Journal articles: 'Electrical low pressure impactor'

1

Keskinen, J., K. Pietarinen, and M. Lehtimäki. "Electrical low pressure impactor." Journal of Aerosol Science 23, no. 4 (June 1992): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(92)90004-f.

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2

Keskinen, J., K. Pietarinen, and M. Lehtimäki. "Low pressure impactor with electrical concentration detection." Journal of Aerosol Science 22 (1991): S285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(05)80092-8.

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3

Tapper, U., M. Marjamäki, M. Moisio, E. I. Kauppinen, and J. Keskinen. "Inversion of electrical low pressure impactor data." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S103—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)96959-b.

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4

Virtanen, Annele, Marko Marjamäki, Jyrki Ristimäki, and Jorma Keskinen. "Fine particle losses in electrical low-pressure impactor." Journal of Aerosol Science 32, no. 3 (March 2001): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(00)00087-2.

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Marjamäki, Marko, Jorma Keskinen, Da-Ren Chen, and David Y. H. Pui. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE ELECTRICAL LOW-PRESSURE IMPACTOR (ELPI)." Journal of Aerosol Science 31, no. 2 (February 2000): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)00052-x.

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Järvinen, A., M. Aitomaa, A. Rostedt, J. Keskinen, and J. Yli-Ojanperä. "Calibration of the new electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+)." Journal of Aerosol Science 69 (March 2014): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.12.006.

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Maricq, M. Matti, Ning Xu, and Richard E. Chase. "Measuring Particulate Mass Emissions with the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor." Aerosol Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (January 2006): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820500466591.

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Moisio, M., J. Hautanen, A. Virtanen, M. Marjamäki, and J. Keskinen. "Electrical low pressure impactor data processing - effect of particle density." Journal of Aerosol Science 28 (September 1997): S143—S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(97)85072-0.

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9

Keskinen, J., M. Moisio, K. Pietarinen, and M. Lehtimäki. "Real time size distribution measurement with electrical low pressure impactor." Journal of Aerosol Science 26, no. 4 (June 1995): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)90189-2.

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10

Zervas, E., P. Dorlhène, L. Forti, C. Perrin, J. C. Momique, R. Monier, H. Ing, and B. Lopez. "Exhaust Gas Particle Mass Estimation Using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor." Energy & Fuels 20, no. 2 (March 2006): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef050330a.

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11

Marjama¨ki, M., A. Virtanen, M. Moisio, and J. Keskinen. "Modification of electrical low pressure impactor for particles below 30 nm." Journal of Aerosol Science 30 (September 1999): S393—S394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(99)80208-0.

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12

Wang, Ruofei, Heng Zhao, Jiaqi Li, and Xingbo Wang. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Effects of Temperature and Geometry Parameters on a Virtual Impactor." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091477.

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The virtual impactor, as an atmospheric particle classification chip, provides scientific guidance for identifying the characteristics of particle composition. Most of the studies related to virtual impactors focus on their size structure design, and the effect of temperature in relation to the dynamic viscosity on the cut−off diameter is rarely considered. In this paper, a new method that can reduce the cut−off particle size without increasing the pressure drop is proposed. Based on COMSOL numerical simulations, a new ultra−low temperature virtual impactor with a cut−off diameter of 2.5 μm was designed. A theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the relationship between temperature and the performance of the virtual impactor were carried out based on the relationship between temperature and dynamic viscosity. The effects of inlet flow rate (Q), major flow channel width (S), minor flow channel width (L) and split ratio (r) on the performance of the virtual impactor were analyzed. The collection efficiency curves were plotted based on the separation effect of the new virtual impactor on different particle sizes. It was found that the new ultra−low temperature approach reduced the PM2.5 cut−off diameter by 19% compared to the conventional virtual impactor, slightly better than the effect of passing in sheath gas. Meanwhile, the low temperature weakens Brownian motion of the particles, thus reducing the wall loss. In the future, this approach can be applied to nanoparticle virtual impactors to solve the problem of their large pressure drop.

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Lee, C., Y. H. Lee, S. H. Park, and K. W. Lee. "Design and Evaluation of Four-Stage Low-Pressure Cascade Impactor Using Electrical Measurement System." Particulate Science and Technology 24, no. 3 (September 2006): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726350500544307.

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14

Ceburnis, D., S. G. Jennings, and C. D. O'Dowd. "Atmospheric evaluation of the Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI): performance and particle water content." Journal of Aerosol Science 35 (July 2004): 641–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.06.054.

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15

Fischer, Kevin B., and Giuseppe A. Petrucci. "Utilizing an electrical low-pressure impactor to indirectly probe water uptake via particle bounce measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 7565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-7565-2021.

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Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), formed through oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), displays complex viscosity and phase behaviors influenced by temperature, relative humidity (RH), and chemical composition. Here, the efficacy of a multi-stage electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) for indirect water uptake measurements was studied for ammonium sulfate (AS) aerosol, sucrose aerosol, and α-pinene-derived SOA. All three aerosol systems were subjected to greater than 90 % chamber relative humidity, with subsequent analysis indicating persistence of particle bounce for sucrose aerosol of 70 nm (initial dry diameter) and α-pinene-derived SOA of number geometric mean diameters between 39 and 136 nm (initial dry diameter). On the other hand, sucrose aerosol of 190 nm (initial dry diameter) and AS aerosol down to 70 nm (initial dry diameter) exhibited no particle bounce at elevated RH. Partial drying of aerosol within the lower diameter ELPI impaction stages, where inherent and significant RH reductions occur, is proposed as one explanation for particle bounce persistence.

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16

Kotian, Reshma, Joanne Peart, Joan Bryner, and Peter R. Byron. "Calibration of the Modified Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI) for Use with Pressurized Pharmaceutical Aerosols." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 22, no. 1 (March 2009): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2008.0683.

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17

Jain, Shashank, and Giuseppe A. Petrucci. "A New Method to Measure Aerosol Particle Bounce Using a Cascade Electrical Low Pressure Impactor." Aerosol Science and Technology 49, no. 6 (April 6, 2015): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1036393.

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18

Telko, Martin J., Jukka Kujanpää, and Anthony J. Hickey. "Investigation of triboelectric charging in dry powder inhalers using electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI™)." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 336, no. 2 (May 2007): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.018.

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19

Kuuluvainen, H., J. Kannosto, A. Virtanen, J. M. Mäkelä, M. Kulmala, P. Aalto, and J. Keskinen. "Measuring condensation sink and ion sink of atmospheric aerosols with the electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 4 (July 27, 2009): 15867–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-15867-2009.

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Abstract. We investigate the suitability of ELPI for condensation sink and ion sink measurements. The aim is to find the simple calibration factors by which the measured ELPI currents can be converted to condensation or ion sinks. The calibration is based on DMPS and ELPI measurements within the period 15–25 May 2005 at a boreal forest site in Southern Finland. The values of condensation sink and ion sink were calculated from the DMPS size distributions using their theoretical definitions. After that the values were compared to theoretical and measured ELPI current, and calibration factors were specified. For condensation sink the calibration factor was found to be 7.27 E-06 s−1 fA−1 and for ion sink 7.33 E-06 s−1 fA−1. Simply by multiplying the total current of the outdoor ELPI by these factors, the values of condensation sink and ion sink can be measured.

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20

Held, A., R. Niessner, F. Bosveld, T. Wrzesinsky, and O. Klemm. "Evaluation and Application of an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor in Disjunct Eddy Covariance Aerosol Flux Measurements." Aerosol Science and Technology 41, no. 5 (April 5, 2007): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820701227719.

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21

Järvinen, A., P. Heikkilä, J. Keskinen, and J. Yli-Ojanperä. "Particle charge-size distribution measurement using a differential mobility analyzer and an electrical low pressure impactor." Aerosol Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (November 28, 2016): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2016.1256469.

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22

Laitinen, A., J. Hautanen, J. Keskinen, M. Moisio, M. Marjamäki, A. Elsilä, and K. Nieminen. "Real time measurement of the size distribution of urban air aerosols with Electrical Low Pressure Impactor." Journal of Aerosol Science 27 (September 1996): S299—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(96)00222-4.

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23

Lee, Seungjae, Dongbin Kim, Yujin Cho, Eunmi Kim, Pengzhan Liu, Dong-Bin Kwak, Seungho Keum, Hongkang Lim, and Taesung Kim. "Application of an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) for Residual Particle Measurement in an Epitaxial Growth Reactor." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 7680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167680.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) for analyzing residual particles in a Si epitaxial growth process chamber and establish an application technique. Prior to experimental measurements, some preliminary works were conducted, including an inlet improvement of a cascade impactor, vacuum fitting fastening and flow rate adjustment, and a vacuum leak test. After that, residual particles in the process chamber were measured during N2 gas purge using an ELPI due to its advantages including the real-time measurement of particles and the ability to separate and collect particles by their diameters. In addition, ELPI could be used to obtain particle size distribution and see the distribution trend for both number and mass concentration. The results of the real-time analysis of the total particle count revealed that the concentration at the endpoint compared to that at the beginning of the measurement by decreased 36.9%. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analysis of collected particles was performed using two types of substrates: Al foil and a Si wafer. The results showed that most particles were Si particles, while few particles had Si and Cl components. ELPI has the clear advantages of real-time particle concentration measurement and simultaneous collection. Thus, we believe that it can be more actively used for particle measurement and analysis in the semiconductor industry, which has many critical micro/nanoparticle issues.

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24

Yamada, Yuji, Shinji Tokonami, and Keizo Yamasaki. "Applicability of the electrical low pressure impactor to size determination of aerosols attached to radon decay products." Review of Scientific Instruments 76, no. 6 (June 2005): 065102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1922767.

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25

Lepistö, Teemu, Heino Kuuluvainen, Paxton Juuti, Anssi Järvinen, Anssi Arffman, and Topi Rönkkö. "Measurement of the human respiratory tract deposited surface area of particles with an electrical low pressure impactor." Aerosol Science and Technology 54, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 958–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1745141.

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26

Kero, Ida, Mari K. Naess, and Gabriella Tranell. "Particle Size Distributions of Particulate Emissions from the Ferroalloy Industry Evaluated by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI)." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 12, no. 1 (November 7, 2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2014.935783.

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27

Pagels, J., A. Gudmundsson, E. Gustavsson, L. Asking, and M. Bohgard. "Evaluation of Aerodynamic Particle Sizer and Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor for Unimodal and Bimodal Mass-Weighted Size Distributions." Aerosol Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (September 2005): 871–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820500295677.

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28

Kuuluvainen, H., J. Kannosto, A. Virtanen, J. M. Mäkelä, M. Kulmala, P. Aalto, and J. Keskinen. "Technical Note: Measuring condensation sink and ion sink of atmospheric aerosols with the electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 3 (February 5, 2010): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1361-2010.

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Abstract. We investigate the suitability of ELPI for condensation sink and ion sink measurements. The aim is to find the simple calibration factors by which the measured ELPI current can be converted to condensation or ion sinks. The calibration is based on DMPS and ELPI measurements within the period 15–25 May 2005 at a boreal forest site in Southern Finland. The values of condensation sink and ion sink were calculated from the DMPS size distributions using their theoretical definitions. After that the values were compared to theoretical and measured ELPI current, and calibration factors were specified. For condensation sink the calibration factor was found to be 7.27E-06 s−1 fA−1 and for ion sink 8.55E-06 s−1 fA−1. Simply by multiplying the total current of the outdoor ELPI by these factors, the values of condensation sink and ion sink can be measured.

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29

HELD, A., A. ZERRATH, U. MCKEON, T. FEHRENBACH, R. NIESSNER, C. PLASSDULMER, U. KAMINSKI, H. BERRESHEIM, and U. POSCHL. "Aerosol size distributions measured in urban, rural and high-alpine air with an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI)." Atmospheric Environment 42, no. 36 (November 2008): 8502–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.015.

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30

Li, Xiang, Haohui Kong, Xinying Zhang, Bin Peng, Cong Nie, Guanglin Shen, and Huimin Liu. "Characterization of particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by smoking machine with an electrical low pressure impactor." Journal of Environmental Sciences 26, no. 4 (April 2014): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60472-6.

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31

Hsieh, Yi-Kong, Liang-Kai Chen, Hui-Fang Hsieh, Chih-Hung Huang, and Chu-Fang Wang. "Elemental analysis of airborne particulate matter using an electrical low-pressure impactor and laser ablation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26, no. 7 (2011): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ja00207k.

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32

Park, Dongho, Nak-Kyoung Choi, Sang-Gu Lee, and Jungho Hwang. "Real-Time Measurement of the Size Distribution of Diesel Exhaust Particles using a Portable 4-stage Electrical Low Pressure Impactor." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 26, no. 4 (December 2009): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200800025.

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33

Schmidt, A., and O. Klemm. "Direct determination of highly size-resolved turbulent particle fluxes with the disjunct eddy covariance method and a 12 – stage electrical low pressure impactor." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 20, 2008): 8997–9034. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-8997-2008.

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Abstract. During summer 2007, turbulent vertical particle fluxes were measured for a period of 98 days near the city centre of Münster in north-west Germany. For this purpose, a valve controlled disjunct eddy covariance system was mounted at 65 m a.g.l. on a military radio tower. The concentration values for 11 size bins with aerodynamic diameters (D50) from 0.03 to 10 μm were measured with an electrical low pressure impactor. After comparison with other fluxes obtained from 10 Hz measurements with the classical eddy covariance method, the loss of information concerning high frequent parts of the flux could be stated as negligible. The results offer an extended insight in the turbulent atmospheric exchange of aerosol particles by highly size-resolved particle fluxes covering 11 size bins and show that the city of Münster acts as a relevant source for aerosol particles. Significant differences occur between the fluxes of the various particle size classes. While the total particle number flux shows a pattern which is strictly correlated to the diurnal course of the turbulence regime and the traffic intensity, the total mass flux exhibits a single minimum in the evening hours when coarse particles start to deposit. As a result, a mean mass deposition of about 10 g m−2 per day was found above the urban test site, covering the aerosol size range from 40 nm to 2.0 μm. By contrast, the half-hourly total number fluxes accumulated over the lower ELPI stages range from –4.29×107 to +1.44×108 particles m−2 s-1 and are clearly dominated by the sub-micron particle fraction of the impactor stages with diameters between 40 nm and 320 nm. The averaged number fluxes of particles with diameters between 2.0 and 6.4 μm show lower turbulent dynamics during daytime and partially remarkably high negative fluxes with mean deposition velocities of 2×10−3 m s−1 that appear temporary during noontime and in the evening hours.

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34

Schmidt, A., and O. Klemm. "Direct determination of highly size-resolved turbulent particle fluxes with the disjunct eddy covariance method and a 12 – stage electrical low pressure impactor." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 24 (December 12, 2008): 7405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7405-2008.

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Abstract. During summer 2007, turbulent vertical particle mass and number fluxes were measured for a period of 98 days near the city centre of Münster in north-west Germany. For this purpose, a valve controlled disjunct eddy covariance system was mounted at 65 m a.g.l. on a military radio tower. The concentration values for 11 size bins with aerodynamic diameters (D50) from 0.03 to 10 μm were measured with an electrical low pressure impactor. After comparison with other fluxes obtained from 10 Hz measurements with the classical eddy covariance method, the loss of information concerning high frequent parts of the flux could be stated as negligible. The results offer an extended insight in the turbulent atmospheric exchange of aerosol particles by highly size-resolved particle fluxes covering 11 size bins and show that the city of Münster acts as a relevant source for aerosol particles. Significant differences occur between the fluxes of the various particle size classes. While the total particle number flux shows a pattern which is strictly correlated to the diurnal course of the turbulence regime and the traffic intensity, the total mass flux exhibits a single minimum in the evening hours when coarse particles start to deposit. As a result, a mean mass deposition of about 10 mg m−2 per day was found above the urban test site, covering the aerosol size range from 40 nm to 2.0 μm. By contrast, the half-hourly total number fluxes accumulated over the lower ELPI stages range from −4.29×107 to +1.44×108 particles m−2 s−1 and are clearly dominated by the sub-micron particle fraction of the impactor stages with diameters between 40 nm and 320 nm. The averaged number fluxes of particles with diameters between 2.0 and 6.4 μm show lower turbulent dynamics during daytime and partially remarkably high negative fluxes with mean deposition velocities of 2×10−3 m s−1 that appear temporary during noontime and in the evening hours.

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35

Avagianos, Ioannis, Panagiotis Vounatsos, Ioannis Papandreou, Joerg Maier, Panagiotis Grammelis, and Emmanuel Kakaras. "Nanoparticle Emission and Characterization from Pre-Dried Lignite and Bituminous Coal Co-Combustion." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092373.

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Nowadays, the high share of electricity production from renewables drives coal-fired power plants to adopt a more flexible operation scheme and, at the same time, maintain flue gas emissions within respective standards. A 500 kWth pulverized coal furnace was used to study pre-dried lignite combustion or co-combustion as an available option for these plants. Bituminous coal from Czech Republic and pre-dried lignite from Greece were blended for the experiments. Particle emissions measurements with a heated Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI+) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analyses were performed. The effect of the pre-dried lignite proportions in the fuel feed and the combustion conditions regarding the combustion air staging were the two parameters selected for this study. Skeletal density values were measured from the cyclone prior to the impactor. Results are depicted with respect to the aerodynamic and Stokes diameter for impactor stages. The presence of pre-dried lignite in the fuel blend lowers the particle matter (PM) PM2.5, PM1 and PM0.1 emissions, thus having a positive impact on ESP’s fractional and overall efficiency. The staged combustion air feed reduces the particle emissions in all cases. Sulfur content follows a pattern of higher concentration values for finer particles.

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36

Baldelli, Alberto, and Steven Nicholas Rogak. "Morphology and Raman spectra of aerodynamically classified soot samples." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 4339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4339-2019.

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Abstract. Airborne soot is emitted from combustion processes as aggregates of primary particles. The size of the primary particles and the overall aggregate size control soot transport properties, and prior research shows that these parameters may be related to the soot nanostructure. In this work, a laminar, inverted nonpremixed burner has been used as a source of soot that is almost completely elemental carbon. The inverted burner was connected to an electrical low-pressure impactor, which collected particles on stages according to the aerodynamic diameter, from 0.03 to 10 µm. The morphology was analyzed using a transmission electron microscope followed by image processing to extract projected area and average primary particle size for each aggregate (approximately 1000 aggregates analyzed in total for the nine impactor stages). Carbon nanostructure was analyzed using a Raman spectrometer, and five vibrational bands (D4, D1, D3, G, and D2) were fitted to the spectra to obtain an estimate of the carbon disorder. The average primary particle diameter increases from 15 to 30 nm as the impactor stage aerodynamic diameter increases. The D1, D3, D2, and D4 bands decreased (relative to the G band) with the particle size, suggesting that the larger aggregates have larger graphitic domains.

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37

Glover, William, and Hak-Kim Chan. "Electrostatic charge characterization of pharmaceutical aerosols using electrical low-pressure impaction (ELPI)." Journal of Aerosol Science 35, no. 6 (June 2004): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.12.003.

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38

Zhang, Wei, Xiao Dong Wang, Rui Sun, Jian Wei Sun, and Wei Han. "Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Particulate Morphology from a Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.926.

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The effects of EGR operating mode on particulate morphology were investigated for a 5.79-liter diesel engine which was equipped with a turbocharged and inter-cooled air induction system, a common-rail direct fuel injection system, and an EGR system. Morphological characteristics, such as primary particle size, number concentration and aggregate particle size were investigated by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis and a electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) under engine operating conditions of 0.41 in fuel/air ratio at different exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate from 0～35%. The experimental results indicated that primary particle were in the range of 17.05nm～18.34nm, which increased with increased EGR rate. As EGR rate increased, aggregate particle size were measured in a narrow range from 120nm to 170nm.

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39

Peters, Thomas M., HungMin Chein, Dale A. Lundgren, and Patricia B. Keady. "Comparison and Combination of Aerosol Size Distributions Measured with a Low Pressure Impactor, Differential Mobility Particle Sizer, Electrical Aerosol Analyzer, and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer." Aerosol Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (January 1993): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829308959647.

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40

Van Gulijk, C., J. C. M. Marijnissen, M. Makkee, J. A. Moulijn, and A. Schmidt-Ott. "Measuring diesel soot with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an electrical low-pressure impactor: performance assessment with a model for fractal-like agglomerates." Journal of Aerosol Science 35, no. 5 (May 2004): 633–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.11.004.

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41

Brachert, L., J. Mertens, P. Khakharia, and K. Schaber. "The challenge of measuring sulfuric acid aerosols: Number concentration and size evaluation using a condensation particle counter (CPC) and an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI+)." Journal of Aerosol Science 67 (January 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.09.006.

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42

Ntziachristos, L., P. Pistikopoulos, and Z. Samaras. "Particle characterization from two-stroke powered two-wheelers." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x7455.

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This paper presents the physical characterization of particle emissions from small two-stroke gasoline two-wheelers. Particle samples were drawn with a dedicated partial dilution system. They were analysed with various aerosol measurement instruments, including a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), an electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI), and a diffusion charger. Solid particles were discriminated by using a thermodenuder. Results suggest that small two-wheeled vehicles are significant emitters of both solid and volatile particles with the volatile fraction being the dominant one. The particle size distribution appears bimodal at high load and log-normal at lower load. The high concentration of condensable species in the exhaust also leads to the formation of volatile particles in the accumulation mode, which is typically not observed in diesel exhaust. Further comparison with a typical diesel passenger car revealed that some older technology two-wheelers emit even higher mass and solid particle counts than the car. However, the paper concludes that technology improvements such as oxidation catalysts and direct injection systems are expected significantly to reduce particulate matter emission rates.

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Matějka, Vlastimil, Guido Perricone, Jozef Vlček, Ulf Olofsson, and Jens Wahlström. "Airborne Wear Particle Emissions Produced during the Dyno Bench Tests with a Slag Containing Semi-Metallic Brake Pads." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111220.

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The aim of the present paper is to investigate the level of airborne wear particles released during the dyno-bench tests with the brake pads consisting of alkali-activated slag as an abrasive. Airborne wear particles are generated with a full-scale dyno-bench adapted for airborne wear particles emission studies. The tested disc brake is equipped with two semi-metallic brake pads and a grey cast iron brake disc. A reduced Los Angeles City Traffic (LACT) driving cycle, developed within the LOWBRASYS project (European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme), is used to mimic city driving. The same friction pair is used six times with reduced LACT cycle. The weight loss and thickness of the pads and disc are registered after each test cycle ends. The amount of the airborne wear particles emissions released during each test cycle are characterized using a PM10 impactor and electric low-pressure impactor. The obtained data of wear particle emissions are correlated with the parameters of the brake stops. The maximum disc temperature was indicated as the parameter having the largest influence on the production of particle emissions together with the duration of the brake event

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Ngohang, F. E., G. Fontaine, L. Gay, and S. Bourbigot. "Revisited investigation of fire behavior of ethylene vinyl acetate/aluminum trihydroxide using a combination of mass loss cone, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrical low pressure impactor." Polymer Degradation and Stability 106 (August 2014): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.01.019.

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Bihałowicz, Jan Stefan, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Adam Krasuski, Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka, Agata Walczak, Mateusz Fliszkiewicz, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, and Tomasz Mach. "Characteristics of Particles Emitted from Waste Fires—A Construction Materials Case Study." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010152.

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This study aimed to determine the relative densities of populations of particles emitted in fire experiments of selected materials through direct measurement and parametrization of size distribution as number (NSD), volume (VSD), and mass (MSD). As objects of investigation, four typical materials used in construction and furniture were chosen: pinewood (PINE), laminated particle board (LPB), polyurethane (PUR), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The NSD and VSD were measured using an electric low-pressure impactor, while MSD was measured by weighing filters from the impactor using a microbalance. The parametrization of distributions was made assuming that each distribution can be expressed as the sum of an arbitrary number of log-normal distributions. In all materials, except PINE, the distributions of the particles emitted in fire experiments were the sum of two log-normal distributions; in PINE, the distribution was accounted for by only one log-normal distribution. The parametrization facilitated the determination of volume and mass abundances, and therefore, the relative density. The VSDs of particles generated in PINE, LPB, and PUR fires have similar location parameters, with a median volume diameter of 0.2–0.3 µm, whereas that of particles generated during PMMA burning is 0.7 µm. To validate the presented method, we burned samples made of the four materials in similar proportions and compared the measured VSD with the VSD predicted based on the weighted sum of VSD of raw materials. The measured VSD shifted toward smaller diameters than the predicted ones due to thermal decomposition at higher temperatures.

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Perricone, Guido, Mattia Alemani, Ibrahim Metinöz, Vlastimil Matějka, Jens Wahlström, and Ulf Olofsson. "Towards the ranking of airborne particle emissions from car brakes – a system approach." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 6 (August 24, 2016): 781–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016662800.

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Airborne particulate matter emitted from motor vehicle brakes is a contributor to urban air quality. Therefore, a method to rank brake pairs (pads and rotors) with respect to their particle emission factors in a reliable way is needed to develop a low-emission disc brake. A novel inertial disc brake dynamometer designed for brake particle emission studies, a modified SAE J 2707 cycle, an electrical low-pressure cascade impactor and a filter are used to test five different pad materials against cast-iron rotors. By changing only the pad materials, it is shown that the differences between the mass emission factor and the number emission factor of the the worst brake pair and those of the best brake pair decreases by more than four times and 19 times respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the material combination ranked the best in terms of the mass emission factor is ranked the worst in terms of the number emission factor. The results reveal that this combination of a test stand, a test cycle and particle instruments can discriminate between different brake pair materials in a reliable way in the case of the mass emission factors while more research has to be carried out in the case of the number emission factors.

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Dibaji, Seyed Ahmad Reza, Berk Oktem, Lee Williamson, Jenna DuMond, Todd Cecil, Jimin P. Kim, Samanthi Wickramasekara, Matthew Myers, and Suvajyoti Guha. "Characterization of aerosols generated by high-power electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): Influence of atomizer, temperature and PG:VG ratios." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): e0279309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279309.

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The aerosol characteristics of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are important parameters in predicting health outcomes since parameters such as aerosol particle size correlate strongly to aerosol delivery and deposition efficiency. However, many studies to date do not account for aerosol aging, which may affect the measurement of ultra-fine particles that typically coagulate or agglomerate during puff development. To reduce aerosol aging, we herein present a unique instrumentation method that combines a) positive pressure ENDS activation and sample collection, b) minimization of both sample tubing length and dilution factors, and c) a high-resolution, electrical low-pressure impactor. This novel approach was applied to systematically investigate the effects of coil design, coil temperature, and propylene glycol to vegetable glycerol ratios on aerosol characteristics including aerosol mass generation, aerosol count generation, and the mass and count size distributions for a high-powered ENDS. Aerosol count measurements revealed high concentrations of ultra-fine particles compared to fine and coarse particles at 200°C, while aerosol mass measurements showed an increase in the overall aerosol mass of fine and coarse particles with increases in temperature and decreases in propylene glycol content. These results provide a better understanding on how various ENDS design parameters affect aerosol characteristics and highlight the need for further research to identify the design parameters that most impact ultra-fine particle generation.

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Tornatore, C., S. S. Merola, and B. M. Vaglieco. "Particle and nanoparticle characterization at the exhaust of internal combustion engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto817.

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The aim of this work is the characterization of the emissions of exhaust particles in terms of number size distribution and chemical—physical properties. Laser-induced incandescence and broadband ultraviolet—visible extinction and scattering spectroscopy were used at the exhaust of a common-rail diesel engine and of a port fuel injection (PFI) spark ignition (SI) engine. The optical results were compared with size distributions obtained with an electrical low-pressure impactor and a scanning mobility particle sizer. Moreover, the fundamental engine parameters and the particulate mass and gas concentrations were measured using conventional instrumentation. With respect to the diesel engine, the effect of the exhaust after-treatment was investigated. The exhaust gas recirculation influenced the particle size distribution in terms of number concentration owing to the formation of accumulation mode particles. The catalysed diesel particulate filter strongly reduced the particle number concentration in the loading phase. Effects on the chemical nature of the particles were observed during the filter regeneration phase. With respect to the PFI SI engine, high number concentrations of nanoparticles ( D<50nm) were measured for all the engine operating conditions. The chemical nature of the nanoparticles was investigated.

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Menéndez-Manjón, A., S. Barcikowski, G. A. Shafeev, V. I. Mazhukin, and B. N. Chichkov. "Influence of beam intensity profile on the aerodynamic particle size distributions generated by femtosecond laser ablation." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990553.

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AbstractThe dependence of nanoparticle size distributions on laser intensity profile was determined during infrared femtosecond laser ablation of silver targets in air. Laser parameters were adjusted to ablate at the same peak fluence with spatially homogeneous (flat-top) and inhomogeneous (Gaussian) intensity distributions formed by diffractive optical elements. Aerodynamic particle size was measured online by an electric low-pressure cascade impactor. Narrower size distributions were detected for the flat-top intensity profile in the fluence range from 0.6 to 4.4 J/cm2, while the Gaussian beam produced broad and bimodal distributions. The aerodynamic number frequency of the primary nanoparticulate fraction (40 nm) was equal to the number frequency of the submicron agglomerate fraction (200 nm) at laser fluence of 1 J/cm2. The Feret diameter of primary particles was 80 nm. Geometrical interpretation of the irradiated spots at the corresponding laser fluence regimes explains the formation of bimodal (submicron and nanoparticulate) size distribution in the case of Gaussian beams. The bimodality is attributed to different thermalization pathways during laser ablation.

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Chen, Dong, Xiaowei Liu, Jinke Han, Meng Jiang, Zhaofeng Wang, and Jiuxin Qi. "A New Angular Light Scattering Measurement of Particulate Matter Mass Concentration for Homogeneous Spherical Particles." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102243.

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Under the condition of ultra-low emission for power plants, the particulate matter concentration is significantly lower than that of typical power plants a decade ago, which posed new challenges for the particulate matter monitoring of stationary emission. The monitoring of particulate matter mass concentration based on ensemble light scattering has been found affected by particle size. Thus, this study develops a method of using the scattering angular distribution to obtain the real-time particle size, and then correct the particulate matter concentration with the real-time measured particle size. In this study, a real-time aerosol concentration and particle size measurement setup is constructed with a fixed detector at the forward direction and a rotating detector. The mass concentration is measured by the fixed detector, and the particle size is measured from the intensity ratio of the two detectors. The simulations show that the particle size has power law functionality with the angular spacing of the ripple structure according to Mie theory. Four quartz aerosols with different particle size are tested during the experiment, and the particle size measured from the ripple width is compared with the mass median size measured by an electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Both techniques have the same measurement tendency, and the measurement deviation by the ripple width method compared with ELPI is less than 15%. Finally, the measurement error of the real-time mass concentration is reduced from 38% to 18% with correction of the simultaneously measured particle size when particle size has changed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical low pressure impactor'

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