Academic literature on the topic 'Electricity production mix'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electricity production mix":
1
Potrč Obrecht, Tajda, Sabina Jordan, Andraž Legat, and Alexander Passer. "The role of electricity mix and production efficiency improvements on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of building components and future refurbishment measures." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 5 (May 2021): 839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01920-2.
Abstract:
Abstract Purpose An estimation of the environmental impact of buildings by means of a life cycle assessment (LCA) raises uncertainty related to the parameters that are subject to major changes over longer time spans. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of modifications in the electricity mix and the production efficiency in the chosen reference year on the embodied impacts (i.e., greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions) of building materials and components and the possible impact of this on future refurbishment measures. Methods A new LCA methodological approach was developed and implemented that can have a significant impact on the way in which existing buildings are assessed at the end of their service lives. The electricity mixes of different reference years were collected and assessed, and the main datasets and sub-datasets were modified according to the predefined substitution criteria. The influence of the electricity-mix modification and production efficiency were illustrated on a selected existing reference building, built in 1970. The relative contribution of the electricity mix to the embodied impact of the production phase was calculated for four different electricity mixes, with this comprising the electricity mix from 1970, the current electricity mix and two possible future electricity-mix scenarios for 2050. The residual value of the building was also estimated. Results and discussion In the case presented, the relative share of the electricity mix GHG emission towards the total value was as high as 20% for separate building components. If this electricity mix is replaced with an electricity mix having greater environmental emissions, the relative contribution of the electricity mix to the total emissions can be even higher. When, by contrast, the modified electricity mix is almost decarbonized, the relative contribution to the total emissions may well be reduced to a point where it becomes negligible. The modification of the electricity mix can also influence the residual value of a building. In the observed case, the differences due to different electricity mixes were in the range of 10%. Conclusions It was found that those parameters that are subject to a major change during the reference service period of the building should be treated dynamically in order to obtain reliable results. Future research is foreseen to provide additional knowledge concerning the influence of dynamic parameters on both the use phase and the end-of-life phase of buildings, and these findings will also be important when planning future refurbishment measures.
2
Ghani, Hafiz Usman, Awais Mahmood, Asmat Ullah, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Performance Analysis of Bagasse-Based Electricity in Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410594.
Abstract:
Bagasse-based electricity is gaining attention as an affordable, reliable, sustainable, and promising renewable energy source in Pakistan. Therefore, the focus of this analysis was to identify the environmental burdens associated with bagasse-based electricity production via high-pressure cogeneration. The scope of this study was defined as cradle to gate; involving cane production, cane transportation to the mill, the production of bagasse, and then the burning of bagasse in the cogeneration power plant to produce electricity. The overall results revealed that most of the impacts were contributed by the agricultural phase. For some impact categories—such as global warming, fine particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification, and fossil resource scarcity—the bagasse-based electricity performed better than the grid mix electricity. However, the grid mix electricity performed better than the bagasse-based electricity in terms of eutrophication, land use, and water consumption. When considering the final damage, the bagasse-based electricity proved to be the favorable option in terms of human health and resource availability; however, ecosystem quality was poor in bagasse-based electricity. In terms of environmental prices, the bagasse-based electricity was found to be a promising option compared to the grid mix electricity.
3
Olindo, Roberta, Nathalie Schmitt, and Joost Vogtländer. "Life Cycle Assessments on Battery Electric Vehicles and Electrolytic Hydrogen: The Need for Calculation Rules and Better Databases on Electricity." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095250.
Abstract:
LCAs of electric cars and electrolytic hydrogen production are governed by the consumption of electricity. Therefore, LCA benchmarking is prone to choices on electricity data. There are four issues: (1) leading Life Cycle Impact (LCI) databases suffer from inconvenient uncertainties and inaccuracies, (2) electricity mix in countries is rapidly changing, year after year, (3) the electricity mix is strongly fluctuating on an hourly and daily basis, which requires time-based allocation approaches, and (4) how to deal with nuclear power in benchmarking. This analysis shows that: (a) the differences of the GHG emissions of the country production mix in leading databases are rather high (30%), (b) in LCA, a distinction must be made between bundled and unbundled registered electricity certificates (RECs) and guarantees of origin (GOs); the residual mix should not be applied in LCA because of its huge inaccuracy, (c) time-based allocation rules for renewables are required to cope with periods of overproduction, (d) benchmarking of electricity is highly affected by the choice of midpoints and/or endpoint systems, and (e) there is an urgent need for a new LCI database, based on measured emission data, continuously kept up-to-date, transparent, and open access.
4
Phoumin, Han, Fukunari Kimura, and Jun Arima. "Potential Renewable Hydrogen from Curtailed Electricity to Decarbonize ASEAN’s Emissions: Policy Implications." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 10560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410560.
Abstract:
The power generation mix of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is dominated by fossil fuels, which accounted for almost 80% in 2017 and are expected to account for 82% in 2050 if the region does not transition to cleaner energy systems. Solar and wind power are the most abundant energy resources but contribute negligibly to the power mix. Investors in solar or wind farms face high risks from electricity curtailment if surplus electricity is not used. Employing the policy scenario analysis of the energy outlook modelling results, this paper examines the potential scalability of renewable hydrogen production from curtailed electricity in scenarios of high share of variable renewable energy in the power generation mix. The study found that ASEAN has high potential in developing renewable hydrogen production from curtailed electricity. The study further found that the falling cost of renewable hydrogen production could be a game changer to upscaling the large-scale hydrogen production in ASEAN through policy support. The results implied a future role of renewable hydrogen in energy transition to decarbonize ASEAN’s emissions.
5
VON MALMBORG, FREDRIK BURSTRÖM, and ANNA FORSBERG. "CHOICE OF ENERGY DATA IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 05, no. 01 (March 2003): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s146433320300122x.
Abstract:
Life cycle oriented methods are increasingly used for environmental assessments (EAs) of the built environment. However, many assumptions are made in such assessments, potentially influencing the results and making the assessment more ambiguous. To increase the reliability of EAs, consequences of the assumptions made have to be better understood. Since energy use in the operation and maintenance phase is an important factor decisive for the overall environmental performance of a building, the purpose of this study is to investigate how the selection of heat and electricity mix affects the assessed environmental performance of buildings. It also aims to suggest how to choose heat and electricity data in EAs of the built environment in general. Applying four different modes of electricity production and two different modes of heat production in a case study of three different buildings with different technical solutions for heat and electricity supply, the study show that choices of heat and electricity mix have significant influence on the final results of the EA. Regarding the choice of heat and electricity mix in an EA of buildings and the built environment, it is argued that both average and marginal data on electricity production should be used in general. As for data on district heat production, it is recommended to use data on the average production in the specific, local district heating system in general. Finally, it is argued that consequences of the assumptions made should be explicitly communicated in the EA report, so as to let the decision-makers rather than the analysts make the evaluation.
6
Bahetta, Soufiyan, Nabil Dahhou, and Rachid Hasnaoui. "Comparative effectiveness of environmental regulation instruments: Case of the Moroccan electricity mix." AIMS Energy 9, no. 5 (2021): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021050.
Abstract:
<abstract> <p>Fossil fuels dominate the electricity mix of Morocco, the country is placing renewable energy at the heart of its energy strategy, to improve the security of supply and ensure environmental sustainability. However, the penetration of renewable energy technologies (RET) in the Moroccan electricity mix remains low due to an excess of investment in conventional energy technologies. This study first explores the characteristics of the Moroccan electricity mix before studying the dynamic effects of environmental regulatory instruments, in particular the carbon tax and the emission standards. To do so, we analyzed scenarios using a bottom-up linear and dynamic optimization model « OSeMOSYS» . We will therefore assess the impact of the carbon tax and the emission standards on RET adoption in the Moroccan electricity mix, over a period from 2015 to 2040. Our results suggest that environmental regulation in the electricity sector will lead to a large diversification of the Moroccan electricity mix with a large penetration of RET thus reducing the overall production of conventional energy technologies. Therefore, it follows that the carbon tax encourages the adoption of RET in the Moroccan electricity mix with significant reductions on fuel costs and operating & maintenance (O & M) costs of conventional energy technologies compared to emission standards.</p> </abstract>
7
Daniel, Christian Gerald, Fadhil M. Firdaus, and Mazmuria Irene Imanuella. "Life Cycle Cost Evaluation of Lab-Scale Modified Asphalt Mixture Production." Jurnal Rekayasa Sistem Industri 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2024): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jrsi.v13i1.7259.37-46.
Abstract:
This paper compares the life cycle costs (LCC) of various asphalt mixture technologies added with polymeric substances that modify either the binder or the whole mix and evaluates the hotspot of each mix type with the scope of cradle-to-gate from the raw materials purchase to the production of 7 kg samples. The polymer-modified binder yields the largest total cost of IDR 12,197, followed by the polymer-modified warm and hot asphalt mixture with a difference of up to 3% and 14.5%, and the standard hot mix gives the lowest result (IDR 9,344) of 23.4% smaller than the largest. Raw material price holds the major contribution with approximately 82.7%, while electricity consumption accounts for 30%. Oven heating contributes the most to the calculated impact from the lab production by 40 to 60%, followed by the mixing activity by a 10 – 30% difference. Conclusively, the LCC of bituminous mixture production is heavily influenced by raw materials price and electricity consumption, and the standard hot mix asphalt generates the lowest total cost, despite having a higher cost than the warm mix in the production stage.
8
Balaras, Constantinos A., Elena G. Dascalaki, Ioanna Psarra, and Tomasz Cholewa. "Primary Energy Factors for Electricity Production in Europe." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010093.
Abstract:
The European Union (EU) has committed to supporting the United Nations’ efforts in line with the Paris Agreement for addressing climate change and has set ambitious targets to reduce primary energy consumption and emissions. Similar commitments have also been set by EU-27 member states. For this purpose, it is necessary to use a primary energy factor (PEF) for converting electricity use to primary energy units and for assessing energy conservation measures. Lower PEFs reflect efficiency improvements in power generation, an increased share of renewable energy sources in the fuel mix for electricity generation, and lower transmission and distribution losses. Over the past decades, there have been intensive efforts and notable progress in the EU-27 for increasing the use of renewables in the energy mix for electricity generation. However, the EU default PEF value for electricity was not regularly updated and remained at 2.5 for several years till it was finally recalculated at 2.1 in the 2018 recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive. This paper reviews different calculation options for estimating the PEF for electricity from official annual statistics, presents the historical evolution of the calculated conversion factors, and provides simple linear correlations for projecting the PEF values that can be used to facilitate more-realistic forward-looking calculations and assess national energy efficiency, climate change, or decarbonization plans in EU-27 member states. A more detailed analysis and case studies on the impacts of this work are illustrated for Greece and Poland.
9
Shahzad, Khurram, Mohammad Rehan, Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid, Nadeem Ali, Ahmed Saleh Summan, and Iqbal Muhammad Ibrahim Ismail. "Sustainability Evaluation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Slaughterhouse Residues Utilising Emergy Accounting." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010118.
Abstract:
High raw material prices and rivalry from the food industry have hampered the adoption of renewable resource-based goods. It has necessitated the investigation of cost-cutting strategies such as locating low-cost raw material supplies and adopting cleaner manufacturing processes. Exploiting waste streams as substitute resources for the operations is one low-cost option. The present study evaluates the environmental burden of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoate) production from slaughtering residues. The sustainability of the PHA production process will be assessed utilising the Emergy Accounting methodology. The effect of changing energy resources from business as usual (i.e., electricity mix from the grid and heat provision utilising natural gas) to different renewable energy resources is also evaluated. The emergy intensity for PHA production (seJ/g) shows a minor improvement ranging from 1.5% to 2% by changing only the electricity provision resources. This impact reaches up to 17% when electricity and heat provision resources are replaced with biomass resources. Similarly, the emergy intensity for PHA production using electricity EU27 mix, coal, hydropower, wind power, and biomass is about 5% to 7% lower than the emergy intensity of polyethylene high density (PE-HD). In comparison, its value is up to 21% lower for electricity and heat provision from biomass.
10
Kargulewicz, Iwona, and Damian Zasina. "The electricity production in Poland compared to selected European countries." Environmental Protection and Natural Resources 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2019-0018.
Abstract:
Abstract The structure of fuels consumed for energy production and the amount of CO2 emissions associated with that production in Poland in 1990–2017 and in other selected European countries were presented. The countries to be compared were selected so that the analysed group was diverse in terms of electricity generation conditions. CO2 emission intensity from electricity production for Poland were estimated and compared with the average intensity for the EU and for the other selected European countries. Additionally, CO2 emission in the electricity and commercial heat production sector projected until 2040 was included to present the impact of the fuel mix on the emission results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electricity production mix":
1
Färegård, Simon, Marko Miletic, and Schultz Erik von. "Prospects of Renewable Energy for the New City of El Alamein, Egypt : An Energy System Model using OSeMOSYS to obtain the most cost-efficient electricity production mix." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254405.
Abstract:
With the motivation to mitigate the effects caused by one of humankind’s biggest challenges, climate change, the purpose of this minor field study was to examine the prospects of renewable energy technologies as part of a larger ambition to offer clean and affordable energy for all, in line with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The study was conducted for El Alamein in Egypt, a city under construction that will house four million residents. By combining a field study and an interview with literature search, the information needed for an energy system model was gathered. The modelling system OSeMOSYS was thereafter used to calculate the most cost-efficient electricity mix for the model period of 2020 to 2040, based on different scenarios and technologies. The total discounted cost and amount of emissions were thereafter compared between the scenarios, and the most cost-efficient scenario at reducing emissions was identified. Of the scenarios that were compared to the reference case, the one where 50 % of the electricity was produced from renewables in 2040 proved to be the most cost-efficient option. In addition, this scenario was also the most cost efficient at reducing emissions by a large margin. Regarding the renewable technologies, solar photovoltaics, which represented a majority of the renewable electricity production, was evidently the most cost-efficient technology as well as the one with the highest potential for future implementation, followed by onshore wind power. Moreover, concentrating solar power and waste to energy were proven to have a lower potential. The conclusions drawn were that the city of El Alamein could get a substantial part of its electricity from renewables and that solar PV was the best technology for that purpose. The final conclusion was that there might exist great potential for renewable energy in Egypt.Med ambitionen att försöka lindra konsekvenserna av vad som idag är en av människans största utmaningar, klimatförändringen, är syftet med denna minor field study att utvärdera förutsättningarna för förnyelsebara energitekniker i Egypten. Detta ligger i linje med en större ambition att erbjuda ren och prisvärd energi i enlighet med de globala hållbarhetsmålen. Fältstudien utfördes i Egypten och omfattade en ny stad under konstruktion, El Alamein, som förväntas hushålla fyra miljoner invånare. En fältstudie och tillhörande intervju kombinerades med en litteraturundersökning för att erhålla nödvändig information som sedan användes i modelleringen av energisystemet. Modelleringsverktyget OSeMOSYS användes för att erhålla den mest kostnadseffektiva energimixen för åren 2020 till 2040, baserat på ett flertal olika scenarier och tekniker. Den totala diskonterade kostnaden samt mängden utsläpp jämfördes mellan de olika scenarierna, och det mest kostnadseffektiva scenariot för att minska utsläpp identifierades. Av de scenarier som jämfördes med referensfallet, så var scenariot där förnyelsebara energitekniker stod för 50 % av elproduktionen år 2040 den mest kostnadseffektiva energimixen för att tillfredsställa behovet samt för att minska mängden utsläpp. Av de förnyelsebara energiteknikerna så visade sig solceller, som stod för en majoritet av den förnyelsebara produktionen, vara den mest kostnadseffektiva tekniken då den i samtliga förnyelsebara scenarier prioriterades av modellen. Därmed visade sig den vara den tekniken med högst potential för framtida implementationer, följt av landbaserad vindkraft. Koncentrerad solkraft i form av soltorn visade sig inte vara kostnadseffektiv då den inte bidrog till produktionen i något scenario. Avfallsförbränningen, som bidrog minimalt till energimixen, saknade tillgång till den mängd bränsle som hade krävts för att den skulle kunnat stå för en större andel av produktionen. Därmed konstaterades det att båda dessa teknologier hade en låg potential för framtida implementationer. De slutsatser som drogs var att staden El Alamein kunde få en betydande del av sin elektricitet från förnyelsebara energikällor samt att solceller var mest lämpad för det syftet då den var mest kostnadseffektiv. Utöver dessa så drogs slutsatsen att det kan finnas stor potential för förnyelsebar energi i Egypten.
2
Lykidi, Maria. "The optimal management of flexible nuclear plants in competitive electricity systems : the case of competition with reservoir." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010082.
Abstract:
L’énergie nucléaire, qui est une technologie de génération largement utilisée dans des systèmes électriques, est caractérisée par des coûts fixes élevés et des coûts variables bas. Pour amortir ses coûts fixes, le nucléaire est préférentiellement utilisé pour une opération en base inflexible, c’est-à-dire opérer à un niveau constant pour répondre à la partie non variable de la demande d’un système électrique et produire au maximum de sa propre capacité. En raison de cette spécificité, l’insertion de la production nucléaire dans les marchés concurrentiels d’électricité n’a pas été profondément étudiée jusqu’à présent. Par conséquent, même dans des marchés concurrentiels, la question de la gestion optimale d’un parc de production nucléaire n’a pas été soulevée parce que la production nucléaire est censée fonctionner en continu (pour couvrir la demande de base). Cependant, il y a des cas ou` la gestion de la production nucléaire semble plus complexe que ne le suggère cette vision simplifiée. En règle générale, lorsque la proportion de l’énergie nucléaire dans un parc de production est élevée, la production nucléaire doit s’adapter aux variations de la demande. Cela soulève la question de la façon optimale de gérer cette technologie de production dans ce contexte. Comme cette question n’a pas été étudiée jusqu’à présent, il est nécessaire de proposer un cadre théorique qui permet une analyse des situations comme celle de la France, avec un marché concurrentiel et où le nucléaire représente 80% de la production, c’est-à-dire beaucoup plus que ce qui serait nécessaire pour couvrir la demande de base. Nous nous plaçons dans un horizon à moyen terme de la gestion (1 à 3 ans) pour tenir compte de la variation saisonnière de la demande. A moyen terme, le gestionnaire d’un parc nucléaire très large (comme le parc français) doit ajuster sa production selon les variations saisonnières de la demande. Dans ce cadre, le stock de combustible nucléaire peut être analysé comme un réservoir puisque les centrales nucléaires s’arrêtent périodiquement (tous les 12 ou 18 mois) pour recharger leur combustible. La gestion de ce réservoir permet de profils différents d’usages de combustible nucléaire au cours des différentes saisons de l’année. Ainsi, nous nous pencherons sur cette question comme une analyse économique rationnelle de l’opération d’un “réservoir” de combustible nucléaire. Nous allons ensuite l’analyser dans un cadre général déterministe dynamique avec deux types de production : nucléaire et thermique non-nucléaire. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de la production dans un marché parfaitement concurrentiel. Ensuite, nous établissons un modèle numérique (basé sur les données du marché français) où les centrales nucléaires ne sont pas opérées à production constante, mais dans un cadre de placement flexible (comme le parc nucléaire français). […]Nuclear power as a generation technology that is widely used in electricity production systems is characterized by high fixed costs and low variable costs. To amortize its fixed costs, nuclear is preferentially used for inflexible baseload operation, i.e. operate at a constant level to meet the non variable part of electricity demand of a system and produce at its maximum capacity. Because of this specificity, the insertion of nuclear production in competitive electricity markets has not been deeply studied so far. Therefore, even in competitive markets, the question of the optimal management of a nuclear generation set has not been raised because nuclear production is supposed to operate continuously (to cover baseline demand). However, there are cases where the management of nuclear generation seems more complex than suggested by this simplified view. Typically, when the proportion of nuclear energy in a production set is high, the nuclear generation output has to adjust to the variations in demand. This raises the question of the optimal way to manage this production technology in that kind of setting. As this question has not been studied so far, there is a need for a theoretical framework that enables an analysis of situations like the French one, with a competitive market and where nuclear represents 80% of generation, i.e. much more that what would be necessary to cover the baseload demand. We place ourselves in a medium-term horizon of the management (1 to 3 years) to take into account the seasonal variation of the demand level. In the medium-term, the manager of a large nuclear set (like the French set) has to set its seasonal variation of output according to the demand level. Since nuclear units have to stop periodically (from 12 to 18 months) to reload their fuel, we can analyze the nuclear fuel as a stock behaving like a reservoir. The operation of the reservoir allows different profiles of nuclear fuel use during the different demand seasons of the year. Thus, we will look at this question as a rational economic analysis of the operation of a nuclear fuel “reservoir”. We then analyze it within a general deterministic dynamic framework with two types of generation: nuclear and thermal non-nuclear. We study the optimal management of the production in a perfectly competitive market. Then, we establish a numerical model (based on data from the French market) with nuclear plants being not operated strictly as base load power plants but within a flexible dispatch frame (like the French nuclear set). [...]
3
Pei, Long. "Evaluation of environmental impacts of buildings in China." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM068.
Abstract:
Le processus d'urbanisation en Chine exerce une forte pression sur l’environnement. Le plus fort potentiel de réduction de ces impacts correspond aux décisions prises lors de la conception du bâtiment, qui peuvent s’appuyer sur des outils de simulation numérique. Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de trois conditions aux limites liées à l'évaluation de la performance énergétique et environnementale des bâtiments en Chine : - Le sol : un modèle de pompe à chaleur couplée au sol est proposé, et couplé à un modèle d'échangeur de chaleur géothermique permettant le calcul rapide de la réponse d’un champ de sondes verticales de grande taille. Ce modèle peut être utilisé pour améliorer les performances énergétiques du système en phase de conception ou de gestion. - Le microclimat : une méthode de génération de fichier climatique spécifique au site qui fournit la température horaire locale de l'air est proposée, prenant en compte l'effet d'îlot de chaleur urbain. Les effets du microclimat sur la performance énergétique du bâtiment sont étudiés quantitativement. - Le système d’arrière-plan pour l’analyse de cycle de vie : les effets de la variation spatiale et temporelle du mix de production d'électricité en Chine sur les impacts environnementaux sont étudiés. La base de données environnementales est adaptée au contexte national et local chinois. Les résultats montrent que les impacts environnementaux des bâtiments peuvent être évalués plus raisonnablement en considérant ces trois conditions aux limitesThe urbanisation process in China brings a high pressure on the environment. The highest potential to reduce these impacts corresponds to decisions made during the building’s design phase, which can be supported by numerical simulation. This thesis is dedicated to the study of three boundary conditions related to the energy and environmental performance evaluation of buildings in China: - The ground: a ground coupled heat pump model is proposed integrating a fast calculation ground heat exchanger model for a large-scale boreholes field. This model can be used to improve the energy performance of the system in the design and operation phases. - The microclimate: a site-specific weather file generation method which can provide local hourly air temperature is proposed, accounting for the urban heat island effect. The effects of the microclimate on the building’s energy performance are quantitatively investigated. - The background system for life cycle assessment: the effects of the spatial and temporal variation of the electricity production mix in China on the environmental impacts are investigated. The environmental database is adapted to the Chinese national and local context. The results show that the environmental impacts of buildings could be more reasonably evaluated by considering these three boundary conditions
4
Ketencioglu, Sinan. "Functions And Viability Of Turkish Wholesale Electricity Trading And Contracting Company (tetas) In The Short, Mid And The Long Term." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608770/index.pdf.
Abstract:
This thesis analyses the necessity for the establishment, main functions and the viability of the Turkish Wholesale Electricity Trading and Contracting Company, TETAS in the short, mean and the long term. In order to understand the necessity for the establishment of TETAS, Turkish Energy Policies such as the state-led energy policies and the competition based market orientation are put under scrutiny.
The thesis also discusses whether Turkish Government has carried out a comprehensive, deterministic and effective &ldquoLiberalization Policy&rdquo
in the electricity sector by looking at the present situation and the principles outlined in Laws No: 4628, 5654 and 5686 and the Strategy Paper. The dissertation then examines the life span of TETAS by looking at the impacts of the strategy paper, liberalization procedure of the overall electricity market and newly enacted laws such as Law No: 5654 and 5686 in the short, mean and the long term. In addition, TETAS is examined whether it is a &ldquo
monopoly&rdquo
or not in Turkish Electricity wholesale market by calculating the supply concentration of TETAS using the Herfindahl Hirschman Index. Despite the studies on the establishment of the liberal market such as the envisagement of Law No: 4628 and the strategy paper, this thesis study envisages that it is still not possible to talk about a liberal electricity market. In addition, it is also concluded that the statements outlined in Laws No: 5654 and 5686 hinder the overall liberalization efforts since these laws are postponing the liberalization of electricity sector and making the life span of TETAS longer. As a result, liberalization efforts on the electricity market are unsuccessful in the mean term and TETAS seems to hold its dominance position in the wholesale market as a state-owned wholesale trading company in the long run.
5
de, Balbine Delphine. "Prospects and problems of increasing electricity production from mid-size (<30 MW) renewable energy generation facilities on the South-West Interconnected System (SWIS)." Thesis, de Balbine, Delphine (2011) Prospects and problems of increasing electricity production from mid-size (<30 MW) renewable energy generation facilities on the South-West Interconnected System (SWIS). Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/11023/.
Abstract:
Western Australia (WA) is truly blessed by abundant and readily available renewable energy resources. Yet most of its energy use still comes from fossil fuel energy. In the case of the South-West Interconnected System (SWIS), which is the largest grid of the state, renewable energy represents only 2.9 percent of the total electricity production in 2009-2010. From these two facts, I look at the possible causes of such a small production of renewable energy and the future development of renewable energy technology for the SWIS in the coming decades. I found that the SWIS and its economic and political structure tend to create barriers to renewable energy through strict market rules and lack of political will. This is particularly true for mid-size renewable energy facilities of less than 30MW, which cannot compete with traditional electricity production and are faced with technical issues to be integrated in the energy mix. In addition, strong lobby groups, encouraged by abundant fossil fuel reserves in WA, deepen the obstacles preventing fast development of renewable energy for the SWIS. In my research, I found many opinions and studies of various experts and industrials that claim that the full production of electricity from renewable energy is technically and practically possible by 2050 in some parts of the world. This is also valid for the SWIS, as some scenarios developed by private organizations have shown possibilities of 80 to 100% of the electricity of the SWIS produced through a diverse renewable energy mix. However, with the current barriers and policies in place, it is very unlikely that the SWIS would achieve such scenarios. In my analysis of the cases of two other countries, I found that policy planning and liberal market seem to be driving factors in the renewable energy sector and its outcome for a country. Both the USA and China are leading the renewable energy industries in two distinct ways. While China has become the world’s renewable energy manufacturer through strong policies, the USA is one of the leaders in renewable energy technology innovation through a more or less free market. I finally look at the possibilities for the SWIS to develop its renewable energy production through an active participation of the government in the energy market.
6
Amagai, Hisashi. "The optimal mix of electricity-generating sources for Japan in the year 2000 a multiple-criteria decision making analysis /." Thesis, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22938688.html.
Books on the topic "Electricity production mix":
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John, Dewar. 6 International Projects—Sector Focus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715559.003.0007.
Abstract:
This chapter describes a number of international projects in various areas: oil and gas; mining projects; conventional power; renewable energy; nuclear power projects; and the infrastructure of public and private partnerships. Oil and gas projects span a broad range of activities from upstream ‘exploration and production’ projects to downstream LNG and petrochemicals projects. The second part of the chapter begins with a brief overview of the current American, UK, French, Japanese, Korean, and Saudi Arabian power markets focusing on current electricity generation mix policies in these markets and the current and future place of conventional power therein. The text then looks at renewable energy projects. These share many of the characteristics of conventional power projects. However, there are certain crucial differences which will impact upon the contractual structure and risk allocation employed in the development of these projects. Nuclear power projects are perhaps the most challenging power/infrastructure projects to develop and finance. The chapter finally provides a discussion of the applicability of project finance principles and disciplines to a unique and challenging segment of the power/infrastructure sector.
Book chapters on the topic "Electricity production mix":
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Andriamalala, Solofohanitra Rahamefy, Toky Axel Andriamizakason, and Andry Rasoanaivo. "Multi-agent vs Classic System of an Electricity Mix Production Optimization." In Applications of Evolutionary Computation, 118–28. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30229-9_8.
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Adenuga, Olukorede Tijani, Khumbulani Mpofu, and Thobelani Mathenjwa. "Energy Efficiency for Manufacturing Using PV, FSC, and Battery-Super Capacitor Design to Enhance Sustainable Clean Energy Load Demand." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 259–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18326-3_26.
Abstract:
AbstractEnergy efficiency (EE) are recognized globally as a critical solution towards reduction of energy consumption, while the management of global carbon dioxide emission complement climate change. EE initiatives drive is a key factor towards climate change mitigation with variable renewable technologies. The paper aimed to design and simulate photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell stack (FCS) systems, and battery-super capacitor energy storage to enhance sustainable clean energy load demand and provide significant decarbonization potentials. An integration of high volume of data in real-time was obtained and energy mix fraction towards low carbon emission mitigation pathway strategy for grid linked renewables electricity generation was proposed as a solution for the future transport manufacturing energy supplement in South Africa. The interrelationship between energy efficiency and energy intensity variables are envisaged to result in approximately 87.6% of global electricity grid production; electricity energy demand under analysis can reduce the CO2 emissions by 0.098 metric tons and CO2 savings by 99.587 per metric tons. The scope serves as a fundamental guideline for future studies in the future transport manufacturing with provision of clean energy and sufficient capacity to supply the demand for customers within the manufacturing.
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Herrera, Selena, and John Wilkinson. "Sugar-Cane Bioelectricity in Brazil: Reinforcing the Meta-Discourses of Bioeconomy and Energy Transition." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 151–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_8.
Abstract:
AbstractThis article analyses the contribution of sugar-cane bioelectricity to the distribution and diversification of power generation in Brazil. A transition is currently underway towards an energy mix characterized by natural gas and new renewable energy sources, mainly wind and solar. Energy security and industrial development priorities have created political and economic challenges for bioelectricity governance. However, meta-discourses of energy transition and bioeconomy are giving rise to selection pressures that are promoting institutional changes towards an expansion of the ethanol market. By using the multi-level perspective of transitions, this paper concludes that, given the technology in use for bioelectricity production, the critical financial state of the sugar-cane industry and the current priorities of the electricity marketing model, sugar-cane bioelectricity, which has a key role to play in the energy matrix, remains uncompetitive and dependent on specific public policies to support its expansion.
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Colombo, Cristian Giovanni, Michela Longo, and Dario Zaninelli. "Batteries: Advantages and Importance in the Energy Transition." In The Materials Research Society Series, 69–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2_5.
Abstract:
AbstractWith the growing push toward decarbonization of the electricity generation sector, more attention is paid to storage systems that can assist renewable energy sources (RES). Due to their variability, intermittent RES (such as wind or solar radiation) do not allow a power production distributed uniformly over the short term up to the mid- and long term. Storage of renewable electricity can significantly contribute to mitigate these issues, enhancing power system reliability and, thus, RES penetration. Among energy storage technologies, the potential applications of battery are discussed in this chapter. Focus is placed on applications related to battery energy systems integration in both power systems and electric transportation means.For grid integration, bulk energy services, transmission and distribution network support, and capacity firming coupled to highly variable RES plants are addressed. Regarding transportation applications, electric mobility and perspectives on the interaction of electric vehicles (EVs) with the electric infrastructure are presented and discussed. Finally, this chapter addresses issues related to EVs’ battery aging and their dismission and exploitation as second life batteries in stationary applications.
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Timilsina, Govinda. "The Economics of Renewable Energy Promotion Policies." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 270–84. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0440-5.ch012.
Abstract:
Large-scale deployment of renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar energy, has been taking place in industrialized and developing economics mainly because of various fiscal and regulatory policies. An understanding of the economy-wide impacts of those policies is an important part of an overall analysis of them. Using a perfect foresight computable general equilibrium model, this study analyzes the economy-wide costs of achieving a 10 percent share of wind power in Brazil's electricity supply mix by 2030. The study finds that the expansion of wind power would increase GDP in Brazil. The study also finds that a production subsidy financed through increased value-added tax would be superior to a consumption mandate where electricity utilities are allowed to pass the increased electricity supply costs directly to consumers. These two policies would impact various production sectors differently to achieve the wind power expansion targets.
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Kasian, Olena, Yuliia Matvieieva, and Karina Taraniuk. "REVIEW OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY INNOVATION TRANSFER." In Traditional and innovative approaches in economics: theory, methodology, practice. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-407-8-9.
Abstract:
This paper explores the dynamic legislative landscape of Ukraine’s energy sector, focusing on integrating renewable energy sources alongside the development of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to enhance energy security and meet climate objectives. Ukraine’s strategic policy initiatives, including accelerating new NPP preparations by 2024, highlight its commitment to diversifying its energy mix and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The enactment of the "Law of Ukraine on Alternative Energy Sources" in 2019 and the "Law of Ukraine on the Electricity Market" in 2020 underscore Ukraine’s efforts to align with international standards, particularly those of the European Union, by fostering a competitive and liberalized energy market conducive to innovation and sustainability. Additionally, including scenarios from the World Energy Council’s 2021 report emphasizes the critical role of innovative energy solutions in achieving sustainability. By analyzing these legislative measures and their impact on the energy sector, the paper discusses how Ukraine positions itself as a leader in the transition to a more sustainable and secure energy future through a balanced approach to nuclear power development and renewable energy production.
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Fox, Michael H. "Back to the Future: Nuclear Power." In Why We Need Nuclear Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199344574.003.0010.
Abstract:
Nuclear power is considered by many to be an old technology locked in the past— they say the future is with solar and wind. Commercial nuclear power began in 1951 when Russia built the first civilian nuclear power reactor, followed by the British in 1956 and the Americans in 1957. In the 1960s and 1970s, nuclear power plants blossomed all over the world. There were 42 reactors in the United States in 1973; by 1990 there were 112. Some of these were closed, so by 1998 there were 104 operating nuclear reactors (the same number operating at the end of 2012) providing about 100 GWe (gigawatts electric ) to the grid. Worldwide, there were 432 operating nuclear reactors as of mid-2013. Nuclear reactors have been providing about 20% of the electricity in the United States for over 20 years, with no emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ). France gets nearly 75% of its electricity from nuclear power, the highest proportion of any nation. Germany and Japan each got more than 25% of their electricity from nuclear power in 2010; though Germany shut down about half of its reactors, Japan temporarily shut down all of its reactors, and both are considering permanently closing down their reactors after the accident in Fukushima, Japan, in 2011. So nuclear power has been providing electricity for over 50 years and plays a major role in the energy mix for a number of countries. But nuclear power is also critically important for an energy future that will meet our electrical power needs with minimal production of greenhouse gases and benign effects on the environment. We must go back to the future if we want to make serious inroads into reducing greenhouse gases and global warming. To see why nuclear power is critical for the future, let’s begin our journey by touring a nuclear power plant. The Wolf Creek nuclear power plant sits on the flat plains of Kansas about 60 miles south of Topeka and 4 miles from Burlington, about 200 miles east of the wheat fields I farmed as a kid. A 5,090-acre lake filled with crappie, walleye, large and smallmouth bass, and other game fish provides cooling water for the reactor and also provides a fishing mecca for Kansans. The 10,500-acre site, including the reactor complex and the lake, has about 1,500 acres of wildlife habitat, and about one-third is leased to area farmers and ranchers. The plant itself takes up less than half a square mile. The lake provides habitat for waterfowl, as well as for bald eagles and osprey. It is hard to imagine that electricity for 800,000 people is generated in this pristine area of farmland and nature preserve.
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Aminlouei, Reza Tanha. "A New Modeling and Application of Hierarchical Production Planning Approach." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 113–44. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2098-8.ch007.
Abstract:
In real power systems, power plants are not in the equal space from the load center, and their fuel cost is different. With common utilization conditions, production capacity is more than total load demand and losses. Therefore, there are different criteria for active and inactive power planning in each power plant. The best selection is to choose a framework in which the utility cost is minimized. On the other hand, planning in power systems has different time horizons; thus, for effective planning in power systems, it is very important to find a suitable mathematical relationship between them. In this chapter, the authors propose a modeling by selecting a Fuzzy Hierarchical Production Planning (FHPP) technique with zone covering in the mid-term and long-term time horizons electricity supply modeling in the Iran global compact network.
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Young, Michael H., Rex C. Buchanan, and Kyle E. Murray. "Introduction." In Recent Seismicity in the Southern Midcontinent, USA: Scientific, Regulatory, and Industry Responses. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2023.2559(001).
Abstract:
ABSTRACT This chapter does not have an abstract CONTEXT OF THIS REGIONAL ISSUE National and global fossil fuel–based energy systems have been designed into modern life for communities to function and achieve their potentials. These systems currently support services such as transportation, electricity generation, comfort heating, and agricultural production. Around the mid-2000s, the combination of industrial-scale hydraulic stimulation (known as hydraulic fracturing) and steerable (horizontal) drilling techniques came into their own; oil and gas production increased, and the energy outlook in the United States has not been the same. For the first time, these technological approaches (sometimes referred to as “unconventional” drilling and production techniques) allowed the oil and gas industry to increase production from low-permeability shales and low-permeability or “tight” sandstones, significantly altering the global energy supply and changing the geopolitical relationship between the United States and the rest of the world. Figure 1 shows nearly 100 years of oil production in the United States, with the sharp rise in the early 2000s as evidence of the influence of new technology, including hydraulic fracturing...
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Adhikary, Maniklal, and Melisha Khatun. "Infrastructural Development." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 1–22. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2361-1.ch001.
Abstract:
Development of infrastructure industries is essential to enhance the growth of a developing country. The present chapter attempts to examine the impact of infrastructure on Gross Domestic Product and Per Capita Gross Domestic Product of six SAARC countries from the period 1990-91 to 2013-14. The model is mis-specified whenever we have used the restricted panel data model. We have derived the results by employing the unrestricted panel data model. Impact of road, internet users and total electricity production on the level of GDP as well as on the level of PCGDP is highest for India among the all SAARC countries. India has also the highest rate of growth of GDP over the entire period. Rate of growth of PCGDP is highest for Sri Lanka followed by India.
Conference papers on the topic "Electricity production mix":
1
KALDER, Janar, Alo ALLIK, Hardi HÕIMOJA, Erkki JÕGI, Mart HOVI, Maido MÄRSS, Jarek KURNITSKI, et al. "OPTIMAL WIND/SOLAR ENERGY MIX FOR RESIDENTIAL NET ZERO-ENERGY BUILDINGS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.020.
Abstract:
The article is concentrated on the energy storage problems arising from microgeneration in private households. The case study involves a small-scale wind and solar electricity production set in a net zero-energy building. Both the net zero-energy building and the microgeneration units are connected to an utility grid. The current article serves to confirm the hypothesis, that the self consumption is at its maximum with the annual 70/30 wind and solar energy mix of in favour of the wind. The maximal self consumption at no additional energy storage in a net zero-energy building is studied as well. Produced and consumed energies are equal, which satisfies the requirements for a net zero-energy building with the utility grid acting as an energy buffer. The consumed energy is used to operate a heat pump, heat up ventilation supply air, run ventilation fans, supplying non-shiftable loads (white goods, TV, lighting etc), heat up domestic hot water via heat pump. To express self consumption, we use the term of supply cover factor, which describes optimally the directly consumed energy in relationship to net consumption or production. In annual scale, the cover factors for a net zero-energy building are equal as the production and consumption are equal as well. Also, seasonal variations in self consumption are studied. According to study results, the annual maximal supply cover factor in a net zero-energy building is 0.375 with 70/30 wind/solar mix. Seasonally, the self consumption is at its maximum in summer when the supply cover factor equals to 0.49.
2
Coe, Ryan G., George Lavidas, Giorgio Bacelli, Peter H. Kobos, and Vincent S. Neary. "Minimizing Cost in a 100% Renewable Electricity Grid: A Case Study of Wave Energy in California." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80731.
Abstract:
Abstract Wave energy converters have yet to reach broad market viability. Traditionally, levelized cost of energy has been considered the ultimate stage gate through which wave energy developers must pass in order to find success (i.e., the levelized cost of wave energy must be less than that of solar and wind). However, real world energy decisions are not based solely on levelized cost of energy. In this study, we consider the energy mix in California in the year 2045, upon which the state plans to achieve zero carbon energy production. By considering temporal electricity production and consumption, we are able to perform a more informed analysis of the decision process to address this challenge. The results show that, due to high level of ocean wave energy in the winter months, wave energy provides a valuable complement to solar and wind, which have higher production in the summer. Thus, based on this complementary temporal aspect, wave energy appears cost-effective, even when the cost of installation and maintenance is twice that of solar and wind.
3
Dean, Jered, Robert Braun, Michael Penev, Christopher Kinchin, and David Mun˜oz. "Leveling Intermittent Renewable Energy Production Through Biomass Gasification-Based Hybrid Systems." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90067.
Abstract:
The increased use of intermittent renewable power in the United States is forcing utilities to manage increasingly complex supply and demand interactions. This paper evaluates biomass pathways for hydrogen production and how they can be integrated with renewable resources to improve the efficiency, reliability, dispatchability, and cost of other renewable technologies. Two hybrid concepts were analyzed that involve co-production of gaseous hydrogen and electric power from thermochemical biorefineries. Both of the concepts analyzed share the basic idea of combining intermittent wind-generated electricity with a biomass gasification plant. The systems were studied in detail for process feasibility and economic performance. The best performing system was estimated to produce hydrogen at a cost of $1.67/kg. The proposed hybrid systems seek to either fill energy shortfalls by supplying hydrogen to a peaking natural gas turbine or to absorb excess renewable power during low-demand hours. Direct leveling of intermittent renewable electricity production is accomplished with either an indirectly heated biomass gasifier, or a directly heated biomass gasifier. The indirect gasification concepts studied were found to be cost competitive in cases where value is placed on controlling carbon emissions. A carbon tax in the range of $26–40 per metric ton of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emission makes the systems studied cost competitive with steam methane reforming (SMR) to produce hydrogen. However, some additional value must be placed on energy peaking or sinking for these plants to be economically viable. The direct gasification concept studied replaces the air separation unit (ASU) with an electrolyzer bank and is unlikely to be cost competitive in the near future. High electrolyzer costs and wind power requirements make the hybridization difficult to justify economically without downsizing the system. Based on a direct replacement of the ASU with electrolyzers, hydrogen can be produced for $0.27 premium per kilogram. Additionally, if a non-renewable, grid-mix electricity is used, the hybrid system is found to be a net CO2e emitter.
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Guillot, E., M. Epstein, C. Wieckert, G. Olalde, A. Steinfeld, S. Sante´n, U. Frommherz, S. Kra¨upl, and T. Osinga. "Solar Carbothermic Production of Zinc From Zinc Oxide: Solzinc." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76015.
Abstract:
In late 2004, the pilot Solzinc solar reactor was commissioned. The European Union and the Swiss Federal Office of Science and Education are funding this project to demonstrate the technical feasibility and the economical potential of producing Zn by reducing zinc oxide with the aid of concentrated solar energy and a small amount of carbon at a close to industrial scale. The zinc can be used as a means to store solar energy in a chemical way, e.g. suited to release electricity in Zinc-air fuel cells. This allows on demand use, boosting the availability of solar energy. Furthermore, as the Zinc-air fuel cells’ waste is ZnO, we get a cyclic process by reducing this ZnO in the Solzinc solar reactor. Numerous lab tests and numerical studies of the chemical and thermal behavior of the solar carbothermic ZnO reduction process were conducted by the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the Israeli Weizmann Institute and the French CNRS Processes, Materials and Solar Energy laboratory. An indirectly heated beam-down reactor concept was chosen and influencing parameters, such as the type of carbon, the stoichiometry of the ZnO-C mix and the process temperature were explored. Based on these findings the technology was scaled up for the pilot plant for about 0.25 MW solar input leading to a designed zinc production rate of 50kg/h. The Swedish company ScanArc Plasma Systems AB developed a special quench system to produce zinc dust directly from the gaseous zinc exhausted from the solar reactor. The dust’s characteristics were adapted to the requirements of the Zn-air fuel cells developed by the German company ZOXY Energy System AG. The resulting zinc can be easily stored and transported for generating electricity as needed. In 2004, the pilot reactor, the quench system and extensive instrumentation were installed at the Weizmann Institute’s solar facilities to process batches of up to 500 kg of ZnO-C mixture. After cold testing of the installation and fulfilling all safety requirements, the first batches were processed. This paper explores the results of the commissioning to show the technical feasibility of this process to produce zinc and to store solar energy.
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Lott, Melissa C., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Analyzing Tradeoffs in Electricity Choices Using the Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS)." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90135.
Abstract:
The Texas Interactive Power Simulator (TIPS) is an interactive analytical tool developed at the University of Texas at Austin for quantitatively comparing the first-order economic and environmental tradeoffs of different electricity production methods in Texas. The tool is designed for analysis of different power choices and is presented in an online format for use by students, the general public, and government decision-makers. The core electricity industry data are Texas-specific, but the flexibility of the framework, when combined with user supplied content, extends its applicability to the United States and world electricity markets. TIPS provides a method for assessing the tradeoffs of electricity generation technologies in terms of economic costs and environmental impacts. Economic costs include major factors such as the cost of capacity, fuel, operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the costs of conservation programs and environmental impact mitigation technology. Environmental impacts include market externalities such as the environmental impacts on air, land, and water, and are normalized per kWh generated (for example, pounds of CO2 or NOx, acres of land, or gallons of cooling water consumed per kWh of generated electricity). Environmental impacts can further be associated with a cost, which is included in the overall levelized cost of electricity. Users can supply their own data for interactive experimentation, though peer-reviewed data are provided as default values. TIPS’ outputs include text, graphs, and pictograms showing the electricity output and environmental impact of the user’s selections, which allow the user to interpret the overall impact for different fuel mixes. Source data are incorporated from government sources and peer reviewed technical literature. The TIPS interactive interface allows the user to analyze a desired electricity mix according to the percentage breakdown of electricity production for each generation technology. The user input determines the overall direct and indirect costs of a unit of electricity according to the particular cost parameters associated with each generation technology. This manuscript discusses the methodology used in TIPS calculation and shares the results of using TIPS to analyze the cost and environmental impacts for a variety of illustrative and possible generation scenarios in Texas, including the following: high carbon prices, nuclear renaissance, and continuing wind market growth.
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Veliyev, E. F., A. A. Aliyev, and G. Sh Poladova. "Development of Novel Thermoactive Polymer Compositions for Deep Fluid Diversion Purposes." In SPE Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217642-ms.
Abstract:
Oil and gas production is a vital component of the global economy, serving as the primary source of hydrocarbons, which are not only essential for various products but also as the primary energy source. Global energy consumption, as reported by the International Energy Agency (IEA), has been steadily increasing due to population growth and improved living standards, with a 2.9% increase in 2019, surpassing the 1.9% average annual growth rate of the previous decade [1]. Despite the growing interest in renewable energy resources, they currently represent a small portion of the global energy mix. In 2020, fossil fuels still dominated electricity production in the United States, accounting for approximately 80%, while renewables contributed around 20% [2, 3]. Additionally, renewable energy sources face challenges such as environmental dependence, high initial costs, and environmental consequences related to their production. In light of these circumstances, hydrocarbon production remains crucial to meet the rising energy demand, achieved through the exploration of new reservoirs or enhancing the productivity of existing ones. Exploring new reservoirs is resource-intensive and often located at greater depths, necessitating innovative technologies [4-5].
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KWOK, Jack Y., and Jackie C. K. LEUNG. "Evaluation of the Performance of GGBS Concrete used in Civil and Geotechnical Works." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 43rd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.159.26.
Abstract:
The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) such as Pulverised Fly Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS) has been proven effective in reducing the total carbon emission of the concrete production process by lowering the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The general specifications published by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region have allowed the use of PFA as SCM in concrete production for public work projects in the past three decades. From 2012 onwards, the use of GGBS as SCM has also been permitted. In recent years, the local electricity companies have been reducing their reliance on coal-fired plants for electricity generation. The local supply of PFA has been declining and is expected to deplete by the 2030s. Through the management of the concrete mix ID database, the Public Works Central Laboratory (PWCL) noted the trend of using GGBS concrete in public works contracts has been on the rise in the past two years. The PWCL has recently conducted an in-house technical study on the performance of GGBS concrete mixes recently adopted in public works contracts. Based on the original concrete mix formulas and sources of materials, fresh concrete batches were made in laboratory environment. Furthermore, additional concrete test cubes were obtained from available on-going public works construction sites adopting GGBS concrete. Various performance aspects of the concrete mixes, such as the early strength development and shrinkage properties were evaluated. PWCL has also obtained the results of the recent “Low Carbon Concrete Trophy Competition 2022” initiated by the Standing Committee on Concrete Technology and organised by HKIE for comparison purposes. In view of the improved quality of GGBS available in the market in the past few years, PWCL is also planning to conduct a further study on the performance of GGBS concrete, focusing on the recent technological advancement in this area, and the feasibility of achieving higher replacement levels, higher grade strengths with the use of locally available raw materials. This paper summarises our current work on evaluation of the performance of GGBS concrete used in recent public works contracts with the aim of facilitating the industry’s consideration for wider adoption of GGBS concrete in civil and geotechnical engineering works.
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Horikawa, Atsushi, Kunio Okada, Masato Yamaguchi, Shigeki Aoki, Manfred Wirsum, Harald H. W. Funke, and Karsten Kusterer. "Combustor Development and Engine Demonstration of Micro-Mix Hydrogen Combustion Applied to M1A-17 Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59666.
Abstract:
Abstract Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD. (KHI) has research and development projects for a future hydrogen society. These projects comprise the complete hydrogen cycle, including the production of hydrogen gas, the refinement and liquefaction for transportation and storage, and finally the utilization in a gas turbine for electricity and heat supply. Within the development of the hydrogen gas turbine, the key technology is stable and low NOx hydrogen combustion, namely the Dry Low NOx (DLN) hydrogen combustion. KHI, Aachen University of Applied Science, and B&B-AGEMA have investigated the possibility of low NOx micro-mix hydrogen combustion and its application to an industrial gas turbine combustor. From 2014 to 2018, KHI developed a DLN hydrogen combustor for a 2MW class industrial gas turbine with the micro-mix technology. Thereby, the ignition performance, the flame stability for equivalent rotational speed, and higher load conditions were investigated. NOx emission values were kept about half of the Air Pollution Control Law in Japan: 84ppm (O2-15%). Hereby, the elementary combustor development was completed. From May 2020, KHI started the engine demonstration operation by using an M1A-17 gas turbine with a co-generation system located in the hydrogen-fueled power generation plant in Kobe City, Japan. During the first engine demonstration tests, adjustments of engine starting and load control with fuel staging were investigated. On 21st May, the electrical power output reached 1,635 kW, which corresponds to 100% load (ambient temperature 20 °C), and thereby NOx emissions of 65 ppm (O2-15, 60 RH%) were verified. Here, for the first time, a DLN hydrogen-fueled gas turbine successfully generated power and heat.
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Silvestri, Luca, Michele De Santis, Giacomo Falcucci, Paola Serao, and Gino Bella. "Evaluation of Battery Power Losses During the LCA Use Phase of Electric Vehicles: An Experimental Analysis of Different Li-Ion Battery Chemistries." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0155.
Abstract:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicle electrification is one of the most important emerging trends in the transportation sector and a necessary step towards the reduction of polluting substances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, electric vehicles still present some environmental criticalities, such as indirect emissions related to the electricity used for charging the traction battery, which depends on the considered national electricity generation mix. The leading approach for quantifying the potential environmental impacts is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a standardized methodology that takes into account the whole life cycle of a product, including production, use phase, and end-of-life. Among them, the use phase is the most controversial and heterogenic part of the battery LCA, being environmental impacts depending on different national electricity generation mixes and several factors difficult to estimate, such as charge-discharge power losses that provide significant contributions to the overall environmental impacts of the battery system. The purpose of this research is to conduct an LCA to investigate the Global Warming Potential (GWP) impact category associated with the use phase of two battery packs based on different NMC batteries but equivalent total capacity, equipping the same powertrain of an A-segment battery electric vehicle (BEV). The overall GWP ranges between 45.4 and 47 gCO2eq/km and total power losses between 2.5 and 3.19 gCO2eq/km, respectively. Finally, the M50LT battery model results in a greater GWP impact up to 3.5% than the 40T battery type.</div></div>
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Dodder, Rebecca, Tyler Felgenhauer, William Yelverton, and Carey King. "Water and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs Associated With a Transition to a Low Carbon Transportation System." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63991.
Abstract:
Transportation fuels are heavily dominated by the use of petroleum, but concerns over oil depletion (e.g., peak oil), energy security, and greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum combustion are driving the search for alternatives. As we look to shift away from petroleum-based transportation fuels, most options consume and withdraw more water during their life cycle. Thus, shifting to alternative fuel and energy supplies for transportation will likely increase water use for the transportation sector. Previous work suggests that water consumption for transportation could reach 10% of total U.S. water consumption when meeting the Federal Renewable Fuels Standard mandate at modest irrigation levels for feedstock crops (corn, cellulosic grasses) in combination with other alternative fuels and vehicle technologies (electric vehicles, natural gas vehicles, etc.), but more refined analysis is needed. It is important to understand when and where these new water demands for transportation are anticipated to occur. This paper presents results from simulations of the U.S. 9-region (EPAUS9r) MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation) integrated energy systems model for mapping the changes in water withdrawal and consumption during a transition to a low carbon-emitting U.S. transportation fleet. The advantage of using a bottom-up, multi-sector model like MARKAL is the ability to look at consistent scenarios for the full energy system, and endogenously capture interactions between different sectors (e.g. electric power production, biorefineries, and the LDV fleet). MARKAL can simulate a baseline scenario driven by assumptions for biomass feedstock and fossil resource costs and availability, as well as the costs of converting those resources to liquid fuels and electricity. We investigate alternative scenarios both with and without carbon constraints, while varying the pace of vehicle electrification. We compare these scenarios to assess regional differences in water needs as well as aggregate water demand for transportation energy, and how those trade off against greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Our results indicate that the regional water demands and interregional transfers of embodied water could be significant as the light-duty vehicle fleet moves away from petroleum-based fuels, with exports of embodied water on the order of hundreds of billion gallons of water per year for ethanol coming from the Midwest. Interregional transfers of water embodied in electricity may also reach tens of billion gallons of water per year. However, these water requirements will vary substantially based on the light-duty vehicle mix, carbon policy, electric power generation mix, biofuel production levels, and feedstock characteristics.
Reports on the topic "Electricity production mix":
1
Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
Abstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
2
Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Abstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
3
Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
Abstract:
In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
4
The Enhancement of Energy Security for a Sustainable Future. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/pyciec-fr.
Abstract:
Indonesia needs to address the conceptualization of energy security to help policies’ formulation. Indonesia follows the concept of four As for its energy security. Currently, Indonesia has a strong dependence on fossil fuels, depicted by its higher consumption than domestic production. In 2020, fossil energy accounted for 88.7% of Indonesia’s energy mix, and the remaining was contributed by renewable energy. As a result, Indonesia has a high expenditure on imported fuel, LPG, and other petroleum products to guarantee its availability. Moreover, Indonesia’s subsidy policy has maintained the people’s purchasing power, despite its justice needs to be further assessed. Indonesia’s SDGs targets are still progressing, with Indonesia’s SDG7 (affordable and clean energy) target is in the on-track category, while SDG13 (climate action) is in the stagnant category. Thus, without solid commitment, Indonesia may not be able to reduce the 29% and 41% of GHG emissions conditionally by international aid by 2030. Hence, the key to enhancing the sustainability aspect of energy security lies in the synchronization of energy and climate action. Specifically, energy diversification has to be accelerated, and it requires all stakeholders’ involvement to solve these issues. We Focus on three issues as in the following: the role of fossil energy in the energy transition; the role of electricity in Net Zero Emissions; and the development of new and renewable energy to strengthen energy security. Continue reading at https://www.purnomoyusgiantorocenter.org/the-enhancement-of-energy-security-for-a-sustainable-future/ | The Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center