Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrical measurent

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrical measurent'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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Kanak, L. M., V. G. Ivanitska, A. I. Kanak, and P. M. Fochuk. "Reduction of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te surface conductivity by chemical treatment." Chernivtsi University Scientific Herald. Chemistry, no. 819 (2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/chem-2019-819-05.

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The influence of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals pretreatment on the effectiveness of the passivation was studied. The optimal conditions of passivation process are determined. Samples of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te were treated with Br2-DMF solution before the investigation. After treatment the surface of the sample was smooth without visible irregularities, which indicates the good polishing properties of this etching solution and the possibility of using the samples for further study. Passivation of samples surface was carried by the NH4F-H2O2 solution. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te sample surface was investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formation of a uniform oxide surface layer was confirmed. The electrical characteristics of the passivated samples were investigated by measurent the current-voltage dependences. The expediency of applying of the Cd0.9Zn0.1Te sample treatment in 50% KOH solution after their chemical treatment in the NH4F-H2O2 solution was proved. It was shown that after etching, excess tellurium appears on the surface of the specimens and causes increasing surface conductivity. Measurement of current-voltage dependencies for pre-treated specimens with and without KOH solution showed that the application of this additional chemical treatment step leads to a significant increase in the surface resistance of the specimen. Visual changes in the surface are also observed. It was found that the optimal conditions for Cd0.9Zn0.1Te crystals surface passivation are chemical treatment with NH4F-H2O2 solution for 2 min at a temperature of 18 °C. The current-voltage characteristics of the sample Cd0.9Zn0.1Te were measured at different stages of surface treatment: after polishing, after etching and after passivation. It was done for compares the overall effect of the semiconductor's surface quality on their electrical properties.
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Chen, Yuan Cai, and Yun Di Wang. "Design and Implementation of Self-Learning Electrical Measurement System." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1265.

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Through the electrical parameters measurement technology of autonomic learning, understanding of the system hardware by regulating circuit, data acquisition card and computer. This paper, by learning to solve the traditional electrical parameters test method of testing process is not continuous, dynamic transient state is difficult to send now and positioning problem. Virtual instrument measuring instrument is based on the computer, it has many advantages compared with traditional instrument, has been developing rapidly in recent years. The system finished the electrician experiment of common electrical parameters such as: voltage, electric current; Dc voltage, electric current; a measure of the resistance, capacitance and inductance.
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Callegaro, Luca. "Maintaining a Local Reference Scale for Electrical Impedance by Means of a Digital Impedance Bridge." NCSLI Measure 13, no. 4 (December 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.4.7.

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Electrical impedance is one of the most commonly measured electrical quantities and there is a wide variety of impedance meters commercially available. Electrical calibration laboratories usually use sets of artifact impedance standards to calibrate these meters. The traceability chain for electrical impedance is described with a particular emphasis on the use of impedance bridges to calibrate the impedance standards themselves. Up to now, coaxial transformer ratio bridges have been used for this purpose, but these have a number of practical disadvantages. It is shown that digital impedance bridges, which use digital techniques to provide the accurate voltage ratios for bridge balancing, offer a viable alternative to transformer ratio bridges. The principles of operation of source-based and sampling-based impedance bridges are described. The joint research project VersICaL: A versatile electrical impedance calibration laboratory based on digital impedance bridges (2018-2021) has shown that digital impedance bridges provide, even for a laboratory with limited resources and expertise, a practical means of calibrating impedance standards at the parts per million level of accuracy. A source-based digital impedance bridge, designed and constructed within the project, is described and some measurement results presented.
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Li, Yang, Ding Li, Cun Da Wang, and Lie Feng Feng. "Electrical Behaviors of LEDs Prepared by Wide-Band GaN Material." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 2202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.2202.

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Electrical behaviors of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) prepared by wide-band GaN material were measured accurately using alternating-current (AC) small-signal together with anI-Vplot. An abnormal negative capacitance (NC) was observed in all measurend LEDs, and at the same voltage the lower the frequency is, the more obvious NC is. Form the slopes of ln(I)-Vplot and the relation between NC and voltage the ideality factor was approximately obtained.
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Kostiukov, Ivan. "ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENT BY SCATTER ELLIPSE APPROXIMATION." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 81, no. 3 (2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2020.03.041.

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Zakharov, Igor, Olesia Botsiura, and Valerii Semenikhin. "Method of kurtosis in estimating the measurement uncertainty during calibration of the electrical resistance measures using a potentiometer." Ukrainian Metrological Journal, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2021.236078.

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Calibration of electrical resistance measures is considered by the indirect method, which is realized through measuring the voltage drop across the series-connected reference and calibrated resistors. The biases of the estimates of the measurand and the combined standard uncertainty due to the nonlinearity of the measurement model were calculated. The distribution laws of the input quantities in the calculation of the expanded uncertainty were taken into account by the kurtosis method. An example of measurement uncertainty evaluating during calibration of single-size electrical resistance measure R331 with a nominal resistance of 1000 Ω by comparing its value using a potentiometer R345 with the value of the calibrated reference standard is considered. Estimates of the measurand and its standard and expanded uncertainties obtained using the proposed method showed good agreement with the estimates obtained using the Monte Carlo method.
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Zhai, Yu Wen, Wei Liu, and Xiao Yang. "Design of the Impedance Measurement Instrument in Electrical Engineering Based on Phase-Sensitive Detector." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.242.

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The design of impedance measurement instrument in electrical engineering based on phase-sensitive detector is introduced. The orthogonal vector measuring circuit based on phase-sensitive detector is employed in this design. The microprocessor C8051F410 is used to output the detecting signal and execute the control, calculation and display during the measurment process. The impedance measurement instrument has been applied in the Comprehensive Experimental System for Electronic Measurement Principle.
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Pleština, Vladimir, Vedran Boras, and Hrvoje Turić. "The Measurement Uncertainty in Determining of Electrical Resistance Value by Applying Direct-Comparison Method." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062115.

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This paper considers the unknown electrical resistance (measurand) as the numerical result of the measurement that was carried out by means of the well-known direct comparison measurement method using an appropriate standard resistor and voltmeter. In the literature, this measurement method is also referred to as a series comparison method. This method of measurement is one of the indirect methods and is suitable for measuring low resistance. This paper presents two approaches for evaluating the unknown electrical resistance and its associated combined standard uncertainty. The entire process of evaluating the combined standard uncertainty that is associated with the measurand and the standard uncertainties that are associated with the analyzed input quantities has been entirely performed in accordance with the applicable international recommendations and guidelines for the uncertainty of measurement. The analyzed approaches for evaluating the combined standard uncertainty are designed to be universal and valid both for the mutually non-correlated input quantities and for the mutually correlated input quantities, which can be obtained from a single observation, or repeated observations or by other means. This paper can substantially contribute to the measurements in electrical engineering and education.
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Garbe, H., and S. Battermann. "Establishing a link to given radiated emission limits during extending the frequency range above 1 GHz." Advances in Radio Science 6 (May 26, 2008): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-6-303-2008.

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Abstract. Up to now most limits for radiated emission are given as values for the electrical field strength. Battermann, 2007 has shown that the frequency range extension for radiated emission measurements above 1 GHz generates a lot of problems while performing the test on a classical test site as depicted in Fig. 1. This paper will give a motivation to use an other measurand namely the total-radiated-power than electrical field strength by using alternative test sites like reverberation chambers, TEM-waveguides, Fully Anechoic Rooms (FAR) etc. Nevertheless most of the existing standards still specify electrical field strength limits. This paper will show how to set the parameters in the given algorithm to establish a link between measured total radiated power and equivalent electrical field values.
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Müller, Samuel, David Maier, and Nejila Parspour. "Inductive Electrically Excited Synchronous Machine for Electrical Vehicles—Design, Optimization and Measurement." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041657.

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The demand for electric machines has been rising steadily for several years—mainly due to the move away from the combustion engine. Synchronous motors with rare earth permanent magnets are widely used due to their high power densities. These magnets are cost-intensive, cost-sensitive and often environmentally harmful. In addition to dispensing with permanent magnets, electrically excited synchronous machines offer the advantage of an adjustable excitation and, thus, a higher efficiency in the partial load range in field weakening operation. Field weakening operation is relevant for the application of vehicle traction drive. The challenge of this machine type is the need for an electrical power transfer system, usually achieved with slip rings. Slip rings wear out, generate dust and are limited in power density and maximum speed due to vibrations. This article addresses an electrically excited synchronous machine with a wireless power transfer onto the rotor. From the outset, the machine is designed with a wireless power transfer system for use in a medium-sized electric vehicle. As an example, the requirements are derived from the BMW’s i3. The wireless power transfer system is integrated into the hollow shaft of the rotor. Unused space is thus utilized. The overall system is optimized for high efficiency, especially for partial load at medium speed, with an operation point-depending optimization method. The results are compared with the reference permanent magnet excited machine. A prototype of the machine is built and measured on the test bench. The measured efficiency of the inductive electrically excited synchronous machine is up to 4% higher than that of the reference machine of the BMW i3.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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South, G. "A technique for measuring the electrical impedance of mechanical joints in electrically conductive structures." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1992. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20064/.

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The impedance of a circular coil placed above a conducting surface is calculated using three mathematical models. The first considers the interaction of the test coil with a uniform, homogeneous and electrically thick conducting sheet. The model quantifies the interaction of the coil and the surface by calculating the field around the coil in the frequency domain. The sheet is included by using reflection coefficients, calculated from defined physical properties, to modify the field components surrounding the coil. Cylindrical symmetry is used to reduce the problem to two dimensions. The second model is a finite difference solution in the frequency domain of the differential equation describing the magnetic vector potential. Cylindrical symmetry is used to reduce the problem to two dimensions. An approximation allowing a mechanical joint of finite physical dimensions to be included is described. The third model is a finite difference, time domain solution of the differential form of the field equations. This is a complete three dimensional analysis of the problem, including the effect of fasteners and sealants. An algorithm allowing the inclusion of materials with anisotropic electrical conductivity is described. Fourier analysis is used to transform the time domain results into the frequency domain. The results calculated from the three models are compared with practical measurements. Two instruments are constructed and practically evaluated. The first is suitable for frequencies up to 50kHz. It is based upon two test coils in a bridge arrangement and the effect of the joint is measured in terms of the out-of-balance bridge voltage. The second instrument is based upon the effect of the joint of interest upon the resonant frequency of a test coil, measured using a modified Q meter circuit. Frequencies up to 70MHz have been considered.
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Stan, Nikola. "Complete Measurement System for Measuring High Voltage and Electrical Field Using Slab-Coupled Optical Fiber Sensors." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7053.

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A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) falls into a narrow class of all-dielectric optical fiber electric field sensors, which makes it a perfect candidate for measurements of high electric fields in environments where presence of conductors is highly perturbing to the system under test. Its nonlinear response to high fields requires a new nonlinear calibration technique. A nonlinear calibration method is explained and demonstrated to successfully measure high electric fields, as well as high voltages with dynamic range up to 50 dB. Furthermore, a SCOS can be fitted into narrow spaces and make highly localized measurements due to its small size. This allows a SCOS to be integrated inside a standard high voltage coaxial cable, such as RG-218. Effects of partial discharge and arcing is minimized by development of a fabrication method to avoid introduction of impurities, especially air-bubbles, into the cable during SCOS insertion. Low perturbation of the measured voltage is shown by simulating the introduced voltage reflections to be on the order of –50 dB. It is also shown that a SCOS can be inserted into other cables without significant perturbation to the voltage. A complete high voltage and high electric field measurement system is built based on the high-voltage modifications of the SCOS technology. The coaxial SCOS is enhanced for robustness. Enhancements include packaging a SCOS into stronger ceramic trough, strengthening the fiber with kevlar reinforced furcation tubing and protecting the sensor with metal braces and protective shells. The interrogator is protected from electromagnetic interference with an RF-shielded box. Reduction in power losses introduced by the new PANDA-SCOS technology allows interrogator bandwidths to be increased up to 1.2 GHz. The whole measurement process is streamlined with dedicated software, developed specifically for high voltage and electric field measurements with support for the nonlinear calibration.
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Clippingdale, Andrew John. "The sensing of spatial electrical potential." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385059.

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Miller, Stuart M. "Electrical measurement of sucrose in sugar beet." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294156.

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McAllister, Abraham Roy 1976. "Measuring electrical properties of the tectorial membrane." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80548.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-72).
by Abraham Roy McAllister.
M.Eng.
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Schippan, Frank. "The contactless measurement of the electrical resistivity." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14732.

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Physicists are interested in understanding the processes of nature. Within the field of Solid State Physics the characterisation of materials and the measurement of their properties is the first step towards identifiying new and interesting areas of scientific activities. The electrical resistivity of conductive materials is an important property which provides information about the electronic behaviour of the material. An elegant method to determine this characteristic is the measurement without using electrical contacts. Such a method avoids a whole set of experimental problems connected with the physics of electrical contacts to the sample. This Master-thesis gives an introduction into this experimental technique. A detailed theoretical description is developed. The experimental activity has involved the design, construction and testing of the apparatus. In the process of testing the method novel aspect emerged: The measurement at resonance point. These measurements can yield separate values for two different physical quantities: the electrical resistivity e and the magnetic susceptibility x. The innovation of this project is the simultaneous characterisation of both values for the material under investigation. The report starts by giving the theoretical background within which the first part of the detailed theoretical predictions are discussed. The second part contains experiments and a description of the experimental set-up. This design is the result of a long period of optimisation and testing. The working of the apparatus is demonstrated by the measurement of some samples.
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Berrie, Jeffery A. "Measurement of electrical parameters for planar materials /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487759436328874.

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Blad, Börje. "Electrical impedence tomography for temperature measurement in hyperthermia." Lund : Dept. of Electrical Measurements, Lund Institute of Technology, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39225511.html.

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Ricketts, David. "Diagnosis of occlusal caries by electrical resistance measurement." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/diagnosis-of-occlusal-caries-by-electrical-resistance-measurement(1bbd1235-84ef-427f-ae04-65591cc71d66).html.

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Jones, Paul. "Electrical measurement of large area substation earth grids." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367883.

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Books on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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Sánchez Salcedo, Alejandro. Theory on DC Electric Circuits. Bogotá. Colombia: Universidad de La Salle. Ediciones Unisalle, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19052/9789588939933.

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This book is intended as a major support for the DC Electric Circuits course from the Electrical Engineering program and the Automation Engineering program at Universidad de La Salle. Its main contribution is to provide the students with a step-by-step explanation and detailed illustrations about the main concepts and analysis techniques of DC electric circuits and their related measurement systems.
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Tumanski, Slawomir. Principles of electrical measurement. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2004.

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Principles of electrical measurement. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Handelsman, Harry. Measuring cardiac output by electrical bioimpedance. Rockville, MD (2101 E. Jefferson St., Rockville 20852): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1992.

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Electrical and electronic measurement and testing. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1992.

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Webster, John G. Electrical measurement, signal processing, and displays. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2003.

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1932-, Webster John G., ed. Electrical measurement, signal processing, and displays. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

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Transformers: Analysis, design, and measurement. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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A, Dolbey Jones D., ed. Electrical safety engineering. 3rd ed. Oxford: Newnes, 1997.

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Cooper, W. Fordham. Electrical safety engineering. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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Seeley, Ivor H. "Electrical Services." In Advanced Building Measurement, 135–45. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20102-0_9.

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Repo, Tapani, Yang Cao, Raimo Silvennoinen, and Harry Ozier-Lafontaine. "Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Roots." In Measuring Roots, 25–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22067-8_2.

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Schumacher, Bernd, Heinz-Gunter Bach, Petra Spitzer, and Jan Obrzut. "Electrical Properties." In Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods, 431–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30300-8_9.

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Gupta, S. V. "Uncertainty in Calibration of Electrical Instruments." In Measurement Uncertainties, 279–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20989-5_12.

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Murray, George P. "Measurement of Electrical Services." In Measurement of Building Services, 102–22. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14282-8_7.

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Lataste, Jean-François, Charlotte Thiel, and Elisa Franzoni. "Electrical Resistance." In Methods of Measuring Moisture in Building Materials and Structures, 55–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74231-1_8.

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Flagan, Richard C. "Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization." In Aerosol Measurement, 339–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118001684.ch15.

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Dhaniyala, Suresh, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki. "Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols." In Aerosol Measurement, 393–416. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118001684.ch18.

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Santjer, Fritz. "Measurement of Electrical Characteristics." In Wind Power in Power Systems, 175–93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119941842.ch9.

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Qi, Yong, Xu Zhang, Hao Wu, and Wei Cheng. "Pose and Position Measurement in Dynamic Optical Coordinate Measure System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 35–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5768-7_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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Takakura, Yuya, MinHo Jeon, MinJae Do, Daisuke Kawashima, Sohei Takamiya, and Masahiro Takei. "Relationship Between Void Fraction and Electrical Characteristics in Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81944.

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The purpose of this study is the calibration in normalization technique for the real-time measurement of void-fraction inside fluid by using VC system at each temperature condition. There is an existing method of measuring electrical response called a VC system. A VC system is a voltage applied current measured system. The VC method measures electrically between electrodes attached around the measurement subject and detects internal distribution from impedance difference of the component to be measured. We deal with water and air in this research. In this method, we measure the difference between the electrical characteristics of air and water. And the measurement technique is requirement of pre-measurement. In homogeneous case, we need to measure current for normalization with real-time measured current. This method has problem that the impedance of water depends on the temperature. So the impedance of water at pre-measurement is different as compared real-time impedance. That’s why, the technique for measuring void-fraction is not high accuracy at present. The measurement technology should be improved to obtain more accurate area of air inside fluid. This requirement is achieved by real-time measurement and real-time separation based on the different electrical properties of air and water while calibrating with temperature. In order to improve accuracy of the proposed method, we conducted a system comparison experiment before calibration with temperature and after calibration. In conclusion, we could measure the void fraction in real time more accurately.
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Uesawa, Shin-ichiro, Akiko Kaneko, and Yutaka Abe. "Estimation of Void Fraction in Dispersed Bubbly Flow With a Constant Electric Current Method." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16279.

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In several void fraction measurement methods, electric void sensors are online measurement method, simple construction and lower cost. In electric measurement, we research on a constant electric current method which is one of conductance methods. By using this method, we can measure volumetric void fraction with higher temporal resolution although the method cannot measure 2D and 3D distribution of void fractions. Besides, multiple measuring electrodes can be installed at a short distance. And then, flow is not obstructed by measuring electrodes. However, the constant electrical current method has been applied in annular flow in previous studies. Void fraction is estimated by cross-sectional ratio of gas and liquid phases in this method. For this reason, dispersed bubbly flow is not applied because cross-section ratio is not continuous in a flow direction. In the present study, Maxwell’s theory, Bruggemann’s treatment and polarization method are applied in order to measure void fraction of dispersed bubbly flow more accurately. Maxwell’s theory is an estimation of a resistance of a mixture with two difference resistivity by calculating electric potential in the mixture. Bruggemann’s treatment is based on Maxwell’s theory but it implies the assumption of a large size-range of particles in surrounding medium. In polarization method, bubbles are assumed to be dielectric bodies. Therefore if voltage is applied to gas-liquid two-phase flow, electrical charges in bubbles are polarized, and polarization electrical field generates. A difference of voltages in bubbly flow and liquid single phase flow assumes to be caused by polarization fields. Void fraction in vertical flow is measured experimentally by the previous method, Bruggemann’s treatment, Maxwell’s theory and polarization method in order to investigate the accuracy of these estimations. Working fluid is air and tap water. The accuracy is measured by comparing with a quick shut valve method and observations. Besides, we investigate effects of flow structure and bubble shape to measurement accuracy. Flow structure is changed by changing gas and liquid volume flow rate. In the experiment for bubble shape, a rising bubble by buoyancy is measured. The bubble shape observed by a high speed video camera is compared with the electrical signal measured by the constant electric current method. From experimental results, it is confirmed that void fraction in bubbly flow and froth flow is estimated more accurately by Maxwell’s theory, Bruggemann’s treatment and polarization method, and change of bubble shape correlates with fluctuation of void fraction measured by the constant electric current method.
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Li, Ming G., Eve A. Chauchard, Chi H. Lee, and Hing-Loi A. Hung. "Two-Dimensional Field Mapping of GaAs Microstrip Circuit by Electro-optic Sampling." In Picosecond Electronics and Optoelectronics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/peo.1991.fb2.

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Electro-optic sampling is a useful technique to study the electric field distribution in a GaAs microstrip circuit.[1] It has an extremely wide bandwidth capability and, can perform the measurement without physical or electrical contact to the device. However, most of the results of the experiments that had been reported were only point measurement; measuring the electric field at one particular point or discrete locations in the circuit. For some applications, this measurement does not provide adequate information. Two dimensional field distribution can be easily measured by electro-optic sampling because of its noncontact feature. W. Donaldson performed a 2-dimensional measurement with a 2-dimensional diode array[2]. After the polarized incoming light interacted with the electric field, the image of the reflected light which carried the field distribution information was focused on to a 2-dimensional diode array. The acquired data were then displayed on a computer monitor. This method has very good temporal resolution, but very low sensitivity. It requires a high power laser and can only measure strong electric field. These limit its application, making the method unsuitable for characterizing a regular GaAs device.
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Trenkle, F., H. P. Vollmar, and S. Hartmann. "Testing of the Electric Conductivity of Non-Ferrous Metallic Coatings." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0521.

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Abstract For the development and quality control of highly electrically conductive coatings, a device is required by which the electric conductivity can be measured. For this purpose a handheld device for measuring the electric conductivity of nonferrous metals in a nondestructive manner was tested. The measurement principle is based on an eddy current sensor which allows determining the electric conductivity within seconds. The method fulfills the demands for using it in the environment of a job shop for thermal spraying. Coatings applied with different thermal spraying methods like cold gas, HVOF, electric arc or flame spraying have been examined. Thus, it will be presented a comparison of the electric conductivity dependent on different spraying methods. Additionally, important edge conditions for spraying and measuring the conductivity of highly electrically conductive coatings like the influence of the oxygen content of the powder, the minimal coating thickness measurable with the device and the influence of the surface roughness onto the measurement were analyzed.
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Kim, Jong-Hoon, Morgan Hiraiwa, Dayong Gao, Kyong-Hoon Lee, and Jae-Hyun Chung. "Dendritic Nanotip for Low-Cost Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87871.

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Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, one of the most widely spread diseases on the globe today, has been critically demanded for over a century. One of the major challenges for screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is in low-cost detection of MTB. In this study, we present an electrical detection method of MTB cells using a dendritic nanotip composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and Si micro- and nanowires. The novelty is in the direct measurement of electric current with a minimal capacitance effect on dendritic nanotip surface. Upon binding of target cells, a gating effect on the nanotip surface decreases the electric current, which is measured directly by a dendritic nanotip. The measurement resolution is aided by reduced interference of an electrical double layer effect, due to the dendritic nanostructure. Using the nanotip, BCG cells could be electrically detected within 15 minutes, which is validated by fluorescence detection. The sensitivity is 1000 cfu/ml for both methods. The presented tip sensor demonstrated the potential for rapid and low-cost detection of MTB.
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Akimoto, Yuya, Fumiya Nagae, Kazuya Okawa, Yoshiyuki Iso, Noriaki Ichijo, Ryousuke Ikeda, and Masahiro Takei. "Relationship Between Particles Volume Fraction Distribution and Electrical Properties in Rotational Liquid." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60789.

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A wireless electrical resistance detector has been developed to measure the real-time particle volume fraction in a centrifuge for controlling a rotational velocity and particle supply rate. The purpose of this study is development of real-time particle concentration measurement technique in centrifuges because a technique for measuring the particle concentration in the centrifuges has not existed yet. The wireless electrical resistance detector was attached around a centrifuge for real centrifuge measurement experiment. This experimental centrifuge had electrodes which were covered with dielectric poly methyl methacrylate to avoid conductivity around the electrodes. The wireless electrical resistance detector was lightweight because the centrifuge condition is very severe because the rotational velocity was 3790rpm and gravity was 2000G. At first, sodium chloride solution was put in the centrifuge for the reaction stabilization of the wireless electrical resistance detector. Next, slurry of sodium chloride solution and acrylic particles with 50μm was continuously supplied in centrifuge for 10 minutes. As a result, the measured voltage was increased because the slurry was piled up in the vicinity of centrifuge inner wall. The measured resistance was increased with the lapse of time. The measured resistance coincides with an anticipated tendency of resistance. A change of particle volume fractions was measured in the centrifuge by the wireless electrical resistance detector.
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Gallagher, John A., and Christopher S. Lynch. "Characterization of Ferroelectric Single Crystals With Field Induced Phase Transformations." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8126.

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As new compositions of single crystal relaxor ferroelectrics are developed, the full thermo-electro-mechanical characterization of each composition and the limitations on linear behavior imposed by field driven phase transformations requires a highly specialized set of experiments. This characterization currently requires two crystal cuts which must each be subjected to five electric field-electric displacement cycles at different stress levels, five stress-strain cycles at different electric field levels, and this process must be repeated at five temperatures. In this document, a new approach to characterizing the linear behavior and phase transformation behavior is proposed based on a combination of a work-energy based model of the driving forces for the phase transformation together with data measured through electrical loading while measuring strain and electric displacement, and a measurement of mechanical compliance.
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Liu, Yushen, Shotaro Kadoya, Masaki Michihata, and Satoru Takahashi. "Numerical Study on Tip Shape of Near-Field Optical Fiber Probe for Detecting Electric Field Intensity of Whispering Gallery Mode Resonance." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-60417.

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Abstract For the measurement of micron-sized components, there are many methods widely used, such as by using CMM, and the size of the probe sphere of CMM is essential for measuring. In order to accurately measure the size of the probe sphere, a method by using Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) resonance has been proposed. To measure the diameter of the microsphere with this method, the resonance wavelength and the angular mode number of WGM need to be known. The resonance wavelength can be measured by a wavelength meter and the angular mode number can be obtained by using the near-field optical fiber probe to measure the electric field intensity distribution on the surface of the microsphere. The detecting sensitivity of probe on electric field intensity is quite important for angular mode number measuring, which is deeply related to the accuracy of microsphere diameter measurement. In the process of electric field intensity detecting, the sensitivity of the probe can be affected by its shape. Therefore, the effect of probe tip shape on measurement was studied to optimize it. In this study, the effect of probe tip diameter, angle and shape on the measuring of electric field intensity on microsphere surface was investigated.
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Nayeb-Hashemi, H., D. Swet, and A. Vaziri. "New Electrical Potential Method for Measuring Crack Growth in Nonconductive Materials." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43477.

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D.C. electric potential technique has been used to monitor crack growth in conductive materials. A constant DC current is ppased through thesse materials and the crack length is measured through the changes in the electrical voltage at the crack mouth. However, this method is not applicable in crack growth measurement in nonconductive materials or adhesively bonded joints. For these materials, a new method is developed and is shown to provide a very accurate method for measuring the crack length. The surface of these materials is coated with a thin layer of carbon paint and the crack lenght is measured through the changes in the electrical resistance of the carbon paint, as the crack grows both in the base material and the thin layer carbon paint. In contrast to the D.C. electric potential technique where the position of the probes for measuring the crack length is very important for an accurate measurement of the crack length, the new technique is little sensitive to the probe location. Crack growth is measured in adhesively bonded joints subjected to creep loadings. A modified Compact tension specimen is cut in two pieces across its notch area. The pieces are then glued jusing an adhensive. The surface of the specimen is painted with a thin layer of carbon paint and the changes in its electrical resistance are monitored. It is shown that the carbon paint method provides a quiet sensitive method for monitoring the crack growth. The creep crack growth rate in the adhesively bonded joint is related to Mode I energy release rate, G1. It is shown that the crack grows in the middle of the adhesive layer rather than at the interface of the joint. Micromechanisms of the crack growth are studied using a scanning electron microscope. The damage consists of numerous crazed regions at the crack tip. Crack grows by the linkage of the crazed region.
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Abagnale, Carmelina, Massimo Cardone, Paolo Iodice, Salvatore Strano, Mario Terzo, and Giovanni Vorraro. "Analysis of a New Measurement System of the Chain Strength for Electrically Assisted Bicycles." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20364.

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This paper presents an activity concerning a theoretical/experimental analysis of a new measurement system of the chain strength functional for the control of the electrically assisted bicycles. Such systems are characterized by a driving torque due to the contribution of an electric motor and of the rider. The electrical assistance is commonly regulated taking into account informations such as chain ring rotation, bicycle speed and/or the torque given by the rider. As a consequence, suitable measurements have to be made on board in order to handle the assistance performances and to improve drivability.
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Reports on the topic "Electrical measurent"

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Jones, Robert M., Alison K. Thurston, Robyn A. Barbato, and Eftihia V. Barnes. Evaluating the Conductive Properties of Melanin-Producing Fungus, Curvularia lunata, after Copper Doping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38641.

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Melanins are pigmented biomacromolecules found throughout all domains of life. Of melanins’ many unique properties, their malleable electrically conductive properties and their ability to chelate could allow them to serve as material for bioelectronics. Studies have shown that sheets or pellets of melanin conduct low levels of electricity; however, electrical conductance of melanin within a cellular context has not been thoroughly investigated. In addition, given the chelating properties of melanin, it is possible that introducing traditionally con-ductive metal ions could improve the conductivity. Therefore, this study investigated the conductive properties of melanized cells and how metal ions change these. We measured the con-ductivity of pulverized Curvularia lunata, a melanized filamentous fungi, with and without the addition of copper ions. We then com-pared the conductivity measurements of the fungus to chemically synthesized, commercially bought melanin. Our data showed that the conductivity of the melanized fungal biomass was an order of magnitude higher when grown in the presence of copper. However, it was two orders of magnitude less than that of synthetic melanin. Interestingly, conductance was measurable despite additional constituents in the pellet that may inhibit conductivity. Therefore, these data show promising results for using melanized cells to carry electrical signals.
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Vunni, George B., and Alan W. DeSilva. Electrical Conductivity Measurement of Nonideal Carbon Plasma. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486941.

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Vicenta Salvador Recatala, Vicenta Salvador Recatala. Using aphids to measure electrical outputs in ferns. Experiment, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/4845.

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Kelsh, Dennis J., and Susan Taylor. Measurement and Interpretation of Electrical Freezing Potential of Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada201699.

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Zhao, Y., and H. Wang. Experiment of electrical conductivity at low temperature (preliminary measurement). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/661634.

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Tasker, Douglas G., Richard J. Lee, and Paul K. Gustavson. The Measurement of Electrical Conductivity in Detonating Condensed Explosives. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264482.

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Blakesley, J. Measurement challenges: electric and hybrid propulsion. National Physical Laboratory, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47120/npl.9360.

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Ley, M., Zane Lloyd, Shinhyu Kang, and Dan Cook. Concrete Pavement Mixtures with High Supplementary Cementitious Materials Content: Volume 3. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-032.

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Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion, made up of particles that are collected through various methods. This by-product has been used successfully as a partial Portland cement replacement in concrete, but the performance predictions of fly ash in concrete have been difficult to predict, especially at high fly ash replacement rates. This study focuses on comparing the performance of concrete with a variety of fly ash mixtures as well as the particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash. The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, and isothermal calorimetry tests were used to measure the performance of concrete at 0%, 20%, and 40% fly ash replacement levels. The particle distribution of fly ash was measured with an automated scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the major and minor oxides from the chemical makeup of fly ash were measured for each mixture and inputted into a table. The particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash were compared to the performance of slump, unit weight, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, and surface electrical resistivity.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Dubois, Diego, Amirali Eskandariyun, Suprabha Das, Andriy Durygin, and Zhe Cheng. Flash Sintering of Commercial Zirconium Nitride Powders. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009777.

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Flash sintering is an electrical field-assisted densification technique that requires passing a current through a ceramic powder compact. Pressure-assisted flash sintering of commercially available Zirconium Nitride (ZrN) powders has been demonstrated. Near fully dense samples can be obtained within a short period of time. The influences of parameters such as electrical field strength, voltage ramping rate, current limit, external pressure, pre-heating, and holding time on the onset of the flash event were investigated. Some post-flash sintered samples were subjected to the same condition to observe if the material would experience repeated flash. In addition, material properties such as density and hardness were measured and correlated with SEM and XRD. Implications of the observations on underlying flash sintering mechanism will also be discussed.
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