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1

Kournetas, Nicholas George. "The use of oxygen to decrease electrical energy usage in the electric arc furnace." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/MQ34148.pdf.

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2

Chanda, Soumendu. "Powertrain Sizing and Energy Usage Adaptation Strategy for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1208385855.

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3

Johansson, Kevin, and Christoffer Eklund. "A comparison of energy usage between LoRa 433Mhz and LoRa 868MHz." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Avdelningen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54161.

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The number of devices connected to the internet is constantly increasing and therefore putting more weight on the importance of low energy usage. LoRa which is the physical part of the LoRaWAN communication protocol that this paper focuses on is popular in the area of IoT because of its low energy usage. The purpose of this paper was to find out how the energy usage differentiate between two of the most commonly used LoRa frequencies 433MHz and 868MHz. LoRa is often used with battery driven components within IoT such as temperature or humidity sensors. It is of great importance to keep the maintenance cost for these devices to a minimum. And it is therefore important to find the most energy efficient solutions for communication between LoRa components. To get an answer from the purpose of this paper, two questions were formulated, and they were in turn answered by using an experimental research method. For the experiment, two devices were set up using: one transmitter combined with a current sensor and one receiver, both of which were capable of using either LoRa 433MHz or 868MHz. The experiment was then conducted by transmitting 1000 packages for every DR and both of the frequencies. The results were analysed in an empirical quantitative way which showed that the higher frequency of 868MHz consumed more energy in all of the experiments. One discovery that was quite interesting was that the difference could be mitigated by using different data rates. The result in this paper is intended to increase the knowledge regarding LoRa and its energy usage. This papers result can be used as a reference when choosing between what frequency and data rate to use when working with LoRa.
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4

Chenailler, Hervé. "L'efficacité d'usage énergétique : pour une meilleure gestion de l'énergie électrique intégrant l'usager dans les bâtiments." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00771667.

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La consommation énergétique, et en particulier électrique, des bâtiments est grandement influencée par le comportement de ses usagers. L'analyse de l'usage électrique au travers d'un retour d'expérience réalisé sur une plateforme bâtiment-test nous a permis d'identifier qu'il pouvait exister différentes formes de satisfactions des usagers remettant en question la notion même d'efficacité énergétique d'un bâtiment. Afin de pouvoir intégrer l'acteur humain dans la conception de systèmes complexes bâtiment, nous proposons de définir la notion d'efficacité énergétique d'usage (EUE). Cette notion repose en particulier sur la satisfaction des usagers vis à vis d'un service que l'on a pu décomposer et quantifier au travers de fonctions de satisfaction rationnelles et sensibles. Le but de cette proposition est la construction d'un diagramme de compromis Coût / Satisfaction qui se positionne à la fois comme un outil effectif d'aide à la décision pour la conception de systèmes énergétiques du bâtiment intégrant l'usager et comme outil d'aide à la sobriété énergétique.
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5

Катюха, Ігор Анатолійович. "Прогнозні моделі електричних навантажень розподільчих мереж в умовах невизначеності вихідної інформації." Thesis, Таврійський державний агротехнологічний університет, 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31033.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 «Електричні станції, мережі і системи» (141 Електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка). – Таврійський державний агротехнологічний університет МОН України, Мелітополь. – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут» МОН України, Харків, 2017. Дисертаційна робота присвячена розв’язанню актуальної науково- прикладної задачі розроблення сучасного науково- методичного апарату прогнозу споживання електричної енергії в умовах невизначеності, що враховує можливості інформаційного забезпечення автоматизованих систем комерційного обліку електроенергії та особливості окремих споживачів і має на меті підвищення ефективності використання та збереження електричної енергії. Вдосконалено метод нечіткого регресійного аналізу для побудови довгострокових прогнозних моделей електричних навантажень в розподільчих мережах. Враховано паритетну участь двох критеріїв ефективності нечітких моделей: ступіня сумісності та ступіня нечіткості при побудові прогнозних моделей. Розроблено метод корекції довгострокових прогнозних моделей для короткострокового прогнозу. Запропоновано підхід до побудови виду прогнозних моделей при будь-яких типах навантажень. Аналітично встановлено зв'язок нечітких показників точності прогнозу з відносною середньомодульною похибкою. Розроблену методику апробовано при розробці прогнозних моделей електричного навантаження ряду споживачів з різними типами графіків навантаження. Основні результати дисертації знайшли практичне застосування у вигляді програмно-апаратного комплексу для автоматизації процесу довгострокового та II оперативного прогнозування електричних навантажень електроспоживачів, що може інтегруватись інформаційно в автоматизовану систему обліку електроенергії, а також при оперативному керуванні режимами розподільчих мереж. Внаслідок проведення дослідження за темою дисертаційної роботи одержані такі наукові результати: – удосконалено метод отримання прогнозних моделей електричних навантажень, який відрізняється шляхом побудови критерію ступеню сумісності нечіткої регресії на основі перетину нечітких чисел, який дає можливість розкрити невизначеність вихідних даних та підвищити якість прогнозу електричних навантажень. – вперше запропоновано метод уніфікації виду прогнозних моделей, який відрізняється тим, що в добовому графіку електроспоживання виділено функціональні ділянки, з роздільним використанням для них нечіткого регресійного аналізу, завдяки чому можна отримати вид прогнозних моделей при будь-яких навантаженнях. – вперше запропоновано метод підвищення адекватності моделей, отриманих на базі нечіткого регресійного аналізу, який відрізняється паритетним врахуванням ступеню сумісності та ступеню нечіткості опису, що дозволить зробити прогноз електричних навантажень більш якісним. – вперше аналітично визначено метод визначення ефективності прогнозу електроспоживання в електричних мережах, який дозволяє виконувати порівняльний аналіз нечітких регресійних моделей прогнозу з моделями, отриманими іншими методами. Практичне значення одержаних результатів для електроенергетичної галузі полягає в розробленій методики прогнозування електроспоживання на базі нечіткого регресійного аналізу, що включає принципи побудови прогнозних моделей, алгоритмічне забезпечення, а також програмне забезпечення, реалізоване у зручній для інтегрування в АСКОЕ формі. Результати досліджень впроваджені та підтверджені відповідними актами: III – ПП «Молокозавод-ОЛКОМ» щодо аналізу електроспоживання та оперативного керування з метою зменшення втрат енергії в мережі внутрішньозаводського електропостачання . – у навчальному процесі основні результати роботи включені у відповідні дисципліни – «Практична інженерна підготовка» та «Інженерна діяльність» за спеціальністю: 8.10010101 – Енергетика сільськогосподарського виробництва. – Приазовським РЕМ ВАТ «Запоріжжяобленерго» використаний апаратно-програмний комплекс для процесу довгострокового та короткострокового прогнозування електричних навантажень та оперативного керування режимами розподільчих мереж. Основні наукові положення за матеріалами дисертаційної роботи опубліковані у 15 друкованих працях, з них: 9 статей у наукових фахових виданнях України (5 – у виданнях, включених до міжнародних наукометричних баз, 1 ¬– у виданні з індексом SCORUS), 6 – у матеріалах конференцій та семінарів. Дисертаційна робота складається зі вступу, анотації, чотирьох розділів,ї висновків, списку використаних джерел та додатків. Загальний обсяг дисертації складає 190 стор., серед них: 18 рисунки по тексту, 20 таблиць по тексту, список використаних джерел містить 115 найменувань на 12 сторінках, додатки на 19 сторінках.
The thesis for getting scientific degree of the Candidate of technical science on the specialty 05.14.02 «Electric power stations, network and system» (141 Electrical energetics, electrical engineering and electromechanics). – Tavricheskiy State Agrotechnology University, Melitopol, Ukraine National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute» MES of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation devoted to solving actual scientific and technical problem of development of modern science and analytical tools forecast electricity consumption in the face of uncertainty, taking into account the possibility of information support automated systems of commercial accounting of electric power and features of individual consumers and aims to increase efficiency and save electricity. Improved method of fuzzy regression analysis to build long–term forecasting models of electric loads in distribution networks. Included balanced participation of two performance criteria fuzzy models: the degree of combination and degree of fuzziness when building predictive models. The method of correction term predictive models for short–term forecast. An approach to building the type of predictive models in any type of stress. Analytical contacted fuzzy indicators forecast accuracy Mean absolute percentage error. The technique was tested in the development of predictive models of electric load number of consumers with different types of load charts. The main results of the dissertation found practical application in the form of hardware and software to automate the process of long–term and operational forecasting electricity consumers of electrical loads that can integrate information into an automated accounting system of electricity, as well as operational management mode of distribution networks. VII As a result of the research on the theme of the thesis, the following scientific results were obtained: - the method for obtaining predictive models of electrical loads is improved, which is distinguished by constructing a fuzzy regression compatibility criterion based on the intersection of fuzzy numbers, which makes it possible to uncover the uncertainty of the output data and improve the quality of the prediction of electrical loads. - for the first time the method of unification of the type of forecasting models is proposed, which differs in the fact that in the daily schedule of electricity consumption allocated functional areas, with the separate use for them of fuzzy regression analysis, which allows you to get the kind of forecast models at all loads. - for the first time the method of increasing the adequacy of models obtained on the basis of fuzzy regression analysis, which differs from the parity considering the degree of compatibility and the degree of fuzzy description, which will make prediction of electrical loads more qualitative. - for the first time an analytical method for determining the efficiency of the forecast of electricity consumption in electric networks is determined, which allows to perform a comparative analysis of fuzzy regression models of the forecast with models obtained by other methods. The practical significance of the obtained results of work for the electric power industrylies in the developed method of forecasting electricity consumption based on fuzzy regression analysis, which includes the principles of constructing predictive models, algorithmic support, as well as software implemented in a convenient for integration in AMSCA form. The research results are implemented and confirmed by the relevant acts: - PE "Molokozavod-OLKOM" for the analysis of electricity consumption and operational control in order to reduce energy losses in the network of intra-electric power supply. VIII - in the educational process, the main results of the work are included in the relevant disciplines - "Practical engineering training" and "Engineering activities" in the specialty: 8.10010101 - Power engineering of agricultural production. - Azov REM OJSC "Zaporizhiaoblenergo" used a hardware and software complex for the process of long-term and short-term prediction of electrical loads and operational control of the modes of distribution networks. The basic scientific positions on the materials of the dissertation work are published in 15 printed works, including 9 articles in the scientific professional editions of Ukraine (5 in the publications included in the international science-computer bases, 1 ¬ in the edition with the index SCORUS), 6 in the materials of the conferences and workshops. Thesis consists of introduction, abstract, four sections, conclusions, list of used sources and applications. The total volume of the dissertation is 190 pages, among them: 18 figures in the text, 20 tables in the text, the list of used sources contains 115 titles in 12 pages, applications in 19 pages.
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Катюха, Ігор Анатолійович. "Прогнозні моделі електричних навантажень розподільчих мереж в умовах невизначеності вихідної інформації." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31032.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, системи та мережі. – Таврійський державний агротехнологічний університет, Мелітополь, 2017. Дисертаційна робота присвячена розв’язанню актуальної науково-прикладної задачі розроблення сучасного науково-методичного апарату прогнозу споживання електричної енергії в умовах невизначеності, що враховує можливості інформаційного забезпечення автоматизованих систем комерційного обліку електроенергії та особливості окремих споживачів і має на меті підвищення ефективності використання та збереженняелектричної енергії. Вдосконалено метод нечіткого регресійного аналізу для побудови довгострокових прогнозних моделей електричних навантажень в розподільчих мережах. Враховано паритетну участь двох критеріїв ефективності нечітких моделей: степені суміщення та степені нечіткості при побудові прогнозних моделей. Розроблено метод корекції довгострокових прогнозних моделей для короткострокового прогнозу. Запропоновано підхід до побудови виду прогнозних моделей при будь-яких типах навантажень. Аналітично встановлено зв'язок нечітких показників точності прогнозу з відносною середньомодульною похибкою. Розроблену методику апробовано при розробці прогнозних моделей електричного навантаження ряду споживачів з різними типами графіків навантаження. Основні результати дисертації знайшли практичне застосування у вигляді програмно-апаратного комплексу для автоматизації процесу довгострокового та оперативного прогнозування електричних навантажень електроспоживачів, що може інтегруватись інформаційно в автоматизовану систему обліку електроенергії, а також при оперативному керуванні режимами розподільчих мереж.
Dissertation for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.14.02 – electric power stations, networks and systems. – Tavricheskiy State Agrotechnology University, Melitopol, 2017. The dissertation devoted to solving actual scientific and technical problem of development of modern science and analytical tools forecast electricity consumption in the face of uncertainty, taking into account the possibility of information support automated systems of commercial accounting of electric power and features of individual consumers and aims to increase efficiency and save electricity. Improved method of fuzzy regression analysis to build long–term forecasting models of electric loads in distribution networks. Included balanced participation of two performance criteria fuzzy models: the degree of combination and degree of fuzziness when building predictive models. The method of correction term predictive models for short–term forecast. An approach to building the type of predictive models in any type of stress. Analytical contacted fuzzy indicators forecast accuracy Mean absolute percentage error. The technique was tested in the development of predictive models of electric load number of consumers with different types of load charts. The main results of the dissertation found practical application in the form of hardware and software to automate the process of long–term and operational forecasting electricity consumers of electrical loads that can integrate information into an automated accounting system of electricity, as well as operational management mode of distribution networks.
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Guo, Feng. "Integrating Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries with Photovoltaics in Microgrids." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408969201.

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Lu, Bin. "Energy Usage Evaluation and Condition Monitoring for Electric Machines using Wireless Sensor Networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14152.

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Energy usage evaluation and condition monitoring for electric machines are important in industry for overall energy savings. Traditionally these functions are realized only for large motors in wired systems formed by communication cables and various types of sensors. The unique characteristics of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) make them the ideal wireless structure for low-cost energy management in industrial plants. This work focuses on developing nonintrusive motor-efficiency-estimation methods, which are essential in the wireless motor-energy-management systems in a WSN architecture that is capable of improving overall energy savings in U.S. industry. This work starts with an investigation of existing motor-efficiency-evaluation methods. Based on the findings, a general approach of developing nonintrusive efficiency-estimation methods is proposed, incorporating sensorless rotor-speed detection, stator-resistance estimation, and loss estimation techniques. Following this approach, two new methods are proposed for estimating the efficiencies of in-service induction motors, using air-gap torque estimation and a modified induction motor equivalent circuit, respectively. The experimental results show that both methods achieve accurate efficiency estimates within ¡À2-3% errors under normal load conditions, using only a few cycles of input voltages and currents. The analytical results obtained from error analysis agree well with the experimental results. Using the proposed efficiency-estimation methods, a closed-loop motor-energy-management scheme for industrial plants with a WSN architecture is proposed. Besides the energy-usage-evaluation algorithms, this scheme also incorporates various sensorless current-based motor-condition-monitoring algorithms. A uniform data interface is defined to seamlessly integrate these energy-evaluation and condition-monitoring algorithms. Prototype wireless sensor devices are designed and implemented to satisfy the specific needs of motor energy management. A WSN test bed is implemented. The applicability of the proposed scheme is validated from the experimental results using multiple motors with different physical configurations under various load conditions. To demonstrate the validity of the measured and estimated motor efficiencies in the experiments presented in this work, an in-depth error analysis on motor efficiency measurement and estimation is conducted, using maximum error estimation, worst-case error estimation, and realistic error estimation techniques. The conclusions, contributions, and recommendations are summarized at the end.
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Yakkali, Sai Santosh. "Decomposing Residential Monthly Electric Utility Bill Into HVAC Energy Use Using Machine Learning." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin155437406441298.

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Da, Silva David. "Analyse de la flexibilité des usages électriques résidentiels : application aux usages thermiques." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00678316.

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Au-delà de l'augmentation de la consommation de l'électricité, on observe dans le même temps que les consommations pendant les périodes de pointe deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes et de plus forte intensité. Pour faire face à cette problématique, la présente thèse exploite la flexibilité que peuvent apportée au système électrique les différents usages électriques résidentiels Dans un premier temps, le potentiel des différents équipements pour la gestion de la demande est évalué en termes d'impact sur la consommation et d'appels de puissance caractéristiques de chaque équipement. Dans un deuxième temps, une méthodologie basée sur un langage graphique est proposée pour repérer les possibles stratégies de contrôle. Cette méthodologie va permettre de définir l'ensemble des stratégies de contrôle applicables à un équipement et de voir de quelle façon un équipement ordinaire peut être modifié pour devenir " intelligent " (" Smart Appliance "). Ensuite, une méthodologie est développée pour analyser les différents impacts (positifs et négatifs) selon deux objectifs différents: le contrôle à distance et le contrôle en fonction de tarifs. Cette méthodologie permet de caractériser les effets positifs résultants de l'application d'une stratégie de contrôle donnée, en termes de puissance et énergie, mais aussi ses effets négatifs, les impacts sur le confort thermique et le possible recouvrement par le bâtiment ou l'équipement de l'énergie qu'il n'a pas consommée (cas des usages thermiques). Enfin, cette méthodologie est appliqué à plus grande l'échelle (plusieurs bâtiments) pour quantifier la flexibilité apportée au réseau. Les contrôles seront analysés du point de vue du réseau électrique mais aussi du point de vue du consommateur (par l'intermédiaire des gains ou pertes monétaires et de confort).
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Badey, Quentin. "Étude des mécanismes et modélisation du vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion dans le cadre d’un usage automobile." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112052/document.

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Ce travail vise à modéliser le vieillissement des batteries lithium-ion soumises à des sollicitations de type véhicule (électrique ou hybride). Cette étude a notamment pour but d’optimiser le dimensionnement des packs batteries pour véhicule et les stratégies de gestion électrique. Une approche originale, de type fatigue mécanique, a été sélectionnée car potentiellement capable de modéliser des sollicitations complexes et variées. Cette approche a été développée pour une batterie lithium-ion spécifique graphite/NCA. Il apparaît qu’un simple cumul de dommage n’est pas entièrement pertinent et que deux contributions au vieillissement sont à l’œuvre : l’une en fonction de la charge échangée et l’autre en fonction du temps. De multiples essais de vieillissement ont été effectués et montrent l’influence très importante de la température, du courant et de l’état de charge sur chacune de ces contributions. Ces essais permettent de mettre en équation l’impact de chacun de ces paramètres sur la vitesse de dégradation. Il en découle un modèle informatique de prévision du vieillissement, capable de prendre en compte les périodes d’arrêt comme de roulage. Les résultats, sur des sollicitations peu à moyennement complexes, donnent une très faible erreur au niveau de la prévision. Des analyses post-mortem ont également été effectuées sur les batteries étudiées afin de comprendre les mécanismes en jeu. Plusieurs analyses (physico-chimiques et électrochimiques, par spectroscopie d’impédance) permettent de relier les principaux mécanismes de vieillissement à chacune des deux contributions : une altération de la structure cristalline du matériau actif d’électrode positive pour la contribution fatigue, la passivation du matériau actif d’électrode négative pour la contribution temporelle. Ces analyses apportent une vision plus complète du vieillissement et justifient les hypothèses effectuées lors de la mise en place du modèle. Elles permettent également d’envisager une généralisation du modèle à d’autres technologies de batteries lithium-ion. D’ailleurs, un essai de généralisation à une autre batterie commerciale a permis de vérifier la fiabilité et de détecter les limites de notre approche
This scientific piece of work aims at modeling the aging of lithium-ion batteries, depending on the vehicle stress (electric or hybrid type). More specifically, this study intends to optimise the design of battery packs for vehicle and power management strategies. A original mechanical fatigue approach has been selected as potentially able to model complex and varied demands. This approach was developed for a specific graphite / NCA lithium-ion battery. It appears that a simple damage accumulation is not entirely relevant, and that two contributions to aging are ongoing: one based on charge throughput and the other based on time. Multiple aging tests were performed and have shown the important influence of temperature, current power and state of charge for each contribution. They led to the establishment of equations linking each of these parameters to battery degradation rate. Thanks to these equations, a computer model for aging prevision has been built, able to take into account both cycling and calendar ageing. The model gives, for slightly to moderately complex solicitations, a very small predicting error. Postmortem analyses were also performed on the batteries to understand the mechanisms involved. Several analytical techniques (physicochemical and electrochemical, impedance spectroscopy) make possible to connect the main mechanisms of ageing to the contributions: an alteration of the crystalline structure of the positive electrode active material for the fatigue contribution, passivation of the negative electrode active material for the time contribution. These analyses provide a more complete view of aging and justify the hypothesis made during the implementation of the model. These electrochemical results allow us to consider a generalisation to other lithium-ion battery technologies. Indeed, an attempt to generalise the model to another commercial battery has made possible to check the reliability and to detect limits of this approach
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12

Loukakou, Bounzeki Mbemba Destiny Conscience Eland. "Modélisation, conception et expérimentation d'un véhicule hybride léger pour usages urbains." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947630.

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La crise du pétrole et les contraintes écologiques obligent de nombreux constructeurs automobiles à développer des programmes de recherche importants dans le développement des véhicules électriques et hybrides électriques. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour but de vérifier la faisabilité d'une chaine de traction hybride innovante consistant à partir d'unvéhicule thermique existant et à réduire la puissance du moteur thermique tout en ajoutant des moteurs intégrés dans les roues du train arrière. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet financé par l'ADEME et en collaboration notamment avec le constructeur automobile AIXAM-MEGA.Plus précisément, le travail de thèse a donc porté sur le dimensionnement des sources énergétiques, la modélisation énergétique et fonctionnelle du véhicule et enfin la réalisation et la caractérisation expérimentale du véhicule.Dans le premier chapitre, l'auteur développe une revue bibliographique relative aux véhicules hybrides électriques existants. Cela permet ensuite d'introduire le concept innovant de chaine de traction hybride décrit ci-dessus, reposant en quelque sorte sur un couplage par la route des puissances de propulsion thermiques et électriques.Dans le deuxième chapitre l'auteur aborde le dimensionnement des sources énergétiques en se focalisant sur les super-condensateurs. Il propose une approche analytique simple de calcul reposant sur les missions définies par le constructeur AIXAM-MEGA. Les modules de supercondensateurs retenus sont ensuite caractérisés expérimentalement (capacité, résistance interne, rendement de stockage...) en prenant en compte l'effet de la température.Les troisième et quatrième chapitres sont consacrés à la modélisation du véhicule. En premier lieu, le troisième chapitre aborde la modélisation énergétique du véhicule. Le véhicule a entièrement été modélisé en utilisant le formalisme de représentation énergétique macroscopique développée initialement au Laboratoire d'Électrotechnique et d'Électroniquede Puissance de Lille. Ce modèle a permis de développer le contrôle du véhicule. Ensuite, dans le quatrième chapitre, l'auteur présente la modélisation fonctionnelle du véhicule par machine d'état. Cela permet de prévoir le comportement du véhicule dans ses différentes phases de vie et de définir les transitions entre ces différentes phases. Cette étape deprototypage virtuel est essentielle afin de vérifier en amont la fonctionnalité du véhicule et sa sécurité.Enfin, le cinquième et dernier chapitre est entièrement consacré à la caractérisation expérimentale du véhicule. Les différents fonctionnements thermiques, électriques et hybrides sont testés lors de vrais essais de roulage.En conclusion, le travail de thèse a abouti à la réalisation d'un véhicule hybride. Les approches de dimensionnement des sources et de modélisation sont ainsi validées, tout en faisant également la preuve de la faisabilité d'une chaine cinématique hybride électrique avec couplage par la route.
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13

Fogdal, Hanna, and Adrian Baars. "Utilization of Forest Residue through Combined Heat and Power or Biorefinery for Applications in the Swedish Transportation Sector : a comparison in efficiency, emissions, economics and end usage." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215767.

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Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems.  To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation.  The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively.
Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar.  För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn.  Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.
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14

Grosjean, Camile. "Usages de batteries lithium-ion comme fonction de stockage de l'électricité à la convergence des besoins énergétiques de l'habitat solaire et du transport électrique." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802060.

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Dans les années à venir, les secteurs du transport et du résidentiel-tertiaire vont faire l'objet de contraintes de plus en plus sévères, que ce soit au niveau de leur consommation d'énergie ou de leur émission de polluants. Dans le domaine du transport, la hausse régulière du trafic et l'augmentation du poids et de la puissance des véhicules thermiques ont été plus significatives que la baisse de consommation unitaire des moteurs, contribuant à accroître un peu plus l'empreinte énergétique et environnementale des véhicules. Dans l'habitat, la consommation d'énergie et les émissions liées se sont accru fortement du fait de la croissance des besoins en électricité spécifique, le confort et la technologie exigeant là encore davantage d'énergie que par le passé, et ce malgré une baisse des usages liés à la cuisson et au chauffage. Avec cette thèse sur le stockage de l'électricité, une pierre se voit ajoutée à l'édifice naissant des alternatives durables à un modèle énergétique en disgrâce. Plus précisément, sont étudiés dans ce mémoire les différents usages de batteries lithium-ion utilisées comme fonction de stockage d'énergie à la convergence des besoins de l'habitat solaire et du transport électrique. Derrière le terme "habitat solaire", on entend une maison particulière équipée en toiture d'une installation de panneaux photovoltaïques. Derrière le terme "transport électrique", on entend à la fois la mobilité électrique de véhicules électriques et le transport d'électricité sur le réseau. Après une présentation du cadre contextuel et des champs d'étude de la thèse, un balayage du sujet permet de dégager certains axes de recherche directement exploitables et valorisables. Concrètement, l'hypothèse de départ d'un travail centré sur le véhicule électrique est validée. L'inventaire systématique des interactions de convergence entre les pôles de l'habitat solaire et ceux du transport électrique permet ensuite d'isoler des cas concrets d'usages convergents du stockage de l'électricité qui, à moyen terme, feront référence dans le domaine énergétique. Typiquement, le cœur de thèse se focalise sur l'amélioration de l'autoconsommation de la production photovoltaïque pour les besoins des charges domestiques et du véhicule électrique. Tout au long de cette démarche, des applications concrètes au cas de la Corse sont présentées.
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15

Walker, Myles Larcome. "Test bed system for investigating the energy usage of variable speed drive systems." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5278.

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As South Africa's electricity consumption increases, Eskom is promoting Demand Side Management (DSM) to aid control of both the electricity consumption and its more effective usage, thereby delaying the need to construct new power stations, which pose large economic and environmental problems. Eskom has investigated various DSM strategies, such as load shifting, co-generation, alternative fuels and energy efficient processes, and has targeted the areas of load shifting and energy efficiency as prime areas for energy savings as they are relatively inexpensive and easy to implement. Pumps and fans form a large part of the industrial load. By improving the power usage of these devices with the use of variable speed drives, large energy savings may be achieved. To enable the energy usage of industrial loads to be evaluated, a test bed system which enables a variable speed drive to be loaded with a configurable load, was constructed. The test bed system forms a tool for evaluating and demonstrating the energy savings that are possible, by replacing fixed speed drives with variable speed drives when controlling the flow rate of pumps and fans. Results from the test bed system show that by using variable speed operation of pumps and fans, some energy savings are achievable when compared to existing methods of flow control. The achievable energy savings are dependent on the system properties and the duty cycle of the pump or fan system.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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16

Amorim, Kevin Carvalho de. "Intelligent and Autonomous Usage of the Energy Generation Systems in Vehicles." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/122474.

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17

(10063480), Monil Vallabhbh Chheta. "DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS USING MODULAR IIOT FRAMEWORK." Thesis, 2021.

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This project aims to develop a cloud-based platform that integrates sensors with business intelligence for real-time energy management at the plant level. It provides facility managers, an energy management platform that allows them to monitor equipment and plant-level energy consumption remotely, receive a warning, identify energy loss due to malfunction, present options with quantifiable effects for decision-making, and take actions, and assess the outcomes. The objectives consist of:

  1. Developing a generic platform for the monitoring energy consumption of industrial equipment using sensors

  2. Control the connected equipment using an actuator

  3. Integrating hardware, cloud, and application algorithms into the platform

  4. Validating the system using an Energy Consumption Forecast scenario

A Demo station was created for testing the system. The demo station consists of equipment such as air compressor, motor and light bulb. The current usage of these equipment is measured using current sensors. Apart from current sensors, temperature sensor, pres- sure sensor and CO2 sensor were also used. Current consumption of these equipment was measured over a couple of days. The control system was tested randomly by turning on equipment at random times. Turning on the equipment resulted in current consumption which ensured that the system is running. Thus, the system worked as expected and user could monitor and control the connected equipment remotely.

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18

Bahrami, Asl Babak. "Futuristic Air Compressor System Design and Operation by Using Artificial Intelligence." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/17932.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The compressed air system is widely used throughout the industry. Air compressors are one of the most costly systems to operate in industrial plants in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, it becomes one of the primary targets when it comes to electrical energy and load management practices. Load forecasting is the first step in developing energy management systems both on the supply and user side. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted, and there was a need to study if predicting compressed air system’s load is a possibility. System’s load profile will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for load management and look-ahead scheduling programs. Feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques have been used to perform 15 minutes ahead prediction. Three cases of different sizes and control methods have been studied. The results proved the possibility of the forecast. In this study two control methods have been developed by using the prediction. The first control method is designed for variable speed driven air compressors. The goal was to decrease the maximum electrical load for the air compressor by using the system's full operational capabilities and the air receiver tank. This goal has been achieved by optimizing the system operation and developing a practical control method. The results can be used to decrease the maximum electrical load consumed by the system as well as assuring the sufficient air for the users during the peak compressed air demand by users. This method can also prevent backup or secondary systems from running during the peak compressed air demand which can result in more energy and demand savings. Load management plays a pivotal role and developing maximum load reduction methods by users can result in more sustainability as well as the cost reduction for developing sustainable energy production sources. The last part of this research is concentrated on reducing the energy consumed by load/unload controlled air compressors. Two novel control methods have been introduced. One method uses the prediction as input, and the other one doesn't require prediction. Both of them resulted in energy consumption reduction by increasing the off period with the same compressed air output or in other words without sacrificing the required compressed air needed for production.
2019-12-05
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19

Meehan, Colin Markey. "Estimating emissions impacts to the bulk power system of increased electric vehicle and renewable energy usage." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23624.

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The research presented in this thesis examines the use of electric vehicles and renewable energy to reduce emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO[subscript x], and within the state of Texas. The analysis examines the impact of increased renewable energy output and electric vehicle charging on the emissions of fossil fuel electric generators used to serve the bulk power system within Texas. The analysis then compares those impacts to alternative scenarios in which fossil fuel generation replaces some renewable energy generation, and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles of varying efficiency are used instead of electric vehicles. This research uses temporally-resolved regression analysis combined with a unit commitment and dispatch model that incorporates several different scenarios for EV charging and fuel mixes to evaluate emissions outcomes based on a variety of conditions. Hourly historical generation and emission data for each fossil fuel generator, combined with hourly output data for non-fossil fuel units aggregated by fuel type (i.e. nuclear, wind, hydro-electric) within the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) footprint is regressed to assess the impact of wind generation output on fossil-fuel generation emissions. The regression analysis is used to assess potential increases in emissions resulting from the ramping of fossil-fuel Electric Generation Units (EGUs) to compensate for variability in wind generation output due to changing weather conditions. The unit commitment dispatch model is used to evaluate the impact of changes in customer demand due to increased usage and charging of electric vehicles on the ERCOT system and any resulting increase in emissions from generation used to meet this new demand. The model uses detailed cost, performance and emissions data for EGUs in the ERCOT footprint to simulate the impact of a variety of charging scenarios and fuel mixes on EGU dispatch patterns and any resulting change in system-wide emissions. The results of this model are combined with the results of the regression analysis to present a more complete analysis of the combined impacts of increase EV and renewable energy usage on the emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO[subscript x] within the ERCOT footprint. Based on these analyses the increases in renewable energy generation demonstrate clear benefits in terms of emission reductions when the impacts of increased emissions due to more frequent ramping of fossil-fuel units are taken into account. This analysis also finds that EV charging generally has emissions benefits across a range of charging patterns and bulk power system fuel mixes, although in certain circumstances EV charging might result in higher emissions than the use of ICE vehicles. This research finds when future ICE vehicles with reduced emissions are taken into account, approximately half of the modeled scenarios show net emissions benefits from EV charging, while half show net emissions costs when emissions impacts across pollutants are taken into account.
text
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20

(5931020), Babak Bahrami Asl. "FUTURISTIC AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATION BY USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Thesis, 2020.

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The compressed air system is widely used throughout the industry. Air compressors are one of the most costly systems to operate in industrial plants in therms of energy consumption. Therefore, it becomes one of the primary target when it comes to electrical energy and load management practices. Load forecasting is the first step in developing energy management systems both on the supply and user side. A comprehensive literature review has been conducted, and there was a need to study if predicting compressed air system’s load is a possibility.

System’s load profile will be valuable to the industry practitioners as well as related software providers in developing better practice and tools for load management and look-ahead scheduling programs. Feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) techniques have been used to perform 15 minutes ahead prediction. Three cases of different sizes and control methods have been studied. The results proved the possibility of the forecast. In this study two control methods have been developed by using the prediction. The first control method is designed for variable speed driven air compressors. The goal was to decrease the maximum electrical load for the air compressor by using the system's full operational capabilities and the air receiver tank. This goal has been achieved by optimizing the system operation and developing a practical control method. The results can be used to decrease the maximum electrical load consumed by the system as well as assuring the sufficient air for the users during the peak compressed air demand by users. This method can also prevent backup or secondary systems from running during the peak compressed air demand which can result in more energy and demand savings. Load management plays a pivotal role and developing maximum load reduction methods by users can result in more sustainability as well as the cost reduction for developing sustainable energy production sources. The last part of this research is concentrated on reducing the energy consumed by load/unload controlled air compressors. Two novel control methods have been introduced. One method uses the prediction as input, and the other one doesn't require prediction. Both of them resulted in energy consumption reduction by increasing the off period with the same compressed air output or in other words without sacrificing the required compressed air needed for production.

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