied field is 31.5V.

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23

Zhan, Wei Da, Dong Ya Xiao, Zi Qiang Hao, and Hong Zuo Li. "Research on Near Space Optical Communication Transmitting and Receiving Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.678.

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In near space optical communication, the laser beam energy affects communication link distance directly, also laser beam quality affects the laser energy density, modulation efficiency, bit error rate (BER) of communication and other parameters. In this paper we have presented an experiment system of space optical communication, of which the transmitting power is 1w, modulation rate is 500 Mbps and link distance is 8 to 10 kilometers. Then the effects of optical fiber collimator, electro-optic modulator, optical antenna and other units on beam power loss, beam diameter, divergence angle and other parameters are analyzed. Last we put forward the way of increasing the laser transmitting distance and the optimization measure of system key unit.

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24

Liu, Hong, and Wei Da Zhan. "Research on High-Power, High-Speed Laser Modulation and Enlarge Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.579.

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A laser modulation and amplification system is designed to meet the demand of long-range space optical communication, which uses the high-speed semiconductor laser to integrate electro-absorption (EA) modulator as a seed source. Two optical fiber amplifier technologies are used. The erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and single-mode semiconductor laser pumping are used in the first-level; erbium ytterbium co-doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA) and 2-4 multimode fiber laser pumping with good temperature characteristics are used in the second level, and the control method is automatic gain control. The experimental result shows that the modulation rate achieves to 10Gbps, and the output optical power achieves to 5W.

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25

LI Ke-wu, 李克武, 王志斌 WANG Zhi-bin, 张瑞 ZHANG Rui, 王国梁 WANG Guo-liang, and 王耀利 WANG Yao-li. "LiNbO3transverse electro-optical modulation characteristics for light pass along optical axis." Optics and Precision Engineering 23, no. 5 (2015): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20152305.1227.

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26

Tahersima, Mohammad H., Zhizhen Ma, Yaliang Gui, Shuai Sun, Hao Wang, Rubab Amin, Hamed Dalir, Ray Chen, Mario Miscuglio, and Volker J. Sorger. "Coupling-enhanced dual ITO layer electro-absorption modulator in silicon photonics." Nanophotonics 8, no. 9 (August 14, 2019): 1559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0153.

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AbstractElectro-optic signal modulation provides a key functionality in modern technology and information networks. Photonic integration has not only enabled miniaturizing photonic components, but also provided performance improvements due to co-design addressing both electrical and optical device rules. The millimeter to centimeter footprint of many foundry-ready electro-optic modulators, however, limits density scaling of on-chip photonic systems. To address these limitations, here we experimentally demonstrate a coupling-enhanced electro-absorption modulator by heterogeneously integrating a novel dual-gated indium-tin-oxide phase-shifting tunable absorber placed at a silicon directional coupler region. This concept allows utilizing the normally parasitic Kramers-Kronig relations here in an synergistic way resulting in a strong modulation depth to insertion loss ratio of about 1. Our experimental modulator shows a 2 dB extinction ratio for a just 4 μm short device at 4 V bias. Since no optical resonances are deployed, this device shows spectrally broadband operation as demonstrated here across the entire C-band. In conclusion, we demonstrate a modulator utilizing strong index change from both real and imaginary parts of active material enabling compact and high-performing modulators using semiconductor near-foundry materials.

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Cheng, Zhao, Xiaolong Zhu, Michael Galili, Lars Hagedorn Frandsen, Hao Hu, Sanshui Xiao, Jianji Dong, Yunhong Ding, Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe, and Xinliang Zhang. "Double-layer graphene on photonic crystal waveguide electro-absorption modulator with 12 GHz bandwidth." Nanophotonics 9, no. 8 (November 23, 2019): 2377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0381.

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AbstractGraphene has been widely used in silicon-based optical modulators for its ultra-broadband light absorption and ultrafast optoelectronic response. By incorporating graphene and slow-light silicon photonic crystal waveguide (PhCW), here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a unique double-layer graphene electro-absorption modulator in telecommunication applications. The modulator exhibits a modulation depth of 0.5 dB/μm with a bandwidth of 13.6 GHz, while graphene coverage length is only 1.2 μm in simulations. We also fabricated the graphene modulator on silicon platform, and the device achieved a modulation bandwidth at 12 GHz. The proposed graphene-PhCW modulator may have potentials in the applications of on-chip interconnections.

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Chen, Wei, Yan Xu, Yang Gao, Lanjing Ji, Xibin Wang, Xiaoqiang Sun, and Daming Zhang. "A Broadband Polarization-Insensitive Graphene Modulator Based on Dual Built-in Orthogonal Slots Plasmonic Waveguide." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041897.

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A broadband polarization-insensitive graphene modulator has been proposed. The dual built-in orthogonal slots waveguide allows polarization independence for the transverse electric (TE) mode and the transverse magnetic (TM) mode. Due to the introduction of metal slots in both the vertical and horizontal directions, the optical field as well as the electro-absorption of graphene are enhanced by the plasmonic effect. The proposed electro-optic modulator shows a modulation depth of 0.474 and 0.462 dB/μm for two supported modes, respectively. An ultra-low effective index difference of 0.001 can be achieved within the wavelength range from 1100 to 1900 nm. The 3 dB-bandwidth is estimated to be 101 GHz. The power consumption is 271 fJ/bit at a modulation length of 20 μm. The proposed modulator provides high speed broadband solutions in microwave photonic systems.

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29

Wu, Jieyun, Wen Wang, Kaixin Chen, and Jingdong Luo. "The synthesis of second-order nonlinear optical chromophores with conjugated steric hindrance for electro-optics at 850 nm." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 16 (2020): 5494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00332h.

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We show the strategy of introducing a suitable conjugated site-isolator on the bridge of a nonlinear optical chromophore to significantly improve the electro-optic activity at the shortwave infrared window (850 nm) for electro-optic modulation.

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30

Enokihara, Akira, Tadashi Kawai, and Tetsuya Kawanishi. "Optical two-tone generation and SSB modulation using electro-optic modulator with suppressing redundant spectrum components." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 3 (April 27, 2011): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871100047x.

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Doubled frequency optical two-tone generation and optical single sideband (SSB) modulation by the dual-electrode-type electro-optic (EO) modulator with a single Mach–Zehnder (MZ) interferometer were considered. We theoretically showed that redundant spectrum components in the modulated optical signals, which are caused by the imbalance of light splitting ratio between the two arms of the interferometer, are significantly suppressed by controlling the input power ratio of RF modulation signals applied to each electrode. This effect was confirmed by the experiment, where an optical two-tone with the redundant components 49.8 dB lower than the primary two-tone components in intensity level was obtained. This method is also valid for suppression of undesired frequency components of RF signals that are generated at a photo detector from the optical two-tone waves propagated through a dispersive optical fiber.

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31

SILVA, A. LUZIA S., B. BASEIA, and S. C. ZILIO. "QUANTUM NOISE REDUCTION BY ELECTRO-OPTICAL MODULATION OF A COHERENT LIGHT FIELD." Modern Physics Letters B 09, no. 07 (March 20, 1995): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984995000395.

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We employ a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a time-dependent canonical transformation to investigate the possibility of reduction of quantum noise below the vacuum limit by electro-optical modulation of a coherent light field. It is shown that the amount of noise reduction depends on the time variation of the bias field in the electro-optical effect. Some illustrative examples yielding explicit results are considered, the present scenery constituting a practical realization of some theoretical models in the literature.

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32

Ynoquio Herrera, Luis Ernesto, Renata Goldman Leibel, Gustavo Castro do Amaral, Patryk Jay Urban, and Jean Pierre von der Weid. "Linearized Electro-Optical Modulation for Analog Radio over Fiber." Fiber and Integrated Optics 37, no. 6 (August 29, 2018): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468030.2018.1511010.

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33

Jin, Mingwei, Jiayang Chen, Yongmeng Sua, Prajnesh Kumar, and Yuping Huang. "Efficient electro-optical modulation on thin-film lithium niobate." Optics Letters 46, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.419597.

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34

Lee, Brian S., Bumho Kim, Alexandre P. Freitas, Aseema Mohanty, Yibo Zhu, Gaurang R. Bhatt, James Hone, and Michal Lipson. "High-performance integrated graphene electro-optic modulator at cryogenic temperature." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0363.

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AbstractHigh-performance integrated electro-optic modulators operating at low temperature are critical for optical interconnects in cryogenic applications. Existing integrated modulators, however, suffer from reduced modulation efficiency or bandwidth at low temperatures because they rely on tuning mechanisms that degrade with decreasing temperature. Graphene modulators are a promising alternative because graphene’s intrinsic carrier mobility increases at low temperature. Here, we demonstrate an integrated graphene-based electro-optic modulator whose 14.7 GHz bandwidth at 4.9 K exceeds the room temperature bandwidth of 12.6 GHz. The bandwidth of the modulator is limited only by high contact resistance, and its intrinsic RC-limited bandwidth is 200 GHz at 4.9 K.

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35

Li, Jian, and Shuang Zhang. "Electro Optic Conversion Methods in Intra-Body Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4458.

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Galvanic coupling method has been observed to be the best method for data transmission in intra-body communication, which is proposed by Zimmerman in 1995. With the increasing transmission requirements and the development of optical fiber communication, a high speed data transmission system is required and it is possible to design an apparatus to realize the electro optic conversion. In this paper, the characteristics of the intra-body communication system are introduced. Principles and structures of the electro-optic modulation methods for intra-body communication are reviewed. Internal and external modulation methods are introduced and discussed. A system of the electro-optic and acousto-optic modulation are recommended for the intra-body communication system and discussed.

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36

Chen, Xin Rui, and Guang Yong Chu. "10 Gb/s Bidirectional Transmission with an Optimized SOA and a SOA-EAM Based ONU." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 8960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248960.

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We investigated the application of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and an SOA electro-absorption modulator (SOA-EAM) as attractive, low-cost solutions in passive optical networks (PONs). The main characteristics of an SOA with optimal performance for phase and amplitude modulation were tested. Additionally, a 10 Gb/s bidirectional transmission with an optical network unit (ONU) transmitter integrated with a distributed feedback (DFB) laser, electro-absorption modulator (EAM), and SOA was designed. The upstream (US) and downstream (DS) receiver sensitivities at the forward error correction (FEC) level reached −29.5 dBm and −33.5 dBm for back-to-back (BtB) fiber and −28.9 dBm and −33.1 dBm for 20 km fiber. For multichannel transmission, the US receiver sensitivities reached −28.8 dBm and −28.2 dBm for BtB and 20 km fibers, and the DS receiver sensitivities reached −33 dBm and −32.6 dBm for BtB and 20 km fibers, respectively.

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37

Li, Jian, Shuang Zhang, and Yi He Liu. "Electro Optic Methods in Intra-Body Communication System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3517.

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Intra-body communication is proposed by Zimmerman in 1995 and the galvanic coupling has been observed to be the best method for data transmission. With the increasing transmission requirements and the development of optical fiber communication, a high speed system is possible to be designed based on the Electro optic methods. In this paper, the characteristics of the intra-body communication system are introduced. Principles and structures of optic modulation for intra-body communication are reviewed. Internal and external modulation methods are introduced and discussed. A system of the electro optic modulation is recommended and discussed.

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38

Cheng, Xu, Xu Zhou, Langyi Tao, Wentao Yu, Can Liu, Yi Cheng, Chaojie Ma, et al. "Sandwiched graphene/hBN/graphene photonic crystal fibers with high electro-optical modulation depth and speed." Nanoscale 12, no. 27 (2020): 14472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr03266b.

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39

Pal, Robert. "Phase modulation nanoscopy: a simple approach to enhanced optical resolution." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00158c.

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A new modular super-resolution technique called Phase Modulation Nanoscopy (PhMoNa) has been developed in order to break the optical diffraction barrier in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSCM). This technique is based on using spatially modulated illumination intensity, whilst harnessing the fluorophore's non-linear emission response. It allows experimental resolution in both lateral and axial domains to be improved by at least a factor of 2. The work is in its initial phase, but by using a custom built Electro Optical Modulator (EOM) in conjunction with functionalised Ln(iii) complexes as probes, a sub-diffraction resolution of ∼60 nm was achieved of selected cellular organelles in long term live cell imaging experiments.

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40

Park, Nam Hun, Seongju Ha, Kwanbyung Chae, Ji-Yong Park, and Dong-Il Yeom. "Strong electro-optic absorption spanning nearly two octaves in an all-fiber graphene device." Nanophotonics 9, no. 15 (September 7, 2020): 4539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0327.

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AbstractAn efficient electro-optic transition control is reported in all-fiber graphene devices over a broad spectral range from visible to near-infrared. The ion liquid–based gating device fabricated onto a side-polished fiber with high numerical aperture significantly enhances the light-matter interaction with graphene, resulting in strong and nonresonant electro-optic absorption of up to 25.5 dB in the wavelength ranging from 532 to 1950 nm. A comprehensive analysis of the optical and electrical properties of the device fabricated with monolayer and bilayer graphene revealed that the number of graphene layers significantly impacts on the performance of the device, including modulation depth and driving voltage. Wavelength-dependent optical response is also measured, which clearly characterizes the electronic bandgap dispersion of graphene. The device exhibited more efficient electro-optic modulation in the longer wavelength region, where the maximum light modulation efficiency of 286.3%/V is achieved at a wavelength of 1950 nm.

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41

Trifanov, Alexander, and Ekaterina Trifanova. "Transformations properties of quantum optical signals in phase modulator." EPJ Web of Conferences 220 (2019): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922002017.

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We investigate evolution of multimode quantum light in electro-optical modulator, using semiclassical model of phase modulation process. For the case of monochromatic incoming signal, we consider transformation of its spectrum and calculate statistical properties of each frequency mode. Particularly, we find that for the case of initial coherent state our result is covered by the well-known classical model. While for the case of initially squeezed state we observe single- and multi-mode squeezing in frequency spectrum of modulated light.

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42

Li, Ming, Su Huang, Xing-Hua Zhou, Yue Zang, Jieyun Wu, Zhanchen Cui, Jingdong Luo, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Poling efficiency enhancement of tethered binary nonlinear optical chromophores for achieving an ultrahigh n3r33 figure-of-merit of 2601 pm V−1." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 26 (2015): 6737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc01049g.

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43

Beneduci, A., G. A. Corrente, E. Fabiano, V. Maltese, S. Cospito, G. Ciccarella, G. Chidichimo, G. Gigli, and A. L. Capodilupo. "Orthogonal electronic coupling in multicentre arylamine mixed-valence compounds based on a dibenzofulvene–thiophene conjugated bridge." Chemical Communications 53, no. 64 (2017): 8960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc03156d.

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44

Chuang, Kuei-Ya, Te-En Tzeng, and Tsong-Sheng Lay. "Coupled InGaAs Quantum Dots for Electro-Optic Modulation." Crystals 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101159.

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We investigated the growth of vertically coupled In0.75Ga0.25As quantum dots (QDs) by varying the GaAs spacer thickness (d). Vertically-aligned triple-layer QDs of uniform size and highest accumulated strain are formed with d = 5 nm. The electroluminescence (EL) characteristics for In0.75Ga0.25As QDs show an emission spectrum at optical wavelength (λ) of 1100−1300 nm. The EL spectra exhibit the highest optical gain at λ ~ 1200 nm, and the narrowest FWHM = 151 nm of the sample with d = 5 nm at injection current = 20 mA. Fabry–Perot measurements at λ = 1515 nm of TE and TM polarizations were carried out to investigate the electro-optic modulation for a single-mode ridge waveguide consisting of vertically-coupled triple-layer In0.75Ga0.25As QDs (d = 5 nm). The linear (r) and quadratic (s) electro-optic coefficients are r = 2.99 × 10−11 m/V and s = 4.10 × 10−17 m2/V2 for TE polarization, and r = 1.37 × 10−11 m/V and s = 3.2 × 10−17 m2/V2 for TM polarization, respectively. The results highlight the potential of TE/TM lightwave modulation by InGaAs QDs at photon energy below energy band resonance.

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45

Xu Baoshu, 徐保树, 史泽林 Shi Zelin, and 冯斌 Feng Bin. "Modulation Transfer Function Measurement Method of Electro-Optical Imaging System." Acta Optica Sinica 31, no. 11 (2011): 1111004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201131.1111004.

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46

Fouad, Nourhan, Mohamed Badr, Mostafa Fedawy, and Mohamed Swillam. "Shallow silicon sub-wavelength grating waveguide for electro-optical modulation." Optics Communications 474 (November 2020): 126098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126098.

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47

Liu, Cheng-Yang. "Electro-optical modulation in two-dimensional photonic crystal linear waveguides." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 46 (September 2012): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2012.09.018.

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48

Laschek, M., D. Wandt, A. Tünnermann, and H. Welling. "Electro-optical frequency modulation of an external-cavity diode laser." Optics Communications 153, no. 1-3 (July 1998): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(98)00219-3.

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49

Germann, Tim David, Werner Hofmann, Alexey M. Nadtochiy, Jan-Hindrik Schulze, Alex Mutig, André Strittmatter, and Dieter Bimberg. "Electro-optical resonance modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers." Optics Express 20, no. 5 (February 16, 2012): 5099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.005099.

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50

Levin, M., M. Rosenbluh, and V. Sandomirsky. "Electro‐optical structure with high speed and high reflectivity modulation." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 7 (February 12, 1996): 882–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116218.

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