Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electro-Catalyst

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Electro-Catalyst'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electro-Catalyst"

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Honorato, Ana Maria Borges, Mohmmad Khalid, Antonio Aprigio da Silva Curvelo, Hamilton Varela, and Samaneh Shahgaldi. "Trimetallic Nanoalloy of NiFeCo Embedded in Phosphidated Nitrogen Doped Carbon Catalyst for Efficient Electro-Oxidation of Kraft Lignin." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183781.

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Recently, electro-oxidation of kraft lignin has been reported as a prominent electrochemical reaction to generate hydrogen at lower overpotential in alkaline water electrolysis. However, this reaction is highly limited by the low performance of existing electrocatalysts. Herein, we report a novel yet effective catalyst that comprises nonprecious trimetallic (Ni, Fe, and Co) nanoalloy as a core in a phosphidated nitrogen-doped carbon shell (referred to as sample P-NiFeCo/NC) for efficient electro-oxidation of kraft lignin at different temperatures in alkaline medium. The as-synthesized catalyst electro-oxidizes lignin only at 0.2 V versus Hg/HgO, which is almost three times less positive potential than in the conventional oxygen evolution reaction (0.59 V versus Hg/HgO) at 6.4 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH. The catalyst demonstrates a turnover frequency (TOF) three to five times greater in lignin containing 1 M KOH than that of pure 1 M KOH. More importantly, the catalyst P-NiFeCo/NC shows theoretical hydrogen production of about 0.37 μmoles/min in the presence of lignin, much higher than that in pure 1 M KOH (0.0078 μ moles/min). Thus, this work verifies the benefit of the NiFeCo nanoalloy incorporated in carbon matrix, providing the way to realize a highly active catalyst for the electro-oxidation of kraft lignin.
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Lindgren, Mikaela, and Itai Panas. "Confinement dependence of electro-catalysts for hydrogen evolution from water splitting." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (February 24, 2014): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.21.

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Density functional theory is utilized to articulate a particular generic deconstruction of the electrode/electro-catalyst assembly for the cathode process during water splitting. A computational model was designed to determine how alloying elements control the fraction of H2 released during zirconium oxidation by water relative to the amount of hydrogen picked up by the corroding alloy. This model is utilized to determine the efficiencies of transition metals decorated with hydroxide interfaces in facilitating the electro-catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. A computational strategy is developed to select an electro-catalyst for hydrogen evolution (HE), where the choice of a transition metal catalyst is guided by the confining environment. The latter may be recast into a nominal pressure experienced by the evolving H2 molecule. We arrived at a novel perspective on the uniqueness of oxide supported atomic Pt as a HE catalyst under ambient conditions.
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Bounab, Loubna, Olalla Iglesias, Elisa González-Romero, Marta Pazos, and M. Ángeles Sanromán. "Effective heterogeneous electro-Fenton process of m-cresol with iron loaded actived carbon." RSC Advances 5, no. 39 (2015): 31049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03050a.

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Baronia, Richa, Jyoti Goel, and Sunil Kumar Singhal. "Synthesis and Characterization of PtCo Alloy Nanoparticles Supported on a Reduced Graphene Oxide/g-C3N4 Composite for Efficient Methanol Electro-Oxidation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18992.

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In the development of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) the fabrication of an anode comprising of a Pt or Pt-based bi or tri-metallic alloys nanoparticles on a suitable support material having higher stability, higher surface area, electrical conductivity and strong interaction is very important. In the present work we have solved this problem by using a nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as the support material and deposited PtCo nanoparticles by in-situ chemical reduction. The electro-oxidation of methanol is carried out in an acidic medium. The electrochemical behaviour of as-synthesized PtCo/rGO-gC3N4 catalyst was found to be much superior to Pt/rGO-g-C3N4 catalysts towards electro-oxidation of methanol and is mainly due to the homogeneous dispersion of PtCo nanoparticles onto rGO-g-C3N4 nano composite, higher electrical conductivity and a strong interaction between metal nanoparticles and N group of the support material. By using the as-synthesized electro-catalyst the adsorption or poisoning of Pt due to CO is greatly reduced and more active Pt sites are created for the electro-oxidation of methanol. Thus, the as-synthesized electro-catalyst can be used as an efficient anode material in a direct methanol fuel cell.
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Nouralishahi, Amideddin, Ali Morad Rashidi, Yadollah Mortazavi, Abbas Ali Khodadadi, and Mohammadmehdi Choolaei. "Enhanced methanol electro-oxidation reaction on Pt-CoOx/MWCNTs hybrid electro-catalyst." Applied Surface Science 335 (April 2015): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.02.011.

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Zhou, Yang, Chen Li, Junxiang Fu, Changlin Yu, and Xian-Chao Hu. "Nitrogen-doped graphene/tungsten oxide microspheres as an electro-catalyst support for formic acid electro-oxidation." RSC Advances 6, no. 95 (2016): 92852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17344f.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) spheres decorated with nitrogen-doped graphene (NRGO–WO3) were synthesized by applying the spray-drying procedure and characterized for their ability to serve as an electro-catalyst support for formic acid electro-oxidation.
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Fernández de Dios, Maria Ángeles, Olaia Iglesias, Marta Pazos, and Maria Ángeles Sanromán. "Application of Electro-Fenton Technology to Remediation of Polluted Effluents by Self-Sustaining Process." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/801870.

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The applicability of electro-Fenton technology to remediation of wastewater contaminated by several organic pollutants such as dyes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been evaluated using iron-enriched zeolite as heterogeneous catalyst. The electro-Fenton technology is an advanced oxidation process that is efficient for the degradation of organic pollutants, but it suffers from the high operating costs due to the need for power investment. For this reason, in this study microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were designed in order to supply electricity to electro-Fenton processes and to achieve high treatment efficiency at low cost. Initially, the effect of key parameters on the MFC power generation was evaluated. Afterwards, the degradation of Reactive Black 5 dye and phenanthrene was evaluated in an electro-Fenton reactor, containing iron-enriched zeolite as catalyst, using the electricity supplied by the MFC. Near complete dye decolourization and 78% of phenanthrene degradation were reached after 90 min and 30 h, respectively. Furthermore, preliminary reusability tests of the developed catalyst showed high degradation levels for successive cycles. The results permit concluding that the integrated system is adequate to achieve high treatment efficiency with low electrical consumption.
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Wang, Guang Ying, Li Fang, Fei Fei Li, and Surin Saipanya. "Methanol Electro-Oxidation Using RuRh@Pt/C." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1297.

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A core-shell structure RuRh@Pt/C nanoparticles was prepared by using a two-step reduction method under ultrasonic promotion. The catalytic performance was tested in methanol electrooxidation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to characterize the obtained catalyst. The results showed that there was no alloy formed between the core RuRh and the shell Pt. The electrocatalytic activity of RuRh@Pt/C varied with the Ru/Rh ratio in the bimetallic core, among which the catalyst with the Ru/Rh ratio 1:2 and the Pt-shell thickness of 1.5 (Ru1Rh2@Pt1.5/C) showed the highest catalytic activity for methanol. With this catalyst, the current density of the oxidation peak for methanol electro-oxidation reached 2.3 times as that of Pt1.5/C while the corresponding peak potential shifted 60 mV negatively in comparing to that of Pt1.5/C. In addition, the catalyst with the core-shell structure of RuRh@Pt/C possessed much higher CO-tolerance for methanol electro-oxidation, indicating its promising application in low temperature fuel cell.
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Abdellaoui, Sofiene, David P. Hickey, Andrew R. Stephens, and Shelley D. Minteer. "Recombinant oxalate decarboxylase: enhancement of a hybrid catalytic cascade for the complete electro-oxidation of glycerol." Chemical Communications 51, no. 76 (2015): 14330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc06131h.

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The complete electro-oxidation of glycerol to CO2is performed through an electro-oxidation cascade using a hybrid catalytic system combining an organic oxidation catalyst, 4-amino-TEMPO and a recombinant enzyme, oxalate decarboxylase fromBacillus subtilis.
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Kumar, Ratanesh, Pratap Baburao Wagh, Sanjay Vishwasrao Ingale, and K. D. Joshi. "Degradation of Mononitrotoluene by Electrochemical Method." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16376.

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Present paper deals with studies on the degradation of Mononitrotoluene (MNT) by electrochemical method. The Electro-Fenton and Electro-Peroxide methods are explored to degrade MNT upto its drain discharge limit of 1 ppm. Effects of some important parameters which ultimately decide the rate of degradation of MNT viz. oxidizer, pH, catalyst and voltage etc. have been critically studied. The detailed studies have been carried out which includes variation in different parameters viz. pH from acidic range to basic range, catalyst concentration from 10 ppm to 50 ppm, Oxidizer concentration from 5 mM to 40 mM and potential across electrodes from 4 V to 24 V for efficient degradation of MNT. It is observed that optimised values of precursors viz. catalyst (FeSO4 ) concentration of 40 ppm, pH of 3, potential across electrodes of 12V and oxidizer (H2 O2 ) concentration of 25 mM; Electro-Fenton reaction has been carried out to degrade 50 ppm MNT solution up to its drain discharge limit of 1 ppm and on other hand under Electro-Peroxide reaction results in degradation of MNT from 50 ppm to 12 ppm. The comparative studies of Electro-Fenton and Electro-Peroxide reactions have been carried out for MNT solution and the treated solution has been characterised by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer and the obtained data on MNT effluent studies may be applicable to explore the efficient mineralisation of 2-Methyl-1, 3, 5-trinitrobenzene effluent. The observed results have been interpreted and reported in the present study.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electro-Catalyst"

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Jungius, Hugo. "Model inverse electro-catalyst investigations of metal support interactions." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413849/.

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Gold supported titania nano-particle surfaces have been synthesised in order to understand supported electrochemical mechanisms through an inverse catalyst. The catalyst process investigated was the electro-oxidation of CO which is known to be promoted on Au nano-particles on a titania support. Synthesis proceeded via physical vapour deposition (PVD) of titanium onto a gold surface (both polycrystalline and 111 crystal), followed by alloying and oxidation to form discrete particles of titania on the surface, with variations in density of particles achieved by control of the initial titanium coverages. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements indicate these particles develop with consistent triangular and hexagonal shapes, with average diameters of 11.5 and 20 nm observed depending on alloying temperature. The procession of titanium deposition on the gold surface and subsequent alloy formation was followed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, with the formation of pure TiO2 revealed once synthesis was complete, with minimal modification to the final electronic state of the underlying gold. Electrochemical testing in an acidic environment provides evidence for alteration of the electrooxidation of CO on these modified gold surfaces. A deactivation of the CO oxidation is observed with initial addition of titania, explained by the blocking of CO adsorption on the surface. This is followed by significant subsequent increases in activity with increasing densities of titania particles, with decreasing over-potential and increasing current density observed as the titania coverage increases. This observed effect on CO oxidation activity with titania coverage in the inverse system provides significant evidence for the action of either reactant spill-over or Ti-Au interface sites as being responsible for the changes in activity observed for titania modified gold systems, whether in the inverse or standard form.
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Jalil, Pour Kivi Soghra. "The Effect of Metal Solution Contaminants on the Electro-catalyst Activities of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38807.

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Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are considered a clean source of electrical power for future energy demand, creating a potential to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels. Despite their advantages, including high energy density, efficiency and easy handling and distribution of fuel, the commercialization of DMFCs has suffered from some drawbacks, including methanol crossover and contamination of the system. Metal cation contaminants (such as Ni, Co, etc) introduced through the degradation of fuel cell components (bipolar plate and electro-catalyst layer) can significantly affect the Nafion-membrane properties and overall fuel cell performance. In the current study, a systematic approach is taken to characterize and identify the mechanism of the effect of metal solution contaminants on the activities of electro-catalysts of DMFCs. Cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode (RDE) techniques were utilized in order to characterize the effect of various concentrations (i.e., 2x10-x M (x=1-7)) of six metal solution contaminants (i.e., Co, Ni and Zn with sulfate and nitrate as counter-anions) on the voltammetric properties and electro-catalytic activity of polycrystalline Pt during methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results showed a decrease in the MOR and ORR activities of Pt as the concentration of metal solution increased. The effect of counter-anion on the Pt activity was further investigated. The results showed that a combined effect of counter-anions and metal cations may be responsible for the decrease in the electro-catalytic activity of Pt. The effect of metal solution contaminants on the Nafion-ionomer of anode electro-catalysts was investigated using Nafion-coated Pt electrode. Voltammetric properties and MOR activities of Nafion-coated and bare Pt electrodes in the presence of Ni solution contaminants were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The overall results showed a significant negative effect of Ni solution contaminants on the electro-catalytic activity of bare Pt electrode as compared to the Nafion-coated Pt electrode. Based on the results, it appears that Nafion-ionomer film may interact with metal cations (through its sulfonate groups) and repel them away from the Pt active sites, partially inhibiting the negative effect of metal cations on the Pt activity of Nafion-coated Pt electrode. The effect of metal solution contaminants on the carbon-supported platinum nanoparticle (Pt/C) with various Nafion-ionomer distributions and contents (i.e., Nafion-incorporated Pt/C and Nafion-coated Pt/C electrodes) was further investigated. Cyclic voltammetry and EIS techniques were employed to characterize the effect of Ni solution contaminants on the voltammetric properties and MOR activities of Nafion-incorporated and Nafion-coated Pt/C electrodes. The overall results showed a stronger negative effect of Ni solution contaminants on the electro-catalytic activity of Nafion-incorporated Pt/C electrodes as compared to the Nafion-coated Pt/C electrodes. This further confirms previous observations showing the sulfonate groups of Nafion-ionomer film may attract the Ni metal cations, localize them away from the Pt active sites, and subsequently suppress the negative effect of cations on the activity of Nafion-coated Pt/C electrodes.
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BYSTRÖM, MARCUS. "Anchoring a Molecular Iron Based Water Oxidation Catalyst onto a Carbon Paste Electrode." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172212.

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This thesis concerns the development and the study of Iron-based water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) and how to immobilize them onto the hydrophobic surface of a carbon paste electrode. In the introductory chapter a general background of the field of water splitting and this thesis is given. In the second chapter, experimental performance is described from synthesis to measurements of a complete complex-doped electrode. The third chapter deals with the results and the discussion of the performed experiments. In chapter four, a descriptive conclusion of the obtained data is held.
Det här arbetet berör studien och utvecklingen utav järnbaserade katalysatorer, speciellt framtagna för för delning utav vatten. Utöver detta undersöks även om dessa katalysatorer (WOCs) kan immobiliseras på den hydrofoba ytan hos elektroder gjorda på kol-pasta. I det inledande kapitlet ges en generell bakgrund till området som berör delning utav vatten. I det andra kapitlet presenteras det experimentella utförandet utav synteser samt elektrokemiska mätningar som berörts under arbetets gång i jakten på en komplexdopad elektrod. I det tredje kapitlet diskuteras resultaten från mätningarna samt möjliga framtidsutsikter. I det fjärde kapitlet presenteras slutsatserna utav studien.
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Petrik, Leslie F. "Pt Nanophase supported catalysts and electrode systems for water electrolysis." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2743.

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Doctor Scientiae - DSc
In this study novel composite electrodes were developed, in which the catalytic components were deposited in nanoparticulate form. The efficiency of the nanophase catalysts and membrane electrodes were tested in an important electrocatalytic process, namely hydrogen production by water electrolysis, for renewable energy systems. The activity of electrocatalytic nanostructured electrodes for hydrogen production by water electrolysis were compared with that of more conventional electrodes. Development of the methodology of preparing nanophase materials in a rapid, efficient and simple manner was investigated for potential application at industrial scale. Comparisons with industry standards were performed and electrodes with incorporated nanophases were characterized and evaluated for activity and durability.
South Africa
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Estejab, Ali. "Mathematical and Molecular Modeling of Ammonia Electrolysis with Experimental Validation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1514834805432007.

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Bonnin, Egilda Purusha. "Electrolysis of Ammonia Effluents: A Remediation Process with Co-generation of Hydrogen." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1156435340.

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Caliman, Cristiano Carrareto. "Estudo da eletro-oxidação de álcoois em catalisadores do tipo PtSnNiTi para aplicação em células a combustível." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6746.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:41:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiano Carrareto Caliman.pdf: 1377803 bytes, checksum: 0d1fc0aca431a76f5b63c8fea41daa6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-06
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Electrocatalysts of type C/PtSnNiTi were prepared by thermal decomposition of polymeric precursors. The physico-chemical and electrochemical characterization of the electrocatalysts was performed by different techniques: X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the electrocatalysts comprise mainly Pt metal with face-centered cubic crystal structure and particle sizes ranging from 1.8 to 8.3 nm. In transmission electron microscopy analysis the average particle sizes observed were between 4 and 6 nm. The electrocatalysts were evaluated in the absence and presence of ethanol and glycerol in sulfuric acid medium. All showed activity towards alcohols oxidation. Furthermore, the Pt50Sn20Ni25Ti5 electrocatalyst showed the best results of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in presence of glycerol and ethanol respectively. The greater potency density obtained in cell tests was 20 mW/cm2 for the composition Pt50Sn20Ni25Ti5. Cyclic voltammetry data obtained in this study indicate that the addition of Ni and Ti in PtSn electrocatalysts increases its electrocatalytic activity toward alcohols oxidation
Eletrocatalisadores do tipo C/PtSnNiTi foram preparados por decomposição térmica dos precursores poliméricos. As caracterizações físico-química e eletroquímica foram feitas por diferentes técnicas: Difração de raios X, Microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, Voltametria cíclica, Cronoamperometria, Teste de célula e Teste de energia de ativação. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostraram que os catalisadores são principalmente compostos por Platina cúbica de face centrada e com tamanhos de partícula variando de 1,8 a 8,3 nm. Nas análises de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram observados tamanhos médios de partícula entre 4 e 6 nm. Os eletrocatalisadores foram avaliados na presença e ausência de etanol e glicerol em ácido sulfúrico. Todos mostraram atividade na oxidação dos álcoois. Além disso, a composição Pt50Sn20Ni25Ti5 apresentou os melhores resultados de voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria na presença de glicerol e etanol. A maior densidade de potência obtida nos testes de célula foi de 20 mW/cm2 para a composição Pt50Sn20Ni25Ti5. De modo geral, os dados de voltametria cíclica obtidos nesse estudo indicam que a adição de Ni e Ti em catalisadores PtSn aumenta a atividade catalítica destes frente a oxidação de álcoois
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Vafaee, Maedeh. "Conception, développement et caractérisation des fibres spécifiques activées (composite nanoweb) pour le traitement des rejets de l'industrie textile." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MULH3062.

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Dans cette recherche, dans un premier temps, un nouveau catalyseur a été synthétisé par une nouvelle méthode de combustion et il a été également caractérisé et mis en oeuvre dans un réacteur photo catalytique afin de dégrader les composés organiques. Puis, ces photo-catalyseurs ont été immobilisés sur la surface de non-tissés de nano fibres polyamide obtenues par le procédé d'électro-filage (electro-spinning) en utilisant une machine semi-industrielle. Ensuite, les comportements mécaniques de non tissés de nano-fibre de polyamide (PA) ont été étudiés à court et à long terme par test de traction et de fluage. Ceci a permis d'une part d'évaluer finement les propriétés des non tissés et d'autre part de modéliser leur comportement au moyen de modèles analogiques. Le modèle de Kelvin-Voigt généralisé a montré sa robustesse. Ces non tissés de nanofibres ont été installés sur 1a paroi du réacteur afin d'avoir un réacteur en inox à lit fixe et d'éviter des inconvénients d'un système hétérogène. Les résultats d'analyse des solutions, nous ont montré une dégradation favorable des composés organiques et les produits intermédiaires dans un système de circulation fermée. La mise sous pression du réacteur a confirmé, comme montré dans les essais mécaniques, que les propriétés mécaniques des fibres dopées étaient suffisantes pour supporter les contraintes mécaniques liées au flux du liquide
In this research, at first, a new catalyst was synthesized by a new combustion method and it was also characterized and applied in a photo-catalytic reactor to degrade the organic compounds. Then, these photocatalysts were immobilized on the surface of nonwovens of polyamide nano fibers obtained by the electro-spinning process using a semi-industrial machine. Then, the mechanical behaviors of polyamide (PA) nano-fiber nonwovens were studied in the short and long term by tensile and creep test. This allowed on the one hand to evaluate finely the properties of nonwovens and on the other hand to model their behavior on average of analog models. The generalized Kelvin-Voigt model has shown its robustness. They were installed on the reactor wall in order to have a stainless steel fixed bed reactor and to avoid the disadvantages of a heterogencous system. The solution analysis results showed us a favorable degradation of organic compounds and intermediate products in a closed circulation system. Pressurizing the reactor confirmed, as shown in the mechanical tests, that the mechanical properties of the doped fibers were sufficient to withstand the mechanical stresses associated with the flow of the Jiquid
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Khanduyeva, Natalya. "Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes): new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1232556562686-70575.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.
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Khanduyeva, Natalya. "Conjugated Polymer Brushes (Poly(3-hexylthiophene) brushes): new electro- and photo-active molecular architectures." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23635.

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The aim of the present work was to screen the main methods for the synthesis of conjugated polymers for their suitability in the preparation of conductive polymer brushes. The main focus was put on the grafting of intrinsically soluble substituted regioregular polyalkylthiophenes because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. The resulting polymer films were characterized and their optoelectrical properties studied. For the first time, a synthesis of conductive polymer brushes on solid substrates using “grafting-from” method was performed. The most important, from my opinion, finding of this work is that regioregular head-to-tail poly-3-alkylthiophenes – benchmark materials for organic electronics - can be now selectively grafted from appropriately-terminated surfaces to produce polymer brushes of otherwise soluble polymers - the architecture earlier accessible only in the case of non-conductive polymers. In particular, we developed a new method to grow P3ATs via Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) of 2-bromo-5-chloromagnesio-3-alkylthiophene. Exposure of the initiator layers to monomer solutions leads to selective chain-growth polycondensation of the monomers from the surface, resulting into P3AT brushes in a very economical way. The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite films was elucidated using several methods. The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromstyrene) (PS-Br)/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br films, penetrable for the catalyst and for the monomer The grafting process was investigated in detail and the structure of the resulting composite film was elucidated using ellipsometry, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and Conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). The obtained data suggests that the grafting process occurs not only at the poly(4-bromostyrene), PS-Br/polymerization solution interface, but also deeply inside the swollen PS-Br film, which is penetrable for the catalyst and the monomer. The process results in an interpenetrated PS-Br/P3HT network, in which relatively short poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT grafts emanate from long, cross-linked PS-Br chains. A further method investigated during our work was to covalently graft regioirregular P3HT to substrates modified by macromolecular anchors using oxidative polymerization of 3HT with FeCl3. P3HT layers with variable thicknesses from 30 nm up to 200 nm were produced using two steps of polymerization reaction. The P3HT obtained by oxidative polymerization had always an irregular structure, which was a result of the starting monomer being asymmetric, which is undesired for electronic applications. The third method for the production of conductive polymer brushes was to graft regioregular poly(3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene) (PDOTT) by electrochemical oxidative polycondensation of symmetrically substituted 3,3''-dioctyl-[2,2';5',2'']terthiophene (DOTT). A modification of the supporting ITO electrode by the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of compounds having polymerizable head-groups with properly adjusted oxidative potentials was found to be essential to achieve a covalent attachment of PDOTT chains. The polymer films produced show solvatochromism and electrochromism, as well as the previous two methods. After polymerization, the next step towards building organic electronic devices is applying the methods obtained in nano- and microscale production. Block copolymers constitute an attractive option for such surface-engineering, due to their ability to form a variety of nanoscale ordered phase-separated structures. However, block copolymers containing conjugated blocks are less abundant compared to their non-conjugated counterparts. Additionally, their phase behaviour at surfaces is not always predictable. We demonstrated in this work, how surface structures of non-conductive block copolymers, such as P4VP-b-PS-I, can be converted into (semi)conductive P4VP-b-PS-graft-P3HT chains via a surface-initiated polymerization of P3HT (Kumada Catalyst Transfer Polymerization (KCTP) from reactive surface-grafted block copolymers. This proves that our method is applicable to develop structured brushes of conductive polymers. We believe that it can be further exploited for novel, stimuli-responsive materials, for the construction of sensors, or for building various opto-electronic devices. The methods developed here can in principle be adapted for the preparation of any conductive block copolymers and conductive polymers, including other interesting architectures of conductive polymers, such as block copolymers, cylindrical brushes, star-like polymers, etc. To this end, one needs to synthesize properly-designed and multi-functional Ni-initiators before performing the polycondensation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Electro-Catalyst"

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Kamlesh, Satya Prakash, Deepika Tavar, Pankaj Raizda, Pradeep Singh, Manish Mudgal, A. K. Srivastava, and Archana Singh. "Design of Porous Carbon-Based Electro-Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation." In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 285–322. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7188-4_11.

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Rajan, Rahul, Anagha Yatheendran, and N. Sandhyarani. "Palladium@Copper Tungstate: A Non-corrosive and Methanol Tolerant Electro-Catalyst Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 103–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3386-0_9.

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Wang, Jenshi B., Charng-Ching Yeh, and Han-Chang Gao. "A New Carbon Nanotube-Supported Pt–Ru Anodic Catalyst by Reverse Microemulsion for Direct Methanol Electro-oxidation." In Progress in Exergy, Energy, and the Environment, 937–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04681-5_89.

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Yano, Junko, Vittal K. Yachandra, Matthew W. Kanan, Yogesh Surendranath, Mirca Dinca, and Daniel G. Nocera. "An Artificial Water-Oxidizing Co Electro-Catalyst: Structure and Mechanism by in Situ X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 266–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32034-7_55.

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Wang, Z., L. Shi, G. Gou, A. Fan, C. Xu, and L. Zhang. "Pt/C catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation and oxygen electro-reduction in DMFC." In Advanced Materials and Structural Engineering, 167–70. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20958-37.

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Cruz-Navarro, Jesús Antonio, Luis Humberto Mendoza-Huizar, Verónica Salazar-Pereda, Jose Ángel Cobos-Murcia, Fabiola Hernandez-García, and Giaan A. Álvarez-Romero. "Metal-Organic Frameworks and their Derived Structures as Catalysts for Electrochemical Sensors." In Advanced Catalysts Based on Metal-organic Frameworks (Part 2), 192–215. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815136029123010008.

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Metal-Organic Frameworks are innovative materials that display interesting redox properties with multiple applications in electroanalytical chemistry and storage purposes. MOFs metal nodes present a redox pair (M2+/M3+) in the presence of alkaline electrolytes, which catalyse the electro-oxidation or a reduction of diverse kinds of molecules. This behaviour is used as the basic principle in the design of electrochemical sensors (modified electrodes) for the smart recognition and quantification of biomolecules and hazardous compounds by using inexpensive techniques such as voltammetry or chronoamperometry. In this regard, MOFs are combined with high conductive nanomaterials to create hybrid composites that increase the electron conductivity to macroscopic levels, and enhance the electro-analytical signal in comparison with the use of pristine MOFs. MOFs are also used to produce other kinds of framework structures such as carbonaceous frameworks embedded with nanoparticles. These derived materials have extensive applications in glucose electrochemical sensors. Herein, the principle of electrocatalysts with MOFs and their derived materials, the elaboration of electrochemical sensors and the recent application of MOFs materials as a catalyst on electrochemical sensors will be presented in this section.
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Rajangam, Padmavathi. "Hydrogen Fuel Cells as Green Energy." In Cases on Green Energy and Sustainable Development, 291–323. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8559-6.ch011.

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To reduce reliance on fossil fuels and increase demands for clean energy technology worldwide, there is currently a growing interest in the use of fuel cells as energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly power generators. With this inevitable depletion, fossil fuels will not be able to respond to energy demand for future. Among all major types of fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are in the forefront stage and have gained substantial attention for vehicle and portable applications, which is composed of a cathode, an anode, and a PEM. The heart of the fuel cells is membrane electrode assembly (MEA). An electro-deposition technique for preparing the nano-catalyst layer in PEMFCs has been designed, which may enable an increase in the level of Pt utilization currently achieved in these systems. Functionalization process has been done using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid in refluxing condition. The hydrocarbon-based polymer membrane has been used as electrolyte part.
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Rajangam, Padmavathi. "Hydrogen Fuel Cells as Green Energy." In Research Anthology on Clean Energy Management and Solutions, 769–95. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9152-9.ch032.

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To reduce reliance on fossil fuels and increase demands for clean energy technology worldwide, there is currently a growing interest in the use of fuel cells as energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly power generators. With this inevitable depletion, fossil fuels will not be able to respond to energy demand for future. Among all major types of fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are in the forefront stage and have gained substantial attention for vehicle and portable applications, which is composed of a cathode, an anode, and a PEM. The heart of the fuel cells is membrane electrode assembly (MEA). An electro-deposition technique for preparing the nano-catalyst layer in PEMFCs has been designed, which may enable an increase in the level of Pt utilization currently achieved in these systems. Functionalization process has been done using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid in refluxing condition. The hydrocarbon-based polymer membrane has been used as electrolyte part.
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Conference papers on the topic "Electro-Catalyst"

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Khaerudini, Deni Shidqi, Hanifah Winarto, Andri Hardiansyah, Sagir Alva, Deni Shidqi Khaerudini, Cecep E. Rustana, Denawati Junia, and Fharuq Dirza Dirgantara. "New and Renewable Catalyst Based on Electro-Activated Carbon for Hydrogen Generation." In 2019 International Conference on Technologies and Policies in Electric Power & Energy. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf48524.2019.9102628.

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Das, Dipanwita, Vrushali Raut, Kota V. M. K. Kireeti, and Neetu Jha. "Non-platinum metal-organic framework based electro-catalyst for promoting oxygen reduction reaction." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5029180.

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Nyamdavaa, E., P. Altantsog, E. Uyanga, B. Bumaa, T. Y. Chen, C. H. Lee, G. Sevjidsuren, and D. Sangaa. "Crystal structure study of Perovskite-type LaCoO3 electro-catalyst synthesized by Pechini method." In 2011 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology (IFOST). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifost.2011.6020966.

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dos Santos Correa, Patricia, Elen Leal da Silva, Stephanie Cardoso de Sa, Claudio Radtke, Ester Schmidt Rieder, and Celia de Fraga Malfatti. "Catalyst based on Pt, Sn and Ni: Effect of carbon functionalization on ethanol electro-oxidation." In 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nano.2012.6322233.

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Hussein, Nur Farah Mohamed, Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin, Fahmi Muhammad Ridwan, Siti Nasuha Sabri, and Nur Aqilah Razali. "Comparative study on palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment by electro-oxidation using catalyst and electrode." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY (ISGST2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5126553.

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Banville, M., R. Labrecque, and J. M. Lavoie. "Dry reforming of methane under an electro-catalytic bed: effect of electrical current and catalyst composition." In ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus140531.

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Reinecke, Ernst-Arndt, Peter Broeckerhoff, and Inga M. Tragsdorf. "Investigations on Catalyst Systems for Catalytic Recombiners." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22515.

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Passive Autocatalytic Recombiners (PARs) are used for hydrogen removal in the containments of Light Water Reactors after a severe accident. These devices make use of the fact that hydrogen and oxygen react exothermally on catalytic surfaces already at low temperatures generating steam and heat. One major concern is the fact that existing recombiners bear the risk of ignition of the gaseous mixture by overheated catalytic substrates or parts of the casing, since the heat generated is not removed by cooling systems. Overheating may occur due to insufficient heat removal. Experimental investigations on existing systems show that the highest temperatures appear near the leading edges of the catalyst sheets. Furthermore, local conversion rates are too high not allowing sufficient reaction heat removal by convection. Possible countermeasures are additional cooling or limiting local conversion rates. At FZJ investigations are made on adapting the catalyst activity according to the requirements by using electro-plating technology instead of washcoat coatings, allowing well defined coating densities. Substrates with corresponding coatings have been tested, proving their ability in mixtures up to oxygen limitation. Different substrate materials and pre-treating measures are investigated for optimizing the surface properties. SEM-studies give insight in the surface structure and allow detailed analysis of the catalyst activity.
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Hyland, Patrick, Jungmin Lee, Chien Shung Lin, Jeongmin Ahn, and Paul D. Ronney. "Effect of Ammonia Treatment on Pt Catalyst Used for Low-Temperature Reaction." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42040.

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Platinum based catalysts are well known as the most active ones among noble metals for oxidation of hydrocarbons as well as hydrogen. Microcombustion experiments using bare Pt foil catalyst have shown that hydrocarbon fuels (e.g. propane) can be oxidized at low-temperature (< 60 °C) and ignited (< 90 °C) by treating the catalyst surface by burning propane-air mixtures with ∼ 5% of the propane replaced by ammonia for half an hour. This NH3 pre-treatment etches the catalyst surface and creates surface structures on the scale of few μms, completely unlike those without NH3 treatment. This change in structure with NH3 treatment is noteworthy in that it increases the performance of the catalyst by a factor of 3, but only for low Re, corresponding to conditions with low maximum reaction temperatures characteristic of microcombustors. However, no similar such low-temperatures were found without NH3 pre-treatment, even for catalytic reactions. This is not merely a surface area effect, since increasing bulk catalyst area had almost no effect on combustion performance. Nevertheless, it may be possible to further extend reaction and ignition to even lower temperatures by examining alternative hydrocarbon fuels and catalysts. Self-starting fuels and catalysts are highly desirable, especially for the micro-combustors used for MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) power generators, because it would eliminate the need for glow plugs, supplemental battery, electronics, etc. associated with active ignition systems.
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Wan, Chieh-Hao, and Jyun-Ming Wei. "Suppression of Methanol Crossover for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Using a Layer of Nanometer-Sized Pt50-Sn50 Catalyst Particles Deposited on Proton Exchange Membrane Surface." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85137.

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This paper deposited a layer of nanometer-sized Pt50-Sn50 catalyst particles in the proton exchange membrane (PEM) surface by impregnation-reduction (IR) method to suppress the methanol crossover and improve the utilization efficiency of methanol fuel. The suppression of methanol crossover and the performance of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for the proposed structure were compared to those with normal-PEM structure. The possible mechanism of the suppression of methanol crossover was investigated. SEM, X-ray, EDS and EPMA analysis were used to characterize microstructures, phases, chemical composition and distributions for the obtained electro-catalyst layers. Methanol crossover rate in a DMFC was determined by measuring the CO2 concentration at the cathode exit in real time. Experimental results demonstrate that the PEM with a layer of nanometer-sized Pt50-Sn50 catalyst particles suppresses methanol crossover by up to 18% more than the normal-PEM, and yield a 8% better MEA performance than the normal-MEA. The combination effects of Pt50-Sn50 in PEM as a methanol filter and electrode contribute to the suppression of methanol crossover and improvement of cell performance as well as the utilization efficiency of methanol fuel.
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Baschuk, Jeffrey J., and Xianguo Li. "Modelling and Simulation of PEM Fuel Cells With CO Poisoning." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cae-29012.

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A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been analyzed by applying the conservation principle to the gas channels, electrode backings, catalyst layers and polymer electrolyte. The conservation equations used are conservation of species, momentum and energy and the Nernst-Planck equation in the electrolyte. Oxygen reduction at the cathode is modeled using the Butler-Volmer equation while the adsorption, desorption and electro-oxidation of hydrogen and CO at the anode are modeled by the Tafel-Volmer and “reactant-pair” mechanism, respectively. Comparison of the anode electrochemical kinetics model to experimental data indicates that CO adsorption kinetics are Temkin. One-dimensional simulation of a PEM fuel cell operating with reformate fuel gas indicates an optimum operating pressure. Preliminary two-dimensional simulation verifies the one-dimensional assumption for mass transfer but indicates that a two-dimensional analysis is necessary for the catalyst layer.
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Reports on the topic "Electro-Catalyst"

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Bianco, Stephen G. Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems: A Catalyst for Army Transformation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada394499.

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