Journal articles: 'Electrical measurent'

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Kanak, L. M., V. G. Ivanitska, A. I. Kanak, and P. M. Fochuk. "Reduction of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te surface conductivity by chemical treatment." Chernivtsi University Scientific Herald. Chemistry, no. 819 (2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/chem-2019-819-05.

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The influence of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals pretreatment on the effectiveness of the passivation was studied. The optimal conditions of passivation process are determined. Samples of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te were treated with Br2-DMF solution before the investigation. After treatment the surface of the sample was smooth without visible irregularities, which indicates the good polishing properties of this etching solution and the possibility of using the samples for further study. Passivation of samples surface was carried by the NH4F-H2O2 solution. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te sample surface was investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formation of a uniform oxide surface layer was confirmed. The electrical characteristics of the passivated samples were investigated by measurent the current-voltage dependences. The expediency of applying of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te sample treatment in 50% KOH solution after their chemical treatment in the NH4F-H2O2 solution was proved. It was shown that after etching, excess tellurium appears on the surface of the specimens and causes increasing surface conductivity. Measurement of current-voltage dependencies for pre-treated specimens with and without KOH solution showed that the application of this additional chemical treatment step leads to a significant increase in the surface resistance of the specimen. Visual changes in the surface are also observed. It was found that the optimal conditions for Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals surface passivation are chemical treatment with NH4F-H2O2 solution for 2 min at a temperature of 18 °C. The current-voltage characteristics of the sample Cd0.9Zn0.1Te were measured at different stages of surface treatment: after polishing, after etching and after passivation. It was done for compares the overall effect of the semiconductor's surface quality on their electrical properties.

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Chen, Yuan Cai, and Yun Di Wang. "Design and Implementation of Self-Learning Electrical Measurement System." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1265.

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Through the electrical parameters measurement technology of autonomic learning, understanding of the system hardware by regulating circuit, data acquisition card and computer. This paper, by learning to solve the traditional electrical parameters test method of testing process is not continuous, dynamic transient state is difficult to send now and positioning problem. Virtual instrument measuring instrument is based on the computer, it has many advantages compared with traditional instrument, has been developing rapidly in recent years. The system finished the electrician experiment of common electrical parameters such as: voltage, electric current; Dc voltage, electric current; a measure of the resistance, capacitance and inductance.

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Callegaro, Luca. "Maintaining a Local Reference Scale for Electrical Impedance by Means of a Digital Impedance Bridge." NCSLI Measure 13, no. 4 (December 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.4.7.

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Electrical impedance is one of the most commonly measured electrical quantities and there is a wide variety of impedance meters commercially available. Electrical calibration laboratories usually use sets of artifact impedance standards to calibrate these meters. The traceability chain for electrical impedance is described with a particular emphasis on the use of impedance bridges to calibrate the impedance standards themselves. Up to now, coaxial transformer ratio bridges have been used for this purpose, but these have a number of practical disadvantages. It is shown that digital impedance bridges, which use digital techniques to provide the accurate voltage ratios for bridge balancing, offer a viable alternative to transformer ratio bridges. The principles of operation of source-based and sampling-based impedance bridges are described. The joint research project VersICaL: A versatile electrical impedance calibration laboratory based on digital impedance bridges (2018-2021) has shown that digital impedance bridges provide, even for a laboratory with limited resources and expertise, a practical means of calibrating impedance standards at the parts per million level of accuracy. A source-based digital impedance bridge, designed and constructed within the project, is described and some measurement results presented.

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Li, Yang, Ding Li, Cun Da Wang, and Lie Feng Feng. "Electrical Behaviors of LEDs Prepared by Wide-Band GaN Material." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2202.

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Electrical behaviors of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) prepared by wide-band GaN material were measured accurately using alternating-current (AC) small-signal together with anI-Vplot. An abnormal negative capacitance (NC) was observed in all measurend LEDs, and at the same voltage the lower the frequency is, the more obvious NC is. Form the slopes of ln(I)-Vplot and the relation between NC and voltage the ideality factor was approximately obtained.

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Kostiukov, Ivan. "ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT BY SCATTER ELLIPSE APPROXIMATION." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 81, no. 3 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2020.03.041.

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Zakharov, Igor, Olesia Botsiura, and Valerii Semenikhin. "Method of kurtosis in estimating the measurement uncertainty during calibration of the electrical resistance measures using a potentiometer." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2021.236078.

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Calibration of electrical resistance measures is considered by the indirect method, which is realized through measuring the voltage drop across the series-connected reference and calibrated resistors. The biases of the estimates of the measurand and the combined standard uncertainty due to the nonlinearity of the measurement model were calculated. The distribution laws of the input quantities in the calculation of the expanded uncertainty were taken into account by the kurtosis method. An example of measurement uncertainty evaluating during calibration of single-size electrical resistance measure R331 with a nominal resistance of 1000 Ω by comparing its value using a potentiometer R345 with the value of the calibrated reference standard is considered. Estimates of the measurand and its standard and expanded uncertainties obtained using the proposed method showed good agreement with the estimates obtained using the Monte Carlo method.

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Zhai, Yu Wen, Wei Liu, and Xiao Yang. "Design of the Impedance Measurement Instrument in Electrical Engineering Based on Phase-Sensitive Detector." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.242.

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The design of impedance measurement instrument in electrical engineering based on phase-sensitive detector is introduced. The orthogonal vector measuring circuit based on phase-sensitive detector is employed in this design. The microprocessor C8051F410 is used to output the detecting signal and execute the control, calculation and display during the measurment process. The impedance measurement instrument has been applied in the Comprehensive Experimental System for Electronic Measurement Principle.

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Pleština, Vladimir, Vedran Boras, and Hrvoje Turić. "The Measurement Uncertainty in Determining of Electrical Resistance Value by Applying Direct-Comparison Method." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062115.

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This paper considers the unknown electrical resistance (measurand) as the numerical result of the measurement that was carried out by means of the well-known direct comparison measurement method using an appropriate standard resistor and voltmeter. In the literature, this measurement method is also referred to as a series comparison method. This method of measurement is one of the indirect methods and is suitable for measuring low resistance. This paper presents two approaches for evaluating the unknown electrical resistance and its associated combined standard uncertainty. The entire process of evaluating the combined standard uncertainty that is associated with the measurand and the standard uncertainties that are associated with the analyzed input quantities has been entirely performed in accordance with the applicable international recommendations and guidelines for the uncertainty of measurement. The analyzed approaches for evaluating the combined standard uncertainty are designed to be universal and valid both for the mutually non-correlated input quantities and for the mutually correlated input quantities, which can be obtained from a single observation, or repeated observations or by other means. This paper can substantially contribute to the measurements in electrical engineering and education.

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Garbe, H., and S. Battermann. "Establishing a link to given radiated emission limits during extending the frequency range above 1 GHz." Advances in Radio Science 6 (May 26, 2008): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-6-303-2008.

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Abstract. Up to now most limits for radiated emission are given as values for the electrical field strength. Battermann, 2007 has shown that the frequency range extension for radiated emission measurements above 1 GHz generates a lot of problems while performing the test on a classical test site as depicted in Fig. 1. This paper will give a motivation to use an other measurand namely the total-radiated-power than electrical field strength by using alternative test sites like reverberation chambers, TEM-waveguides, Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) etc. Nevertheless most of the existing standards still specify electrical field strength limits. This paper will show how to set the parameters in the given algorithm to establish a link between measured total radiated power and equivalent electrical field values.

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Müller, Samuel, David Maier, and Nejila Parspour. "Inductive Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine for Electrical Vehicles—Design, Optimization and Measurement." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041657.

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The demand for electric machines has been rising steadily for several years—mainly due to the move away from the combustion engine. Synchronous motors with rare earth permanent magnets are widely used due to their high power densities. These magnets are cost-intensive, cost-sensitive and often environmentally harmful. In addition to dispensing with permanent magnets, electrically excited synchronous machines offer the advantage of an adjustable excitation and, thus, a higher efficiency in the partial load range in field weakening operation. Field weakening operation is relevant for the application of vehicle traction drive. The challenge of this machine type is the need for an electrical power transfer system, usually achieved with slip rings. Slip rings wear out, generate dust and are limited in power density and maximum speed due to vibrations. This article addresses an electrically excited synchronous machine with a wireless power transfer onto the rotor. From the outset, the machine is designed with a wireless power transfer system for use in a medium-sized electric vehicle. As an example, the requirements are derived from the BMW’s i3. The wireless power transfer system is integrated into the hollow shaft of the rotor. Unused space is thus utilized. The overall system is optimized for high efficiency, especially for partial load at medium speed, with an operation point-depending optimization method. The results are compared with the reference permanent magnet excited machine. A prototype of the machine is built and measured on the test bench. The measured efficiency of the inductive electrically excited synchronous machine is up to 4% higher than that of the reference machine of the BMW i3.

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Jamwal, Anbesh, Dr Umesh Kumar Vates, and Ankur Aggarwal. "Effect of Electrical and Non-electrical Parameters on the Performance Measures of Electro-Discharge Machining: A Review." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (October 31, 2017): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd4722.

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Mandavgade, N. K., S. B. Jaju, R. R. Lakhe, and D. J. Tidke. "Need and Difficulties in Uncertainty of Measurement." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 3 (July 2012): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070103.

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Uncertainty of measurement has attracted more research in recent past. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain the concept and need of measurment uncertainty. The uncertainty of measurement is related to measurement and calibration process only. The uncertainty of measurement(UOM) is applied in various application such as mechanical, chemical, electrical and civil testing equipments. The paper focus on difficulties in estimation of sources of uncertainty and their estimation. The gaps in the research are identified along with the scope of UOM in various application.The effects of qualitative factors can be possible using data collection through questionnaire.

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Lastavetski, A. E., S. P. Klepka, and M. S. Riabokon. "Remote measurement of electric charges of air objects." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2015-3-59-69.

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The method of remote measurement of the electric field of the air facility and calculation of the electric field sensor signals of various designs in view of conductive paths. The above algorithm for estimating the parameters of the trajectory of the air facility and calculating its electrical charge in a three-position system, passive electrostatic locations.

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Novák, Ján. "Electric Properties Measurement of Lentil." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2018-0004.

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AbstractThis paper contains the results of the electric properties measurement of lentil set. Electric measurements with use of these materials are of fundamental importance in relation to the analysis of quantity of absorbed water and dielectric heating characteristics. The aim of this paper was to perform the measurements of conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent on samples of lentil, the electrical properties of which had not been sufficiently measured. Measurements were performed under various moisture contents, and the frequency of electric field ranged from 1 MHz to 16 MHz, using a Q meter with coaxial probe. It was concluded that conductivity, relative permittivity and loss tangent increased with an increase in moisture content, and dielectric constant and loss tangent decreased as the frequency of electric field increased.

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Márquez-Villa, José Martín, Juan Carlos Martínez-Espinosa, and Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Sierra. "Fischerella sp. biomass measurement by using graphite electrodes." Acta Universitaria 28, no. 6 (February 7, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2018.2182.

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For several decades, the electrical admittance has been very useful for the determination of physical quantities, such as the characterization of some electrical properties of interest in organic samples. In this work, an electrical system based on graphite electrodes to determine the amount of living biomass of the cyanobacteria Fischerella sp. is proposed. Cyanobacteria are phototrophic microorganisms with applications on bioremediation, pharmaceutics, medicine, among others. The strain was characterized in BG-11 medium and cultured at different biomass concentrations. Samples were evaluated by electrical admittance and contrasted by the technique of dry weight in order to correlate the results registered by the/a proposal electric circuit. Scanning frequencies from admittance went in an order from 10 Hz to 1 000 000 Hz. Also, they showed a reproducibility, getting deviations of 6.45 × 10-5. This electrical system can be used to evaluate Fischerella sp. living biomass concentrations with high reliability.

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Kostić, Dragutin, Vujo Drndarević, Petar Marković, and Nenad Jevtić. "DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR ACQUIRING AND TRANSFERING MEASUREMENT DATA IN TESTING THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES." TRANSPORT 26, no. 4 (January 9, 2012): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.557217.

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The paper describes procedures and methods upon which a system has been developed for testing the running behavior of new or reconstructed electric locomotives prior to release them into regular service. Special attention has been paid to precise measurement of traction currents and voltages, as well as non-electrical quantities, such as torque, longitudinal force exerted at the wheel rim, angular and linear velocity, which vary in a wide range. In addition to choosing appropriate sensors and measuring transducers, specific interface circuits were designed and manufactured, and a laboratory model for measuring electrical and non-electrical quantities of traction electric motors was developed and realised. Based on the experience and the results obtained from the laboratory model, a computerised data acquisition system for testing the electric locomotives in the field was designed from such a computerised systems as application program for simultaneous multichannel measurement of mechanical and electrical quantities, and for off-line processing of measurement results. The systems were tested during the operation on measurement and analysis of tractive capabilities, quality of anti slip regulation system, and energy consumption of a modernized locomotive.

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Wang, San Qiang, Xing Zhe Hou, Quan Zhou, Wen Li Chen, and Qiu Hui Zhuang. "Electrical Measurement Automated Calibration System Applied Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 884–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.884.

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In recent years, with the rapid development of electric power, the construction of a large number of substation, electrical measuring instrument and device is also increasing, accordingly, testing and calibration work is growing. The traditional calibration method has been unable to meet the actual needs of work. Combining with the practical work, and put forward a new automatic calibrating method, this paper introduces the electrical measuring instrument verification device of automatic calibration system of the working principle and system structure, and illustrates the system application.

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Amoah, Papa K., Zeinab Mohammed Hassan, Pengtao Lin, Engelbert Redel, Helmut Baumgart, and Yaw S. Obeng. "Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopic Detection of Ethanol: A Side-by-Side Comparison of ZnO and HKUST-1 MOFs as Sensing Media." Chemosensors 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10070241.

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The most common gas sensors are based on chemically induced changes in electrical resistivity and necessarily involve making imperfect electrical contacts to the sensing materials, which introduce errors into the measurements. We leverage thermal- and chemical-induced changes in microwave propagation characteristics (i.e., S-parameters) to compare ZnO and surface-anchored metal–organic-framework (HKUST-1 MOF) thin films as sensing materials for detecting ethanol vapor, a typical volatile organic compound (VOC), at low temperatures. We show that the microwave propagation technique can detect ethanol at relatively low temperatures (<100 °C), and afford new mechanistic insights that are inaccessible with the traditional dc-resistance-based measurements. In addition, the metrological technique avoids the inimical measurand distortions due to parasitic electrical effects inherent in the conductometric volatile organic compound detection.

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Bosi, Marco, Albert-Miquel Sánchez, Francisco Javier Pajares, and Lorenzo Peretto. "A Methodology to Analyze and Evaluate the Uncertainty Propagation due to Temperature and Frequency and Design Optimization for EMC Testing Instrumentation." Electricity 2, no. 3 (August 12, 2021): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2030018.

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This paper presents a study and proposes a new methodology to analyze, evaluate and reduce the overall uncertainty of instrumentations for EMC measurements. For the scope of this work, the front end of a commercial EMI receiver is chosen and variations due to tolerances, temperature and frequency response of the system are evaluated. This paper illustrates in detail how to treat each block composing the model by analyzing each discrete component, and how to evaluate their influence on the measurand. Since a model can have hundreds or even thousands of parameters, the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of some variable might be unknown. So, a method that allows to obtain in a fast and easy way the uncertainty of the measurement despite having so many variables, to then being able to evaluate the influence of each component on the measurand, is necessary for a correct design. In this way, it will be possible to indicate which discrete components have the most influence on the measurand and thus set the maximum tolerances allowed and being able to design a cost-effective solution. Furthermore, this works presents a methodology which can easily be extended and applied to estimate and compute the uncertainty for electromagnetic interferences, energy storage systems (ESS), energy production, electric machines, electric transports and power plants in general.

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KOVAL, Vadym, Bogdan OROBCHUK, Yaroslav OSADTSA, and Liubov KOSTYK. "AUTOMATICAL MEASURING DEVICE FOR RESEARCHING THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOELECTRIC MODULES." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 313, no. 5 (October 27, 2022): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-313-5-168-173.

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The article describes the developed and manufactured measuring device for measuring the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic modules depending on their temperature and radiation spectrum. The measuring device consists of a hardware and a software part. The basis for the hardware part is a personal computer with a built-in measuring board of a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter. The analog-to-digital converter processes signals from measuring current, voltage and temperature converters. As measuring current converters, shunts made of high-precision non-inductive resistance resistors were used. To measure a voltage greater than 5 V, dividers of the НP-9258 and НP-9251 type with conversion factors of 1:100 and 1:10, respectively, were used. The measuring device controls the load made of non-inductive active elements. In order to change the spectral composition of radiation, four light filters are used, which transmit light with wavelengths in the red, yellow, green and blue region of the spectrum. After replacing them on the radiation source, the energy of the incident radiation must be set at the level of 1000 W/m2. The software that provides the measurement process is written in the Delphi programming language and works, according to the algorithm, in automatic and manual modes. Using the measuring device the volt-ampere and volt-watt characteristics of the photovoltaic module were obtained depending on its temperature and radiation spectrum. The measuring device works in manual and automatic modes. In manual mode you can measure at least one volt-ampere characteristic, and if necessary, any number of them. In automatic mode, measurements of the current-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic module are performed as many times as necessary to complete the transition process of heating the photovoltaic module to a certain temperature. The developed measuring device was used to study the monocrystalline photovoltaic module. The volt-ampere and volt-watt dependences of the photovoltaic module were obtained, depending on its temperature and radiation spectrum. Conclusions were made regarding the sensitivity of the photovoltaic module to the spectrum of radiation in the visible range and the decrease in energy efficiency with increasing temperature.

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Knut, Pavol, Peter Kapalo, and Zuzana Vranayova. "COMPARISON OF MEASURED AND CALCULATED ELECTRICAL ENERGY CAPTURED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.02.049.

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The main goal of the work was the measurement of photovoltaic panels on a family house in the village of Lucka in eastern Slovakia during 4 months. The panels were mounted on the south side of the building at a slope of 26 degrees. The measurement took place every day only during sunshine. Subsequently, the comparison of these actually measured values with the calculated values from the PVGIS software, which also serves to calculate photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic panels were measured in the months of April, May, June, July in 2021. As was mentioned, the measurement took place only during sunshine, i.e. when the sun's rays hit the photovoltaic panels. From these measurement results, we will find out how much electricity we will actually produce in these months and how much the software will "produce" if we enter the same parameters for the location and type of photovoltaic panels as for a family house.

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Fiorucci, Edoardo, Giovanni Bucci, Fabrizio Ciancetta, Daniele Gallo, Carmine Landi, and Mario Luiso. "Variable Speed Drive Characterization: Review of Measurement Techniques and Future Trends." Advances in Power Electronics 2013 (July 31, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/968671.

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The significant advances in power electronics have permitted the implementation of sophisticated methods for control of electric motors. Each innovative electrical apparatus for industrial and automotive application must be correctly and exhaustively tested, both during the developing process and finally for the compliance test. The development of a new electrical system should be associated with a parallel design of an ad hoc measurement system, whose performance should be defined according to the features of the system under test. In recent years, the increasing interest for sensorless electric motor drives involved the development and implementation of a wide set of control techniques. This paper reviews the state and the trends of measurement techniques and instruments applied for the experimental characterization of variable speed drives.

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Aparna, Dr K. Durga, K. L. V. Nagasree, and G. Lalitha Devi. "Design and Fabrication of Mems U-Shaped Cantilever." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, no. 6 (March 30, 2023): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f7496.0311623.

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MEMS are used in acceleration, flow, pressure and force sensing applications on the micro and macro levels. The fundamental part of every sensor is the transducer which converts the measurend of intrest into and interpretable output signal. The most prominent transducer is the piezoresistive cantilever which translates any signal into an electrical signal.This paper presents the deisgn and fabrication of U shaped cantilever with enhanced sensitivity and stiffness which gives better results than other cantilevers. The simulation results of the cantilevers are designed using COMSOL software. MEMS technology becomes more affordable better and easier to fabricate in increasing quantities. Each layer of fabrication process is quite complex and final fabricated product will tested and used for high end applications.

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Bas-Calopa, Pau, Jordi-Roger Riba, and Manuel Moreno-Eguilaz. "Measurement of Corona Discharges under Variable Geometry, Frequency and Pressure Environment." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051856.

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Aeronautical industry is evolving towards more electric aircrafts (MEA), which will require much more electrical power compared to conventional models. To satisfy this increasing power demand and stringent weight requirements, distribution voltages must be raised, which jointly with the low-pressure environment and high operating frequencies increase the risk of electrical discharges occurrence. Therefore, it is important to generate data to design insulation systems for these demanding applications. To this end, in this work a sphere-to-plane electrode configuration is tested for several sphere geometries (diameters ranging from 2 mm to 10 mm), frequencies of 50 Hz, 400 Hz and 800 Hz and pressures in the 20–100 kPa range, to cover most aircraft applications. The corona extinction voltage is experimentally determined by using a gas-filled tube solar blind ultraviolet (UV) sensor. In addition, a CMOS imaging sensor is used to locate the discharge points. Next, to gain further insight to the discharge conditions, the electric field strength is calculated using finite element method (FEM) simulations and fitted to equations based on Peek’s law. The results presented in this paper could be especially valuable to design aircraft electrical insulations as well as for high-voltage hardware manufacturers, since the results allow determining the electric field values at which the components can operate free of surface discharges for a wide altitude range.

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Lee, Joonsung, Yizhuang Song, Narae Choi, Sungmin Cho, Jin Keun Seo, and Dong-Hyun Kim. "Noninvasive Measurement of Conductivity Anisotropy at Larmor Frequency Using MRI." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/421619.

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Anisotropic electrical properties can be found in biological tissues such as muscles and nerves. Conductivity tensor is a simplified model to express the effective electrical anisotropic information and depends on the imaging resolution. The determination of the conductivity tensor should be based on Ohm's law. In other words, the measurement of partial information of current density and the electric fields should be made. Since the direct measurements of the electric field and the current density are difficult, we use MRI to measure their partial information such as B1 map; it measures circulating current density and circulating electric field. In this work, the ratio of the two circulating fields, termed circulating admittivity, is proposed as measures of the conductivity anisotropy at Larmor frequency. Given eigenvectors of the conductivity tensor, quantitative measurement of the eigenvalues can be achieved from circulating admittivity for special tissue models. Without eigenvectors, qualitative information of anisotropy still can be acquired from circulating admittivity. The limitation of the circulating admittivity is that at least two components of the magnetic fields should be measured to capture anisotropic information.

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Bhatta, Hari Datta, Roy Davidi, Arie Yeredor, and Moshe Tur. "Distorted Acquisition of Dynamic Events Sensed by Frequency-Scanning Fiber-Optic Interrogators and a Mitigation Strategy." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 2403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062403.

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Fiber-optic dynamic interrogators, which use periodic frequency scanning, actually sample a time-varying measurand on a non-uniform time grid. Commonly, however, the sampled values are reported on a uniform time grid, synchronized with the periodic scanning. It is the novel and noteworthy message of this paper that this artificial assignment may give rise to significant distortions in the recovered signal. These distortions increase with both the signal frequency and measurand dynamic range for a given sampling rate and frequency scanning span of the interrogator. They may reach disturbing values in dynamic interrogators, which trade-off scanning speed with scanning span. The paper also calls for manufacturers of such interrogators to report the sampled values along with their instants of acquisition, allowing interpolation algorithms to substantially reduce the distortion. Experimental verification of a simulative analysis includes: (i) a commercial dynamic interrogator of ‘continuous’ FBG fibers that attributes the measurand values to a uniform time grid; as well as (ii) a dynamic Brillouin Optical time Domain (BOTDA) laboratory setup, which provides the sampled measurand values together with the sampling instants. Here, using the available measurand-dependent sampling instants, we demonstrate a significantly cleaner signal recovery using spline interpolation.

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Demir, I., C. Cebeci, and T. Guloksuz. "Electrical conductivity measurement to predict germination of commercially available radish seed lots." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.2.08.

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Gao Jinrui, 高锦瑞, 李大海 Li Dahai, 赖恒 Lai Heng, 张新伟 Zhang Xinwei, 王瑞阳 Wang Ruiyang, and 阮一郎 Ruan Yilang. "基于相位测量偏折术的透镜波前像差测量." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, no. 2 (2022): 0212001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.0212001.

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Manik, Charla Tri Selda. "Measurement of Earth Value Using Earth Tester Measurement at Efarina University." Journal of Science Technology (JoSTec) 2, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55299/jostec.v2i1.51.

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Grounding refers to the connection of an electrical equipment or installation to the ground so that it can protect humans from electric shock , and secure installation components from the danger of abnormal current voltages . This grounding system has low resistance properties, so that the overcurrent in the installation network can be flowed quickly to the ground to minimize damage to equipment in the building and protect the people inside. This study reviews the measurement of grounding around the earth at the efarina university. To find out the condition of the grounding resistance at each grounding, it is necessary to measure each grounding by measuring directly on the grounding installation network using an earth tester using an electrode pin. The calculation of grounding resistance is based on the type of soil, the depth of the electrode rod. The results show that the earth around the campus lobby has met the General Electrical Installation Requirements (PUIL) standard, which is smaller than 5 ohms. However, for earthing around the health faculty, it does not meet the PUIL standard, which is less than 5 ohms.

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Kamil . J. Ali. "MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS EMITTED FROM WELDING MACHINES." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2011.04101.

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The electric arc welding process makes use of the heat produced by the electric arc to fusion weld metallic pieces. An electric arc is formed when an electric current passes between two electrodes separated by a short distance from each other. The aim of this work is to determine the electromagnetic field strength emitted by different electrical welding machines at different ranges and identify the safe ranges in order to avoid its negative health effects on the welder body. The research has been performed in two parts, mathematical calculations and practical measurements using (EMF-827) field tester. Both measurements indicate that these exposure levels lie within permissible international standard limits , but in some very close to the torch the values of magnetic filed are above the standard permissible values, so there is no harm to human health if the exposure is for an intermittent and discontinuous periods

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Kamil . J. Ali. "MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS EMITTED FROM WELDING MACHINES." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2012.05209.

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The electric arc welding process makes use of the heat produced by the electric arc to fusion weld metallic pieces. An electric arc is formed when an electric current passes between two electrodes separated by a short distance from each other. The aim of this work is to determine the electromagnetic field strength emitted by different electrical welding machines at different ranges and identify the safe ranges in order to avoid its negative health effects on the welder body. The research has been performed in two parts, mathematical calculations and practical measurements using (EMF-827) field tester. Both measurements indicate that these exposure levels lie within permissible international standard limits , but in some very close to the torch the values of magnetic filed are above the standard permissible values, so there is no harm to human health if the exposure is for an intermittent and discontinuous periods.

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Azmi, Aini Najwa. "Non-Technical Skill Level of Electrical Engineering Undergraduates Using the Rasch Measurement Model." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 5388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020246.

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صالح ساجت, أحمد, أحمد محمد كاظم, فلاح عبد الحسن حيدر, and عبد الرحمن فاضل حسين. "قياس مستوى السمنة بتقنية تحليل الإعاقة الكهروحيوية و مقارنتها بالطرائق التقليدية." iraq journal of market research and consumer protection 11, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc11.2.2019.(7).

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Murata, Masayuki, Ryosuke Matsuzaki, Akira Todoroki, and Yoshihiro Mizutani. "OS08-2-6 Flow monitoring of VaRTM using electrical measurement and numerical simulation." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS08–2–6—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os08-2-6-.

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Jelitto, H., F. Felten, M. V. Swain, H. Balke, and G. A. Schneider. "Measurement of the Total Energy Release Rate for Cracks in PZT Under Combined Mechanical and Electrical Loading." Journal of Applied Mechanics 74, no. 6 (March 19, 2007): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2744027.

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Four-point-bending V-notched specimens of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) poled parallel to the long axis are fractured under conditions of controlled crack growth in a custom-made device. In addition to the mechanical loading electric fields, up to 500V∕mm are applied parallel and anti-parallel to the poling direction, i.e., perpendicular to the crack surface. To determine the different contributions to the total energy release rate, the mechanical and the piezoelectric compliance, as well as the electrical capacitance of the sample, are recorded continuously using small signal modulation/demodulation techniques. This allows for the calculation of the mechanical, the piezoelectric, and the electrical part of the total energy release rate due to linear processes. The sum of these linear contributions during controlled crack growth is attributed to the intrinsic toughness of the material. The nonlinear part of the total energy release rate is mostly associated to domain switching leading to a switching zone around the crack tip. The measured force-displacement curve, together with the modulation technique, enables us to determine this mechanical nonlinear contribution to the overall toughness of PZT. The intrinsic material toughness is only slightly dependent on the applied electric field (10% effect), which can be explained by screening charges or electrical breakdown in the crack interior. The part of the toughness due to inelastic processes increases from negative to positive electric fields by up to 100%. For the corresponding nonlinear electric energy change during crack growth, only a rough estimate is performed.

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Institut Förster GmbH & Co. "Electrical conductivity measurement." NDT & E International 24, no. 1 (February 1991): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(91)90813-i.

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Kuang, Zhen-Bang. "Static Electric Force and Measurement Principle of Material Constants in Electrostrictive Material." Smart Materials Research 2012 (March 22, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/712103.

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Electrostrictive materials convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. They are extensive applied as intelligent materials in the engineering structures. The governing equations in electrostrictive media under the quasistatic electric field are very important for the measurement of material constants and the research on the strength and function. But some theoretical problems should be further clarified. In this paper, the electric force acting on the material is studied and the complete governing equations will be given. In this paper a possible method to measure electrostrictive coefficients is also discussed.

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Brillson, Leonard, Jonathan Cox, Hantian Gao, Geoffrey Foster, William Ruane, Alexander Jarjour, Martin Allen, David Look, Holger von Wenckstern, and Marius Grundmann. "Native Point Defect Measurement and Manipulation in ZnO Nanostructures." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2019): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142242.

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This review presents recent research advances in measuring native point defects in ZnO nanostructures, establishing how these defects affect nanoscale electronic properties, and developing new techniques to manipulate these defects to control nano- and micro- wire electronic properties. From spatially-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, we now know that electrically-active native point defects are present inside, as well as at the surfaces of, ZnO and other semiconductor nanostructures. These defects within nanowires and at their metal interfaces can dominate electrical contact properties, yet they are sensitive to manipulation by chemical interactions, energy beams, as well as applied electrical fields. Non-uniform defect distributions are common among semiconductors, and their effects are magnified in semiconductor nanostructures so that their electronic effects are significant. The ability to measure native point defects directly on a nanoscale and manipulate their spatial distributions by multiple techniques presents exciting possibilities for future ZnO nanoscale electronics.

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Kim, Kyu Dong, and D. D. L. Chung. "OS10W0412 Thermomechanical behavior of a soldered joint, studied by real-time electrical resistivity measurement." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS10W0412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os10w0412.

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Ruffell, S., J. E. Bradby, J. S. Williams, and O. L. Warren. "An in situ electrical measurement technique via a conducting diamond tip for nanoindentation in silicon." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 3 (March 2007): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0100.

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An in situ electrical measurement technique for the investigation of nanoindentation using a Hysitron Triboindenter is described, together with details of experiments to address some technical issues associated with the technique. Pressure-induced phase transformations in silicon during indentation are of particular interest but are not fully understood. The current in situ electrical characterization method makes use of differences in electrical properties of the phase-transformed silicon to better understand the sequence of transformations that occur during loading and unloading. Here, electric current is measured through the sample/indenter tip during indentation, with a fixed or variable voltage applied to the sample. This method allows both current monitoring during indentation and the extraction of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics at various stages of loading. The work presented here focuses on experimental issues that must be understood for a full interpretation of results from nanoindentation experiments in silicon. The tip/sample contact and subsurface electrical resistivity changes dominate the resultant current measurement. Extracting the component of contact resistance provides an extremely sensitive method for measuring the electrical properties of the material immediately below the indenter tip, with initial results from indentation in silicon showing that this is a very sensitive probe of subsurface structural and electrical changes.

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Zhang, Wen Chao, Xiao Wei Wang, Bo Xu, and Dong Ping Zhang. "Measurement of the Electric Initiating Device Temperature Using Infrared Microscopic Thermographer." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.116.

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The temperature of electric initiating device under constant current has the vital significance to the security and the firing performance of electrical explosive initiator. In this paper, the temperature of bridgewire and semiconductor bridge which were representative in electrical explosive devices (EED) was studied using the infrared microscopic thermographer. The curve of temperature with current change is obtained. The resluts indicate that the temperature increases with the current in the form of quadratic parabola and the temperature of semiconductor bridge rises slower than that of bridgewire. According to the experimental analysis, it is found the reason that the temperature of semiconductor bridge increases slower is attributed to the better heat conduction property due to the close-contact silicon between substrate and bonding pad.

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Zheng, Fengshan, Giulio Pozzi, Vadim Migunov, Luka Pirker, Maja Remškar, Marco Beleggia, and Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski. "Quantitative measurement of charge accumulation along a quasi-one-dimensional W5O14 nanowire during electron field emission." Nanoscale 12, no. 19 (2020): 10559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr00739k.

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Electric field map and equipotential contour lines of a quasi-one-dimensional W₅O₁₄ nanowire under an electrical bias of 150 V. Experimental cumulative charge profiles along the length of the nanowire are consistent with theoretical simulations.

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Liu Shengdao, 刘胜道, 邢成聪 Xing Chengcong, and 周国华 Zhou Guohua. "远距离三维坐标测量中双目视觉系统的测量精度分析." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 14 (2021): 1415007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1415007.

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Won Choi, Hyo, Benjamin Jansen, Zhen-Du Zhang, and Ghassan S. Kassab. "Impact of surrounding tissue on conductance measurement of coronary and peripheral lumen area." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 76 (June 20, 2012): 2971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0188.

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Parallel conductance (electric current flow through surrounding tissue) is an important determinant of accurate measurements of arterial lumen diameter, using the conductance method. The present study is focused on the role of non-uniform geometrical/electrical configurations of surrounding tissue, which are a primary source of electric current leakage. Computational models were constructed to simulate the conductance catheter measurement with two different excitation electrodes spacings (i.e. 12 and 20 mm for coronary and peripheral sizing, respectively) for different vessel–tissue configurations: (i) blood vessel fully embedded in muscle tissue, (ii) blood vessel superficially embedded in muscle tissue, and (iii) blood vessel superficially embedded in muscle tissue with fat covering half of the arterial vessel (anterior portion). The simulations suggest that the parallel conductance and accuracy of measurement is dependent on the inhomogeneous/anisotropic configuration of surrounding tissue, including the asymmetric dimension and anisotropy in electrical conductivity of surrounding tissue. Specifically, the measurement was shown to be accurate as long as the vessel was superficial, regardless of the considerable total surrounding tissue dimension for coronary or peripheral arteries. Moreover, it was shown that the unfavourable impact of parallel conductance on the accuracy of conductance catheter measurement is decreased by the combination of a lower transverse electrical conductivity of surrounding muscle tissue, a smaller electrode spacing and a larger lumen diameter. The present findings confirm that the conductance catheter technique provides an accurate platform for sizing of clinically relevant (i.e. superficial and diseased) arteries.

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Xu, Pengtao, and Jin Suntivich. "Potential of Zero Charge Measurement By Second Harmonic Generation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 46 (October 9, 2022): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461700mtgabs.

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When an electrode contacts an electrolyte, an interfacial electric field forms. This interfacial field can polarize the electrode’s surface and nearby molecules, but its effect can be countered by applying countering potential. We present an optical method for quantifying the value of this countering potential (“potential of zero charge”, pzc). Our approach uses phase-sensitive second harmonic generation to determine the potential where the interfacial electric field vanishes, using Pt-water interface as a model system. Our experiment reveals that the value of the pzc of the Pt/water interface and further shows that it is pH-independent from pH 1 to 13 on an absolute potential scale. We will discuss this result from the consideration of the solid-liquid interface, including the electrode materials and interfacial water structure. Our work provides a materials-agnostic tool for quantifying the interfacial electrical field at a solid-liquid interface and confirms the view that the interfacial electric field during hydrogen electrocatalysis is more intense in alkaline than acid.

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Mohammed, Rasha Abdul-nafaa, Ali Nathem Hamoodi, and Bashar M. Salih. "Partial discharge measurement in solid dielectric of H.V Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) submarine cable." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1578-1583.

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<p>A partial discharge described as anon-linear electrical break-down even that happened in a section of insulating area between two conduct which are at different potentials the damage of the insulating material, these conductors have a different insulating material potential of damage, under AC voltage discharge interval process. In this paper, we propose a Matlab /Simulation software. A detailed analysis of the partial discharge (PD) signal in the underground electric power conductor performed for monitoring, and investigation of numerous effects associated with the partial discharge event, such as heat ,phonic and electrical. Thus, to gain the important data of the insulating material status.</p>

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Sajib, Saurav Z. K., Munish Chauhan, Oh In Kwon, and Rosalind J. Sadleir. "Magnetic-resonance-based measurement of electromagnetic fields and conductivity in vivo using single current administration—A machine learning approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 22, 2021): e0254690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254690.

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Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (DT-MREIT) is a newly developed technique that combines MR-based measurements of magnetic flux density with diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) data to reconstruct electrical conductivity tensor distributions. DT-MREIT techniques normally require injection of two independent current patterns for unique reconstruction of conductivity characteristics. In this paper, we demonstrate an algorithm that can be used to reconstruct the position dependent scale factor relating conductivity and diffusion tensors, using flux density data measured from only one current injection. We demonstrate how these images can also be used to reconstruct electric field and current density distributions. Reconstructions were performed using a mimetic algorithm and simulations of magnetic flux density from complementary electrode montages, combined with a small-scale machine learning approach. In a biological tissue phantom, we found that the method reduced relative errors between single-current and two-current DT-MREIT results to around 10%. For in vivo human experimental data the error was about 15%. These results suggest that incorporation of machine learning may make it easier to recover electrical conductivity tensors and electric field images during neuromodulation therapy without the need for multiple current administrations.

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Melnik, V. G., P. I. Borshchov, S. V. Dzyadevych, and O. Y. Saiapina. "METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CHANGES IN ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOLUTIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL CONDUCTOMETRIC BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini, no. 61 (May 25, 2022): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2022.61.062.

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A method for measuring local changes in the electrical conductivity of solutions using differential conductometric sensors is considered. The method makes it possible to significantly reduce the measurement error due to changes in the background electrical conductivity of the measuring medium when applying the test substance with non-identical parameters of equivalent electrical circuits of the sensor components. The bridge measuring circuit is brought to a quasi-balanced state, while the voltages in the sections of the working solution of the working and reference transducers of the sensor coincide in phase with each other, and their values are proportional to the conductivity of these sections. At the same time, changes in the background electrical conductivity of the solution do not lead to a change in the imbalance signal of the bridge circuit, which allows measuring the informative local change in the electrical conductivity of the working transducer with high sensitivity. The method can be used for highly sensitive and accurate quantification of solutions of electrically conductive substances in technological processes in the energy, chemical, and food industries, in the latest technologies, in particular in biosensor analyzers. The research results of the experimental sample of the conductometric analyzer are given. Ref. 9, table.

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Wei, Xin Lao, and Yu Long LI. "A Measuring Method of Liquid Food Conductivity Based on Pulse Response Measurement Method." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.628.

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The food conductivity is one of impact factors on pulsed electric field sterilization. Abnormal breakdown of high conductivity liquid is also one of the bottlenecks in pulsed electric field sterilization technology. The conductivity of liquid food should be accurate calculated for searching the mechanism of abnormal breakdown deeply. An accurate measuring method of conductivity of liquid food is proposed based on pulse response method. Conductivity can be calculated by data recorded from oscilloscope with electrical pulse treating on the conductance cell. This method can decrease the impact of stray capacitance and polarization phenomenon on measured results.

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DAM, B., K. BANERJEE, K. MAJUMDAR, R. BANERJEE, and D. PATRANABIS. "A ZERO PHASE-LAG HOMODYNE DEMODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR SYNCHRONOUS MEASUREMENT APPLICATIONS AND ITS FPGA IMPLEMENTATION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 14, no. 04 (August 2005): 771–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126605002593.

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A simple homodyne direct digital demodulation technique that is insensitive to sensor induced phase-error and its innovative FPGA implementation are presented here. This novel demodulation scheme does not need a low pass filter; thereby the inherent filter time lag is eliminated. A direct digital read-out of the demodulated signal, i.e., the measurand value, is obtained through analog-to-digital conversion of the modulated signal at an instant that coincides with its peak. This peak sampling eliminates the processor time required in quadrature demodulators to obtain the measurand from the in-phase and quadrature components. For this purpose a quadrature square wave is first generated from the reference carrier. Digital measures of carrier time period and sensor induced time lag/lead are used to ensure that the rising edges of this quadrature square wave coincide with the peak instants of the modulated signal. The required sampling instants for digitization of the modulated signal are generated in synchronism with its rising edges. The digital read-out of the measurand is directly obtained without taking recourse to the standard sequence of multiplication, low-pass filtering and the subsequent processing common in existing synchronous phase-sensitive demodulators. With an a priori knowledge of the sensor-type used, this innovative FPGA-based implementation accommodates sensors introducing lagging or leading phase-shift in the modulated carrier.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical measurent'

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