Journal articles on the topic 'Electrified transport systems'
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Drabek, Jiri. "Electrified Transport Systems - Perspective of Transport for the Third Millennium." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 3, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2001): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2001.2-3.106-113.
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Apollonskiy, Stanislav Mikhaylovich. "Problems of electromagnetic compatibility in electricity of rail system." Transportation systems and technology 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201512110-126.
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Problems of electromagnetic compatibility on electrified railways are sharper than in the stationary energy sector. This is due to the following circumstances: 1. Electrified railways has considerable length in space and is usually located in different climatic and in geological zones. 2. In rail transport, as well as any other transport systems, a compact high-performance equipment used (high and low voltage), to a greater degree of exposure to external electromagnetic influences than in the stationary energy sector. 3. All processes (stationary and non-stationary) on an electrified rail, in one way or another, affect the operation of each of the elements of the system. 4. In the development of an extensive electrified railway is necessary to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of each of the elements that are not always required in the stationary energy sector. 5. Problems of electromagnetic compatibility electrified railways significantly of more complicated, when are using magnetolevitatsionnyh technologies for elektrozhdvizhenie. Considered the problems of electromagnetic compatibility in electricity of rail system, are discussed ways of solving them.
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Negreanu, D., M. Rusan, and A. Mitrea. "Remote Supervision and Control Systems for Electrified Transport Power Supply." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 8 (June 1997): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43977-2.
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Town, Graham, Seyedfoad Taghizadeh, and Sara Deilami. "Review of Fast Charging for Electrified Transport: Demand, Technology, Systems, and Planning." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041276.
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As the number and range of electric vehicles in use increases, and the size of batteries in those vehicles increases, the demand for fast and ultra-fast charging infrastructure is also expected to increase. The growth in the fast charging infrastructure raises a number of challenges to be addressed; primarily, high peak loads and their impacts on the electricity network. This paper reviews fast and ultra-fast charging technology and systems from a number of perspectives, including the following: current and expected trends in fast charging demand; the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of electricity demand associated with fast charging; the devices and circuit technologies commonly used in fast chargers; the potential system impacts of fast charging on the electricity distribution network and methods for managing those impacts; methods for long-term planning of fast charging facilities; finally, expected future developments in fast charging technology and systems.
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Szeląg, Adam, and Tadeusz Maciołek. "Power supply of trams in Poland – current state and perspectives of development." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818003005.
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Sustainable development of agglomerations requires efficient and ecological transport systems, i.e. electrified transport. In order to achieve the required results of operation of electrified urban transport, especially energy efficiency, it is required to closely examine the existing power supply systems. The biggest share of urban traction systems in Poland belongs to tram systems (in 15 agglomerations and cities). Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in modernisation of the existing lines and construction of new ones. Enhancement of RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety) and energy efficiency of supply systems is a necessary requirement, due to fact that new, modern tram rolling stock with higher power poses significant challenge for the existing, in many systems, old power supply infrastructure. Furthermore, due to low driving-range of autonomous vehicles equipped with batteries and a need of frequent charging of storage devices, catenary supplied urban transport will dominate in the areas of its use. In addition, it might be helpful in developing hybrid vehicles supplied both from a catenary and from energy storage devices (charged during run under catenary) on sections without catenary. The paper presents parameters characterizing tram power supply systems in Poland. The analyses carried out for many tram lines have shown that even at relatively low investments for modernisation of the tram power supply system, it is possible to obtain fast return (energy saving due to improvement of efficiency of recuperation and the resulting reduction of CO2 emission). Other advantages of modernisations include: enhancement of standards in supply of modern trams with higher power and improvement of reliability due to the reduced risk of disturbances and damages.
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Sharma, Rohit. "Financing Indian Urban Rail through Land Development: Case Studies and Implications for the Accelerated Reduction in Oil Associated with 1.5 °C." Urban Planning 3, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i2.1158.
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Urban travel demand and oil dependence need dramatic change to achieve the 1.5 °C degree target especially with the electrification of all land-based passenger transport and the decarbonizing of electric power. In this article we investigate the transition of ‘oil-based automobile dependence’ to ‘urban rail plus renewable energy’ to cater for transport demand in Indian cities. India is perceived to be a key driver of global oil demand in coming decades due to the potential increase in car use driven by a fast growing national average income. However, it is possible that India could surprise the world by aggressively pursuing an electrified transit agenda within and between cities and associated supporting local transport with electric vehicles, together with renewable power to fuel this transport. The changes will require two innovations that this article focuses on. First, innovative financing of urban and intercity rail through land-based finances as funding and financing of such projects has been a global challenge. Second, enabling Indian cities to rapidly adopt solar energy for all its electrified transport systems over oil plus car dependence. The article suggests that Indian cities may contribute substantially to the 1.5 °C agenda as both policies appear to be working.
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Sander Clerick, Serge Leivens, Guy Buytaert, and Amol Chore. "Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): p256–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.2.
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Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.
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Mihet-Popa, Lucian, and Sergio Saponara. "Toward Green Vehicles Digitalization for the Next Generation of Connected and Electrified Transport Systems." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113124.
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This survey paper reviews recent trends in green vehicle electrification and digitalization, as part of a special section on “Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid”, led by the authors. First, the energy demand and emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) are reviewed, including the analysis of the trends of battery technology and of the recharging issues considering the characteristics of the power grid. Solutions to integrate EV electricity demand in power grids are also proposed. Integrated electric/electronic (E/E) architectures for hybrid EVs (HEVs) and full EVs are discussed, detailing innovations emerging for all components (power converters, electric machines, batteries, and battery-management-systems). 48 V HEVs are emerging as the most promising solution for the short-term electrification of current vehicles based on internal combustion engines. The increased digitalization and connectivity of electrified cars is posing cyber-security issues that are discussed in detail, together with some countermeasures to mitigate them, thus tracing the path for future on-board computing and control platforms.
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Ghandriz, Toheed, Bengt Jacobson, Leo Laine, and Jonas Hellgren. "Impact of automated driving systems on road freight transport and electrified propulsion of heavy vehicles." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 115 (June 2020): 102610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102610.
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Göransson, Lisa, Mariliis Lehtveer, Emil Nyholm, Maria Taljegard, and Viktor Walter. "The Benefit of Collaboration in the North European Electricity System Transition—System and Sector Perspectives." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244648.
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This work investigates the connection between electrification of the industry, transport, and heat sector and the integration of wind and solar power in the electricity system. The impact of combining electrification of the steel industry, passenger vehicles, and residential heat supply with flexibility provision is evaluated from a systems and sector perspective. Deploying a parallel computing approach to the capacity expansion problem, the impact of flexibility provision throughout the north European electricity system transition is investigated. It is found that a strategic collaboration between the electricity system, an electrified steel industry, an electrified transport sector in the form of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) and residential heat supply can reduce total system cost by 8% in the north European electricity system compared to if no collaboration is achieved. The flexibility provision by new electricity consumers enables a faster transition from fossil fuels in the European electricity system and reduces thermal generation. From a sector perspective, strategic consumption of electricity for hydrogen production and EV charging and discharging to the grid reduces the number of hours with very high electricity prices resulting in a reduction in annual electricity prices by up to 20%.
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Liudvinavičius, Lionginas, and Leonas Povilas Lingaitis. "ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKING IN HIGH‐SPEED RAIL TRANSPORT." TRANSPORT 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638122.
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The paper considers electrodynamic braking of trains, which is of particular importance for high‐speed railway transport from theoretical and technical perspectives. Braking methods used for high‐speed trains should ensure compatibility and redundancy of braking systems. They include a mechanical method (based on adding frictional disks to wheelsets), as well as magnetic braking, which is being currently implemented and based on eddy currents, etc. High‐speed trains have AC/DC engines, for which the principles of electric braking can be applied. Electrodynamic braking is of particular importance for high‐speed transport using linear motors and developing the speed of 400–500 km/h. These traction rolling stocks will not have commonly used trucks. The tests in this area are being conducted in Japan and Germany now. The paper suggests some theoretical and practical solutions to these problems. Schematic diagrams of the locomotive braking and ways of controlling the braking force by varying electric circuit parameters are presented. The authors suggested contact‐free regulation of braking rheostat resistor for controlling braking force in rheostatic braking. A schematic diagram of harmonizing electrified railways and power system's upgrading aimed at ensuring power regeneration is also presented.
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Apollonskiy, S. M. "Features of combined effects of physical factors of wave nature on electrified railway transport on technosphere." Transportation systems and technology 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20173169-90.
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As a rule, the habitat technosphere is affected by simultaneous actions of numerous wave nature physical factors with variable frequency and amplitude. The most vulnerable elements of technosphere include the highly sensitive control systems and human population. It should be underlined that during a lifetime any person is exposed to the combined effects of environmental wave factors, both at home and at work. These effects increase significantly in industrial areas associated with large energy capacity that is time- and space-varying. The report describes wave nature physical factors impact caused by electrified railways.
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van Baal, Paul Adrianus, and Matthias Finger. "The energy-mobility system in transition: The case of the Swiss Federal Railways." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 21, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591720954118.
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A convergence of the electricity and the transportation sectors can be observed, with private and public transport being increasingly electrified and with aggregated electricity demand and storage being increasingly operated as flexible assets. At the same time, sustainability concerns are driving systemic changes in both systems. This article introduces the concept of the energy-mobility system, which is a result of this convergence, and proposes an integrated framework for policy and governance of the energy-mobility system. The framework focuses on cross-sectoral policy ambitions related to climate change mitigation, namely reducing energy consumption, electrifying fossil fueled transport, decarbonizing electricity generation, promoting resilience, and integrating green infrastructure management. Public policy and the corresponding regulation are no longer conceptualized and executed in each sector separately. An integrated policy framework is indeed needed for the energy-mobility system, so that the institutions remain relatively aligned with the technological developments. The requirements for effective governance of the energy-mobility system are then discussed, which include an energy-mobility system operator. The potential for the policy and governance framework is addressed through a case study of the Swiss Federal Railways, which as the owner and operator of a fully electrified rail network and associated electricity infrastructure is already close to taking up such a role. While the Swiss case is unique, it can offer insight for other countries developing their regulatory approach to the convergence of the energy and mobility systems.
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Bader, M. P., A. M. Kosyrev, and N. A. Kukuyuk. "ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS." World of Transport and Transportation 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2016): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2016-14-1-22.
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[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT Analysis of performance and reliability of electrical equipment of high-voltage electrical systems (hereinafter - HVES) confirms the need to improve evaluation methods and mathematical modeling of transients in power lines (hereinafter - PL), at substations, and in grounding and protective devices. One of the main problems, however, remains improvement of safety and quality of HVES functioning in accordance with their EMC in modes of overvoltage effects, including determination of evaluation criteria, scientific substantiation of deep forced restrictions of external and internal overvoltage of electrical equipment, optimization of PL protection and substations of the system from different levels of voltage, electromagnetic interference that could cause serious accidents. Keywords: railway infrastructure, electrical power supply, electromagnetic compatibility, high-voltage electrical systems, lightning overvoltage, neutral of transformers. REFERENCES 1.Bader, M. P.Electromagnetic compatibility: Textbook [Elektromagnitnaja sovmestimost’: Uchebnik].Moscow, Transport publ., 2002, 640 p. 2.Bader, M.P., Inkov, Yu.M.Electromagnetic compatibility of traction power supply system and elements of infrastructure in areas with high speed traffic [Elektromagnitnaja sovmestimost’ sistemy tjagovogo elektrosnabzhenija i elementov infrastruktury na uchastkah s vysokoskorostnym dvizheniem].Elektrotehnika, 2014, Iss.8, pp.12-18. 3.Bader, M.P., Inkov, Yu.M.On increasing energy efficiency of converter equipment of traction substations [O povyshenii jenergeticheskoj effektivnosti preobrazovatel’nogo oborudovanija tjagovyh podstancij].Elektrichestvo, 2008, Iss.2, pp.60-65. 4.Marquardt, K. G.Electric power supply of electrified railways [Elektrosnabzhenie elektrificirovannyh zheleznyh dorog].4th ed., rev.and enl.Trans.from English.Moscow, Transport publ., 1982, 524 p. 5.Protection against short circuits feeding on «high» side of a step-down transformer from the traction network [Zashhita ot podpitki korotkih zamykanij na «vysokoj» storone ponizhajushhego transformatora so storony tjagovoj seti]/ A.Kondakov, A.Mizintsev, A.Buryanovaty, S.Rogach.RZD-Partner, 2001, Iss.3, p.111. 6.Tikhodeev, N.N., Shur, S. S.Insulation of electrical networks [Izoljacija elektricheskih setej].Leningrad, Energia publ., 1979, 304 p. 7.Rules for electrical installation [Pravila ustrojstva elektroustanovok].7th ed.Moscow, 2004, 225 p. 8.RD153-34.3-35.125-99 Manual for protection of electrical networks 6-1150 kV against lightning and internal overvoltage [RD153-34.3-35.125-99 Rukovodstva po zashhite elektricheskih setej 6-1150 kV ot grozovyh i vnutrennih perenaprjazhenij] / Ed.by N. N.Tikhodeev.2nd ed.St.Petersburg, Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, 1999, 205 p. 9.Instruction on grounding of power units on electrified railways [Instrukcija po zazemleniju ustrojstv elektrosnabzhenija na elektrificirovannyh zheleznyh dorogah].Moscow, Transport publ., 1997, 68 p. 10.Mamoshin, R. R.Improvement of power quality at traction substations of AC roads [Povyshenie kachestva energii na tjagovyh podstancijah dorog peremennogo toka].Moscow, Transport publ., 1973, 224 p. 11.Schwab, A. J.Electromagnetic Compatibility [Elektromagnitnaja sovmestimost’].Moscow, Energoizdat publ., 1995, 480 p. 12.Courtois, C.Bahnenergieversorgung in Frankreich.Elektrische Bahnen, 92 (1994) 6, S.167-170 und 7, S.202-205. 13.Figurnov, E. P.Relay protection [Relejnaja zashhita].Moscow, Transzheldorizdat publ., 2002, 343 p. 14.Mamoshin, R. R.Railway power supply system on AC94 / 27,5 kV with symmetrization traction loads [Sistema elektrosnabzhenija zheleznyh dorog na peremennom toke 94/27,5 kV s simmetrirovaniem tjagovyh nagruzok].Proceedings of scientific-practical conference «Electrification - basis of technical modernization of rail transport».Moscow, VNIIZhT, 2004, pp.58-60. 15.Kosarev, A. B.Basic theory of electromagnetic compatibility of AC traction power supply systems [Osnovy teorii elektromagnitnoj sovmestimosti sistem tjagovogo elektrosnabzhenija peremennogo toka].Moscow, Intekst publ., 2004, 272 p.
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Tarkowski, Maciej. "On the Emergence of Sociotechnical Regimes of Electric Urban Water Transit Systems." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 6111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196111.
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Urban activities, including urban mobility, play a crucial role in climate change mitigation. Urban mobility is currently at a crossroads. In a business as usual scenario, CO2 emissions from urban transportation will grow by one fourth by 2050. Nevertheless, during this period, it may drop by about one third. To make the drop happen, we need to introduce comprehensive policies and measures. Electrifying urban transit is one feasible solution. This study investigates whether and how urban water transit systems have been electrified—a means of transport which has not been well researched in this respect. A multilevel perspective and the comparative case study method were employed to answer the research questions. The comprehensive study focussed on 24 cities representing the current experience in planning and operating water transport, based mainly on secondary, primarily qualitative, data, such as industry reports, feasibility studies, urban policies, and scientific papers. The primary outcome is that urban electric passenger ferries left their market niches and triggered a radical innovation, diffusing into mainstream markets. However, urban diversity results in various paths to electrification, due to the system’s physical characteristics, local climate and transport policies, manufacturing capacity, green city branding, and the innovativeness of international ferry operators. Three dominant transition pathways were identified—a comprehensive carbon neutral policy, a transport sector policy, and a research and development policy. From a multilevel perspective, cities can be considered a bridge between niches and regimes that provide the actual conditions for implementing sociotechnical configurations.
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Yakubov, M. S., U. Sh Isroilov, and I. A. Karimov. "Methodological aspects of information and measurement systems for functional diagnostics of dynamic objects of electrified railway transport." Modern Technologies. System Analysis. Modeling, no. 2 (2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26731/1813-9108.2021.2(70).36-43.
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Buyakova, Natalya, Vasiliy Zakaryukin, and Andrey Kryukov. "Control of electromagnetic environment in smart traction power supply systems." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199101009.
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The possibility of reducing the intensity of magnetic field created by a traction network of an alternating current electrified railroad is considered in the article. The electric field of such a traction network at a height of 1,8 m above is relatively small. In order to control the electromagnetic situation, 2x25 kV traction systems, sucking transformers with a return wire for the 25 kV system, amplifying and shielding wires of the traction network, passive screens on passenger platforms, optimization of train traffic schedules can be used. Fazonord software package developed at the Irkutsk State Transport University was used as a tool for the analysis of the above events. Using computer simulations, it was shown that the most effective methods for reducing the magnetic field strength are the use of screens on passenger platforms, optimal train schedules, and the use of “soft” train driving modes. The latter measure is able to reduce the peak magnetic field strength by about 25%.
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Gucukoglu, Turgay, Haluk Sarı, and Koray Erhan. "Feasibility Check of Electrification in Metrobus Line." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v4i1.137.
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<strong>Today, climate change is a significant effect on population growth, especially in big cities. Transport in metropolitan cities is the most important reason for climate change with the contribution of CO<sub>2</sub> pollution that threatens human health and the environment. Electrified transport systems can, therefore, provide a suitable solution to air pollution and health problems. This study investigates the feasibility of applying electric buses to the Metrobus line in Istanbul. Initially, Metrobus line data regarding the number of vehicles, number of stops, route length is gathered from the official Istanbul transportation system to define how much energy is needed for the routes. Then, it is analyzed how to re-charge proposed batteries for the allocation of chargers on the stations where it is applicable. It is observed that the electrification of each line is not possible.</strong>
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Grosshans, Holger, and Miltiadis V. Papalexandris. "Exploring the mechanism of inter-particle charge diffusion." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 82, no. 1 (April 2018): 11101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018170360.
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Dispersed solid particles in wall-bounded flows may get electrified during particle-wall collisions due to triboelectric effects. Subsequently, the electrostatic charge migrates from the near-wall regions to the bulk of the flow through the dynamics of the particles (particle-bound charge transport) and charge transfer during collisions between particles (inter-particle charge diffusion). In this paper, we explore the physics underlying the mechanism of inter-particle charge diffusion, which remains not well understood, by means of numerical simulations. We investigated the efficiency of the charge transport within the particulate phase via this mechanism and propose a time-scale for its characterization for particular systems. The considered parameters of these systems included the particle number density and charge as well as their mechanical and electrical properties. It was found that both an increase of the material density of the particles or of their number density results in an enhanced inter-particle charge diffusion and, thus, a reduction of its time scale. Moreover, if only the number density is high but the material density is kept low, then inter-particle charge diffusion may even become the dominant wall-normal charge transport mechanism. Further, in case some particles carry a high charge they are accelerated towards uncharged particles through electrostatic forces which leads to an efficient charge redistribution.
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Watson, Inara, Amer Ali, and Ali Bayyati. "Energy Efficiency of High-Speed Railways n." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 03, no. 04 (December 26, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204055.
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The world is becoming more dependent on energy resources, which translates into political dependency on energy-exported states. This will significantly impact the economy, transport, and the environment around the world. Railway transport is becoming an essential mode of transportation because it can operate on an electrified network and has zero carbon emissions. High-Speed Railways (HSR) is an energy-intensive transport system, and it is important economically and environmentally to reduce the amount of used energy. This study examined high-speed rail from an energy efficiency point of view and found factors that can significantly reduce the energy consumption of high-speed rail. This research aims to answer the question that motivated this research: what fundamental factors affect the energy consumption of the selected HSR systems? It estimated the dynamic changes in the total energy consumption for seven HSR systems from 2010-2017 and benchmarked the most energy efficient HSR systems. The non-radial Data Envelopment Analyses methodology has been used to fulfil this research. To conduct complex statistical analyses, IBM SPSS has been applied. The main findings have shown that the decrease in vehicle mass, improved design of high-speed rolling stock and increased occupancy of trains will support the reduction of energy consumption by high-speed railways. The changes in energy consumption strongly correlate with the type of high-speed rolling stock and operational strategies. The expected outcomes of this research will contribute to developing and advancing more sustainable HSR systems. This research will support train operators in making decisions when acquiring new trains and assess the benefits of acceleration in modernising the current rolling stock.
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Ljubaj, Ivica, Tomislav Josip Mlinarić, Tomislav Ležaić, and Martin Starčević. "The Possibility of Capacity Increase on the Modernised and Electrified Railway Line R201 along the Zaprešić – Zabok Section." MATEC Web of Conferences 235 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823500009.
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This paper is focused on the regional railway track line R201 which begins at the Zaprešić railway station (who is a part of the M101 railway line - part of this Mediterranean corridor) and it separates itself from the international Mediterranean TEN-T corridor. In the forthcoming period is planned electrification and modernization of the R201 railway line, so this paper will be focused on capacity calculation as well on the utilization of the new available capacity. There will be made simulation, with the Opentrack program package for railway simulation, of the possibility to equip this line with the ETCS Level 1 and Level 2 safety systems and then it will be made comparation of the results (available capacity) obtained by simulations with the results without having equipped track with these modern safety systems. As the main idea of electrification and modernization of this track is to include her in the suburban passenger system of the city of Zagreb and to transport freight by railway, there will be given some suggestions how to improve capacity utilization.
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Aragon-Aviles, Sandra, Ashutosh Trivedi, and Sheldon S. Williamson. "Smart Power Electronics–Based Solutions to Interface Solar-Photovoltaics (PV), Smart Grid, and Electrified Transportation: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144988.
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The need to reduce the use of fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by the transport sector has generated a clear increasing trend in transportation electrification and the future of energy and mobility. This paper reviews the current research trends and future work for power electronics-based solutions that support the integration of photovoltaic (PV) energy sources and smart grid with charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). A compressive overview of isolated and non-isolated DC–DC converters and AC–DC converter topologies used to interface the PV-grid charging facilities is presented. Furthermore, this paper reviews the modes of operation of the system currently used. Finally, this paper explores the future roadmap of research for power electronics solutions related to photovoltaic (PV) systems, smart grid, and transportation electrification.
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Iacobucci, Riccardo, Raffaele Bruno, and Jan-Dirk Schmöcker. "An Integrated Optimisation-Simulation Framework for Scalable Smart Charging and Relocation of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123633.
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Ride-hailing with autonomous electric vehicles and shared autonomous electric vehicle (SAEV) systems are expected to become widely used within this decade. These electrified vehicles can be key enablers of the shift to intermittent renewable energy by providing electricity storage to the grid and offering demand flexibility. In order to accomplish this goal, practical smart charging strategies for fleets of SAEVs must be developed. In this work, we present a scalable, flexible, and practical approach to optimise the operation of SAEVs including smart charging based on dynamic electricity prices. Our approach integrates independent optimisation modules with a simulation model to overcome the complexity and scalability limitations of previous works. We tested our solution on real transport and electricity data over four weeks using a publicly available dataset of taxi trips from New York City. Our approach can significantly lower charging costs and carbon emissions when compared to an uncoordinated charging strategy, and can lead to beneficial synergies for fleet operators, passengers, and the power grid.
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Burkov, А. F., V. V. Mikhanoshin, and V. K. Nguyen. "Improving energy efficiency of power electric power plants of low-tonnage passenger ships." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 178 (2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2021-178-46-51.
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The article is devoted to solving the problem of improving the energy efficiency of power plants of high-speed lowtonnage (planing) vessels used for passenger transportation between coastal settlements on the example of the port of Vladivostok located on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which has mainly land communication with settlements located on the coast. The oversaturation of motor transport, due to the need for communication between localities, which are usually characterized by dense buildings, is one of the main causes of many hours of traffic congestion, which worsen the environmental situation and increase social tension in society. At the same time, the tourist attractiveness of Primorye is also decreasing. One of the promising areas for solving this transport problem is the use of low-tonnage passenger vessels, in particular planing vessels, with hybrid electrified power propulsion systems. According to the available data, such vessels have reduced consumption of fuel and lubricants necessary for the operation of power plants and reduction in harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere by more than two times compared to similar traditional diesel vessels. In addition, the prospects of the proposed scientific and technical solution are due to the reduction in the time of passenger transportation while reducing the cost of travel
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Shakya, Shree Raj. "Economy-wide Implications of Low Carbon Electricity Based Mass Transport in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10679.
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Development of low carbon electricity based mass transport is considered as one of the promising options for perusing the low carbon development (LCD) path in 21st century by the global communities. But long term economy-wide implications of such policy is very much country specifics citing their variations in the availability and tapping potential of indigenous clean energy resources, access to the clean technologies, affordability and acceptability of such technologies, and so on. This paper studies the economy-wide consequences of introducing different levels of electrified mass transport systems in Nepal on the long term basis. The study develops and uses a multi-sector, single region, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model of Nepal (Nepal-TRNSCGE) with technology level disaggregation in the transport and electricity sectors. The study indicates that under transport electrification scenarios consisting of 10% to 30% electrification of the transport sector as compared to the base case by 2050, the country would benefit economically with the value of cumulative undiscounted GDP increasing in the range of 2.6% to 3.1% and the value of cumulative undiscounted equivalent variation in income (household welfare) increasing in the range of 25.3% to 147.9% during 2005 to 2050. The policy would promote energy efficiency improvement and cleaner economic development with significant reduction in the energy intensity of GDP in the range of 3.1% to 4.1% and greenhouse gas intensity of GDP in the range of 4.7% to 7.1%. This highlights the potential role of low carbon electricity based transport in achieving the LCD path in the country. Introducing foreign direct investment would further increase GDP but reduce household welfare. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10679Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 142–165
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CRĂCIUNESCU, Aurelian. "CURRENT CONCERNS REGARDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH POWER DENSITY ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR ELECTRICITY TRANSPORT SYSTEMS." ACTUALITĂŢI ŞI PERSPECTIVE ÎN DOMENIUL MAŞINILOR ELECTRICE (ELECTRIC MACHINES, MATERIALS AND DRIVES - PRESENT AND TRENDS) 2021, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36801/apme.2021.1.16.
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"Applications such as electrification of transmission systems require electric machines with high power density values. Such electric cars offer beneficial volumes and weights that are desired in transportation systems that include electric cars, electrified planes, and other types of electric vehicles. In October 2017, the US DRIVE groupThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a large automobile and power company, has published a paper entitled “Roadmap for Research and Innovation in Electrical and Electronic Technologies for Efficiency vehicles and energy sustainability ”. This paper outlines the performance values that electric traction motors must have in 2025 to accelerate the development of innovative and pre-competitive technologies to achieve a wide range of clean and efficient vehicles as well as related energy infrastructure. Thus, for electric traction motors with powers of 100 kW, used in the drive systems of single-electric vehicles, which is used in both engine and generator mode, for their power density is expected to increase from the value of 5.7 kW / L achieved in 2020 to the value of 50 kW / L to be achieved in 2025, which means a volume reduction of 89%. This reduction in volume must be accompanied by a reduction in the cost of these engines, from $ 4.7 / kW in 2020 to $ 3.3 / kW in 2025, ie a cost reduction of 30%. One of the factors that limits the power density of electric cars is the cooling system. In the absence of adequate cooling systems, the energy losses that occur in electric cars can cause damage to the insulation system, short circuits between the windings of the windings, demagnetization of the permanent magnets and, finally, damage to the drive system. As a result, the analysis of ways to reduce energy losses in electric cars and the identification of efficient cooling systems are essential concerns for the realization of electric cars with high values of power density. In this paper, a presentation is made of the results of recently published research on finding constructive solutions for the realization of electric machines with very low energy losses as well as solutions for the realization of high-efficiency cooling systems, solutions that allows the performance of performance indicators for electric cars, on power density and cost, expected by the US Drive group for 2025."
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Eggleton, Erica, and Daniel T. Schwartz. "Physics-Based Use Case Analysis: Route Planning and Dynamic Load Prediction for Battery-Electric Buses." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-011149mtgabs.
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The electrification of transportation and goods delivery networks, including ground, marine, and air, is becoming a reality around the world. These networks are logistically complex, and with this transition there is an added knowledge gap in the understanding of the energy storage system, such as lithium-ion battery packs. In Seattle, the local transit agency King County Metro is a national leader in transitioning to a fully electrified bus fleet and is the case study for this work. As transit agencies, such as King County Metro, adopt electrified vehicles, there are many new parameters that must be considered in route planning, fleet maintenance, and charging logistics. The literature shows that a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model can be used to estimate energy and load requirements along a route [1,2]. This work utilizes these known vehicle models, vehicle specifications, and battery information in a software tool. Software inputs include geographical information system (GIS) data, ridership data, and vehicle acceleration profiles. Model results allow the user to rank routes using metrics designed to consider route efficiency, vehicle performance, and known battery degradation events, such as regenerative braking and high-power discharge. This work also introduces how the battery state of charge, overpotential, current window, and deviations from equilibrium influence the route rankings. These results provide both systems-level and module-level insights beyond conventional vehicle and logistics models, allowing the user to make decisions that are predictive rather than reactive and can improve the lifetime of the batteries on-board. [1] Gallet, M., Massier, T. & Hamacher, T. Estimation of the energy demand of electric buses based on real-world data for large-scale public transport networks. Appl. Energy 230, 344–356 (2018). [2] Asamer, J., Graser, A., Heilmann, B. & Ruthmair, M. Sensitivity analysis for energy demand estimation of electric vehicles. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 46, 182–199 (2016).
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Nodari, Claudia, Maurizio Crispino, and Emanuele Toraldo. "From Traditional to Electrified Urban Road Networks: The Integration of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and GIS as a Tool to Define a Feasibility Index—An Italian Case Study." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070116.
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To achieve sustainable development in the road sector, the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) appears as a positive response to transport emissions. Among the available technologies, dynamic charging seems to overcome the main weakness points of EVs, even if it requires that traditional roads (t-roads) be equipped with a system providing electricity for EVs. Thus, so-called electrified roads (e-roads) must be implemented into the urban road networks. Since it is not possible to electrify all roads simultaneously, and also to consider the demand needs of citizens, a selection criterion is essential. This research describes and develops a simple, self-explanatory, repeatable, and adaptable selection criterion aimed at helping city managers in prioritizing the roads of an urban network to be upgraded from t-road to e-road status. This method belongs to the so-called Multicriteria Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS)—processes useful for solving spatial problems through the integration of multicriteria analysis (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, F-AHP) with a geo-referenced data management and analysis tool (GIS). The developed algorithm is based on several criteria related to the infrastructure/transport, social and environmental areas. The result of the implemented method is a Feasibility Index (FI), able to prioritize the roads most eligible to be upgraded as e-roads, as also verified by its application on the urban area of Milan (Italy).
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Kawalec, Witold, Robert Król, and Natalia Suchorab. "Regenerative Belt Conveyor versus Haul Truck-Based Transport: Polish Open-Pit Mines Facing Sustainable Development Challenges." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 9215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219215.
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The mining industry is facing sustainable development challenges, among which the energy efficiency issues seem to be of major importance. As transport of the mined ore is considered as one of the most energy intensive operations, the improvement of its energy efficiency is a key indicator in terms of sustainable actions taken by mining companies. In open-pit mines, the material handling operations are mostly performed with trucks. Their electrified version—truck trolley systems—surpass diesel trucks’ efficiency while comparing the increased production capacity and the reduction of maintenance cost and fuel consumption. The paper analyzes the opportunities and benefits of the replacement of an ore transport system based on hauling trucks with a regenerative belt conveying in an open-pit mine. Presented case study has been analyzed from energy consumption and environmental impact reduction perspectives. Generally, conception of a regenerative conveyor is based on recuperation of energy or continuous braking needed while a conveyor is running downhill. Energy generated during the braking process (converted from the potential gravitational energy of the conveyed material) is fed back to the electrical grid. Then the regenerative conveyor can be considered as a machine that mines energy as an additional by-product of an exploited deposit. It was shown that difference in transportation cost between haul trucks and energy efficient regenerative conveyors is around 95%. The paper points the conditioning elements to allow the implementation of a regenerative belt conveyor system.
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Szelag, Adam, Tadeusz Maciolek, and Marek Patoka. "Effectiveness of filters in 3 kV DC railway traction substations supplied by distorted voltage- measurements and diagnostics." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i2.232.
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Electric energy quality criteria relating to a DC supply system concern the circuits from the rectifiers installed in traction substations till the vehicle's current collector. Energy Law and related implementing provisions unequivocally state that an electrified transport system as the energy recipient shall fulfil the requirements regarding energy consumption, which are defined in the agreement. It imposes certain requirements for the railway power supply company. Introduction into traffic of the traction vehicles that are equipped with converter power electronics drive systems increased requirements regarding voltage quality in a DC catenary. At the same time, increase in share of non-linear recipients causes the increase of distortion in AC voltage supplying traction substations, and they also transfer to the DC side. Both these factors caused a change in operational conditions of the resonance smoothing filters hitherto used in rectifier traction substations supplied by AC medium voltage power lines. This paper presents a research and a case study of the problem of effectiveness of functioning of the used filters, from measurements allowing for problem identification to results of the studies of the proposed new solution of a filter and the results of observed exploitation of a prototype with the application of digital monitoring and diagnostics system.
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Berna-Escriche, César, Carlos Vargas-Salgado, David Alfonso-Solar, and Alberto Escrivá-Castells. "Hydrogen Production from Surplus Electricity Generated by an Autonomous Renewable System: Scenario 2040 on Grand Canary Island, Spain." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911884.
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The electrification of final energy uses is a key strategy to reach the desired scenario with zero greenhouse gas emissions. Many of them can be electrified with more or less difficulty, but there is a part that is difficult to electrify at a competitive cost: heavy road transport, maritime and air transport, and some industrial processes are some examples. For this reason, the possibility of using other energy vectors rather than electricity should be explored. Hydrogen can be considered a real alternative, especially considering that this transition should not be carried out immediately because, initially, the electrification would be carried out in those energy uses that are considered most feasible for this conversion. The Canary Islands’ government is making considerable efforts to promote a carbon-free energy mix, starting with renewable energy for electricity generation. Still, in the early–mid 2030s, it will be necessary to substitute heavy transport fossil fuel. For this purpose, HOMER software was used to analyze the feasibility of hydrogen production using surplus electricity produced by the future electricity system. The results of previous research on the optimal generation MIX for Grand Canary Island, based exclusively on renewable sources, were used. This previous research considers three possible scenarios where electricity surplus is in the range of 2.3–4.9 TWh/year. Several optimized scenarios using demand-side management techniques were also studied. Therefore, based on the electricity surpluses of these scenarios, the optimization of hydrogen production and storage systems was carried out, always covering at least the final hydrogen demand of the island. As a result, it is concluded that it would be possible to produce 3.5 × 104 to 7.68 × 104 t of H2/year. In these scenarios, 3.15 × 105 to 6.91 × 105 t of water per year would be required, and there could be a potential production of 2.8 × 105 to 6.14 × 105 t of O2 per year.
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Domanskyi, I. V., and V. O. Vasenko. "Improvement of Video Measuring Systems for Electric Traction Network Diagnostics." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/230232.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is system analysis of the state of electric traction networks, as well as methods of complex diagnostics of the contact network from a moving laboratory car to increase the resolution capability of the systems for monitoring the quality of interaction between the contact network and current collectors. Methodology. The problem was solved by theoretical analysis and experimental studies of the current collection parameters, a generalized model of the device for monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and its functional units in order to determine the factors affecting the control error, as well as the development of methods that reduce the specified error. The apparatus of factor analysis, the theory of optoelectronic circuits and methods of statistical information processing were used. Findings. Innovative approaches and qualitatively new diagnostic tools are proposed that allow expanding the functionality of the laboratory cars for testing the contact network for power supply enterprises of electrified railways, industrial and urban electric transport. Hardware and software have been developed to improve the system for measuring the parameters of the overhead wire and other components of the contact network. Originality. The theoretical maximum permissible, from the point of view of the contact network operation, error in monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and other components of the electric traction network has been determined. A method for increasing the resolution capability of a stereo television system and an adaptive lighting system is proposed. It consists in preliminary image transformation and expansion of the dynamic range of image measurement. The ways of introducing a high-speed real-time compression algorithm and using LED backlighting are proposed. Practical value. The quality of the contact network diagnostics in difficult conditions for video surveillance has been improved. A camera with a built-in image compression module without losing its performance is proposed, which allows capturing and transmitting full-frame images to a computing complex for the application of new diagnostic algorithms for contact network components. The modernized video measuring systems for the wear of the overhead wire for monitoring the grounding of the contact network supports are proposed, as well as elements of track facilities located in the visibility zone of specialized cameras, which ensure the operability of the systems at any time of the day at speeds up to 160 km/h. An air curtain subsystem was implemented to protect the cameras.
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Anjan Ku., Sahoo, and Jena Ranjan Ku. "Improved DTC strategy with fuzzy logic controller for induction motor driven electric vehicle." AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 6, no. 3 (2022): 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2022018.
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<abstract><p>In the near future, zero-emission transportation is anticipated to be implemented in an effort to reduce the major pollutants caused by road transportation. This enormous endeavor will be impossible until all modes of transport are electrified. The induction motor-fed direct torque controller is widely used for EV applications due to its fast torque response and simplicity. However, ripples in torque and flux and current harmonics are the major issues related to DTC. The fuzzy-based DTC replaces the hysteresis comparators and the switching table with fuzzy logic blocks to realize fuzzy DTC control, which improves the system's performance. This paper presents an enhanced fuzzy logic control strategy of induction motor for electric vehicle applications. The main objective is to enhance the system's performance by reducing torque and flux ripples. Both the conventional and fuzzy-based DTC are simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK, followed by a comparative assessment to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for both steady-state and transient operations. The results indicate improvements in torque ripple, flux ripple, and speed ripples by 69%, 10%, and 85%, respectively. Due to the reduction in ripples, there is also an improvement in the THD of the stator current by 17%. During transient, an average improvement of integral square error for torque and speed is 8% and 12%, respectively. Further, the proposed method is validated using EUDC and HWFET drive cycles, demonstrating a reduction in battery energy demand.</p></abstract>
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Taneja, Poonam, Godert van Rhede van der Kloot, and Mark van Koningsveld. "Sustainability Performance of Port Infrastructure—A Case Study of a Quay Wall." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111932.
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Ports form a vital link in the global maritime supply chain, and adherence to the UN sustainable goals in each port development and operation is all-important. Improving the sustainability performance of port infrastructure requires identifying all relevant aspects of sustainability, defining suitable performance measures, applying tools for quantification, and proposing intervention measures if needed. We present a framework for assessing and managing the sustainability performance of port infrastructure incorporating these elements. We apply the framework to quay walls in the Port of Rotterdam (PoR); however, the information to assess only four out of fourteen sustainability themes was available. This fact underlines the need for sustainability monitoring and reporting. We also present a case study of a quay wall in PoR. Based on the vision of PoR and literature, the sustainability theme ‘air pollutants’ was given priority, the selected performance measure being the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Dubocalc was chosen as a quantification tool and estimated a total emission of 1.9 kt of CO2eq for a 100-m length of quay wall over a 100-year lifecycle. The measures proposed to achieve climate neutrality in 2050 include using renewable energy for the Impressed Current Cathodic Protection and the temporary drainage systems, electrified transport and machinery, hydrogen as dredging fuel, and steel with hydrogen as a reduction-agent in the future. These could result in a total GHG reduction of 86% by the year 2050.
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Bristowe, George, and Andrew Smallbone. "The Key Techno-Economic and Manufacturing Drivers for Reducing the Cost of Power-to-Gas and a Hydrogen-Enabled Energy System." Hydrogen 2, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2030015.
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Water electrolysis is a process which converts electricity into hydrogen and is seen as a key technology in enabling a net-zero compatible energy system. It will enable the scale-up of renewable electricity as a primary energy source for heating, transport, and industry. However, displacing the role currently met by fossil fuels might require a price of hydrogen as low as 1 $/kg, whereas renewable hydrogen produced using electrolysis is currently 10 $/kg. This article explores how mass manufacturing of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers can reduce the capital cost and, thus, make the production of renewable power to hydrogen gas (PtG) more economically viable. A bottom up direct manufacturing model was developed to determine how economies of scale can reduce the capital cost of electrolysis. The results demonstrated that (assuming an annual production rate of 5000 units of 200 kW PEM electrolysis systems) the capital cost of a PEM electrolysis system can reduce from 1990 $/kW to 590 $/kW based on current technology and then on to 431 $/kW and 300 $/kW based on the an installed capacity scale-up of ten- and one-hundred-fold, respectively. A life-cycle costing analysis was then completed to determine the importance of the capital cost of an electrolysis system to the price of hydrogen. It was observed that, based on current technology, mass manufacturing has a large impact on the price of hydrogen, reducing it from 6.40 $/kg (at 10 units units per year) to 4.16 $/kg (at 5000 units per year). Further analysis was undertaken to determine the cost at different installed capacities and found that the cost could reduce further to 2.63 $/kg and 1.37 $/kg, based on technology scale-up by ten- and one hundred-fold, respectively. Based on the 2030 (and beyond) baseline assumptions, it is expected that hydrogen production from PEM electrolysis could be used as an industrial process feed stock, provide power and heat to buildings and as a fuel for heavy good vehicles (HGVs). In the cases of retrofitted gas networks for residential or industrial heating solutions, or for long distance transport, it represents a more economically attractive and mass-scale compatible solution when compared to electrified heating or transport solutions.
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Madani, Seyed Saeed, Erik Schaltz, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "Characterization of the Compressive Load on a Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application." Machines 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9040071.
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Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.
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Barański, Sławomir, and Marcin Steczek. "Analysis of the influence of train timetable on energy consumption on the metro line." MATEC Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818005001.
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The latest technical solutions provide new opportunities for reducing energy consumption in electrified transport systems. The basic solution is to eliminate vehicles based on resistor start-up system and replace them with vehicles equipped with semiconductor based converter propulsion system (choppers and voltage source inverters). This type of drive also allows to recover energy (recuperation) from train braking, which is repeated very often case of metro lines. The problem is to find the receiver for this energy while the vehicle is braking. Large opportunities are also available when using various types of energy storage devices: stationary installed on the side of traction line and mobile ones used on-board the traction vehicles. Choosing the type of energy storage device for operating conditions, their capacity and the location of installation are complex optimization processes. This type of solution involves significant financial input, which reimbursement is spread over a long period of time. Therefore, it seems rational to seek solutions with limited financial outlay. This paper presents a solution analysis of adjusting the timetable and timeshifts between vehicle streams on the metro line to increase the efficiency of energy recovery of regenerative braking vehicles. This operation will reduce the amount of energy consumption by vehicles from the traction substations. The results presented in the paper were obtained by computer simulation of operation on the first line of the Warsaw subway, assuming that there was no energy storage devices and traction substations were operating without recuperation of the energy to the power system.
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De Rosa, Raffaele, Luca Romagnuolo, Emma Frosina, Luigi Belli, and Adolfo Senatore. "Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010390.
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Electrification of the field of transport is one of the key elements needed to reach the targets of greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon neutrality planned by the European Green Deal. In the railway sector, the hybrid powertrain solution (diesel–electric) is emerging, especially for non-electrified lines. Electric components, especially battery power systems, need an efficient thermal management system that guarantees the batteries will work within specific temperature ranges and a thermal uniformity between the modules. Therefore, a hydronic balancing needs to be realized between the parallel branches that supply the battery modules, which is often realized by introducing pressure losses in the system. In this paper, a thermal management system for battery modules (BTMS) of a hybrid train has been studied experimentally, to analyze the flow rates in each branch and the pressure losses. Since many branches of this system are built inside the battery box of the hybrid train, flow rate measurements have been conducted by means of an ultrasonic clamp-on flow sensor because of its minimal invasiveness and its ability to be quickly installed without modifying the system layout. Experimental data of flow rate and pressure drop have then been used to validate a lumped parameter model of the system, realized in the Simcenter AMESim® environment. This tool has then been used to find the hydronic balancing condition among all the battery modules; two solutions have been proposed, and a comparison in terms of overall power saved due to the reduction in pressure losses has been performed.
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Hampp, Johannes, Michael Düren, and Tom Brown. "Import options for chemical energy carriers from renewable sources to Germany." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): e0262340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281380.
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Import and export of fossil energy carriers are cornerstones of energy systems world-wide. If energy systems are to become climate neutral and sustainable, fossil carriers need to be substituted with carbon neutral alternatives or electrified if possible. We investigate synthetic chemical energy carriers, hydrogen, methane, methanol, ammonia and Fischer-Tropsch fuels, produced using electricity from Renewable Energy Source (RES) as fossil substitutes. RES potentials are obtained from GIS-analysis and hourly resolved time-series are derived using reanalysis weather data. We model the sourcing of feedstock chemicals, synthesis and transport along nine different Energy Supply Chains to Germany and compare import options for seven locations around the world against each other and with domestically sourced alternatives on the basis of their respective cost per unit of hydrogen and energy delivered. We find that for each type of chemical energy carrier, there is an import option with lower costs compared to domestic production in Germany. No single exporting country or energy carrier has a unique cost advantage, since for each energy carrier and country there are cost-competitive alternatives. This allows exporter and infrastructure decisions to be made based on other criteria than energy and cost. The lowest cost means for importing of energy and hydrogen are by hydrogen pipeline from Denmark, Spain and Western Asia and Northern Africa starting at 36 EUR/MWhLHV to 42 EUR/MWhLHV or 1.0 EUR/kgH2 to 1.3 EUR/kgH2 (in 2050, assuming 5% p.a. capital cost). For complex energy carriers derived from hydrogen like methane, ammonia, methanol or Fischer-Tropsch fuels, imports from Argentina by ship to Germany are lower cost than closer exporters in the European Union or Western Asia and Northern Africa. For meeting hydrogen demand, direct hydrogen imports are more attractive than indirect routes using methane, methanol or ammonia imports and subsequent decomposition to hydrogen because of high capital investment costs and energetic losses of the indirect routes. We make our model and data available under open licenses for adaptation and reuse.
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Grigor’ev, N. P., I. V. Ignatenko, S. A. Vlasenko, V. A. Kovalev, and V. V. Shatalov. "Increasing the performance of the Far Eastern Railway traction power supply system." RUSSIAN RAILWAY SCIENCE JOURNAL 81, no. 3 (September 21, 2022): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2022-81-3-248-257.
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Introduction. The purpose of the study is to develop measures determined by the strategic programmes for the development of Russian railway transport based on the analysis of power supply schemes for the traction network of the Far Eastern Railway, a branch of Russian Railways.Materials and methods. Evaluation of the performance of the traction power supply system was made based on the analysis of the actual performance of the Far Eastern Railway section, as well as the theories of electrical engineering and power supply of the 25 kV AC electrified railway system.Results. Based on the analysis of the joint operation of the external and traction power supply systems of the Far Eastern Railway, four traction substations with low technical and economic indicators were identified. Network sections that feed the substations are a bottleneck in the traction power supply system. It is proposed to increase the efficiency by switching the connection of the windings of transformers of traction substations to the systems of external and traction power supply according to the typical star – delta scheme. Such a connection will ensure an increase in the speed of trains, a reduction in train succession time and losses of electricity, an increase in the quality of electric energy in the external power supply system and electric networks of the Far Eastern Directorate for Energy Supply (a structural subdivision of Transenergo, a branch of Russian Railways).Discussion and conclusion. Normalisation of the connection of four traction substations according to the feeding scheme is ensured by changing the phasing in such a way that the power supply of the two legs of one winding of the power transformer is transferred to two windings. Alignment of the current modules in the windings of transformers of traction substations makes it possible to reduce the voltage drop in the most loaded phase and, accordingly, increase the voltage in the traction network, which ensures an increase in the speed of trains and a reduction in passing intervals. Switching the power supply of the arms from one winding of the transformer to two reduces the loss of electrical energy in power transformers and the external power supply system. Reducing the current unbalance in the windings of the power transformer improves the quality of electrical energy in the system of external and district power supply. An increase in the service life of the power transformer is ensured by a decrease in the intensity of thermal wear of the insulation of the most loaded winding.
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Mariscotti, Andrea. "Assessment of Human Exposure (Including Interference to Implantable Devices) to Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Modern Microgrids, Power Systems and Electric Transports." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 6789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206789.
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Electromagnetic field emissions of modern power systems have increased in complexity if the many power conversion forms by means of power electronics and static converters are considered. In addition, the installed electric power has grown in many everyday applications such as wireless charging of vehicles, home integrated photovoltaic systems, high-performance electrified transportation systems, and so on. Attention must then be shifted to include harmonics and commutation components on one side, as well as closer interaction with humans, that concretizes in impact on physiological functions and interference to implantable medical devices and hearing aids. The panorama is complex in that standards and regulations have also increased significantly or underwent extensive revisions in the last 10 years or so. For assessment, the straightforward application of the limits of exposure is hindered by measurement problems (time or frequency domain methods, positioning errors, impact of uncertainty) and complex scenarios of exposure (multiple sources, large field gradient, time-varying emissions). This work considers thus both the clarification of the principles of interaction for each affected system (including humans) and the discussion of the large set of related normative and technical documents, deriving a picture of requirements and constraints. The methods of assessment are discussed in a metrological perspective using a range of examples.
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POKROVSKAYA, Oksana D., Artem V. SUGOROVSKY, Irina V. RYBAKOVA, Maxim A. MARCHENKO, and Maria V. SHEVERDOVA. "Organisational features in the work of a railway station complex during the launch of “Aeroexpress”." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 2021, no. 4 (December 2021): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2021-4-515-527.
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Objective: To consider the change in the operation of the St. Petersburg transport hub station and the railway station when launching the Aeroexpress. Methods: Means and methods of logistics, general theory of systems, terminalistics, system and economic analysis, as well as management of operational work of railways are used. Results: Alternative options for changing the operation of the station and the station at the launch of the Aeroexpress are proposed in the conditions of the St. Petersburg transport hub station. The fi rst option involves organizing the reception and departure of Aeroexpress trains on the existing track intended for suburban traffi c. The second option assumes to specialize for the reception and departure of fast suburban electric trains in communication with Pulkovo airport the existing apron electrifi ed receiving and receiving track in a complex with an island passenger platform located nearby. When passenger fl ows change at the station complex, the number of ticket offi ces is calculated. The issues of organizing service activities for servicing Aeroexpress passengers at the station complex are considered. Based on the economic calculations carried out and based on the results of the survey of potential Aeroexpress passengers, practical recommendations were made for launching an Aeroexpress train in the conditions of the St. Petersburg transport hub. Practical importance: The results obtained can be applied in the implementation of the concept of development of the St. Petersburg transport hub, in the design of individual elements and devices of the railway hub to improve the organization of passenger transportation, as well as in determining the prospects for the development of railway complexes.
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Alleyne, Andrew G., and Christopher T. Aksland. "Control as an Enabler for Electrified Mobility." Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems 5, no. 1 (October 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-012513.
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This article outlines the importance of electrified mobility (e-mobility) in modern transport. One key goal of this review is to illustrate the role that control has played, and must continue to play, as e-mobility grows. The coordination of power in multiple modes (mechanical, electrical, and thermal) requires sophisticated controller algorithms. This review advocates for model-based approaches to control since there may not be readily available physical systems from which to gather data and do data-based control. A second goal of the article is to present methods for modeling these powertrain systems that are modular, scalable, flexible, and computationally efficient. A graph-based approach satisfies many of the desired criteria. The third goal is to review control approaches for these classes of systems and detail a hierarchical approach that makes trades across different domains of power. Optimization-based approaches are well suited to achieving the regulation and tracking goals, along with the minimization of costs and the satisfaction of constraints. Multiple examples, within this article and the references therein, support the presentation throughout. This field of e-mobility is rapidly growing, and control engineers are uniquely positioned to have an impact and lead many of the critical developments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Ma, Tai-Yu, and Yumeng Fang. "Survey of charging management and infrastructure planning for electrified demand-responsive transport systems: Methodologies and recent developments." European Transport Research Review 14, no. 1 (August 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12544-022-00560-3.
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AbstractThe accelerated electrification of transport systems with EVs has brought new challenges for charging scheduling, fleet management, and charging infrastructure location and configuration planning. In this review, we have provided a systematic review of the recent development in strategic, tactical, and operational decisions for demand responsive transport system planning using electric vehicles (EV-DRT). We have summarized recent developments in mathematical modeling approaches by focusing on the problems of dynamic EV-DRT optimization, fleet sizing, and charging infrastructure planning. A list of existing open-access datasets, numerical test instances, and software are provided for future research in EV-DRT and related problems. Current research gaps are identified and future research directions are discussed.
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Kustar, Anna, Benjamin Welle, and Thet Hein Tun. "Sustainable Urban Mobility in the NDCs: The Essential Role of Public Transport." World Resources Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.22.00018.
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More robust measures on transport decarbonization are needed by 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, including reducing vehicle kilometers travelled and electrifying vehicles. Sustainable modes of travel, such as public transport, can and must play a crucial role in reducing the growth of private motor vehicle use, while at the same time bus fleets must be electrified. According to our analysis, one hundred out of 142 first- and second-round Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted, as of December 2021, mention public transport, but only 26 identify targets. Stronger, more ambitious targets will be needed to address sub-national mitigation actions, as well as matched implementation through national policies.
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Klingert, Sonja, and Jong-Won Lee. "Using real mobility patterns to assess the impact of 100% electrified mobility in a German city." Energy Informatics 5, no. 1 (October 17, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42162-022-00248-x.
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AbstractUntil now, individual motorized mobility has been almost exclusively powered by fossil energy sources. The battle against climate change, however, requires a transformation of the mobility system with the ultimate objective of a full electrification of transport. Ultimately, this will increase considerably the load on the distribution grid both in overall size and through temporarily and locally distributed charging. This paper explores the effects of an assumed full electrification of individual motorized transport on the power grid in a major German city using real traffic data collected from a German traffic panel and employing a microscopic and dynamic travel simulation with the Simulation of Urban MObility tool. The main finding of the traffic simulation is that the local and temporary impact on the distribution grid is very sensitive to the distribution of charging stations and their geographical aggregation in transformers. However, behavior change in the form of charging at different points in time and locations or using less power can alleviate local peaks, up to 50% in the simulated scenario. Therefore, this paper addresses the previously uncovered need for a more profound and realistic computation that includes all important aspects of a proper traffic simulation. It further extends the barely covered field of dynamic simulations that operate on real mobility data. With that, limitations arise from the process of transposing driving data into geographical data as it is very sensitive to underlying assumptions. However, we are convinced that the spatialization of charging stations and the randomization of trip assignments represent the most transparent and meaningful way of overcoming these limiting factors.
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Seri, P., and G. C. Montanari. "A voltage threshold in operating condition of PWM inverters and its impact on reliability of insulation systems in electrified transport applications." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, 2019, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2019.2957605.
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Harper, Joshua Méndez, Dana Harvey, Tianshu Huang, Jake McGrath, David Meer, and Justin C. Burton. "The lifetime of charged dust in the atmosphere." PNAS Nexus, October 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac220.
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Abstract Windblown dust plays a critical role in numerous geophysical and biological systems, yet current models fail to explain the transport of coarse-mode particles (> 5 μm) to great distances from their sources. For particles larger than a few microns, electrostatic effects have been invoked to account for longer-than-predicted atmospheric residence times. Although much effort has focused on elucidating the charging processes, comparatively little effort has been expended understanding the stability of charge on particles once electrified. Overall, electrostatic-driven transport requires that charge remain present on particles for days to weeks. Here, we present a set of experiments designed to explore the longevity of electrostatic charge on levitated airborne particles after a single charging event. Using an acoustic levitator, we measured the charge on particles of different material compositions suspended in atmospheric conditions for long periods of time. In dry environments, the total charge on particles decayed in over 1 week. The decay timescale decreased to days in humid environments. These results were independent of particle material and charge polarity. However, exposure to UV radiation could both increase or decrease the decay time depending on polarity. Our work suggests that the rate of charge decay on airborne particles is solely determined by ion capture from the air. Furthermore, using a one-dimensional sedimentation model, we predict that atmospheric dust of order 10 μm will experience the largest change in residence time due to electrostatic forces.
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Vratny, Patrick C., Sascha Kaiser, Arne Seitz, and Stefan Donnerhack. "Performance Investigation of Cycle-Integrated Parallel Hybrid Turboshafts." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 139, no. 3 (September 27, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4034498.
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Motivated by the long-term target settings for research and innovation in Europe and in North America, initial investigations of parallel hybrid electric power plant systems have indicated significant in-flight fuel reduction potentials for short range air transport. Based on this topology, a special variant, namely the cycle-integrated parallel hybrid (CIPH), has been investigated. In this special configuration, electric motors supplied by batteries are powering an array of compressor stages of a power plant that are mechanically decoupled from the turbine section. The potentials with regard to in-flight fuel reduction and efficiency improvement of this concept are derived for a 12-ton-helicopter accommodating 19 passengers on a 450 nm mission. For the presented CIPH concept, the axial compressor section of a baseline turboshaft (TS) delivering a maximum shaft power of 3300 kW is electrified with the help of linear electric motors (LEMs). The highest potential for this arrangement was identified in part load for moderate degrees of power hybridization—the share between installed electric power and total power—of around 20%. The first assessment has revealed that this additional degrees-of-freedom allows to almost double the overall efficiency, compared to a conventional power with same technology time horizon, and a reduction in power-specific fuel consumption (PSFC) of roughly 45%. The range capability of a hybrid-powered helicopter has been decreased by more than 50%, mainly driven by the battery mass. However, a fuel burn, and thus, in-flight CO2 reduction of more than 40% against the reference at decreased mission range have been found.