Journal articles: 'Electrified Powertrain'

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Piechottka, Hendrik, Ferit Küçükay, Felix Kercher, and Michael Bargende. "Optimal Powertrain Design through a Virtual Development Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010011.

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The ever more stringent global CO2 and pollutant emission regulations imply that the optimization of conventional powertrains can only provide partial reductions in fleet emissions. Vehicle manufacturers are therefore responding by increasing the electrification of their powertrain portfolios. This in turn, results in higher levels of electrification of the individual powertrain units. The increase in electric power leads to a comprehensive range of possible technologies—from 48 V mild hybrids to pure electric concepts. The powertrain topology and the configuration of the electrical components of a hybrid powertrain play a decisive role in determining the overall efficiency when considering the individual market requirements. Different hybrid functions as well as performance and customer requirements are determined from statutory cycles and in customer operation. A virtual development chain that is based on MATLAB/Simulink then represents the steps for the identification, configuration, and evaluation of new electrified powertrains. The tool chain presented supports powertrain development through automated conceptualization, design, and evaluation of powertrain systems and their components. The outcome of the entire tool chain is a robust concept decision for future powertrains. Using this methodical and reproducible approach, future electrified powertrain concepts are identified.

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Vijayagopal, Ram, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Benefits of Electrified Powertrains in Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11010012.

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The benefits of electrified powertrains for light-duty vehicles are well understood, however sufficient published information is not available on the benefits of advanced powertrains on the various types of medium and heavy duty vehicles. Quantifying the benefits of powertrain electrification will help fleet operators understand the advantages or limitations in adopting electrified powertrains in their truck fleets. Trucks vary in size and shape, as they are designed for specific applications. It is necessary to model each kind of truck separately to understand what kind of powertrain architecture will be feasible for their daily operations. This paper examines 11 types of vehicles and 5 powertrain technology choices to quantify the fuel saving potential of each design choice. This study uses the regulatory cycles proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for measuring fuel consumption.

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Akkaya, Filiz, Wolfgang Klos, Timm Schwämmle, Gregor Haffke, and Hans-Christian Reuss. "Holistic Testing Strategies for Electrified Vehicle Powertrains in Product Development Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010005.

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In the field of powertrain engineering, longstanding knowledge was gained for testing conventional vehicle powertrains. The hitherto used test strategies here were more focused on the subsystems of the powertrain than on the powertrain as an integrated system. Through the electrification of the powertrain, the topology and the range of functions have changed. This leads to new challenges for the validation and requires not only adjustments of the test strategies for electric vehicle powertrains but establish and develop integrative tests for the powertrain as an integrated system in order to meet the increased complexity. This paper presents a method to develop a holistic test strategy for a hybrid and electrical vehicle powertrain. In order to avoid misunderstandings of the used terms, it is necessary to create a standard understanding of them. Therefore, a nomenclature is defined and described. Furthermore, a definition of a holistic test strategy is provided. The focus of this present study is on the powertrain and not on its single subsystems. Subsequently, the four steps of the method are introduced and the current results are presented. Finally, a new developed test element within the holistic test strategy is introduced. The findings of this study support the integrative testing for powertrains.

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McQueen, Madeline, Ahmet E. Karataş, Götz Bramesfeld, Eda Demir, and Osvaldo Arenas. "Feasibility Study of Electrified Light-Sport Aircraft Powertrains." Aerospace 9, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9040224.

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A theory-based aerodynamic model developed and applied to electrified powertrain configurations was intended to analyze the feasibility of implementing fully electric and serial hybrid electric propulsion in light-sport aircraft. The range was selected as the primary indicator of feasibility. A MATLAB/Simulink environment was utilized to create the models, involving the combination of proportional-integral-derivative controllers, aerodynamic properties of a reference aircraft, and powertrain limitations taken from off-the-shelf components. Simulations conducted by varying missions, batteries, fuel mass, and energy distribution methods provided results showcasing the feasibility of electrified propulsion with current technology. Results showed that the fully electric aircraft range was only 5% of a traditionally powered aircraft with current battery technology. Hybrid electric aircraft could achieve 44% of the range of a traditionally powered aircraft, but this result was found to be almost wholly related to fuel mass. Hybrid electric powertrains utilizing an energy distribution with their optimal degree of hybridization can achieve ranges up to 3% more than the same powertrain utilizing a different energy distribution. Results suggest that improvements in the power-to-weight ratio of the existing battery technology are required before electrified propulsion becomes a contender in the light-sport aircraft segment.

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Wegener, Marius, Thorsten Plum, Markus Eisenbarth, and Jakob Andert. "Energy saving potentials of modern powertrains utilizing predictive driving algorithms in different traffic scenarios." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 992–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019867172.

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In this article, we analyze the interaction between powertrain technology, predictive driving functionalities, and inner-city traffic conditions. A model predictive velocity control algorithm is developed that utilizes dynamic traffic data as well as static route information to optimize the future trajectory of the considered ego-vehicle. This controller is then integrated into a state-of-the-art simulation environment for automated driving functionalities to calculate energy saving potentials for vehicles with a conventional gasoline engine powertrain and a P3-hybrid powertrain configuration as well as for a battery electric vehicle based on real driving measurements. The comparison of these powertrains under various traffic conditions shows that all three technologies profit from predictive driving functionalities. The determined reduction in energy demand ranges from 15% to more than 40%, but it is highly dependent on the boundary conditions and the selected powertrain technology. Specifically, it is shown that electrified powertrains can profit the most when the time-gap to the preceding vehicle is maintained at a high level. For a conventional powertrain, this effect is less pronounced and can be attributed to the efficiency characteristics of gasoline engines. It can be concluded that the development of advanced predictive driving functionalities requires microscopic simulation of inner-city traffic to achieve optimum results with regard to energy consumption.

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Rajput, Daizy, Jose M. Herreros, Mauro S. Innocente, Joschka Schaub, and Arash M. Dizqah. "Electrified Powertrain with Multiple Planetary Gears and Corresponding Energy Management Strategy." Vehicles 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3030021.

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Modern hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) like the fourth generation of Toyota Prius incorporate multiple planetary gears (PG) to interconnect various power components. Previous studies reported that increasing the number of planetary gears from one to two reduces energy consumption. However, these studies did not compare one PG and two PGs topologies at their optimal operation. Moreover, the size of the powertrain components are not the same and hence the source of reduction in energy consumption is not clear. This paper investigates the effect of the number of planetary gears on energy consumption under optimal operation of the powertrain components. The powertrains with one and two PGs are considered and an optimal simultaneous torque distribution and mode selection strategy is proposed. The proposed energy management strategy (EMS) optimally distributes torque demands amongst the power components whilst also controlling clutches (i.e., mode selection). Results show that increasing from one to two PGs reduces energy consumption by 4%.

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Orecchini, Fabio, Adriano Santiangeli, and Fabrizio Zuccari. "Real Drive Well-to-Wheel Energy Analysis of Conventional and Electrified Car Powertrains." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184788.

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Reducing fuel consumption and global emissions in the automotive sector has been a main focus of vehicle technology development for long time. The most effective goal to achieve the overall sustainability objectives is to reduce the need for non-renewable and fossil resources. Five vehicles, two conventional ICE, two hybrid-electric, and one pure electric powertrain, are considered. Non-renewable primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions are calculated for each powertrain considered. All data—including calculated values—are based on the experimental measure of fuel consumption taken in real driving conditions. The data were recorded in an experimental campaign in Rome, Italy on urban, extra-urban streets, and highway on a total of 5400 km and 197 h of road acquisitions. The analysis shows significant reductions in non-renewable fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of hybrid-electric powertrains compared to conventional ones (petrol and diesel engines). Furthermore, a supplementary and very interesting comparison analysis was made between the values of energy consumptions measured during the tests in real driving conditions and the values deriving from the NEDC and WLTP homologation cycles.

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Wolff, Sebastian, Moritz Seidenfus, Karim Gordon, Sergio Álvarez, Svenja Kalt, and Markus Lienkamp. "Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135396.

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The transportation sector needs to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. European manufacturers in particular must develop new vehicles and powertrains to comply with recent regulations and avoid fines for exceeding C O 2 emissions. To answer the question regarding which powertrain concept provides the best option to lower the environmental impacts, it is necessary to evaluate all vehicle life-cycle phases. Different system boundaries and scopes of the current state of science complicate a holistic impact assessment. This paper presents a scaleable life-cycle inventory (LCI) for heavy-duty trucks and powertrains components. We combine primary and secondary data to compile a component-based inventory and apply it to internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid and battery electric vehicles (BEV). The vehicles are configured with regard to their powertrain topology and the components are scaled according to weight models. The resulting material compositions are modeled with LCA software to obtain global warming potential and primary energy demand. Especially for BEV, decisions in product development strongly influence the vehicle’s environmental impact. Our results show that the lithium-ion battery must be considered the most critical component for electrified powertrain concepts. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of considering the vehicle production phase.

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Fragiacomo, Petronilla, Francesco Piraino, Matteo Genovese, Lorenzo Flaccomio Nardi Dei, Daria Donati, Michele Migliarese Caputi, and Domenico Borello. "Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen- and Battery-Based Powertrains, Integrated into a Passenger Train for a Regional Track, Located in Calabria (Italy)." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 6004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166004.

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In order to decarbonize the rail industry, the development of innovative locomotives with the ability to use multiple energy sources, constituting hybrid powertrains, plays a central role in transitioning from conventional diesel trains. In this paper, four configurations based on suitable combinations of fuel cells and/or batteries are designed to replace or supplement a diesel/overhead line powertrain on a real passenger train (the Hitachi Blues) tested on an existing regional track, the Catanzaro Lido–Reggio Calabria line (Italy), managed by Trenitalia SpA. (Italy). The configurations (namely battery–electrified line, full-battery, fuel cell–battery–electrified line, and fuel cell–battery) are first sized with the intention of completing a round trip, then integrated on board with diesel engine replacement in mind, and finally occupy a portion of the passenger area within two locomotives. The achieved performance is thoroughly examined in terms of fuel cell efficiency (greater than 47%), hydrogen consumption (less than 72 kg), braking energy recovery (approximately 300 kWh), and battery interval SOC.

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Datlinger, Christoph, and Mario Hirz. "Benchmark of Rotor Position Sensor Technologies for Application in Automotive Electric Drive Trains." Electronics 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071063.

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Rotor shaft position sensors are required to ensure the efficient and reliable control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM), which are often applied as traction motors in electrified automotive powertrains. In general, various sensor principles are available, e.g., resolvers and inductive- or magnetoresistive sensors. Each technology is characterized by strengths and weaknesses in terms of measurement accuracy, space demands, disturbing factors and costs, etc. Since the most frequently applied technology, the resolver, shows some weaknesses and is relatively costly, alternative technologies have been introduced during the past years. This paper investigates state-of-the-art position sensor technologies and compares their potentials for use in PMSM in automotive powertrain systems. The corresponding evaluation criteria are defined according to the typical requirements of automotive electric powertrains, and include the provided sensor accuracy under the influence of mechanical tolerances and deviations, integration size, and different electrical- and signal processing-related parameters. The study presents a mapping of the potentials of different rotor position sensor technologies with the target to support the selection of suitable sensor technologies for specified powertrain control applications, addressing both system design and components development.

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11

Millo, Federico, Francesco Accurso, Alessandro Zanelli, and Luciano Rolando. "Numerical Investigation of 48 V Electrification Potential in Terms of Fuel Economy and Vehicle Performance for a Lambda-1 Gasoline Passenger Car." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2019): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152998.

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Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulations require the adoption of stoichiometric operation across the entire engine map for downsized turbocharged gasoline engines, which have been so far generally exploiting spark timing retard and mixture enrichment for knock mitigation. However, stoichiometric operation has a detrimental effect on engine and vehicle performances if no countermeasures are taken, such as alternative approaches for knock mitigation, as the exploitation of Miller cycle and/or powertrain electrification to improve vehicle acceleration performance. This research activity aims, therefore, to assess the potential of 48 V electrification and of the adoption of Miller cycle for a downsized and stoichiometric turbocharged gasoline engine. An integrated vehicle and powertrain model was developed for a reference passenger car, equipped with a EU5 gasoline turbocharged engine. Afterwards, two different 48 V electrified powertrain concepts, one featuring a Belt Starter Generator (BSG) mild-hybrid architecture, the other featuring, in addition to the BSG, a Miller cycle engine combined with an e-supercharger were developed and investigated. Vehicle performances were evaluated both in terms of elasticity maneuvers and of CO2 emissions for type approval and RDE driving cycles. Numerical simulations highlighted potential improvements up to 16% CO2 reduction on RDE driving cycle of a 48 V electrified vehicle featuring a high efficiency powertrain with respect to a EU5 engine and more than 10% of transient performance improvement.

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Shidore, Neeraj, and Madhusudan Raghavan. "A Novel Engine Start Mechanism for an Electrified Powertrain." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 12, no. 3 (June 27, 2022): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2022.9118.

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This study aims to evaluate a novel starting mechanism (planetary starter) to crank the engine of a hybrid electric vehicle for a flying start maneuver. The study describes the P2 architecture and the planetary starter mechanism. The disturbance during engine crank and driveline engagement is a vital drive quality metric for a P2 vehicle. A linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is developed to reject the disturbance. The main results of the vehicle acceleration (disturbance) with and without the controller are compared. The results indicate that the planetary starter can crank the engine, and the closed-loop controller can effectively reject the active disturbances during the engine crank event.

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Chen, Hua, Hyeokjin Kim, Robert Erickson, and Dragan Maksimovic. "Electrified Automotive Powertrain Architecture Using Composite DC–DC Converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32, no. 1 (January 2017): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2016.2533347.

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14

Wu, Guang, Xing Zhang, and Zuomin Dong. "Powertrain architectures of electrified vehicles: Review, classification and comparison." Journal of the Franklin Institute 352, no. 2 (February 2015): 425–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2014.04.018.

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Zhu, Xiaoyuan, Fei Meng, Haiping Du, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "Advanced powertrain dynamic modelling and control for electrified vehicles." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 10 (October 2018): 168781401880560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018805607.

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Rizzoni, Giorgio, and Huei Peng. "Hybrid and Electrified Vehicles." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 03 (March 1, 2013): S10—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-mar-5.

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This article reviews the past successes and future challenges of model-based approaches for the analysis, design, and control of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid and electrified vehicles have demonstrated significant fuel economy improvement, especially for city driving, and are gaining market acceptance. The success of hybrid vehicles in Japan demonstrates the potential for hybrid vehicles in other urban markets with high fuel prices, such as large cities in Europe and Asia. Hybrid vehicles are generally classified according to their powertrain architecture. The electric grid and the transportation system are the two largest sectors that produce greenhouse gas emissions. When large numbers of vehicles are electrified and draw power from the electric grid, it is important to aim for reduced overall greenhouse gas emissions, rather than just shifting emissions from tailpipes to power plant stacks. The article concludes that the design, modeling, and control of hybrid vehicles is a subject rich in research opportunities for the dynamic systems and control community.

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Broatch, Alberto, Pablo Olmeda, Benjamín Plá, and Amin Dreif. "Novel Energy Management Control Strategy for Improving Efficiency in Hybrid Powertrains." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010107.

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Energy management in electrified vehicles is critical and directly impacts the global operating efficiency, durability, driveability, and safety of the vehicle powertrain. Given the multitude of components of these powertrains, the complexity of the proper control is significantly higher than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Hence, several control algorithms and numerical methods have been developed and implemented in order to optimize the operation of the hybrid powertrain while complying with the required boundary conditions. In this work, a model-based method is used for predicting the impacts of a set of possible control actions, choosing the one minimizing the associated costs. In particular, the energy management technique used in the present study is the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). The novelty of this work consists of taking into account the thermal state of the ICE for optimization. This feature was implemented by means of an extensive experimental campaign at different coolant temperatures of the ICE to calibrate the additional fuel consumption due to operating the engine outside of its optimum temperature. The results showed significant gains in both WLTC and RDE cycles.

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Wei, Caiyang, Theo Hofman, Esin Ilhan Caarls, and Rokus van Iperen. "Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains." Energies 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112058.

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This study presents an integrated energy and thermal management system to identify the fuel-saving potential caused by cold-starting an electrified powertrain. In addition, it quantifies the benefit of adopting waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies on the ultimate fuel savings. A cold-start implies a low engine temperature, which increases the frictional power dissipation in the engine, leading to excess fuel usage. A dual-source WHR (DSWHR) system is employed to recuperate waste heat from exhaust gases. The energy harvested is stored in a battery and can be retrieved when needed. Moreover, the system recovers waste heat from an electric machine, including power electronics and a continuous variable transmission, to boost the heating performance of a heat pump for cabin heating. This results in a decrease in the load on the battery. The integrated energy and thermal management system aims at maximizing the fuel efficiency for a pre-defined drive cycle. Simulation results show that cold-start conditions affect the fuel-saving potential significantly, up to 7.1% on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), yet have a small impact on the optimal controller. The DSWHR system improves the fuel economy remarkably, up to 13.1% on the NEDC, from which the design of WHR technologies and dimensioning of powertrain components can be derived. As the optimal solution is obtained offline, a complete energy consumption minimization strategy framework, considering both energy and thermal aspects, is proposed to enable online implementation.

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Decker, Lukas, Daniel Förster, Frank Gauterin, and Martin Doppelbauer. "Physics-Based and Data-Enhanced Model for Electric Drive Sizing during System Design of Electrified Powertrains." Vehicles 3, no. 3 (August 8, 2021): 512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles3030031.

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In multi-drive electrified powertrains, the control strategy strongly influences the component load collectives. Due to this interdependency, the component sizing becomes a difficult task. This paper comprehensively analyses different electric drive system sizing methods for multi-drive systems in the literature. Based on this analysis, a new data-enhanced sizing approach is proposed. While the characteristic is depicted with a physics-based polynomial model, a data-enhanced limiting function ensures the parameter variation stays within a physically feasible range. Its beneficial value is demonstrated by applying the new model to a powertrain system optimization. The new approach enables a detailed investigation of the correlations between the characteristic of electric drive systems and the overall vehicle energy consumption for varying topologies. The application results demonstrate the accuracy and benefit of the proposed model.

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Hu, Xiaosong, Jie Han, Xiaolin Tang, and Xianke Lin. "Powertrain Design and Control in Electrified Vehicles: A Critical Review." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 7, no. 3 (September 2021): 1990–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2021.3056432.

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Wei, Caiyang, Theo Hofman, Esin Ilhan Caarls, and Rokus van Iperen. "A Review of the Integrated Design and Control of Electrified Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 5454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205454.

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From a control perspective, the energy management system and the thermal management system of an electrified vehicle are often developed separately, which may not yield the optimal solution. Moreover, an optimal system design requires concurrent plant (topology and size) and controller optimization, which should apply to both energy and thermal domains. This paper originally provides a comprehensive analysis of design and control optimization layers to reveal the interconnections between them and how they influence the optimality of an electrified vehicle design considering both energy and thermal domains. It was found that energy and cost savings can be achieved by integrating these optimization layers, and the energy and thermal domains with four coordination schemes, namely, sequential, iterative, nested and simultaneous. There is a trade-off between optimality, causality, complexity and computational time. Additionally, future research directions in terms of reducing energy consumption and system costs of electrified vehicles are identified herein, such as using integrated design and control methods, employing electrified actuators, exchanging heat between powertrain components and utilizing waste heat recovery systems.

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Muazzam, Hassam, Mohamad Khairi Ishak, Athar Hanif, Ali Arshad Uppal, AI Bhatti, and Nor Ashidi Mat Isa. "Virtual Sensor Using a Super Twisting Algorithm Based Uniform Robust Exact Differentiator for Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051773.

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The highly efficient Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) is ubiquitous choice in Electric Vehicles (EVs) for today’s automotive industry. IPMSM control requires accurate knowledge of an immeasurable critical Permanent Magnet (PM) flux linkage parameter. The PM flux linkage is highly influenced by operating temperature which results in torque derating and hence power loss, unable to meet road loads and reduced life span of electrified powertrain in EVs. In this paper, novel virtual sensing scheme for estimating PM flux linkage through measured stator currents is designed for an IPMSM centric electrified powertrain. The proposed design is based on a Uniform Robust Exact Differentiator (URED) centric Super Twisting Algorithm (STA), which ensures robustness and finite-time convergence of the time derivative of the quadrature axis stator current of IPMSM. Moreover, URED is able to eliminate chattering without sacrificing robustness and precision. The proposed design detects variation in PM flux linkage due to change in operating temperature and hence is also able to establish characteristics of fault detection. The effectiveness and accuracy in different operating environments of the proposed scheme for nonlinear mathematical IPMSM model with complex EV dynamics are verified thorough extensive simulation experiments using MATLAB/Simulink.

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Roth, D., C. Habermehl, G. Jacobs, S. Neumann, B. Juretzki, and D. Bayer. "Optimization-based Component Sizing Method for Electrified Heavy-Duty Powertrain Concepts." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1097, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1097/1/012002.

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Hanif, Athar, Aamer I. Bhatti, and Qadeer Ahmed. "Managing Thermally Derated Torque of an Electrified Powertrain Through LPV Control." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 23, no. 1 (February 2018): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2017.2783953.

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Awadallah, Mohamed, Peter Tawadros, Paul Walker, and Nong Zhang. "Comparative fuel economy, cost and emissions analysis of a novel mild hybrid and conventional vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (November 8, 2017): 1846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017736116.

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Mild hybrid vehicles have been explored as a potential pathway to reduce vehicle emissions cost-effectively. The use of manual transmissions to develop novel hybrid vehicles provides an alternate route to producing low cost electrified powertrains. In this paper, a comparative analysis examining a conventional vehicle and a mild hybrid electric vehicle is presented. The analysis considers fuel economy, capital and ongoing costs and environmental emissions, and includes developmental analysis and simulation using mathematical models. Vehicle emissions (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) and fuel economy are computed, analysed and compared using a number of alternative driving cycles and their weighted combination. Different driver styles are also evaluated. Studying the relationship between the fuel economy and driveability, where driveability is addressed using fuel-economical gear shift strategies. Our simulation suggests the hybrid concept presented can deliver fuel economy gains of between 5 and 10%, as compared to the conventional powertrain.

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Li, Bo, Huang Kuo, Xuehui Wang, Yiyi Chen, Yangang Wang, David Gerada, Sean Worall, Ian Stone, and Yuying Yan. "Thermal Management of Electrified Propulsion System for Low-Carbon Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 3, no. 4 (December 2020): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-020-00124-y.

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AbstractAn overview of current thermal challenges in transport electrification is introduced in order to underpin the research developments and trends of recent thermal management techniques. Currently, explorations of intelligent thermal management and control strategies prevail among car manufacturers in the context of climate change and global warming impacts. Therefore, major cutting-edge systematic approaches in electrified powertrain are summarized in the first place. In particular, the important role of heating, ventilation and air-condition system (HVAC) is emphasised. The trends in developing efficient HVAC system for future electrified powertrain are analysed. Then electric machine efficiency is under spotlight which could be improved by introducing new thermal management techniques and strengthening the efforts of driveline integrations. The demanded integration efforts are expected to provide better value per volume, or more power output/torque per unit with smaller form factor. Driven by demands, major thermal issues of high-power density machines are raised including the comprehensive understanding of thermal path, and multiphysics challenges are addressed whilst embedding power electronic semiconductors, non-isotropic electromagnetic materials and thermal insulation materials. Last but not least, the present review has listed several typical cooling techniques such as liquid cooling jacket, impingement/spray cooling and immersion cooling that could be applied to facilitate the development of integrated electric machine, and a mechanic-electric-thermal holistic approach is suggested at early design phase. Conclusively, a brief summary of the emerging new cooling techniques is presented and the keys to a successful integration are concluded.

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Huertas, José I., Antonio E. Mogro, and Juan P. Jiménez. "Configuration of Electric Vehicles for Specific Applications from a Holistic Perspective." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020029.

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Electrification of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) used for passengers and goods transportation is a key strategy to reduce the high levels of air pollution in large urban centers. However, the high investment cost of the commercially available electrified HDVs has limited their adoption. We hypothesized that there are applications where the operation with tailored electrified HDVs results in a lower total cost of ownership and lower well-to-wheel emissions of air pollutants, with higher acceleration capacity and energy efficiency than the fossil-fueled counterparts. The road transportation services running on fixed routes with short span distances (<50 km), such as the last mile cargo distribution and the passenger shuttle services, is a clear example with a high possibility of cost reduction through tailored electric HDVs. In this work, we present a methodology to define the most appropriate configuration of the powertrain of an electric vehicle for any given application. As a case study, this work aimed to define an electric powertrain configuration tailored for a university shuttle service application. A multi-objective weighted-sum optimization was performed to define the best geometrical gearbox ratios, energy management strategy, size of the motor, and batteries required. Based on three different driving profiles and five battery technologies, the results showed that, based on a 50 km autonomy, the obtained powertrain configuration satisfies the current vehicle operation with a reduced cost in every driving profile and battery technology compared. Furthermore, by using lithium-based batteries, the vehicle’s acceleration capacity is improved by 33% while reducing energy consumption by 37%, CO2 emissions by 31%, and the total cost of ownership by 29% when compared to the current diesel-fueled buses.

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Weigelt, Michael, Andreas Mayr, Alexander Kühl, and Jörg Franke. "Methodical Comparison of Alternative Powertrain Technologies for Long-Distance Mobility Using Germany as an Example." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040077.

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The main barriers to the wide acceptance of electric vehicles, such as the limited driving range or the high acquisition costs, are to be countered by various technology alternatives for the powertrain of the future. Promising developments include improved battery technologies, fuel cell technologies or a constant power supply of the vehicle while driving, for example through dynamic inductive charging. In this context, a holistic technology comparison would contribute to a comprehensive and understandable information situation by making the heterogeneous technological concepts comparable with regard to different evaluation criteria. Therefore, this work describes the basic assumptions of the proposed holistic comparison of alternative powertrain technologies for long-distance mobility. Relevant framework conditions are structured and a procedure for the evaluation of infrastructure expenditures is shown. Building on this, a selection of key performance indicators is defined and explained. The proposed KPI framework is applied to a passenger car in the economic area Germany. The results show that by using electrified roadways, ecological as well as economic advantages against other alternative powertrain designs can be derived.

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Hegde, Bharatkumar, Qadeer Ahmed, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "Energy saving analysis in electrified powertrain using look-ahead energy management scheme." Applied Energy 325 (November 2022): 119823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119823.

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Hegde, Bharatkumar, Qadeer Ahmed, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "Velocity and energy trajectory prediction of electrified powertrain for look ahead control." Applied Energy 279 (December 2020): 115903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115903.

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Islam, Ehsan Sabri, Ayman Moawad, Namdoo Kim, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Future Cost Benefits Analysis for Electrified Vehicles from Advances Due to U.S. Department of Energy Targets." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020084.

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The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office (DOE-VTO) supports research and development (R&D), as well as deployment of efficient and sustainable transportation technologies, that will improve energy efficiency and fuel economy and enable America to use less petroleum. To accelerate the creation and adoption of new technologies, DOE-VTO has developed specific targets for a wide range of powertrain technologies (e.g., engine, battery, electric machine, lightweighting, etc.). This paper quantifies the impact of VTO R&D on vehicle energy consumption and cost compared to expected historical improvements across vehicle classes, powertrains, component technologies and timeframes. We have implemented a large scale simulation process to develop and simulate tens of thousands of vehicles on U.S. standard driving cycles using Autonomie, a vehicle simulation tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory. Results demonstrate significant additional reductions in both cost and energy consumption due to the existence of VTO R&D targets compared to predicted historical trends. It is observed that, over time, the fuel consumption of different electrified vehicles is expected to decrease by 40–50% and a reduction of 45–55% for vehicle manufacturing costs owing to significant improvements through various VTO R&D targets.

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Zhao, Mingjie, Tong Zhao, Qiongqiong Liu, Qadeer Ahmed, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "On Weighing the Conflicting Cost Functions for Optimal Energy Management of Electrified Powertrain." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 14129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.1015.

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Li, Wei, Wei Zhu, Xiaoyuan Zhu, and Jingang Guo. "Robust Oscillation Suppression Control of Electrified Powertrain System Considering Mechanical-Electric-Network Effects." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 56441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2982317.

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Sander Clerick, Serge Leivens, Guy Buytaert, and Amol Chore. "Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): p256–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.2.3.2.

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Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.

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Sanjarbek, Ruzimov, Jamshid Mavlonov, and Akmal Mukhitdinov. "ANALYSIS OF THE POWERTRAIN COMPONENT SIZE OF ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): B74—B86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2022.1.b74-b86.

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Bou Nader, Wissam S., Charbel J. Mansour, Maroun G. Nemer, and Olivier M. Guezet. "Exergo-technological explicit methodology for gas-turbine system optimization of series hybrid electric vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 10 (October 6, 2017): 1323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017728849.

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Significant research efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on hybrid electrified powertrains in order to reduce the dependence of passenger cars on oil. Electrification of powertrains resulted in a wide range of hybrid vehicle architectures. The fuel consumption of these powertrains strongly relies on the energy converter performance, as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on board. This paper investigates the potential of fuel consumption savings of a series hybrid electric vehicle using a gas turbine as an energy converter instead of the conventional internal-combustion engine. An exergo-technological explicit analysis is conducted to identify the best configuration of the gas-turbine system. An intercooled regenerative reheat cycle is prioritized, offering higher efficiency and higher power density than those of other investigated gas-turbine systems. A series hybrid electric vehicle model is developed and powertrain components are sized by considering the vehicle performance criteria. Energy consumption simulations are performed over the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure driving cycle using dynamic programming as the global optimal energy management strategy. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out in order to evaluate the impact of the battery size on the fuel consumption, for self-sustaining and plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle configurations. The results show an improvement in the fuel consumption of 22–25% with the gas turbine as the auxiliary power unit in comparison with that of the internal-combustion engine. Consequently, the studied auxiliary power unit for the gas turbine presents a potential for implementation on series hybrid electric vehicles.

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Mansour, Charbel, Wissam Bou Nader, Clément Dumand, and Maroun Nemer. "Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018797819.

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Considerable efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on electrified powertrains in order to reduce passenger cars’ dependence on fossil fuels. Powertrains electrification resulted in a wide range of mass-production hybrid vehicle models, ranging from micro-hybrid, to mild, full, and battery-extended hybrids such as plug-in and range-extender electric vehicles. Fuel savings of these powertrains strongly rely on the energy management strategy deployed on-board, as well as on the technology used to recover the waste heat energy. This paper investigates the fuel savings potential of a mild hybrid vehicle using an organic Rankine cycle for generating electricity from the engine-coolant circuit. The net mechanical power and electrical power generated from the organic Rankine cycle are determined based on experimental data recorded on a 1.2-L turbocharged engine. The coolant temperature is regulated at 85°C and 105°C depending on the engine load. The R-1234yf organic fluid is used and the Rankine operating pressure has been controlled to maximize the overall system efficiency under technological constraints. The dynamic programming control is used as a global optimal energy management strategy in order to define the best strategy for the engine operation and power-split between the electric and thermal paths of the powertrain. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to find the optimal size of the electric motor while taking into account the additional weight of the organic Rankine cycle system. Results show 2.4% of fuel economy improvement on The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles.

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Chen, Li, Yuqi Tong, and Zuomin Dong. "Li-Ion Battery Performance Degradation Modeling for the Optimal Design and Energy Management of Electrified Propulsion Systems." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071629.

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Heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles and marine vessels need a sizeable electric energy storage system (ESS). The size and energy management strategy (EMS) of the ESS affects the system performance, cost, emissions, and safety. Traditional power-demand-based and fuel-economy-driven ESS sizing and energy management has often led to shortened battery cycle life and higher replacement costs. To consider minimizing the total lifecycle cost (LCC) of hybrid electric propulsion systems, the battery performance degradation and the life prediction model is a critical element in the optimal design process. In this work, a new Li-ion battery (LIB) performance degradation model is introduced based on a large set of cycling experiment data on LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries to predict their capacity decay, resistance increase and the remaining cycle life under various use patterns. Critical parameters of the semi-empirical, amended equivalent circuit model were identified using least-square fitting. The model is used to calculate the investment, operation, replacement and recycling costs of the battery ESS over its lifetime. Validation of the model is made using battery cycling experimental data. The new LFP battery performance degradation model is used in optimizing the sizes of the key hybrid electric powertrain component of an electrified ferry ship with the minimum overall LCC. The optimization result presents a 12 percent improvement over the traditional power demand-driven hybrid powertrain design method. The research supports optimal sizing and EMS development of hybrid electric vehicles and vessels to achieve minimum lifecycle costs.

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Cheng, He, Lunjun Wang, Lei Xu, Xudong Ge, and Shiyang Yang. "An Integrated Electrified Powertrain Topology With SRG and SRM for Plug-In Hybrid Electrical Vehicle." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 10 (October 2020): 8231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2947854.

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Valera, Juan José, Iñaki Iglesias, Alberto Peña, Adrian Martin, and Javier Sánchez. "Integrated Modeling Approach for Highly electrified HEY. Yirtual Design and Simulation Methodology for Advanced Powertrain Prototyping." World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, no. 4 (December 25, 2009): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj3040694.

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Zhou, Kan, Andrej Ivanco, Zoran Filipi, and Heath Hofmann. "Finite-Element-Based Computationally Efficient Scalable Electric Machine Model Suitable for Electrified Powertrain Simulation and Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 6 (November 2015): 4435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2015.2451094.

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Pourabdollah, Mitra, Bo Egardt, Nikolce Murgovski, and Anders Grauers. "Convex Optimization Methods for Powertrain Sizing of Electrified Vehicles by Using Different Levels of Modeling Details." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, no. 3 (March 2018): 1881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2017.2767201.

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Su, Ming, and Ching Chi Chen. "Performance and Reliability Requirements for the Application of SiC Power MOSFET in Electrified Vehicle Drive Systems." Materials Science Forum 924 (June 2018): 887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.924.887.

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In the past 20 years, SiC has gone through rapid development as a next-generation power semiconductor and the automotive market is considered one of its key potential application areas. Recently SiC power MOSFETs became commercially available from multiple manufacturers, attracting significant interest in the automotive industry for their benefits in the electric drivetrain system, including higher energy efficiency and opportunities of component weight and size reduction. Optimistic prediction of technology adoption in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) also helped create a momentum for semiconductor suppliers to engage in the demonstration of SiC power modules for the traction inverter application. However, the performance expectations and reliability requirements of SiC-based power control units remain challenging for the cost-sensitive market. This paper will discuss the status and outlook of electrified powertrain systems, and outline the requirements for wide implementation of SiC power MOSFETs.

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Frambach, Tobias, Ralf Kleisch, Ralf Liedtke, Jochen Schwarzer, and Egbert Figgemeier. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Classification of 48 V Plug-in Hybrids with Real-Driving Use Case Simulations." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072403.

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are commonly operated with high-voltage (HV) components due to their higher power availability compared to 48 V-systems. On the contrary, HV-powertrain components are more expensive and require additional safety measures. Additionally, the HV system can only be repaired and maintained with special equipment and protective gear, which is not available in all workshops. PHEVs based on a 48 V-system level can offer a reasonable compromise between the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-saving potential and cost-effectiveness in small- and medium-sized electrified vehicles. In our study, the lifecycle emissions of the proposed 48 V PHEV system were compared to a conventional vehicle, 48 V HEV, and HV PHEV for individual driving use cases. To ensure a holistic evaluation, the analysis was based on measured real-driving cycles including Global Position System (GPS) map-matched slope profiles for a parallel hybrid. Optimal PHEV battery capacities were derived for the individual driving use cases. The analysis was based on lifecycle emissions for 2020 and 2030 in Europe. The impact analysis revealed that 48 V PHEVs can significantly reduce GHG emissions compared to vehicles with no charging opportunity for all use cases. Furthermore, the findings were verified for two vehicle segments and two energy mix scenarios. The 48 V PHEVs can therefore complement existing powertrain portfolios and contribute to reaching future GHG emission targets.

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Rurik, Alexander, Frank Otto, and Thomas Koch. "Fuel consumption potential of gasoline engines in an electrified powertrain: homogeneous and heterogeneous lean combustion in comparison." Automotive and Engine Technology 5, no. 3-4 (May 19, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-020-00063-0.

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Anselma, Pier Giuseppe. "Electrified powertrain sizing for vehicle fleets of car makers considering total ownership costs and CO2 emission legislation scenarios." Applied Energy 314 (May 2022): 118902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118902.

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Li, Xuchen, Qadeer Ahmed, and Yousaf Rahman. "Improving the Electrified Powertrain Performance based on Retrospective Behaviour of Battery state of charge and engine fuel consumption." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 31 (2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.10.033.

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Drichel, P., M. Jaeger, M. Möller-Giebeler, J. Berroth, M. Schroder, G. Behler, G. Jacobs, K. Hameyer, and M. Vorländer. "Influence of Model Detail Level on the Prognosis Quality of the Perceived Sound of an Electrified Passenger Car Powertrain." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1097, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1097/1/012010.

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Münder, Mara, and Claus-Christian Carbon. "Howl, whirr, and whistle: The perception of electric powertrain noise and its importance for perceived quality in electrified vehicles." Applied Acoustics 185 (January 2022): 108412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2021.108412.

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Solouk, A., M. Shakiba-Herfeh, J. Arora, and M. Shahbakhti. "Fuel consumption assessment of an electrified powertrain with a multi-mode high-efficiency engine in various levels of hybridization." Energy Conversion and Management 155 (January 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.073.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrified Powertrain'

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