Dissertations / Theses: 'Electricity technology'

1

Liu, Ruogu. "P2P Electricity transaction between DERs by Blockchain Technology." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254907.

Full text

Abstract:

The popularity of blockchain technologies increases with a significant rise in the price of cryptocurrency in 2017, which drew much attention in the academia and industry to research and implement new application or new blockchain technology. Many new blockchains have emerged over the last year in a broad spectrum of sectors and use cases including IOT, Energy, Finance, Real estate, Entertainment, etc.Despite many exciting research and applications have been done, there are still many areas worth investigating, and implementation of the blockchain based distributed application are still facing much uncertainty and challenging since blockchain is still an emerging technology. Meanwhile, the energy sector is under a transition to be digitalized and more distributed. A global technology revolution has disrupted the conventional centralized power system with distributed resources and technologies, like photovoltaic units (PV), batteries, electric mobilities, etc. The citizens then have control of their generation and consumption profiles.The purpose of this master thesis is to explore existing blockchain technology, and smart contracts such as IOTA, NEO, Ethereum Tobalaba, which can be adapted in the energy sector. Within this thesis, blockchain and the smart contract is proposed as a way of building distributed applications for a p2p transaction use case in the energy asset management platform. A design science research methodology is applied for the artifact development and evaluation for the research result. The design was implemented on Ethereum and tested on Tobalaba public network with ether and GAS. The evaluation shows the artifact for the p2p transaction in energy asset management platform fulfill the completeness, and correctness of the design requirement. The result of the performance test on Tobalaba networks shows a correlation between GAS consumption and transaction time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Mantel, Jessica Kirsten. "Investigating the potential for a user-driven electricity monitoring application to provide useful electricity consumption patterns." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25360.

Full text

Abstract:

Conventional electricity usage monitoring involves complex data collection via costly and intrusive hardware installation. There is a perceived need for a simple and affordable tool that provides users with feedback about their electricity consumption without the hardware installation. This study involves the design and development of a user driven mobile and desktop application that provides users with information on electricity usage patterns and historical trends. The application was designed using Ionic Framework, a tool ideal for the design of hybrid applications that are compatible with both desktop Windows devices and mobile Android devices. The goal of the research will be that the user will track their appliance usage on the application whilst taking electricity meter readings at regular intervals to calculate appliance-specific consumption. The data is added to the mobile or desktop application, which then provides users with a comprehensive display of the electricity usage patterns and trends. The objective is to provide users with the information required so that they can start understanding their electricity consumption better and it is a first step towards empowering the user to make smart decisions at home that will reduce their electricity consumption. The USE (Usefulness, Satisfaction, Ease of Use and Ease of Learning) questionnaire was used to gather user experience feedback from participants about user experience. The USE questionnaire tests the perceived Usefulness, Satisfaction, Ease of Use and Ease of Learnability The 31 individuals who initially volunteered to take part in the study are all residents of the City of Cape Town Municipality, aged between 20 and 80 years old. Not all participants are home owners; some are tenants in their premises. The sample group was selected on a convenience basis, and social media group posts were also used to reach individuals with a potential interest in the study. The two motivating factors that were considered to identify individuals who could potentially have an interest in the study were cost saving and environmental impact. 21 volunteers completed the study and returned the USE questionnaire. The study findings showed that all participants believe that using the application helped them to better understand their electricity consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Heuberger, Clara Franziska. "Electricity system modelling for optimal planning and technology valuation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/60646.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation explores the field of electricity systems modelling and optimisation. We develop new tools, techniques, and concepts to advance systems and technology analysis. Based on a process systems engineering approach, we apply mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to develop least-cost optimisation models of a national-scale power system in different temporal and complexity variations. The Electricity Systems Optimisation models integrate detailed power plant operation and long-term systems planning to overcome limitations of existing models for technology and system design. We present implementation strategies to include endogenous technology learning and myopic versus perfect foresight planning considering disruptive events. This is enabled through data processing and MILP reformulation techniques developed and applied in this work. We further introduce a new technology valuation metric, the System Value (SV), which quantifies the reduction in total system cost caused upon the deployment of a power generation or storage technology. Unlike purely cost-based metrics, the SV enables a fair comparison of different power technologies taking the whole-system impacts of deployment into account. We find that the SV of a given technology is a function of its penetration level and initial configuration of the system. In a future United Kingdom setting, grid-level energy storage provides the greatest value under a premise of decarbonisation and maintaining security of supply. Additionally, dispatchable and flexible low-carbon power generation, such as Carbon Capture and Storage equipped power plants prove particularly valuable in being able to accommodate higher levels of intermittent renewable power generation and providing ancillary services. On a systems level, we find that including endogenous technology learning in power systems planning emphasises the economic advantage of early investments in low-carbon technology. Myopic power systems planning can lead to sub-optimal capacity expansion. Even under the possibility of breakthrough technologies becoming available before mid-century, deploying existing low-carbon technologies early on proves advantageous from an economic and climate perspective.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Jansson, Peter Mark. "An empirical approach to invention and technology innovation in electricity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619782.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Lee, Stephen James S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Adaptive electricity access planning." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117878.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2018.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-149).
About 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity and an additional 1 billion have unreliable access. The social ramifications of this problem are noteworthy because access to electric power has the potential to transform societies. While admirable efforts are underway, there is general consensus that progress is falling far short of what is needed to reach international electricity access goals. In light of such deficiencies, it is arguable that systems-level experimentation and innovation is required if we are to achieve universal electricity access in the next one to two decades. With the advancement of technology, new opportunities are emerging that can potentially change the game. Machine learning methods and detailed technoeconomic models for planning comprise one set of technologies that hold significant promise for accelerating access. This thesis builds upon recent work towards the development of more intelligent decision support systems for electrification planning. Progress towards automated and scalable software systems for the extraction of building footprints from satellite imagery are presented. In addition, a novel model for probabilistic data fusion and other machine learning methods are compared for electrification status estimation. Inference tools such as these allow for the cost-effective provision of granular data required by techno-economic models. We also acknowledge that the technologies we detail should not be developed in a vacuum. Given that electrification is a complex endeavor involving numerous social and technical factors, careful consideration must be given to human, policy, and regulatory concerns during the planning process. We notice how uncertainty abounds in these activities and propose "adaptive electricity access planning" as a new model-assisted framework for the explicit consideration of uncertainty in large-scale planning. This work aspires to provide valuable perspective on the importance of uncertainty in planning as these endeavors continue to evolve.
by Stephen James Lee.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Jędrzejewski, Piotr. "Modelling the European High-voltage electricity transmission." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284152.

Full text

Abstract:

This Master’s thesis describes modelling of the cross-border electricity transmission network of Europe. Under this work an extension of The Open Source Energy Model Base for the European Union (OSeMBE) was developed, implementing interconnections to the already existing model. The model is built using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). The purpose of the model is to find cost optimal shape of the electricity system of Europe in the modelling period from 2015 to 2050. The model was used to analyse plans for the development of the electricity interconnection network, defined by the European Union on the list of Projects of Common Interests. For the thesis four scenarios of the European electricity system’s future development were modelled. The aim was to analyse on which borders new interconnection capacity would be beneficial and to test the influence of the interconnection development on the whole electricity system, particularly generation capacities and CO2 emissions. The electricity flows were analysed on each border. For a better overview in the analysis four regions were defined. The regions are adequate to the four priority corridors for electricity defined in Trans-European Networks for Energy (TEN-E). The major finding of the scenario that optimized the capacity of the interconnections in Europe, was that only 16% of capacities planned as the PCI are needed to be built. Most of those capacities should be developed in the northern Europe, particularly on the subsea borders Germany-Norway, United Kingdom-Norway, Poland-Lithuania, but also land ones Finland-Sweden, Denmark-Germany. The analysis also included utilization factors of the interconnection lines. However, due to the simplifications and limitation of modelling tool OSeMOSYS, the results needs to be taken with certain dose of caution and may serve only for indicating the direction of further analysis. The work conducted under this Master’s thesis, might also be a base for the future work, such as deeper look on the already obtained data with purpose to find relationship between electricity generation sources being utilized and interconnections utilization. The model might be also improved by implementation interconnection representation to the borders which were omitted here due to the lack of cost data.
Detta examensarbetebeskriver modellering av Europas gränsöverskridande elektriska transmissionsnät. Under detta arbete utvecklades en utvidgning av Open Source Energy Model Base för Europeiska unionen (OSeMBE) för implementering av sammankopplingar med den redan existerande modellen. Modellen är byggd med hjälp av Open Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS). Syftet med modellen är att hitta en kostnadseffektiv form av Europas elsystem under modelleringsperioden 2015 till 2050. Modellen användes för att validera planer för utveckling av sammankoppling för elnätet, definierade av Europeiska unionen i listan över projekt av gemensamt intresse. Under denna avhandling modellerades fyra scenarier för det europeiska elsystemets framtida utveckling. Målet för scenarierna var att analysera för vilka gränser en ny sammankopplingskapacitet skulle vara till nytta, samt att testa påverkan av samtrafikutvecklingen på hela elsystemet, särskilt produktionskapacitet och koldioxidutsläpp. Därefter analyserades flödena av elektricitet vid varje gräns, och för att förenkla analysen delades området upp i fyra regioner. Regionerna är uppdelade i enlighet med de fyra prioriterade korridorerna för elektricitet, definierade i Transeuropeiska Nät för Energi (TEN-E). Det huvudsakligaresultatet i scenariot som optimerade kapaciteten för sammankopplingarna i Europa var att endast 16% av den kapacitet som planerades som PCI behöver byggas. De flesta av dessa kapaciteter bör utvecklas i norra Europa, särskilt vid havsgränserna Tyskland-Norge, Storbritannien-Norge, Polen-Litauen, men också Finland-Sverige och Danmark-Tyskland. Även användningsfaktorer för samtrafikledningarna analyserades i arbetet.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Nallatamby, Christian. "Forecasts with uncertainties for calculating electricity reserves." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284666.

Full text

Abstract:

The continued growth of renewable energy sources modifies the established electricity system. Power generation reserves are a vital part of this system as they are used to balance out the load fluctuations and the natural intermittence of renewables. The management of power reserves is largely impacted by the ongoing trend. Their proper dimensioning becomes more important with time, as the optimal sizing of these reserves could save substantial resources for the electricity system. Therefore, this study presents a method which could be used by Transmission System Operators (TSO) to determine the necessary amount of electricity reserves. A dynamic approach is used that allows to calculate the required margin at all times of the day for various typical operational strategies in electricity networks. Drivers for typical imbalances such as renewable production forecast errors, load forecast errors and power plant outages are analyzed in order to determine probability density function. In that process, key variables for forecast errors are investigated and statistics on power plants’ outages and delays are calculated. Finally, these drivers are summed to get a universal probability density function, able to size the required reserve margin by a levelized criterion on forecast security that TSOs and regulatory authorities would choose as a governing factor in their operational strategy.
Utvecklingen av förnybara energikällor innebär stora förändrar i elsystemet. Reservkraft är en del av detta system eftersom det behövs för att säkra balansen, och planeringen av nödvändiga reserver påverkas av denna nya trend. Reservkraftsdimensioneringen blir viktigare med tiden, eftersom en optimal dimensionering kan spara betydande resurser för elsystemet. Således presenterar denna studie en metod som kan användas av transmissionssystemoperatörer (TSO) för att bestämma den nödvändiga mängden elkraftsreserver. Ett anpassat tillvägagångssätt används härmed som gör det möjligt att beräkna elkraftsmarginalen som krävs vid alla tidpunkter på dygnet inom ett elnätverk. Drivrutiner för typiska obalanser såsom förnybara produktionsprognosfel, belastningsprognosfel och avbrott vid kraftverk analyseras för att bestämma sannolikhetsdensitetsfunktionen. Denna process undersöker nyckelvariabler för prognosfel och inkluderar statistik över elproduktionens avbrott och förseningar. Slutligen summeras dessa drivrutiner för att få en universell sannolikhetsdensitetsfunktion, som kan beräkna den erfordrade reservmarginalen med ett jämnt kriterium för prognostiserad säkerhet som TSO:er och tillsynsmyndigheter skulle välja som en styrande faktor i deras operativa strategi.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Lecordier, Alice. "Analysis of imbalance settlement designs in electricity systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253015.

Full text

Abstract:

This report analyses the eciency and re-distributive eects of diverseImbalance settlement designs in the electricity market. This work relieson an on-going EDF(Electricite de France) research project on electricitybalancing and is based on a simulator tool, SiSTEM, developed by EDFand the University of Liege. The analysis focuses on the consequencesof imbalance settlement on market participants and on the TransmissionSystem Operator . The revenues of market participants and the TransmissionSystem Operator are analyzed as well as the impact of imbalancesettlement design on market participants' behaviour.Based on our case study simulations' results, the following conclusionscould be drawn. When all the market participants are adjustingtheir behavior regarding the imbalance settlement, imbalance volumesare signicant and increase the interactions between power companiesand the Transmission System Operator. However, the system social welfareis improved. Removing the penalty factor present in the denitionof imbalance prices or moving from average to marginal pricing increasesthe imbalance cost. For Balancing Responsible Parties, if they adjusttheir behavior regarding the imbalance settlement, i.e. they deliberatelyhave imbalances due to their expectation of the system imbalances, theywill increase their imbalance costs as they try to optimize their ownportfolio (comparing their own internal cost if they are in balance, withthe imbalance cost) without looking at the other Balancing ResponsibleParties.
I denna rapport analyseras effektiviteten och effekterna av olika prissätt-ningssystem för obalanser på elmarknaden. Arbetet har utförts kopplat till ett pågående forskningsprojekt på EDF (Electricit´e de France) om elbalansering och bygger på en simuleringsmodell SiSTEM som utvecklats av EDF och universitetet i Liege. Analysen fokuserar på konsekvenserna av prissättningen för obalanser på marknadsaktörer och nätoperatören. Intäkterna för marknadsaktörerna och nätoperatören analyseras samt hur prissättningen påverkar marknadsaktörernas beteende. När marknadsaktörerna tillåts vara i obalans istället för att balansera sig internt ökar volymen av obalanser och interaktionerna mellan kraftföretag och nätoperatören. Detta leder till en ökning av den sammanlagda systemnyttan. När prissättningen förändras genom att ta bort straff-faktorn som beskrivs i delen om prissättningen för obalanser ökar aktörernas kost-nader för obalanser.Ä ven förändrad prissättning från genomsnittskost-nad till marginalkostnad för avropad reglerkraft ökar aktörernas kostnad för obalanser. Eftersom aktörerna anpassar sitt beteende till att ta hänsyn till obalanser, dvs. de har medvetet obalanser på grund av sina förväntningar om systemets obalanser, ökar deras kostnader för obalanser, då de optimerar sin egen portfölj utan att ta hänsyn till andraaktörer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Stirling, Andrew. "Power technology choice : putting the money where the mouth is?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240558.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Gadzanku, Sika. "Evaluating electricity generation expansion planning in Ghana." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122096.

Full text

Abstract:

This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 157-166).
Ghana, a West African nation of 28 million people, provides an interesting case study on the interaction between power supply and politics in emerging economies. From 2012-2016, due to security of supply issues around hydro and fuel supplies, Ghana experienced the worst power crisis in its history with regular rolling blackouts. Rural and low-income urban areas and businesses were especially affected, and public discontent was palpable. The government's response was a reactive approach to generation expansion planning, focused on increasing supply. Power generation was opened up to the private sector and emergency power plants were procured. 93 percent of capacity installed during this post-crisis period was thermal generation, which increased dependence on natural gas and crude oil. Overall, this power crisis highlighted the cost of overlooking reliability and an undiversified generation mix.
I adapted a modeling framework to study Ghana's power generation system and I use a bottom-up capacity expansion and economic dispatch model to explore generation expansion pathways in the country under different settings, with the goal of providing insights into Ghana's capacity expansion decisions and identifying strategies that can help ensure better reliability and resiliency. Secondly, I use qualitative methods to evaluate Ghana's electricity infrastructure project financing framework to discuss how project financing shapes technology choices. I then explore potential policy and legal instruments that could support more robust systems planning in Ghana's electricity generation sector. Results reveal that a future power crisis is very likely given the high sensitivity of system reliability and resilience to natural gas and crude oil supply, global energy prices and transmission constraints.
Strategies that could help avoid a future crisis include diversifying the generation mix, adding flexible generation (such as pumped hydro) to the mix, increasing transmission, and increasing the stability of fuel supply. This requires a holistic and coordinated approach to electricity planning between financial, technical, technological and political actors in the power generation sector.
by Sika Gadzanku.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Gupta, Saroj. "Impact of SystemVision on the learning of electricity concepts /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1421620461&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-144). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Lewis, Richard Peter. "Smart electricity metering : hardware development and socioeconomic aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678602.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Risquez, Martin Arnau. "Modelling of bidding strategies on the day-ahead electricity market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-266113.

Full text

Abstract:

Electricity generation coming from variable renewable energy sources is and has beenincreasing significantly. Because of the unpredictability attached to their behavior, fossil fuelpower plants and other renewables have to offer a higher degree of flexibility compared to thepast. In Germany, one of the countries with a greater involvement in renewable energygeneration, the share of renewable energy sources has grown from 14.6% in 2012 to a 29.2%in 2018. Consequently, fossil fuel power plants are forced into more start up and downoperations, making cycling costs higher.This thesis, under the project of improving the agent-based simulation of the DLR’s Instituteof Engineering Thermodynamics of Stuttgart, AMIRIS, contributes to the assessment ofcycling costs in the bidding of power point operators by creating new bidding strategies forAMIRIS that cover the aforementioned cycling cost. These strategies are designed with theoverall objective of maximizing the power plant operator’s profit.The new designed bidding strategies are first implemented in a Python simulation beforebeing introduced in the agent-based environment. Consequently, results of both simulationsare presented in this report, always paying close attention to the comparison between biddingwith these new strategies and bidding under short term marginal cost.In AMIRIS, when applying these new strategies to a very small part of the power plant park,the day-ahead electricity market clearing is almost identical, and these new bidding strategiesyield higher profit to the power plant operator than bidding under short term marginal cost.On the contrary, when applying these new designed bidding strategies to the whole powerplant park, the marginal clearing price suffers greatly from non-accounted interaction betweenthe operators’ bidding and its impact on the clearing of the market.
Det har skett och pågår fortfarande en stor utbyggnad av elproduktion från kontinuerligtvarierande förnybara energikällor. På grund av prognososäkerheten i dessa kraftverksproduktion måste andra förnybara kraftverk eller fossileldade kraftverk tillhandahållaflexibilitet i högre utsträckning än tidigare. I Tyskland, som är ett av de länder som har detstörsta inslaget av varierande elproduktion, har andelen förnybar elproduktion ökat från14,6% 2012 till 29,2% 2018. Detta har medfört att fossileldade kraftverk måste startas ochstoppas oftare, vilket ökar kostaderna.Det här arbetet ingår i ett projekt för att förbättra den agent-baserade simuleringsmodellenAMIRIS från DLR Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics of Stuttgart. Arbetet bidrar tillatt inkludera kostnader för start och stopp i elproducenters budgivning genom att skapa nyabudstrategier i AMIRIS. Dessa strategier är utformade med det allmänna målet att maximeraelproducentens vinst.De nya budstrategierna implementeras först i en simulering i Python innan de introduceras iden agent-baserade simuleringsmiljön. Resultaten från båda simuleringarna presenteras i denhär rapporten och noggranna jämförelser görs mellan budgivning med dessa nya strategieroch budgivning baserad på kortsiktig marginalkostnad.Då dessa nya strategier tillämpades på en mycket liten andel av kraftverken i AMIRIS såförblev elpriserna mer eller mindre identiska, och de nya strategierna gav en högre vinst än dåelproducenten bjöd utifrån kortsiktig marginalkostnad. Å andra sidan, då alla producenteranvände de nya strategierna, så påverkades elpriserna kraftigt på grund av att samspeletmellan aktörernas bud och inverkan på elpriset inte hade beaktats tillräckligt.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Nilsson, Frida. "Renewable electricity for transition towards emission-free Gothenburg by 2030." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235505.

Full text

Abstract:

Electric vehicles are on the march and are estimated to transform the current transport sector in the upcoming years. Sweden has set up a national objective of becoming independent from fossil fuels in the transport sector by 2030. Electricity as transport fuel is prompted to be one of the most promising solutions to reach the targets and reduce the emissions. This thesis investigates the municipality of Gothenburg as a case study to see how much electricity would be required to supply the transport sector for three different scenarios, including a business as usual scenario, a moderate electrification scenario, and a full electrification scenario. The full electrification, i.e. 100% electrification, is investigated further to see the renewable generation requirements to supply this transport electrification. The electricity demand calculations are developed in collaboration with an engineering consultancy company(Sweco) and are a part of a larger project, Vad behövs fö ratt elektrifiera transportsystemet i Göteborg? (PussEL). The study finds that the municipality of Gothenburg holds promising potential to further exploit renewable electricity production from offshore wind and solar PV tocover the new annual addition of 0.81 TWh. A set of simulations in order to determine the renewable electricity generation from the available resources are performed using the EnergyPLAN model. In this study, the charging of electric vehicles is assumed to be overnight charging as the major charging strategy and for this reason a backup electricity generation is included to cover the whole demand during any hours. The simulations show that a need of 100MW back-up capacity is required to ensure that the demand is covered during any hour of the day. Replacing the current natural gas with renewable options will help the municipality to reduce the overall emissions further. Urbanization, globalization and vehicle electrification will all impact the future electricity demand. However, the existing plans and strategies must be revised in order to support the electrification further. The planned renewable electricity production for the future will be insufficient to cover the futuristic electricity consumption. Moreover, the analysis shows that the electricity supply will not be the major issue, instead some of the upcoming challenges will be to ensure a secure power supply to cope with the increased amount of simultaneous charging and deal with the intermittency in a smart and integrated way. Future work and research involve integration between renewable electricity production, storage solutions with batteries in electric vehicles and grid.
Elektriska fordon är på frammarsch kommer med stor sannolikhet transformera den existerande transportsektorninom de följande åren. Sverige har beslutat sig att till 2030 att bli oberoende från fossila bränslen i transportsektorn. Elektricitet är det bränsle som är mest lovande att nå detta mål samt minska de utsläpp som bidrar till klimatförändringarna. Detta examensarbete analyserar Göteborgs kommun för att se hur mycket elektricitet som skulle krävas för att transformera transportsektorn till mer elektrisk till år 2030. Tre scenarion är analyserade beroende på elektrifieringstakt och trafiksituation. Ett av scenarierna som medför en 100% elektrifieringsgrad av transportsektorn kommer att analyseras vidare för att se hur mycket förnybar elektricitetsgenerering som skulle krävas för att täcka detta behov. Först beräknas det nya elektrifieringsbehovet ut och det görs i samband med Sweco i anknytning till ett större projekt, PussEl. Göteborgs kommun besitter resurspotential för både vind och sol för attproducera den elektricitet som behövs för att täcka det nya behovet på 0.81 TWh årligen. Laddningen av elfordon förväntas ske under nattetid som den främsta laddstrategin. Av den anledningen kommer back-up elektricitetsgenerering eller lagringsmetoder vara till stor tyngd i design och planering av framtidens energysystem för att täcka laddningsbehovet under dagens alla timmar. Simuleringarna har visat möjlighet att täcka det nya elektricitetsbehovet med de lokala resurserna. Urbanisering, globalisering och elektrifiering kommer alla påverka det framtida elektricitetsbehovet. Göteborgs kommun har existerande planer på att utveckla den förnybara elproduktionen men det har visat sig att de lokala satta målen inte kommer vara tillräckliga att förse både den växande staden samt elektrifieringen av transportsektorn med elektricitet. Det har visat sig att energifrågan inte kommer vara det största bekymret för framtiden, däremot kommer utmaningen att vara hur man kan uppnå en säker och tillförlitlig effekttillförsel. Framtida arbeten med att påskynda processer, integrera förnybar elproduktion med batterier i elfordonen och i nätet kommer vara av stor tyngd.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Gyllenswärd, Mikael, and Mikaela Jerresand. "Electricity network tariff targeting EV chargers : A socio-economic analysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278881.

Full text

Abstract:

The upcoming expansion of electric vehicles (EV) will bring an increase in charging infrastructure as well as other challenges for the local network operators (LNO). Higher power peaks could overburden the electricity grid resulting in large investments from the LNO to meet the increased demand on the grid. Meanwhile, the investment costs related to charging stations are high for a very uncertain business case, with roughly 60 % of the annual costs to be paid to the LNO. The hypothesis of this research is to create a tariff targeting EV charging stations making it cheaper to operate the stations, both for the LNO and station owner. This is achieved by surrendering 100 % electricity supply when the electricity grid is overworked to help the increasing power demand on the grid. In order to identify the strength and weaknesses of the suggested tariff from the station owners’ point of view, 20 interviews were conducted with LNO, charge point operators (CPO), and other charging station owners (CSO). Five key factors were identified: customer satisfaction, technological barriers, administrative issues, branding, and compensation. The CSO want a price reduction of 20-50 % to use this tariff. It was also investigated to see what would happen if already existing customers to Nacka Energi AB (NEAB) would decide to opt for this tariff if they install charging station, in order to make it cheaper for them as well. Data was collected from over 36 000 charging sessions. This was used to find the charging behaviour, power consumption peaks, and the cost items. The cost items were then manipulated in order to find a fair price reduction over all fuse sizes that would result in an annual price reduction of 20-50 %. The final recommendation for the tariff is to reduce the fixed fee by 40 % in relation to the potential future power tariff of NEAB, the rebate to 2 SEK/kW, power fee 25 SEK/kW and to set the volumetric price to 0.05 SEK/kWh. The discussion identifies the conditions which must be fulfilled by the CSO and the LNO to use this tariff. These include: Separate meter and fuse at the charging station, fuse must not be greater than 63 A, the connection may not be turned off for more than 100 hours each year, not be turned off for more than 3 consecutive hours and more than once a day, the customer may change tariff once a year and the rebate and power fee are based of the highest power consumption peak of the month. Conditions for existing customer was also evaluated. The conclusion to make charging cheaper for them is to remove the fixed fee since they already pay for it in their existing connection. Otherwise it will be more expensive than before.
Den framtida expansionen av eldrivna fordon kommer leda till en ökad laddinfrastruktur samt skapa problem för lokala elnätsföretag. Högre effekttoppar skulle kunna leda till ett överbelastat elnät vilket skulle kräva stora investeringar för elnätsföretagen för att klara av den ökade efterfrågan av effekt. Idag är investeringskostnaderna för laddstationer höga för ett väldigt osäkert business case, där 60 % av de årliga kostnaderna går till elnätsföretaget. Målsättningen för denna undersökning är att utforma en tariff riktad mot kunder som är intresserade av att investera i elbilsladdare. Tariffen ska göra det billigare att driva laddstationen både för stationsägaren och elnätsföretaget. Detta uppnås genom att som stationsägare ge samtycke till att elnätsföretaget får bryta elektriciteten till laddstationerna då elnätet är överbelastat, detta för att underlätta ett överbelastat elnät. För att identifiera styrkor och svagheter för den föreslagna tariffen från stationsägarnas perspektiv utfördes 20 intervjuer med elnätsföretag, laddstationsoperatörer och laddstationsägare. Fem nyckelfaktorer identifierades: Kundlojalitet, teknologiska hinder, administrativa problem, varumärkesprofil och kompensation. Stationsägarna önskade en prissänkning på 20-50 % för att använda tariffen. En undersökning för existerande kunder utfördes även för att se hur de påverkades av den föreslagna tariffen när de installerade laddstationer. Detta i syfte för att göra driften av laddstationerna billigare för dem. Data från 36 000 laddsessioner samlades ihop och användes för att hitta laddbeteende, effekttoppar, och kostnadsposter. Kostnadsposterna ändrades för att hitta en jämn prissänkning över alla säkringsstorlekar som gav en årlig prissänkning av 20-50 %. Den slutgiltliga rekommendationen till Nacka Energis AB’s potentiella framtida effekttariff, är att sänka den fasta avgiften med 40 %, behålla det rörliga priset på 0.05 SEK/kWh, behålla effektavgiften på 25 SEK/kWh och sätta rabatten till 2 SEK/kW. De villkor som måste uppfyllas av stationsägaren och elnätföretaget för att använda tariffen inkluderar: separat mätare och säkring för stationen, säkringen får ej överskrida 63 A, uppkopplingen får ej vara avstängd mer än 100 timmar per år, ej mer än 3 timmar i sträck och ej mer än en gång per dag, kunden får byta tariff en gång per år, och rabatten och effektavgiften baseras på den högsta effekttoppen i månaden. För att göra driften av laddstationer billigare för befintliga kunder utvärderades deras existerande villkor. Sammanfattningsvis sänktes den fasta avgiften med 100 % då de redan i sitt befintliga abonnemang betalar för de kostnader som motsvarar den fasta avgiften hos elnätsbolaget. Utan sänkningen av den fasta avgiften skulle det bli dyrare för dem att installera en laddstation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Gustafsson, Vincent, and Matilda Olin. "The Electricity Market A broken system or an exciting opportunity?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217337.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Kashyap, Poonam. "Modelling least-cost technology and low carbon scenarios for Northern Ireland Electricity market." Thesis, Ulster University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603543.

Full text

Abstract:

Northern Ireland is facing significant challenge in terms of carbon emissions reduction targets and energy security concerns over rising prices of fossil fuel. The UK Climate Change Act, 2008 requires net reduction in carbon emissions at least 80% lower than 1990 levels by 2050. Northern Ireland has set regional target to meet the national commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 25% below 1990 levels by 2025. Renewable energy particularly on-shore and off-shore wind will play an important role in the electricity generation mix in order to achieve the national and regional targets. The aim of this thesis is to generate and analyse techno-economic and low-carbon senarios that dictate the future electricity generation and fuel mix for Northern Ireland up to 2050 using TIMES model and identify challenges arising from integrating large amounts of non-dispatchable renewable energy onto an existing electricity network. The TIMES model analyses the future long-term electricity generation technology options while meeting the overall projected electricity demand based on macroeconomic indicators of gross domestic product and population growth trends - high, medium and low growth. The TIMES model utilises a bottom up optimisation approach subject to policy and implementation constraints to identify least-cost technologies and resources mix to meet the electricity demand in an integrated electricity market. The base case scenario results considers that the existing traditional fossil fuel based power plants will run up to 2050 on the same level of installed capacity. However, the additional demand will be met with by more carbon efficient generation technologies such as tidal, wind, and hydro power plants. It also predicts that there is overall drop in carbon emission levels under base case scenario as a result of steady penetration of renewable energy technologies. The NI TIMES model predicts that the exploration of shale gas in Northern Ireland provides energy security but serve a limited purpose in reducing carbon emissions by 29% in 2050 compared with 2010 levels. The modelling results provide credence to the argument that in order to achieve the 80% carbon emissions reduction, 73% share (2801 MW) of renewable energy technologies capacity is required in the Northern Ireland electricity generation portfolio. The renewable technologies for Northern Ireland electricity system will mainly comprise onshore wind, offshore wind and tidal energy in 2050 to achieve national and regional policy targets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Augustine, Akhil. "COMPARISON OF SWEDISH AND INDIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40434.

Full text

Abstract:

This project aims to make a comparison between the Swedish and Indianelectricity market, the design of new improvements will achieve a betteroperation for both markets as well as the price forecasting for markets. Thisresults will give a clear idea about the electricity prices, different energy uses andpeak hours and also the carbon dioxide emissions.Also the main organizations of the market and their roles has been characterized,discussing about the functions of the Market Operator and the System Operator.And also the different markets, the trading products and the price formation havebeen explained and giving an idea about the market structure with enough details.Moreover, Time Series Analysis explained in a detail manner and some of themost used methods in Time Series Analysis are also explained in a very goodmanner. Mainly the results section includes the description of the market situationin Swedish and Indian electricity markets comparison, which includes Powerinstalled capacity, electricity generation, main renewable technologies andpolicies to increase the renewable energy share in total electricity generated.After this analysis, the strengths and weakness of both markets are presented andthe main problems of Swedish electricity system like dependency for nuclearpower, uncertainty for solar electricity generation and the Indian electricitysystem problems like high losses in power system, power quality issues, and veryless focus on energy mix with renewable systems.Finally, due to the quick development of the energy sector in the last few yearsto reach a new design for the electricity market, different kinds ofrecommendations for the future have been considered.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Oladeji, Olamide. "Network partitioning algorithms for electricity consumer clustering." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122917.

Full text

Abstract:

This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2018
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-103).
In many developing countries, access to electricity remains a significant challenge. Electrification planners in these countries often have to make important decisions on the mode of electrification and the planning of electrical networks for those without access, while under resource constraints. To facilitate the achievement of universal energy access, the Reference Electrification Model (REM), a computational model capable of providing techno-economic analysis and data-driven decision support for these planning efforts, has been developed. Primary among REM's capabilities is the recommendation of the least-cost mode of electrification - i.e by electric grid extension or off-grid systems - for non-electrified consumers in a region under analysis, while considering technical, economic and environmental constraints.
This is achieved by the identification of consumer clusters (either as clusters of off-grid microgrids, stand-alone systems or grid-extension projects) using underlying clustering methods in the model. This thesis focuses on the development and implementation of partitioning algorithms to achieve this purpose. Building on previously implemented efforts on the clustering and recommendation capabilities of REM, this work presents the development, analysis and performance evaluation of alternative approaches to the consumer clustering process, in comparison with REM's previously incorporated clustering methodology. Results show that the alternative methodology proposed can compare favorably with the hitherto implemented method in REM. Consequently, the integration of the pro- posed network partitioning procedures within REM, as well as some potential future research directions, is discussed.
Finally, this thesis concludes with a discourse on the social and regulatory aspects of energy access and electricity planning in developing countries, providing some perspectives on the development policies and business models that complement the technological contributions of this work.
by Olamide Oladeji.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Amiri, Nasim. "Examination of LEED Certified Building’s Electricity Usage." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2034.

Full text

Abstract:

The number of buildings seeking LEED certification has been growing steadily over the past few years. In this study, three academic buildings which were designed and built to LEED certification standards were targeted in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Their electricity consumption and cost effectiveness were examined and compared with predesigned LEED efficiency models of those three buildings. This research directly examined cost effectiveness of LEED buildings in terms of electricity usage. Three case studies were completed to find the initial and on-going electricity costs of LEED buildings and to verify the LEED standard results. LEED aspects of these buildings were discussed with contractors, architects, project managers, and building maintenance personnel who participated in LEED projects and non-LEED sustainable projects.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Özden-Schilling, Canay. "Economy electric : techno-economics, neoliberalism, and electricity in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104559.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: Ph. D. in History and Social Study of Science and Technology (HASTS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 263-285).
This dissertation is a study of emergent economic forms of life. It investigates recent remakings of economic existence and modes of disseminating these forms of life, and does so with particular reference to the crafting of electricity markets in the United States. It draws on more than a year of fieldwork among experts and users involved in electricity exchange. The experts and users among whom I conducted participant observation include computer programmers who assist companies that trade in electricity markets by collecting information and making trading suggestions, electrical engineers who design new infrastructures such as electricity markets for buying and selling electricity in bulk, psychologists and social scientists who study people's electricity consumption behavior to generate economic technologies to save money to users and providers of electricity, and citizen groups based in West Virginia and rural Illinois that organize against electricity markets' exclusion of consumers from decision-making mechanisms. Bringing questions of economic anthropology to bear upon the emergent literature of the anthropology of infrastructures, I propose that new economic forms of existence often come to being though infrastructure building and maintenance. For the last 20 years, experts of diverse technical backgrounds have been reprogramming the electric grid to allow for enhanced calculative choice and competition - principles at the core of the neoliberal agenda. I demonstrate that people who do not necessarily concern themselves with the formal study of economics often take the lead in creating and propagating wide-ranging economic emergent forms of life, such as neoliberalism, across the social field. To zero in on their work, I develop the concept of "techno-economics": an approach that understands commodities, whether they are living nonhumans such as livestock or inorganic processes like electricity, as more than passive receptacles of human design, and locates humans within their efforts to commoditize and marketize unruly objects, like electricity - a commodity that cannot be stored in warehouses or shipped on highways. Anthropological studies of the techno-economic, I suggest, are best equipped to make connections in ethnographic representation between otherwise disparate nodes of social life, like expertise and wires, law and steel, and finally, economics and electricity.
by Canay Özden-Schilling.
Ph. D. in History and Social Study of Science and Technology (HASTS)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Larsson, Hultgren Niklas, and Timm Dunker. "Electricity at Home: Can a proper method of visualization theoretically increase awareness of electricity consumption in the household using fictional data?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20577.

Full text

Abstract:

Elkonsumtion är ett ämne med både personliga och globala ändamål. Det gynnar den privata ekonomin likväl som miljöbelastningen. För att spara el är det fördelaktigt om man förstå mekanismerna i elförbrukningen. De senaste åren har det skapats både hårdvara och mjukvara för att överblicka elförbrukningen i detalj än bara den totala energiförbrukningen. Studerar man varje elektrisk apparats förbrukning över till exempel ett år ökas därmed insikten om hur hushållets energiförbrukning är fördelad. En app har designats för att presentera denna information. Användare får gå igenom appen för att sedan testas för att se om de kan förstå och använda appen. Testerna visar att användarna har ökat sin förståelse genom visualiseringen av datan som presenteras i appen.
Consumption of electricity is a subject with both personal and global purposes. Reducing the use of power is positive both for the private finances and the environment. In order to make such a reduction, it is helpful to understand how the electricity is spent. In the recent years both hardware and software solutions to display more detailed information on an individual’s consumption than just their total use. If they could see how much their devices use and how their usage levels changes over a year, they might increase their understanding of how they spend their electricity. An app has been designed to show this information. Users can then use the app for a while before being tested with questions that can only be answered correctly by using the app. These tests do show that the users have increased their understanding of their electricity consumption

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Masumbuko, Robert Karisa. "Analysis of Burkina Faso Electricity System." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-288685.

Full text

Abstract:

Burkina Faso like many other Least Developed Countries (LDC) in their quest for sustainable development has realized that for there to be meaningful economic and social progress, prioritizing resilience to impacts of climate change is critical. In its National Adaptation Plan, a decrease in average rainfall is forecasted in the order of 150 mm by 2025, in comparison to an average annual value of 798mm for the period 1991 to 2016, and an increase in average temperatures between 1° C - 2.5°C. Though a weak emitter, Burkina Faso ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and through its Intended National Determined Contributions it is committed to unconditionally reduce 6.6% of its Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 in keeping with the Paris Agreement. The electricity sector is identified as one of the most vulnerable to climate change. The demand is expected to exponentially grow due to increased cooling degree days and on the supply side, both renewable (hydropower and solar photovoltaic) and fossil fuel-based thermal power, will experience reduced production. This study adopts a bottom-up approach scenario-based analysis using the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) tool to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Burkina Faso electricity system for the period 2014-2030 on the current and future consumption, generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in light of the potential impacts of climate change. A literature review on the renewable energy resource potential and the effect of climate change on future generation electricity infrastructure was conducted. Modelling simulations based on national, regional and global policies were conducted using the LEAP model developed by considering four scenarios: Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, Ideal Case Scenario (ICS), ECOWAS - WAPP Scenario (EWS) and Climate Smart Scenario (CSS). The annual electricity consumption is expected to grow to 4.6TWh by 2030 against 1.13TWh in the base year 2014 under a BAU scenario, with CSS and ICS having 43% and 93% increased demand compared to the BAU. Electricity generated from renewable energy sources was highest in CSS and 36.2% and lowest in BAU scenario at 28% for the whole period up to 2030. Universal electricity access is achieved under CSS through off-grid solar contributing to 8.3% of the total electricity system generation, while in EWS is achieved through extensive national grid connections. Electricity generation from decentralised systems under CSS is 300% higher when compared to the other three scenarios for the modelling period. Expected savings of about 10.5% in petroleum products importations can be achieved under the EWS scenario assumptions, compared to ICS. This is due to the incorporation of jatropha biodiesel blend of 20% for thermal generation. GHG emissions are projected to reduce by approximately 19% under CSS and increase by more than 65% in both EWS and ICS compared to BAU scenario in 2030. From the analysis, the CSS emerged as a better alternative to a BAU future and also in respect to the other scenarios as it is shaped by the perspective of potential impact of climate change on the vulnerable electricity system. The CCS incorporated the highest share of decentralized electricity generation through renewable solar photovoltaic, least electricity imports compared to BAU, and allows for the highest reduction of GHG emissions.
Burkina Faso har i likhet med många andra Minst Utvecklade Länder (MUL) i sin strävan efter hållbar utveckling insett att för att det ska bli meningsfulla ekonomiska och sociala framsteg är det viktigt att prioritera motståndskraft mot klimatförändringens effekter. I sin nationella anpassningsplan förutses en minskning av genomsnittlig nederbörd i storleksordningen 150 mm fram till 2025, jämfört med ett genomsnittligt årligt värde på 798 mm för perioden 1991 till 2016 och en ökning av medeltemperaturen mellan 1 ° C och 2,5 ° C. Även om Burkina Fasos utsläpp var relativt små, ratificerades Kyotoprotokollet 2005 och genom sina avsedda nationellt bestämda bidrag förbinder de sig att villkorslöst minska sina utsläpp med 6,6% till 2030 i enlighet med Parisavtalet. Elsektorn har identifierats som en av de mest sårbara för klimatförändringar. Efterfrågan förväntas växa exponentiellt på grund av ökade nedkylningsdagar medan utbudssidan, både förnyelsebar (vattenkraft och solceller) och fossilbränslebaserad termisk kraft, kommer att uppleva minskad produktion. Denna studie tillämpar en scenariobaserad analys nedifrån och upp genom att använda verktyget LEAP (Low Emission Analysis Platform) för att genomföra en omfattande analys av Burkina Fasos elsystem för perioden 2014-2030. Analysen berör nuvarande och framtida konsumtion, produktion, transmission och distribution med hänsyn till klimatförändringarnas potentiella effekter. En litteraturgenomgång över potentialen för förnybar energi och klimatförändringarnas effekt på framtida elinfrastruktur genomfördes. Modelleringssimuleringar baserade på nationella, regionala och globala policyer genomfördes därefter med LEAP-modellen utvecklad genom att beakta fyra scenarier: Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, Ideal Case Scenario (ICS), ECOWAS - WAPP Scenario (EWS) och Climate Smart Scenario (CSS) ). Den årliga elförbrukningen förväntas växa till 4,6TWh 2030 jämfört med 1,13TWh under basåret 2014 enligt ett BAU-scenario. Enligt CSS och ICS förväntas efterfrågan öka 43% respektive 93% jämfört med BAU. El genererad från förnyelsebara energikällor var högst i CSS med 36,2% och lägst i BAU-scenariot med 28% under hela perioden fram till 2030. Universell tillgång till el uppnås under CSS genom solenergi utanför elnätet som bidrar till 8,3% av den totala elproduktionen, medan det i EWS uppnås genom omfattande nationella elnätanslutningar. Elproduktion från decentraliserade system under CSS är 300% högre jämfört med de andra tre scenarierna för modelleringsperioden. Förväntade besparingar på cirka 10,5% från import av petroleumprodukter kan uppnås enligt antagandena i EWS-scenariot, jämfört med ICS. Detta beror på införlivandet av jatropha-biodieselblandning på 20% för värmegenerering. Utsläppen av växthusgaser beräknas minska med cirka 19% under CSS och öka med mer än 65% i både EWS och ICS jämfört med BAU-scenariot 2030. Utifrån analysen framkom CSS som ett bättre alternativ till en BAU-framtid och även med hänsyn till de andra scenarierna, eftersom det formas av perspektivet av klimatförändringarnas potentiella inverkan på det sårbara elsystemet. CCS möjliggör den högsta andelen decentraliserad elproduktion genom förnyelsebara solceller, minst elimport jämfört med BAU, och möjliggör den största minskningen av växthusgasutsläpp.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

GHORBANI, SONIYA. "Anomaly Detection in Electricity Consumption Data." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-35011.

Full text

Abstract:

Distribution grids play an important role in delivering electricityto end users. Electricity customers would like to have a continuouselectricity supply without any disturbance. For customerssuch as airports and hospitals electricity interruption may havedevastating consequences. Therefore, many electricity distributioncompanies are looking for ways to prevent power outages.Sometimes the power outages are caused from the grid sidesuch as failure in transformers or a break down in power cablesbecause of wind. And sometimes the outages are caused bythe customers such as overload. In fact, a very high peak inelectricity consumption and irregular load profile may causethese kinds of failures.In this thesis, we used an approach consisting of two mainsteps for detecting customers with irregular load profile. In thefirst step, we create a dictionary based on all common load profileshapes using daily electricity consumption for one-monthperiod. In the second step, the load profile shapes of customersfor a specific week are compared with the load patterns in thedictionary. If the electricity consumption for any customer duringthat week is not similar to any of the load patterns in thedictionary, it will be grouped as an anomaly. In this case, loadprofile data are transformed to symbols using Symbolic AggregateapproXimation (SAX) and then clustered using hierarchicalclustering.The approach is used to detect anomaly in weekly load profileof a data set provided by HEM Nät, a power distributioncompany located in the south of Sweden.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Gugler, Klaus, and Adhurim Haxhimusa. "Cross-Border Technology Differences and Trade Barriers: Evidence from German and French Electricity Markets." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5222/1/wp237.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Using hourly data, we show that the convergence of German and French electricity spot prices depends on the employed generation mix structure, on the trade (export/import) capacity between the two countries, and on characteristics of neighbouring markets. Only when German and French electricity markets employ "similar" generation mixes price spreads vanish, and the likelihood for congestion of electricity flows is significantly reduced. This implies that, at least, a part of the convergence that was documented in recent literature is spurious, because it is not (only) driven by the forces of arbitrage, but by the similarity of the Generation structures. The direction of congestion matters in this regard. Furthermore, we document consistent evidence for the most important predictions of trade theory if markets are characterized by increasing marginal cost (i.e. supply) curves and limited cross-border capacities. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Stinson, Jonathan William. "Smart energy monitoring technology to reduce domestic electricity and gas consumption through behaviour change." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2015. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/9828.

Full text

Abstract:

If the UK is to address its energy reduction targets, it is vital to understand energy use behaviours and to devise technology that positively encourages domestic occupants to use less energy. This study is cross-over research that spans energy research, social science and socio-technology. The work presented in this dissertation reveals the domestic energy saving potential of the use of In-hone Displays (IHDs) by quantifying changes in actual energy consumption and then evaluating these changes using social science research techniques to document the psychological nature of the human interaction with a digital user interface (UI). Many studies have investigated how IHDs for domestic electricity use change behaviour; the findings of this unique 37 month pre-normative study, the first of its kind in the UK, show that the coloured dual-fuel IHD had a positive effect on consumption behaviour and energy reduction. However, the exact difference in energy consumption between experimental groups is dependent on the type of normalisation condition applied to the recorded energy consumption. After the first six months of monitoring, those with a coloured IHD reduced their gas consumption by an average of 20% compared to a control group; this was tested to be statistically significant (p < .05). This difference in consumption was similar for those living in flats and those living in houses. The quantitative figures are reinforced by the findings from questionnaire and the semi-structured interviews, which show that those with an IHD were significantly more likely to reduce their gas consumption and reported increased use of the controls and settings like thermostats for heat-related appliances. Thirty-one months later, this change in gas use behaviour persisted. Over the total 37 month monitoring period, the majority of participants continued to engage with the IHD on a daily basis and consumed 27% less gas than the control group. This difference reached statistical significance (p=.05). The questionnaires conducted 31 months after the initial findings found that those in the intervention group had statistically higher gas reducing behaviour change scores (p < .05). The first six months of energy data show that the sample group with the IHD used 7% less electricity than the control group. The difference in group means was found to not be statistically significant (p > .05). The difference in electricity consumption was considerably higher in the sample living in houses than in the sample living in flats. Qualitative feedback from the participants suggests that the use of the IHD had a slight positive effect on users' consciousness of reducing electricity consumption. However, a larger portion of the occupants with no IHD were similarly confident in ingrained methods of regulating and reducing their electricity consumption. Thirty-one months later, the difference in electricity consumption was substantially higher than was measured for the first six months. Over the total 37 month monitoring period, the intervention group consumed 21% less electricity than the control group. This was not statistically significant (p > .05), the interviews found that those with an IHD did not directly attribute their reduced use of electricity to the IHD. Rather, they maintained low levels of electricity use because it was an ingrained habit long before they used the IHD and for fire and safety reasons. Between the 6 month report and 31 month report, both experimental groups reduced the amount of electricity and gas they consumed. This was attributed to changes in weather patterns and occupants growing more accustomed to their new home. The properties with highest gas consumption reduced their consumption closer to that predicted by the Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). The research found contrasting differences in how the two utilities where perceived and used. This was evident when the energy data was divided into groups based on occupancy. Larger savings in gas consumption was seen in the intervention group with lower occupancy: the intervention group consumed considerable more electricity than the control group in the lower occupancy dwellings, and consumed considerably less in the larger occupancy dwellings. Electricity was described as a luxury, used to maintain a certain quality of life. Those with younger dependents felt it necessary to provide them with as much electronic luxury as they could. Electricity was relatively freely accessed and used by all residents with little resistance if a justified reason was given for its use. However, space heating was perceived as a sacrificial commodity. Heat was described as being relatively easy to regulate with the use of blankets and extra clothing. Heating controls were perceived to be out of reach for many but one or two in the household. This tended to be in control of the person responsible for the majority of household tasks. The users of Ewgeco IHD commented more on the device's ability to promote new gas saving behaviour in order to reduce gas consumption. In contrast, the visual representation of real-time electricity consumption was used more as a safety feature, and appears to fail to produce significant electricity reduction. The participants used the electricity consumption information to reinforce their existing levels of electricity use awareness and it highlighted electrical appliances that had been left on to them. This was reported to be specifically useful at times when the occupants were retiring from the living spaces in the home. These findings demonstrate that a simple ‘push-information' style IHD may need to evolve further with greater smart home control functionality, internet capability and user interaction for this technology to be part of the low-carbon solution. However, it has also been demonstrated that, for particular household groups, IHDs can lead to longer term changes in energy consumption behaviour, specifically for heat.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Kwok, Peter Jordan. "Electricity transmission investment in the United States : an investigation of adequacy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62058.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-91).
There is a prevailing sentiment that the United States is underinvested in its electric transmission infrastructure. The standard claim is that poor regulation has caused insufficient levels of capital to be devoted to the transmission system and resulted in a network that is economically inefficient and potentially unreliable. Furthermore, it has been postulated that if policy changes are not made to increase investment in the near future, the US will face a crisis within its electricity grid. This investigation assesses these claims and, where regulation or investment is found to be wanting, policy recommendations to remedy the situation are made. Adequacy is defined here in the context of the major goals for transmission in the United States - generator interconnection, economics, reliability, and policy support - and whether the current system is achieving these goals. Adequacy is neither static nor a binary outcome, and at any point in time the system exists along some continuum between perfectly adequate and completely inadequate. This state may be affected by policies in place, the economy, the fuel prices that underlie the economics of the power system, or by other factors, and thus adequacy must be regularly revisited, as is done here. This study begins by finding that many of the indicators traditionally used to assess adequacy of transmission investment do not actually have much utility when it comes to drawing a definitive conclusion. Additionally, data that could potentially indicate adequacy are either insufficient to support any findings on the matter or are inconclusive. As such, other avenues of research are required. Two approaches are settled on as possible ways of addressing adequacy. The first, a "regulatory rationale" approach, seeks to apply logic and experience to deduce what outcomes might result from current regulatory structures. The second, a set of interviews with professional transmission planners, serves to validate the theoretical findings of the regulatory rationale and gain insight into the actual state of the system. The interview responses are analyzed using grounded theory, a structured method for interpreting qualitative data. Based on the two pronged qualitative assessment of system adequacy, the transmission network is found to be more adequate than is commonly claimed. Specifically, the system is quite adequate to serve the goals of generator interconnection and reliability. The conclusions for whether the system is economically efficient are the least clear, but to the extent that is possible within the current planning process, it appears that there is not cause to be concerned about underinvestment. Any major economic opportunities that are being missed are likely a result of the lack of an inter-regional planning process, which in turn means that opportunities for strengthening of economic linkages between regional jurisdictions are probably overlooked. The most concerning category where adequacy may become an issue is policy lines. While a motivating national policy is not yet in place, the type of transmission regulation that would result in transmission expansion to serve policy needs is not in place. Regulatory change is required to ensure that the system does not end up with a regulatory framework that cannot support legislative goals. Based on these findings, a limited number of policy recommendations are forwarded. First, it is suggested that any decisions based on the conventional wisdom be reexamined based on a more rigorous assessment of more complete data on the current state of the system. Next, it is recommended that the economic criteria and planning process be revisited with a focus on ensuring that inter-regional opportunities are not overlooked. Finally, there is a need to create policy certainty about what the future goals are for the power system, which should be supported by improved regulation that will allow for the incorporation of large quantities of renewable power sources.
by Peter Jordan Kwok.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Amelin, Mikael. "On Monte Carlo simulation and analysis of electricity markets." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektrotekniska system, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation is about how Monte Carlo simulation can be used to analyse electricity markets. There are a wide range of applications for simulation; for example, players in the electricity market can use simulation to decide whether or not an investment can be expected to be profitable, and authorities can by means of simulation find out which consequences a certain market design can be expected to have on electricity prices, environmental impact, etc. In the first part of the dissertation, the focus is which electricity market models are suitable for Monte Carlo simulation. The starting point is a definition of an ideal electricity market. Such an electricity market is partly practical from a mathematical point of view (it is simple to formulate and does not require too complex calculations) and partly it is a representation of the best possible resource utilisation. The definition of the ideal electricity market is followed by analysis how the reality differs from the ideal model, what consequences the differences have on the rules of the electricity market and the strategies of the players, as well as how non-ideal properties can be included in a mathematical model. Particularly, questions about environmental impact, forecast uncertainty and grid costs are studied. The second part of the dissertation treats the Monte Carlo technique itself. To reduce the number of samples necessary to obtain accurate results, variance reduction techniques can be used. Here, six different variance reduction techniques are studied and possible applications are pointed out. The conclusions of these studies are turned into a method for efficient simulation of basic electricity markets. The method is applied to some test systems and the results show that the chosen variance reduction techniques can produce equal or better results using 99% fewer samples compared to when the same system is simulated without any variance reduction technique. More complex electricity market models cannot directly be simulated using the same method. However, in the dissertation it is shown that there are parallels and that the results from simulation of basic electricity markets can form a foundation for future simulation methods. Keywords: Electricity market, Monte Carlo simulation, variance reduction techniques, operation cost, reliability.
QC 20100608

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

van, der Meer Dennis. "Spatio-temporal probabilistic forecasting of solar power, electricity consumption and net load." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363448.

Full text

Abstract:

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources into the electricity generating mix poses challenges to the operational performance of the power system. Similarly, the push for energy efficiency and demand response—i.e., when electricity consumers are encouraged to alter their demand depending by means of a price signal—introduces variability on the consumption side as well. Forecasting is generally viewed as a cost-efficient method to mitigate the adverse effects of the aforementioned energy transition because it enables a grid operator to reduce the operational risk by, e.g., unit-commitment or curtailment. However, deterministic—or point—forecasting is currently still the norm. This thesis focuses on probabilistic forecasting, a method with which the uncertainty ac- companying the forecast is expressed by means of a probability distribution. In this framework, the thesis contributes to the current state-of-the-art by investigating properties of probabilistic forecasts of PV power production, electricity consumption and net load at the residential and distribution level of the electricity grid. The thesis starts with an introduction to probabilistic forecasting in general and two models in specific: Gaussian processes and quantile regression. The former model has been used to produce probabilistic forecasts of PV power production, electricity consumption and net load of individual residential buildings—particularly challenging due to the stochasticity involved— but important for home energy management systems and potential peer-to-peer energy trading. Furthermore, both models have been utilized to investigate what effects spatial aggregation and increasing penetration have on the predictive distribution. The results indicated that only 20- 25 customers—out of a data set containing 300 customers—need to be aggregated in order to improve the reliability of the probabilistic forecasts. Finally, this thesis explores the potential of Gaussian process ensembles, which is an effective way to improve the accuracy of the forecasts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Demidenko, Iryna. "Radiation system. Air conditioner and water heater independent of electricity." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50619.

Full text

Abstract:

1. The Washington post module [Climate & Environment]. – Access mode: https://www.washingtonpost.com 2. University at Buffalo. Official UB news and information for the media. – Access mode: http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2021/02/012.html
According to one of the reports from the University of Berkeley, 700 million air conditioners will be installed in the world by 2030, and this figure will reach 1.6 billion by 2050. In terms of electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, this is comparable to the emergence of several new countries in the world. 80% of air conditioners contain R22 freon, which contains hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). According to scientists, this freon has a destructive effect on the ozone ball and contributes to global warming. In order to reduce this effect, in 2016, 200 countries from all over the world signed agreements on the replacement of R22 freon with three-component freon 407 and two-component R 410a in the production of air conditioners. To maximize the effect, researchers are exploring how to use a passive turbocharged cooling technology known as radiation cooling or sky cooling with sunscreen nonmaterials that radiate heat from the rooftops of buildings.
Згідно з одним із звітів Університету Берклі, до 2030 року у світі буде встановлено 700 мільйонів кондиціонерів, а до 2050 року цей показник досягне 1,6 мільярда. Що стосується споживання електроенергії та викидів парникових газів, це порівнянно з появою кількох нових країн у світі. 80% кондиціонерів містять фреон R22, який містить гідрофторвуглеводи (ГФУ). На думку вчених, цей фреон руйнівно діє на озонову кулю і сприяє глобальному потеплінню. З метою зменшення цього ефекту в 2016 році 200 країн усього світу підписали угоди про заміну фреону R22 на трикомпонентний фреон 407 та двокомпонентний R 410a у виробництві кондиціонерів. Щоб максимізувати ефект, дослідники вивчають, як використовувати пасивну технологію охолодження з турбонаддувом, відому як радіаційне охолодження або охолодження неба, із сонцезахисними нематеріалами, які випромінюють тепло з дахів будівель.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Connolly, Jeremiah P. (Jeremiah Peter). "Effect of real-time electricity pricing on renewable generators and system emissions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42938.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-130).
Real-time retail pricing (RTP) of electricity, in which the retail price is allowed to vary with very little time delay in response to changes in the marginal cost of generation, offers expected short-run and long-run benefits at the societal level. While the effects of RTP on most market participants have been examined previously, its effects on a) renewable generator revenues and b) power sector emissions are not well understood. This thesis presents a counterfactual model of the new England wholesale power market, including within-hour consumer price response, to analyze revenues under RTP for four renewable test cases and emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx. Assuming a moderate consumer price-response ( e = -0.3), I find that revenues for both wind and solar cases will decrease by about 3%, a smaller loss than that expected by the generation sector as a whole (~ 6%) or by peak generators ( ~ 55%). In the same scenario, RTP is expected to decrease emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx by 2-3% in the short-run. These results are qualitatively robust across a range of elasticities and other input parameters. A discussion of the political barriers to RTP highlights interest group pressure from peak generators and the framing of gains and losses for consumers. These barriers are likely to attract significant policymaker attention in RTP discussions, but the results of my empirical analysis show the need to also consider how RTP may interfere with the ability to achieve other policy objectives, including promoting renewable energy and reducing emissions.
by Jeremiah P. Connolly.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Ellman, Douglas (Douglas Austin). "The reference electrification model : a computer model for planning rural electricity access." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98551.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 106-109).
Despite efforts from governments and other organizations, hundreds of millions of people-primarily in Africa and South Asia-still have no electricity service. Electrification efforts have historically been focused on extension of the main electric grid, but technology developments have made off-grid power systems, such as microgrids and home systems, viable alternatives for some areas. Especially since rural electrification typically depends on limited subsidies, if universal electrification is to be achieved in a timely manner, smart planning is essential to ensure that resources are directed towards cost-efficient technical solutions. Since the areas requiring electrification are expansive, the technology choices are many, and experience with off-grid systems is limited, planners struggle to evaluate tradeoffs between technology choices and estimate project costs. This thesis demonstrates that computer models that can automatically produce cost-efficient designs to the individual customer level can provide significant value to the planning process. The development of such a model by the author and collaborators at MIT and Comillas University, called the Reference Electrification Model (REM), is described. REM uses a series of heuristics to process input data, identify areas better suited for on-grid or off-grid electrification, and produce technical designs for recommended grid-extension and off-grid projects. In addition to the current state of REM, the rationale for model design choices and recommendations for future developments are described. The process and results of a pilot application of REM to Vaishali District, in Bihar, India are also described. REM will only be useful if it is actually incorporated into planning processes. In this spirit, concepts for how models like REM can benefit the regulation of rural electrification are presented, with a focus on India.
by Douglas Ellman.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Yap, Xiang Ling. "A model-based approach to regulating electricity distribution under new operating conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72905.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.
Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-152).
New technologies such as distributed generation and electric vehicles are connecting to the electricity distribution grid, a regulated natural monopoly. Existing regulatory schemes were not designed for these new technologies and may not provide distribution companies with adequate remuneration to integrate the new technologies. To investigate how regulation should change in the presence of new technologies, current regulatory schemes and possible improvements to make them suitable for new technologies are reviewed. A Reference Network Model capable of calculating the costs of building a distribution network is utilized to compare the costs of accommodating different penetrations and locations of distributed generation. Results for residential generators with a 3 kW/unit power output show that as the penetration of generators among residential customers increases, costs initially decrease but then increase at higher penetration levels. A comparison of results for residential generators with results for distributed generator conurbations located far away from customers shows that residential and far away generators require similar investment costs when total distributed generation power output is lower than effective customer demand. However, when total distributed generation power output exceeds effective demand, residential generators necessitate higher investment costs than far away generators. At all levels of distributed generation power output, residential generators imply lower losses costs than far away generators. A second Reference Network Model capable of calculating the costs of expanding an existing distribution network is utilized to compare the costs of expanding a network to accommodate new technologies under different technology management approaches. Results show that network investment costs are lower for an actively managed network than for a passively managed network, illustrating the potential benefits of active management. Based on an analysis of the modeling results and the regulatory review, an ex ante schedule of charges for distributed generators that incorporates forecast levels of DG penetration is suggested to improve remuneration adequacy for the costs of integrating distributed generation. To promote active management of distribution networks, measures such as funding pots, outputs-focused regulatory schemes, and regulating total expenditure rather than separating the regulation of capital and operating expenditure are selected as proposals.
by Xiang Ling Yap.
S.M.in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Moodley, Kenny. "Creating Leadership Efficacy Through Digital Media in the Electricity Supply Industry." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4082.

Full text

Abstract:

Business leaders lack transformational leadership strategies to promote the use of digital communication in the electricity supply industry. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore transformational leadership strategies to promote the use of digital communication to mitigate electricity-related shutdowns and other electricity-related product recalls. The conceptual framework for this study aligns with general systems theory. The participants recruited in the study were business leaders, key account electricity consumers, and electricity consumers located in Johannesburg, South Africa. The rationale for the target population was their success in implementing transformational leadership strategies to promote the use of digital communication to mitigate the risk of electricity-related shutdowns. Data collection included semistructured interviews, direct observations with 14 participants, archival records/materials, and documents. Saldana's sequence of coding and data analysis technique using thematic coding and content analysis were used to determine specific themes and patterns derived from the 3 data sources. Based on methodological triangulation, 4 emergent themes evolved: business sustainability, digital media, electricity-related product recall crisis, and leadership efficacy that would assist leaders in growing a sustainable business in the electricity supply industry. The results of this study may contribute to positive social change by providing leaders with transformational leadership strategies for embracing digital media to ensure the industry's sustainability. This in turn would encourage improved economic activity, broad-based black economic empowerment, investments in health, education, environmental issues, and business opportunities for small businesses.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Esber, George Salem III. "Carbon dioxide capture technology for the coal-powered electricity industry : a systematic prioritization of research needs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34516.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-103).
Coal is widely relied upon as a fuel for electric power generation, and pressure is increasing to limit emissions of the CO2 produced during its combustion because of concerns over climate change. In order to continue the use of coal without emitting CO2, low cost technologies must be developed for capturing CO2 from power plants. Current CO2 capture technology is expensive, both in terms of capital and operating cost, so research and development efforts will be heavily relied upon to improve the economic profile of the technologies. With scarce resources available for R&D, and a number or different technologies competing for these funds, efforts must be prudently prioritized in order for successful advancements to be realized. This thesis assesses the state-of-the-art CO2 capture technologies available today, as well as the leading technology options for improvement. It also examines types of R&D, government and industry roles in R&D efforts, and methods and tools for managing these efforts. From these analyses, qualitative conclusions about how to prioritize CO2 capture technology R&D efforts to ensure advancement are offered.
(cont.) There are three technological pathways for CO2 capture - post-combustion, oxy-fired, and pre-combustion capture - and several technology options for improvement in each pathway. There are currently no clear winners, and there is much uncertainty in which technologies have the most potential to reduce the cost of capture. Government and industry interests should both be involved in advancing R&D, but should play different roles depending on the type of research and the maturity of the technology. Portfolios of potential technologies in various stages of development should maintained by both government and industry researchers and developers, and they should use a variety of portfolio management tools to aid in decision-making. This approach will ensure that the best technologies are advanced and CO2 capture technologies will be capable of helping meet future challenges.
by George Salem Esber, III.
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Breckel, Alex Cade. "Regulating electricity and natural gas in Peru : solutions for a sustainable energy sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90029.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-59).
Peru is one of the fastest growing countries in Latin America, thanks in part to industry fueled by generous endowments of hydro power capacity and natural gas reserves. However, investment in electricity generation capacity has not kept pace with the rapid increase in demand and threatens to stymie future economic growth. A flawed regulatory environment is to blame, and specific roadblocks to increased generation investments include a dysfunctional capacity payment system, low administratively determined gas prices, and structural barriers to investment in hydro. This thesis provides an overview of the design, functioning and historical context for energy regulation in Peru; identifies the key barriers to generation investment; analyzes two potential regulatory reforms; and recommends the specific reform that has the most promise for reigniting investment in hydro. Two reforms strike at the root of the current problem: The first, increasing the price of natural gas for power generators up to the economic netback value of LNG exports, would make hydro a viable investment but would hit consumers with very large increases in their electricity bills. An alternative approach, a reform to the capacity payment mechanism, could provide the same benefits in terms of drawing new generator investment but at a much lower cost to consumers. It would also offer benefits for regulatory discretion in the future evolution of the grid.
by Alex Cade Breckel.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Mignon, Ingrid. "Entering renewable electricity production : An actor perspective." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Projekt, innovationer och entreprenörskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103319.

Full text

Abstract:

Although energy transition is considered one of the main challenges of our time, little attention has traditionally been paid to the actors participating in this transition, such as the producers of renewable electricity. Previous energy policy literature and policy- makers have assumed that these producers are incumbent actors of the current energy system, that is to say, large utilities producing both renewable and fossil-fueled electricity. In reality, new types of producers are entering the renewable electricity production market, without much (if any) previous experience in that industry. This Licentiate thesis studies the new entrants of renewable electricity production in order to identify their motives, their responses to policies, and their ways of implementing their projects. This is conducted through the analysis of 37 cases of new entrants in Sweden. A theoretical background, a complete description of the methods, and an overall presentation of the findings are presented in the first part of the thesis, and in the second part of the thesis, four scientific papers studying the new entrants of renewable electricity production from complementary theoretical approaches are presented. Results show that the new entrant group is heterogeneous in several ways. They have different motives, they are affected by different drivers and pressures, and they are faced with different challenges during their entry processes. Despite that, their share of investments represents the majority of those currently being made in renewable electricity production in Sweden. Based on these results, policy implications are drawn and, in particular, the need for policy-makers and energy policy literature to acknowledge the particularities of the new entrants is highlighted.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

MILANI, FRANCESCO. "Dutch Business case study : Household’s electricity self-consumption maximisation through smart storage and energy." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286067.

Full text

Abstract:

In this Master Thesis Project, the business case has been studied for solutions able to monitor the energy balance and maximise the electricity self-consumption of Dutch households, in preparation for the gradual phasing out of the net metering policy starting from 2023. In the initial market research, products investigated were batteries, home energy management systems and hybrid inverters. The selection of the best technologies to offer has been based on several parameters, including the precision offered by the product in managing energy fluxes inside the house, the price, the maturity and system integration possibilities guaranteed by the solution, as well as the reliability of the company and its willingness to partner with Woon Duurzaam. In order to study the savings guaranteed by each solution, two client profiles have been created, that could represent the general pattern of Woon Duurzaam most common clients in terms of heating behaviour, use of appliances and electricity loads, and solar production. The first client profile is a family composed of 2 adults and 2 kids, while the second client profile is a couple composed of 2 retired seniors. Both profiles where studied considering a detached house. For each client profile, 12 configurations have been created and simulated, changing the thermal performance of the house, the size of the PV system and battery, and considering or not the adoption of an electric vehicle. The hourly electricity consumption, production and storage has been simulated in MATLAB, and the hourly electricity bill has been calculated for 15 years in four different cases: without implementing any smart storage or HEMS solution, with the use of a battery, with the use of a battery coupled with a HEMS, and with the implementation of a HEMS without battery. Savings and return of investment have been calculated for every case and every configuration, considering three different electricity tariff regimes: flat, conservative peak and off-peak rates, and advanced time-of-use tariff. For the most profitable solution, the payback time has been calculated, and a market proposition designed in order to guarantee profit for the company.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Mörk, Therése, and Åsa Jonsson. "Evaluation of alternative energy schemes for maximized electricity generation in a Cuban sugar mill." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219913.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Wong, Shun Him. "Valuing energy storage in electricity grids : a machine learning approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117879.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2018.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-87).
Meeting climate change mitigation targets likely requires the integration of large amounts of renewable energy generation, as well as energy storage systems, into the electric grid. However, the deployment of energy storage systems will remain limited until they become economically attractive, with or without government policy. One of the most profitable and widely studied energy storage system ventures is realtime temporal arbitrage, where the decision to charge or discharge the energy storage device is made according to some charging policy or decision rules, ideally charging when electricity prices are low and discharging when prices are high. In this thesis, state-of-the-art Machine Learning methods in the field of electricity price forecasting were used to accurately predict electricity prices. An improvement on existing recurrent neural network methods was introduced, using contextual knowledge of nodal prices and information such as geolocational spatial correlation data. It was then demonstrated that these prices can be used to inform a charging policy for an energy storage device which will maximize its associated arbitrage revenue. The most profitable policy requires perfect foresight of electricity prices, and hence the true valuation of the energy storage device given imperfect forecasts is bounded from above by a valuation using perfect foresight. The effect of improvements in electricity price forecasting accuracy on the valuation of energy storage systems is then explored using simulations, which places an implicit value on the improvement of electricity price forecasting methods. The impact of these improvements on the introduction of energy storage systems into the grid is then evaluated.
by Shun Him Wong.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Emamian, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh. "British electricity policy in flux : paradigm ambivalence and technological tension." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9849.

Full text

Abstract:

Drastic changes have taken place in UK electricity policy over recent years as government has sought to address the challenges associated with energy security, affordability and commitments to reduce carbon emissions. This study investigates the underlying policy changes between the year 2000 and 2012, particularly the Electricity Market Reform, as the most fundamental transformation in the British power market since liberalisation, almost three decades ago. It illustrates that although this policy had revised the long legacy of market-based and technology neutral electricity policymaking, it was yet to be claimed as a wholesale paradigmatic shift, because, as of 2012, it still suffered from a form of paradigm ambivalence and socio-technical lock-in. Furthermore, this research identifies an accumulative process of policy change explaining how a complex set of dynamics transformed the UK electricity policy mix. The thesis relies empirically on conducting 53 semi-structured interviews as well as scrutinising policy documents and relevant secondary studies. The thesis draws relevant approaches within policy studies that attend to address continuity and change in policy frameworks, in particular the Advocacy Coalition Framework (Sabatier 1999) and Policy Paradigm (Hall 1993) perspectives. The study contributes to this literature in three distinctive ways. First, it questions the adequacy of existing frameworks for conceptualising policy change in ‘large-technical’ and ‘techno-centric’ subsystems, such as electricity policy. In return, it introduces technology preference, as a policy component capturing the socio-technical elements of electricity policymaking. Second, to explain why and how such significant changes had been undergone, it forms a bridge between the characteristics of policy change and the extent that existing policies are perceived as irreconcilable policy failures. By this, it, albeit, moves beyond the conventional typology of change drivers in policy literature. Third, this research extends the emerging concept of negotiated agreement and policy compromise as a pathway to evolutionary changes (Sabatier & Weible 2007). Inspired by Institutional Change theory (Mahoney & Thelen 2010), it proposes that compromised policies are often at the risk of policy reversibility and retrenchment, subject to any shift in the contextual conditions they have originated in. Overall, the thesis provides an understanding of one of the very complex and contemporary cases for studying policy change theories.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Halliday, Sam. "Science and technology in the age of Hawthorne, Melville, Twain, and James : thinking and writing electricity /." New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41059850k.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Cheng, Chia-Chin. "Electricity demand-side management for an energy efficient future in China : technology options and policy priorities." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33679.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-289).
The main objective of this research is to identify robust technology and policy options which achieve substantial reductions in electricity demand in China's Shandong Province. This research utilizes a scenario-based approach to identify sensible and feasible energy efficiency and load reduction strategies. The research consists of technical analyses through the development of an hourly load simulation model to study the time and temperature sensitive impacts on electricity demand growth by different demand-side management (DSM) scenarios and a policy analysis to formulate policy priorities based on the socio-economic and environmental realities in China. This bottom-up comprehensive study helps inform decision-making given the technological, consumption and socio-economic conditions in large-scale electricity grid systems of Shandong and China, thus preferred DSM strategies are identified, and sensible policy recommendations are made with respect to Shandong province and China as a whole. This study developed a computer-based modeling tool for peak-load based electric demand analysis and long-term projections.
(cont.) The model simulates disaggregated hourly electric loads by end-user types with temperature-sensitive load simulation capability, which takes into account time use patterns, life-style and behavioral factors, distributed consumption behaviors of electricity users, appliances and equipment utilization patterns, environmental factors, and industrial structural and operational parameters. The simulation and scenario based research methodology provides a comparative basis, and dynamic insights to electricity demand in areas when limited generation and consumption information is available, which is especially appropriate for electricity sector studies in developing countries. The research showed that demand side management strategies could result in significant reduction in the peak loads as well as the total electricity consumption in Shandong.
(cont.) The results of the technical analysis concluded that (1) temperature sensitive load makes up the fastest growing demand within the entire consumption profile; (2) implementation of building energy efficiency strategies demonstrates the largest energy saving potential; (3) implementation of appliances standards, has limited effects on energy saving; (4) load management strategies to induce changes in consumption behaviors also shows great potential, however, they are difficult to estimate; and (5) urbanization policies also have a strong impact on electricity consumption. The recommended DSM policy priorities are based on the energy-saving potentials of the DSM strategies, which are listed in priority order: (1) improvement of building technology, (2) management of new installation first (3) management of temperature sensitive loads, (4) implementation of behavioral and load management strategies, (5) better management of urbanization policies (6) promotion of aggressive industrial motor substitution measures & industrial structural changes, and (6) improvement of appliance efficiency.
(cont.) This research also formulated integrated DSM policy recommendations to the Chinese government that are centered by the development of coordinated DSM policy framework, and that are based upon the current technological, managerial and institutional capacities of Chinese industry and governmental agencies. The details include moving away from the traditional utility centered IRP/DSM framework, developing a robust energy efficiency services industry, setting correct DSM priorities and implementing them, developing and upgrading the domestic energy efficiency product industry, and engaging end-user participation. The thesis recognized the barriers and difficulties in the policy implementation and stressed the importance of continuous adaptation and institutional learning in the implementation process.
by Chia-Chin Cheng.
Ph.D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Cross-Call, Daniel Frederick. "Matching energy storage to small island electricity systems : a case study of the Azores." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85921.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-141).
Island economies rely almost entirely on imported diesel and fuel oil to supply their energy needs, resulting in significant economic and environmental costs. In recognition of the benefits of clean energy development, many islands are pursuing ambitious goals for renewable energy. For example, the Azores Islands of Portugal have set a goal to achieve 75% renewable energy by 2018. Despite significant environmental and economic benefits, however, the introduction of renewable energy sources introduces new operating challenges to island power systems, including intermittent and uncertain generation patterns. This research investigates energy storage on small island power systems under scenarios of increasing penetrations of variable-output wind. The analysis applies a least-cost unit commitment model to three Azores island networks (Sdo Miguel, Faial and Flores), in order to determine expected cost savings from introducing energy storage onto those systems. Modeling results indicate that renewable energy coupled with energy storage can produce significant savings in operating costs on island electricity systems- above those levels achieved from renewable generation alone. Furthermore, the research suggests that storage power (in terms of available megawatts for discharging energy) is more critical than storage capacity (megawatt-hours of available storage) for achieving costs savings and clean energy goals. The largest impacts from storage will come from relatively small-sized storage installations, above which there is a diminishing return from storage.
by Daniel Frederick Cross-Call.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Trygg, Louise. "Swedish industrial and energy supply measures in a European system perspective." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköping University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7832.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Toregozhina, Aizhan. "Resiliency of interdependent gas and electricity systems : the New England case." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104823.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [61]-[65]).
According to the Presidential Policy Directive 21, the natural gas and the power systems should be able to recover quickly following a disaster and also be able to anticipate high-impact, low-probability events, rapidly recover, and absorb lessons for adapting its operation and structure for preventing or mitigating the impact of similar events in the future. All of this brings in a growing need for resiliency as the natural gas and electricity systems need to have robust recovery strategies in the face of physical, environmental, cybernetic, security or societal threats. The importance of gas and electricity system resilience increases even further, as the interdependency of the two sectors deepens, especially here in New England, where natural gas now accounts for 50% of region's total power plant capacity. In this thesis, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model of integrated gas and electricity system is used to do contingency analysis and determine components of both systems that are critical to improve resilience. The model's main contribution is that it represents gas dynamics accurately. Using this model, we looked at several threats at the junction of gas and electricity systems. Based on the model results, higher line-pack, and pressures, as well as additional compressor capacity investments, were shown to improve system resiliency. The model could be used as a decision support tool for policy-makers to do contingency analysis of gas-electricity systems.
by Aizhan Toregozhina.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

PATEL, TANVI, and TAYLOR HANSSON. "Potential Business Markets for the Digital Circuit Breaker : an investigation of the Swedish electricity market." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217799.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Evans, Anna(Anna Christine). "The value of flexibility : application of real options analysis to electricity network investments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127169.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages [58]-61).
This thesis assesses electricity distribution network investment decision-making methods using a three-step approach, to explore the possible value of flexibility. By applying a simple quantitative framework to an illustrative distribution network decision, it finds that current methods that fail to consider flexibility can result in higher cost investments and lost value. First, it presents the recent developments in the electricity sector and outlines how the current state of network planning is no longer fit for purpose. Second, it proposes a flexible design approach for electricity network investments, and determines the value of this flexibility by developing a simple model and applying real options analysis. Third, it identifies the practical challenges to effectively implementing a flexible design methodology, before proposing recommendations for electricity utilities and regulators. The proposed flexible design methodology found that building in flexibility through Non-Wire Alternatives provided a greater Expected Net Present Value than current robust techniques using traditional investments. This thesis confirmed that the value of this flexibility increased as uncertainty over future electricity demand increased. This thesis finds there is a strong case that the use of a flexible design approach can increase the cost-effectiveness of network investment decisions. However, there remains significant uncertainty regarding key parameters that determine the value of these cost savings. As such, this thesis concludes with a discussion of evidence gaps and priorities for future research.
by Anna Evans.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M.inTechnologyandPolicy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Schneider, Ian Michael. "Electricity market integration of stochastic renewable resources : efficiency and risk tradeoffs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108958.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2017.
Thesis: S.M. in Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-57).
Electricity generation from renewable sources is growing rapidly, but the variability and uncertainty of renewable resources like wind and solar energy can increase the costs of supplying reliable electricity. Competitive markets for wholesale electricity are widely used in the United States, but the regulatory details that govern their treatment of stochastic resources can have significant effects on efficiency and risk. This research analyzes how producers respond to market mechanisms intended to improve forecasting and long-term siting decisions. This thesis characterizes producer equilibrium strategies in competitive short term energy markets by examining the bidding behavior of energy market participants when energy imbalance payments are determined endogenously from market clearing conditions. The results show that the market-based pricing mechanism leads to better tradeoffs of system efficiency and risk compared to the case where penalties are exogenous, suggesting additional benefits of market-based penalty prices beyond those previously studied. This research also explores how long-term market investment equilibria are affected by current energy policies. It presents new analytical results showing how the Production Tax Credit (PTC) biases wind investment towards high-producing sites, but with higher overall levels of wind correlation, which can induce additional costs associated with reliability and system risk.
by Ian Michael Schneider.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
S.M. in Electrical Engineering

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Jenkins, Sandra Elizabeth. "Interdependency of electricity and natural gas markets in the United States : a dynamic computational model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90053.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2014.
81
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 73-81).
Due to high storage costs and limited storage availability, natural gas is generally used as a just-in- time resource that needs to be delivered as it is consumed. With the shale gas revolution, coal retirements and environmental regulations, the interdependency of natural gas and electricity has increased. These changes impact pipeline financing and power generation dispatch. Potential solutions to gas-electricity interdependency challenges such as mismatched market schedules are not too difficult to determine. However, a quantitative model is needed in order to evaluate these solutions in order to provide insights into which solutions to interdependency concerns offer the best outcomes. While it is clear that natural gas constraints will affect the cost of the electricity system, there is a need for modeling to explore the relationship between fuel uncertainty and system cost. In this thesis, a quantitative optimal flow model with a dynamic market mechanism is used to measure the effects of natural gas-fired power producer's fuel uncertainty on the net social benefit to consumers and producers. Modeling results indicate that fuel price uncertainty negatively affects social welfare while demand response, information availability and coordination improvements limit the impact of natural gas fuel uncertainty. To simulate improved coordination, a second model is developed which includes natural gas network constraints. The results of this model demonstrate how joint optimization of the networks could relax fuel constraints on gas-fired generators and improve social welfare.
by Sandra Elizabeth Jenkins.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electricity technology'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles