Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical energy transmission, networks and systems'
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KOTYSH, Andrii, Ivan SAVELENKO, and Kateryna PETROVA. "THE EXCESSIVE TECHNICAL LOSSES OF ELECTRICITY IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS OF POWER CONSUMPTION." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6(2)-69-73.
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Reducing electricity losses in electrical networks is a complex complex problem that requires significant capital investments necessary for optimizing the development of electrical networks, improving the electricity accounting system, introducing new information technologies in marketing activities and managing network modes, training personnel and equipping them with means of testing measuring devices etc. In reality, in recent years, in connection with the inclusion of normative losses in the tariff for electric energy transmission services, a dangerous trend of adapting these norms to actual losses has emerged. The article analyzes the occurrence of power losses in electrical engineering systems and electrical networks of various voltage classes. Special attention is paid to the so-called excess losses, which are not taken into account during design and operation. These losses occur in insulators, linear fittings, current-limiting reactors, electricity meters, windings of current and voltage transformers, etc. Excessive losses of electricity in electric networks are direct financial losses of electric power companies. Savings from reducing losses could be directed to technical re-equipment of networks; staff salary increase; improvement of the organization of electricity transmission and distribution; increasing the reliability and quality of electricity supply to consumers. Unaccounted losses reach approximately 1% of the total amount. This fact must be taken into account. Because currently we are talking about millions of losses.
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Schröter, Tamara, André Richter, Jens Götze, André Naumann, Jenny Gronau, and Martin Wolter. "Substation Related Forecasts of Electrical Energy Storage Systems: Transmission System Operator Requirements." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236207.
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The growth in volatile renewable energy (RE) generation is accompanied by an increasing network load and an increasing demand for storage units. Household storage systems and micro power plants, in particular, represent an uncertainty factor for distribution networks, as well as transmission networks. Due to missing data exchanges, transmission system operators cannot take into account the impact of household storage systems in their network load and generation forecasts. Thus, neglecting the increasing number of household storage systems leads to increasing forecast inaccuracies. To consider the impact of the storage systems on forecasting, this paper presents a new approach to calculate a substation-specific storage forecast, which includes both substation-specific RE generation and load forecasts. For the storage forecast, storage systems and micro power plants are assigned to substations. Based on their aggregated behavior, the impact on the forecasted RE generation and load is determined. The load and generation are forecasted by combining several optimization approaches to minimize the forecasting errors. The concept is validated using data from the German transmission system operator, 50 Hertz Transmission GmbH. This investigation demonstrates the significance of using a battery storage forecast with an integrated load and generation forecast.
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Poletaev, I. Yu. "Reduction theloss of electrical energy during transmission and distribution through electric networks is a priority in the digitalization of the electric power industry, the constructionand digital economy of the Russian Federation." Bulletin of Russian academy of natural sciences 23, no. 2 (2023): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2023-23-2-137-142.
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The problem of reducing losses of electric energy during transmission and distribution through electric networks is one of the key tasks for most electric grid companies in Russia. The task of developing remote control technologies has actually been set by the Government to all subjects of the electric power industry in the regions of Russia. The article discusses the issues of the introduction of IT technologies as measures to reduce the loss of electrical energy during its transmission over networks. Proposals have been developed on the organizational, investment and economic components of creating electric systems with an intelligent network in our country.
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Naumov, Igor, Sergey Podyachikh, Marina Polkovskaya, and Aleksandr Tretyakov. "Green technologies use in the smart grid construction in rural power supply systems." BIO Web of Conferences 42 (2022): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20224203006.
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The article considers the using intelligent controls possibility in low-voltage rural electric networks to minimize the unbalance modes consequences. The proposed technology includes the digital data transmission compilation on the electrical energy parameters with a new balancing technical means the electrical network operating mode. Digital feedback is provided for changes the balancing device (BD) parameters by the unbalancing power consumption changing level. Based on the developed methods compilation, software for calculating unbalancing modes has been created, which makes it possible to assess the currents and voltages unbalancing effect on the power quality and its additional losses change. The “green” technology proposed version, which increases the economic and the electric energy environmental safety use in the rural electric power industry, contains a new constructive solution for the balancing device implementation. The proposed technology was tested on the measurement data basis in existing electrical networks. Based on the MALAB technologies use, changes studied indicators visualization in the before and after BD integration in the electrical network was carried out and its analysis was makes. Used on the “neural networks” MALAB technology, a preventive assessment of the unbalancing power consumption events development in the investigated operating electrical network is presented, as well as the proposed technology effectiveness assessment was carried out.
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Stupak, Maryna, and Hlib Stupak. "THE INTERNET OF ENERGY CONCEPT FOR MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL NETWORK FACILITIES." Naukovyi visnyk Donetskoho natsionalnoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, no. 1-2 (2022): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2415-7902-2022-1(8)-2(9)-152-161.
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Purpose. Determination of a promising way of managing electric networks in the conditions of an increase in the number of implemented distributed generation facilities using renewable sources. Dispatch systems are the object, methods of building dispatch systems are the subject. Methods. Research was carried out on the basis of system and elemental-structural approaches. Results. The article analyzes the subject industry and the evolution of energy facility management systems. The relevance of the work lies in the acute study of modern approaches to the management of electric power facilities, designed to change not only management methods, but also to generally revise the concept of modernization of existing systems and construction of new networks. It has been determined that information networks become not only the means of communication between people, but also open completely new ways of exchanging telemetric information regarding the management of technological processes between devices. The energy sector is no exception, where every year the penetration of telecommunication technologies is deepening, creating new approaches to the management of energy systems of electricity generation and distribution. The work considers ways of organizing network management and increasing its stability with a decrease in the level of inertia, based on the use of differential meters, the concept of hot backup, the use of intelligent forecasting and information exchange technologies, and the introduction of modern communication technologies, and parallels between the levels of power distribution and data transmission in information networks. Scientific novelty. It has been offered to increase the efficiency of management in electrical networks with distributed generation with the help of energy routers. Practical significance. The work proves that the IoE concept is the most promising for the use in power grids in the conditions of an increase in the number of distributed objects of small generation.
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S., SHEVCHENKO, DANYLCHENKO D.O., and KUZNETSOV D.S. "USE OF SOFTWARE FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF MODELING ENERGY NETWORKS." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 26, no. 4 (May 24, 2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2022-1-17-28.
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The article is devoted to the topical issue of power grid modeling. The article discusses positive and negative features of simulation programs. Particular attention is paid to the principles of the programs. Such programs as PSS®SINCAL from Siemens; ETAP from Operation Technology and PowerFactory from DIgSILENT GmbH are considered in the article. The PSS®SINCAL software specializes in designing networks from low to ultra-high voltage classes, in symmetrical and non-symmetrical modes of operation, takes into account the installation possibilities of compensating devices and gives recommendations for their installation locations. Basic models enabling mode calculations and shortcircuit calculations as well as simulation of electromagnetic transients are used as the basis of the PSS®SINCAL software. The basic modules include steady state calculations, calculations of short circuit currents, harmonics, system stability and electromagnetic transients. Particular attention is paid to the optimization and planning module, namely reactive power optimization. The module of reactive power optimization in PSS®SINCAL offers methods of optimizing existing equipment by finding the best switching points for reactive power compensation. ETAP software specializes in electrical network and power transmission design. ETAP Grid™ connects network design with detailed substation models, SCADA systems, and real-time transmission network management. This paper covers only 2 modules of ETAP software, namely transmission and distribution modules. PowerFactory captures the full range of functionality from standard features to highly sophisticated and advanced applications, including wind power, distributed generation, real-time modeling, and performance monitoring for testing of surveillance systems. This article reviews only 2 modules of the PowerFactory software, namely the electrical power transmission and distribution modules. The paper reviews the programs and concludes that Siemens' PSS®SINCAL software would be the most successful solution for modeling electric grids and accounting for the effects of compensating devices on voltage levels in electric grids.
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Nikolaidis, Alexandros I., Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, and C. A. Charalambous. "Indices to Assess the Integration of Renewable Energy Resources on Transmission Systems." Conference Papers in Energy 2013 (May 23, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/324562.
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The continuous increase on the penetration levels of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in power systems has led to radical changes on the design, operation, and control of the electrical network. This paper investigates the influence of these changes on the operation of a transmission network by developing a set of indices, spanning from power losses to GHG emissions reduction. These indices are attempting to quantify any impacts therefore providing a tool for assessing the RES penetration in transmission networks, mainly for isolated systems. These individual indices are assigned an analogous weight and are mingled to provide a single multiobjective index that performs a final evaluation. These indices are used to evaluate the impact of the integration of RES into the classic WSCC 3-machine, 9-bus transmission network.
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Khalil, Umair, Muhammad Yousaf Ali Khan, Umer Amir Khan, and Shahid Atiq. "Power Flow Control by Unified Power Flow Controller." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2002.04.
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The demand of energy usage is increasing rapidly and to meet the energy requirements, best possible transmission systems should be adopted to avoid energy losses in our transmission systems. In Pakistan’s WAPDA (Water & Power Development Authority) system, the rapid increase in load and less generation capacity has increased load shedding thought the country. The government has planned to increase the generation capacity but the supply companies are facing line load-ability, environmental constraints, power limitations problems etc. Most of the supply companies prefer to extend the existing electrical networks instead of building new network to reduce financial burdens. In this paper the implementation of the FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Devices in an electrical network is described. The FACTS devices enhance power transfer capacity of the line without adding new transmission line. These devices also protect the system from overloading in case of any contingency in the electrical network. The control of power flow, reactive power compensation and voltage control are the main capabilities of FACTS devices. This paper describes the impacts of FACTS devices on improving the voltage stability and power handling capability of a transmission line. The proposed methods for the controllable flow of active and reactive power in a transmission line are also elaborated. A simple electrical system is examined to explain the improvement in the constraints of power system using FACTS devices.
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Hovorov, P. P., K. V. Hovorova, А. К. Kindinova, and O. Abdelrahim. "SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY, TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN POWER SUPPLY AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS OF CITIES." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (1) (December 30, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.02.
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Modern power supply and lighting systems of cities are complex electrical systems of an automated type, in which the processes in individual power supply systems and city lighting systems are interconnected and interdependent. Therefore, the search for efficient technologies for the transmission of electrical energy in them is an extremely difficult task. The real state of the power supply and lighting systems in cities today is characterized by low operating efficiency, largely due to the low quality of electrical energy and insufficient compensation of reactive power in them. The mutual influence of power supply and lighting systems in cities, as well as the presence of significant voltage deviations and the overflow of additional reactive power in the networks, causes an increase in voltage and power losses in them, as well as a decrease in the efficiency of networks and connected consumers, in general. Unfortunately, the existing methods and technical means based on them cannot fully solve this problem. The research carried out made it possible to clarify the nature of the processes in the power supply systems and the sanitation of cities and to determine the methods and technical means based on the Smart Grid concept. They are based on the use of phase-shifting booster transformers with an electronic control system. Their use made it possible to provide the possibility of complex control of the voltage modes of active and reactive power with the possibility of installation at any point in the network and centralized control from a single centre. The calculations show that the use of the developed methods and technical means provides an opportunity to reduce power losses in networks by 10–15% and energy costs for consumers by 50–75%.
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Yahya, Kabiru Abubakar. "Analysis of 132-33 KVA Grid Sub-Transmission Line along Gombe to Yola Power System of Nigeria." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53497.
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Abstract: In Nigeria, effective electric power transmission is a top priority. Power generating and the network of power distribution are connected via electric power transmission. A research project was conducted to determine the status of the networks in order to improve performance, which resulted in the performance evaluation of the 132KV Sub-transmission lines. Data from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) substations under investigation were utilized in the research work. The Gombe-Yola Sub-region's 132KV networks are divided into two 132KV active networks and 11 33KV active networks, with a total of 443.617MVA in active loads connected to the 33KV buses. The network was modeled and simulated using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 12.6), and the bus voltages and network power losses were investigated using MATLAB and Simulink. It was discovered during simulation that the bulk of the network's equipment, including transformers, buses, and transmission lines, experience numerous disturbances that result in forced outages and a corresponding loss of load and productivity. All transformers were critically loaded based on the results of the base-case simulation, with several exceeding 100% loading. As bus voltage magnitudes went outside the +/- 5% nominal rated values, the percentage operational bus voltages were below threshold. Additionally, the systems had undesirable power factor levels. Threatening discoveries prompted an effort to strengthen the networks. In this study, three system enhancement algorithms—capacitor placement, transformer upgrade, and transformer load tap modifications—were applied. To get the best outcome, these algorithms were successively stacked. As a result of significant system improvements, both networks' performance in the final simulation result was within allowable bounds. System-wide apparent losses decreased to a 50% reduction enhancing the networks' efficiency in the process.
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Gupta, Neeraj, B. Rajanarayan Prusty, Omar Alrumayh, Abdulaziz Almutairi, and Talal Alharbi. "The Role of Transactive Energy in the Future Energy Industry: A Critical Review." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 8047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218047.
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Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework. By incorporating the prosumers concept and digitalization into energy systems at the transmission and distribution levels, transactive energy systems have the exciting potential to reduce transmission losses, lower electric infrastructure costs, increase reliability, increase local energy use, and lower customers’ electricity bills at the transmission and distribution levels. This article provides a state-of-the-art review of transactive energy concepts, primary drivers, architecture, the energy market, control and management, network management, new technologies, and the flexibility of the power system, which will help researchers comprehend the various concepts involved.
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Oleksandr, Rubanenko, Tokarchuk Oleksii, and Solona Olena. "SIMULATION OF THE WORK OF PHOTOELECTRIC PLANTS." Vibrations in engineering and technology, no. 4(107) (December 23, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2306-8744-2022-4-8.
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The article draws attention to the fact that nowadays the demand for energy is not decreasing, but its cost is increasing. The need to research the parameters of photovoltaic modules and the capabilities of microprocessor technology for this is substantiated. It is noted that the scheme of electric distribution networks has become more difficult to operate, and the algorithms and methods of reliable and optimal management of modes are changing due to the modernization of the infrastructure of electricity supply and electricity consumption of the district. Nowadays, renewable energy sources are installed in the electrical distribution system at various levels of power supply and power transmission between the substation and consumers. Due to damage to the electrical equipment, there may be interruptions in the power supply, which unintentionally cause "islanding". During operation, situations sometimes arise when the power supply system of the "islands" is promptly de-energized starting from the points of connection of the "islands" to the unified electric power system. This happens based on the results of measuring the parameters of the mode of local electric power systems or based on the results of mathematical modeling of processes in local electric systems when, for example, the current levels of nodal voltages will not allow the use of an "island" electric network. For the purpose of researching processes in local electrical systems with photovoltaic plants, the article proposes their physical model in the form of a research bench, which can be used during the practical training of future employees who will manage the modes of distribution electrical networks with photovoltaic plants and maintain the equipment of such networks, systems and electrical stations Algorithms for optimal management of generated power, consumption and accumulation of electric energy tested using the proposed stand are designed to show the operating personnel ways of high-quality operation of distribution electric networks under the conditions of implementation of the Smart Grids concept.
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Dyśko, Adam, and Dimitrios Tzelepis. "Protection of Future Electricity Systems." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030704.
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The electrical energy industry is undergoing dramatic changes; the massive deployment of renewables, an increasing share of DC networks at transmission and distribution levels, and at the same time, a continuing reduction in conventional synchronous generation, all contribute to a situation where a variety of technical and economic challenges emerge [...]
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Liang, Xiurong, and You Qian. "Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 27, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4597992.
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The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.
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Wan, Zhiping, Zhiming Xu, Jiajun Zou, Shaojiang Liu, Weichuan Ni, and Shitong Ye. "An IPv6 Passive-Aware Network Routing Algorithm Based on Utility Value Combined with Deep Neural Network." Journal of Sensors 2021 (November 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7193788.
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Passive sensing networks can maintain the operation of the network by capturing energy from the environment, thereby solving the energy limitation problem of network nodes. Therefore, passive sensing networks are widely used in data collection in complex environments. However, the complexity of the network deployment environment makes passive sensing nodes unable to obtain stable energy from the surroundings. Therefore, better routing strategies are needed to save network energy consumption. In response to this problem, this paper proposes an IPv6 passive-aware network routing algorithm for the Internet of Things. This method is based on the characteristics of passive sensing networks. By analyzing the successful transmission rate of the network node transmission link, transmission energy consumption, end-to-end transmission delay, and waiting delay of IPv6 packets, the utility evaluation function of the route is obtained. After the utility evaluation function is obtained, the network routing is selected through the utility evaluation function. Then, the utility value and the deep neural network method are combined to train the classification model. The classification model assigns the best routing strategy according to the characteristics of the current network, thereby improving the energy consumption and delay performance of the network.
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Thippun, Pitchakron, Apidet Booranawong, and Dujdow Buranapanichkit. "A Priority-based Data Transmission for Energy Efficiency MAC Protocol with Wireless Body Area Networks." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 17, no. 2 (April 11, 2023): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2023172.249022.
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are a collection of vital and electrical signals measured from various body parts to help analyze therapeutic approaches for patients using wireless data transmission. The significant data has to communicate with collision avoidance to obtain high throughput. In this paper, a hybrid MAC layer communication is implemented between CSMA/CA and TDMA. CSMA/CA communication has been introduced to manage the TDMA sequence of transmissions without a central node. The experimental results in this system implement real wireless devices, TelosB, with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We studied the convergence speed of transmission sequence allocation, which was measured in the CSMA/CA period. When the number of nodes is small, the convergence time is slower than a large number of nodes. However, the number of nodes does not affect the number of rounds entering the transmission period. This parameter has been evaluated for the network and energy efficiency in WBANs. Packet delivery ratio, packet numbers, and energy consumption are examined for the different priority-based nodes in the TDMA period. The energy consumption can reduce to 40% for no priority when compared with high priority in the case of a priority-based node.
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Akgün, Ömer, Tahir Çetin Akıncı, Gökhan Erdemir, and Serhat Şeker. "Analysis of instantaneous frequency, instantaneous amplitude and phase angle of ferroresonance in electrical power networks." Journal of Electrical Engineering 70, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2019-0084.
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Abstract Ferroresonance is a nonlinear phenomenon that damages the undesired, destructive system for energy transmission lines. The formation and development of this overvoltage ferroresonance phenomenon is an important research topic as a mysterious event in energy power systems. In this study, Seyit Omer-Iklar energy transmission line from Turkey’s electrical transmission networks was modelled using real parameters. Ferroresonance scenario was created on the model. The energy transmission system with the scenario is set to a simulation time of 4 seconds. The first two seconds are set to normal. By cutting off the transmission line in the 2nd sec., the system is provided with ferroresonance drift. According to the data obtained therefrom, spectrograms, instantaneous amplitude, instantaneous frequency and instantaneous phase were conducted. The analyses have made clear that the instantaneous frequency amplitude defined the system’s ferroresonance moment very well.
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AVERIKHINA, Tetiana, Maryna BURIACHENKO, and Valeriia VASYLIEVA. "Modern trends of the world market of electrical equipment." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 6/1 (June 30, 2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.6(1).1.
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Introduction. The world market of electrical equipment is developing very fast. There are many companies in the market that sell electrical equipment, among them there are companies that occupy leading positions. Today, the world market of energy engineering is estimated at 87 billion dollars per year, based on the structural dynamics of growth, the annual volume can reach 110-115 billion dollars per year until 2025. The global market for energy equipment service in 2020 is 31.7 billion dollars, including: LTSA (long-term service) 47 %, modernization – 20 %, field service – 24 %, engineering – 9 %. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the world market of electrical equipment, determine sales, business growth. The list of leaders in electrical equipment on the world market is considered. Results. The main trends in the world today are the following areas: development of DC transmission system, cable lines for underwater laying and cable for connections of renewable energy sources to reduce energy transmission costs through the capabilities of existing transmission lines, through network voltages and innovative design solutions and installation methods. The amendment for these trends shows us the world leaders in the electrical market, such as Legrand, Schneider Electric, ABB, Siemens, DEKraft, SASSIN, EKF, etc., R&D costs are 3.5–5 % of profits (over 60 years). Thus, we can conclude that the global market for cable networks is developing rapidly. This market is expected to grow in the development of smart grid technologies, renewable energy generation and initiatives to modernize the transmission and distribution system. Conclusion. That the global cable ladder market is developing rapidly. This market is expected to grow in the development of smart grid technologies, renewable energy cultivation and government initiatives to modernize transmission and distribution systems.
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Khan, M. Y. A., U. Khalil, H. Khan, A. Uddin, and S. Ahmed. "Power Flow Control by Unified Power Flow Controller." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 3900–3904. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2587.
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The demand for electricity is increasing day by day and we have to produce more electrical energy to meet the load demands. Most of the experts prefer to extend the existing electrical networks over building the new network with greater costs. In this paper, the implementation of the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in a simple electrical network is described. FACTS devices enhance power transfer capacity of the line without laying out new transmission line. These devices also protect the system from overloading in case of any contingency in the electrical network. Moreover, this paper describes the impacts of FACTS devices on improving the voltage stability and power handling capability of a transmission line. The proposed methods for the controllable flow of active and reactive power in a transmission line are also elaborated. A simple electrical system is examined to explain the improvement in the constraints of power system using FACTS devices.
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As’ari, Aziemah Athirah, Nur Ilyana Anwar Apandi, Nor Aishah Muhammad, Rozeha A. Rashid, Mohd Adib Sarijari, and Jamaliah Salleh. "Energy efficiency scheme for relay node placement in heterogeneous networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4050.
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Relay node (RN) placement expands the network coverage and capacity and significantly reduces the energy consumption of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Energy efficiency is the system design parameter in HetNets as it determines network operators' energy consumption and economic value. Relay is one of the energy-saving methods, where it can reduce the transmit power by breaking a long transmission distance into several short transmissions. However, placing an RN without a proper transmission distance may lead to a waste of energy. Thus, investigating an optimum RN placement in HetNets is crucial to ensure energy efficiency and maintain network performance. This paper presents an energy efficiency scheme for the RN based on four commonly used network topologies of indoor HetNets. The minimum energy consumption algorithm is proposed based on a comparison of distance and links of the RN. The results show that the circular network topology is an optimal network model with an efficiency factor increase of 6% that can be used to design the energy efficiency indoor HetNet.
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Long, Jun, An He, Anfeng Liu, and Xue Chen. "Adaptive Sensing with Reliable Guarantee under White Gaussian Noise Channels of Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532045.
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Quality of sensing is a fundamental research topic in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an adaptive sensing technique to guarantee the end-to-end reliability while maximizing the lifetime of sensor networks under additive white Gaussian noise channels. First, we conduct theoretical analysis to obtain optimal node numberN∗, node placementd∗, and node transmission structureP∗under minimum total energy consumption and minimum unit data transmission energy consumption. Then, because sensor nodes closer to the sink consume more energy, nodes far from the sink have more residual energy. Based on this observation, we propose an adaptive sensing technique to achieve balanced network energy consumption. It adopts lower reliability requirement and shorter transmission distance for nodes near the sink and adopts higher reliability requirement and farther transmission distance for nodes far from the sink. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our design can improve the network lifetime by several times (1–5 times) and network utility by 20% and the desired reliability level is also guaranteed.
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Kadioglu, Yasin Murat. "FINITE CAPACITY ENERGY PACKET NETWORKS." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 31, no. 4 (April 19, 2017): 477–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964817000080.
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This paper surveys research on mathematical models that predict the performance of digital devices that operate with intermittent energy sources. The approach taken in this work is based on the “Energy Packet Network” paradigm where the arrival of data to be processed or transmitted, and the energy to operate the system, are modeled as discrete random processes. Our assumption is that these devices will capture energy from intermittent ambient sources such as vibrations, heat or light, and capture it onto electrical energy that may be stored in batteries or capacitors. The devices consume this energy intermittently for processing and for wired or wireless transmission. Thus, both the arrival of energy to the device, and the devices workload, are modeled as random processes. Based on these assumptions, we discuss probability models based on Markov chains that can be used to predict the effective rates at which such devices operate. We also survey related work that models networks of such systems.
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Saha, S., M. Aldeen, and C. P. Tan. "Fault detection in transmission networks of power systems." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 33, no. 4 (May 2011): 887–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2010.12.026.
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Furgał, Jakub. "Influence of Lightning Current Model on Simulations of Overvoltages in High Voltage Overhead Transmission Systems." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020296.
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The analysis of lightning overvoltages generated in electrical power systems has a great meaning for the designers and exploitation engineers because it creates bases for the optimization of construction overhead transmission lines and high voltage substations, reducing costs and increasing reliability of the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Lightning overvoltages generated in electrical power systems with overhead transmission lines are a result of complex, nonlinear, and surge phenomena occurring in the structure of line towers and electrical substation when the lightning current is flowing through them. Methods of overvoltage stress analysis are intensely developed, and one of the directions is working out models of high voltage electrical devices and phenomena in electrical networks, which influence the shape and values of overvoltage risks. The model of lightning current has a significant influence on the courses of overvoltages in high voltage transmission systems. The paper is focused on the analysis of the influence of the model of lightning current making use of simulations of the shape, and maximal values of overvoltages generated in high voltage transmission systems during a direct lightning strike to the overhead lines. Two models of lightning current used in simulations with the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transient Program (EMTP/ATP) were analyzed, i.e., the Heidler model and CIGRE (Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Électriques) model. The EMTP/ATP computer program is very often used in simulations of overvoltages in electrical networks. Unfortunately, the users get no information on the criterion to be used when selecting the model of lightning current used in the simulations. The analysis presented in the paper gives practical knowledge about the effect of the use of a particular kind of lightning current model on the results of simulations of lightning overvoltage propagation in electrical networks, overvoltage protection, as well as on theoretical and practical aspects of the insulation coordination in high voltage transmission systems.
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Lu, Yao, Shuo Cheng, Xiaofei Zhu, and Geon Seok Yang. "Construction of Landscape Ecological Planning Evaluation Model Based on Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2989351.
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The application of wireless sensor network (WSN) technology promotes the modernization of forestry. WSN application technology in forest areas is an important research topic for the sustainable development of forestry in China and is also a research hotspot for forestry ecological monitoring at present. The application of wireless sensor networks in forest areas, first of all, solves the problem of limited energy supply and low-latency data transmission in the forest environment. Due to the large area of the forest environment and uneven tree density, dynamic changes in forest height, easy to block the signal, and other characteristics, the forest environment is prone to node energy depletion fast, the network life cycle is short, and data transmission delays large dilemma. Second, the application of wireless sensor networks is usually centered on maximum data acquisition, but the contradiction between high data acquisition rate and limited energy supply is inevitable, so it is necessary to construct a maximum data acquisition rate model with limited energy supply as a constraint to guarantee the optimal acquisition conditions for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, from the application of wireless sensor network technology in forest environment, the research on the application of wireless sensor network in forestry is carried out around the analysis of energy self-collection permanent function of sensor nodes, sensor node transmission routing strategy, data collection, fusion, and fuzzy inference decision-making fire danger warning process, so as to provide a solution to the overall problem of forest fire warning based on rechargeable wireless sensor network. In this paper, we analyze the dynamic replenishment of energy in rechargeable wireless sensor networks and propose an energy-based transmission control protocol that effectively improves data transmission efficiency. In the rechargeable wireless sensor network, the network E2E (end-to-end) average delay time is calculated based on the number of nodes on the data transmission link. The research idea of this paper starts from the application technology of wireless sensor network in the forest environment, and the design of the energy self-collection permanent function of sensor nodes, sensor node transmission routing strategy, data collection, fusion, and fuzzy inference decision fire danger warning process are realized vertically.
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S., SKRYPNYK. "Substantiation of the choice of the replacement scheme of line for mathematical modeling of 20 kV power supplies." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 24, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2021-1-69-72.
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In the current global economic crisis and acute shortage of energy resources, increasing importance is attached to energy saving measures, economical and careful consumption of raw materials, materials, electricity and heat, environmental safety of industrial production. During the reconstruction of existing power supply systems of industrial enterprises, modern progressive solutions should be considered and implemented, morally and physically obsolete electrical equipment should be replaced, namely the introduction of new electrical equipment for transition from 6/10 kV to 20 kV in Ukrainian power systems. It is also necessary to pay attention to the improvement of power supply circuits and distribution networks, the implementation of complex automation of complex technological processes, rational compensation of reactive power at all levels of power supply systems. In the power system, the main transport link is the power line. Power lines (transmission lines) are long conductors suspended at a safe distance from the ground overhead lines (overhead lines) or cable lines (overhead lines) in which conductors are insulated from each other and from the environment and protected by insulation and armor electricity. Power lines are the most massive elements of the power supply system, they connect the individual nodes of its circuit. Longitudinal and transverse parameters are distinguished in alternative schemes. The load current flows through the longitudinal parameters, voltage is applied to the transverse ones. The replacement circuit of the electrical network consists of replacement circuits of the following elements: power lines, transformers, reactors, capacitors, loads, power sources. Calculating the steady-state modes of power systems, the substitution schemes of the elements are given in a single-line design, because the parameters of all phases are symmetrical. In local and local electrical networks with a relatively short length and low rated voltage, the conduction currents are small compared to load currents. Therefore, in typical electrical calculations of these networks, the capacitive conductivity of the lines is not taken into account. However, for these networks, the accounting of capacitive conductivities is necessary when considering some modes, the existence of which in itself is due only to the presence of capacitive conductivities. For example, the mode of single-phase ground fault in a network with isolated or compensated neutral or analysis of the modes of operation of neutrals of electrical networks of different voltage classes cannot be performed without taking into account the capacitive conductivity of these networks. When switching the power system of Ukraine to the nominal voltage of 20 kV, it should be taken into account that the transmission line will be replaced in the sections of both the overhead power line and cable power line, namely 35, 10, 6 kV. The replacement scheme must describe all the characteristics and properties of the elements of cable and overhead lines in accordance with real conditions. Thus, it is not expedient to use simplified substitution circuits that neglect energy parameters and properties of conductors to study the parameters of transmission lines. The use of a complete "P" -shaped scheme for the analysis of the parameters of transmission lines and transmission lines for a voltage of 20 kV is the basis of mathematical modeling of the transmission system in the distribution networks of our country.
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Tan, Qian, Wei An, Yanni Han, Haiyan Luo, Yanwei Liu, Song Ci, and Hui Tang. "Achieving energy-neutral data transmission by adjusting transmission power for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 16, no. 14 (February 18, 2016): 2083–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.2669.
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Tosic, Josip, Srdjan Skok, Ljupko Teklic, and Mislav Balkovic. "Resilience Neural-Network-Based Methodology Applied on Optimized Transmission Systems Restoration." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 26, 2022): 4694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134694.
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This paper presents an advanced methodology for restoration of the electric power transmission system after its partial or complete failure. This load-optimized restoration is dependent on sectioning of the transmission system based on artificial neural networks. The proposed methodology and the underlying algorithm consider the transmission system operation state just before the fallout and, based on this state, calculate the power grid parameters and suggest the methodology for system restoration for each individual interconnection area. The novel methodology proposes an optimization objective function as a maximum load recovery under a set of constraints. The grid is analyzed using a large amount of data, which results in an adequate number of training data for artificial neural networks. Once the artificial neural network is trained, it provides an almost instantaneous network recovery plan scheme by defining the direct switching order.
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Pires, Vitor Fernão, Armando Pires, and Armando Cordeiro. "DC Microgrids: Benefits, Architectures, Perspectives and Challenges." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031217.
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One of the major paradigm shifts that will be predictably observed in the energy mix is related to distribution networks. Until now, this type of electrical grid was characterized by an AC transmission. However, a new concept is emerging, as the electrical distribution networks characterized by DC transmission are beginning to be considered as a promising solution due to technological advances. In fact, we are now witnessing a proliferation of DC equipment associated with renewable energy sources, storage systems and loads. Thus, such equipment is beginning to be considered in different contexts. In this way, taking into consideration the requirement for the fast integration of this equipment into the existing electrical network, DC networks have started to become important. On the other hand, the importance of the development of these DC networks is not only due to the fact that the amount of DC equipment is becoming huge. When compared with the classical AC transmission systems, the DC networks are considered more efficient and reliable, not having any issues regarding the reactive power and frequency control and synchronization. Although much research work has been conducted, several technical aspects have not yet been defined as standard. This uncertainty is still an obstacle to a faster transition to this type of network. There are also other aspects that still need to be a focus of study and research in order to allow this technology to become a day-to-day solution. Finally, there are also many applications in which this kind of DC microgrid can be used, but they have still not been addressed. Thus, all these aspects are considered important challenges that need to be tackled. In this context, this paper presents an overview of the existing and possible solutions for this type of microgrid, as well as the challenges that need to be faced now.
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Privalov, Andrey, Igor Kotenko, Igor Saenko, Natalya Evglevskaya, and Daniil Titov. "Evaluating the Functioning Quality of Data Transmission Networks in the Context of Cyberattacks." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164755.
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Cyberattacks against the elements of technological data transmission networks represent a rather significant threat of disrupting the management of regional electric power complexes. Therefore, evaluating the functioning quality of data transmission networks in the context of cyberattacks is an important task that helps to make the right decisions on the telecommunication support of electric power systems. The known models and methods for solving this problem have limited application areas determined by the admissible packet distribution laws. The paper proposes a new method for evaluating the quality of the functioning of data transmission networks, based on modeling the process of functioning of data transmission networks in the form of a stochastic network. The proposed method removes restrictions on the form of the initial distributions and makes the assumptions about the exponential distribution of the expected time and packet servicing in modern technological data transmission networks unnecessary. The method gives the possibility to evaluate the quality of the network functioning in the context of cyberattacks for stationary Poisson transmission and self-similar traffic, represented by Pareto and Weibul flows models. The obtained evaluation results are in good agreement with the data represented in previously published papers.
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Khatami, Roohallah, and Masood Parvania. "Spatio-Temporal Value of Energy Storage in Transmission Networks." IEEE Systems Journal 14, no. 3 (September 2020): 3855–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2019.2956541.
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Lecuire, Vincent, Cristian Duran Faundez, and Nicolas Krommenacker. "Energy-efficient image transmission in sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 4, no. 1/2 (2008): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2008.019250.
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G. O., Nwoke. "Mitigating Faults and Revenue Losses Using Fault Detectors at Trans Amadi Industrial Layout, Port Harcourt Rivers State." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39072.
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Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is an important aspect of monitoring the health of a power plant since it indicates when suspected faults could lead to catastrophic equipment failure. This research looks at how to detect generator and transmission line failures early and investigates fault detection methods using Artificial Neural Network approaches. Monitoring generator voltages and currents, as well as transmission line performance metrics, is a key monitoring criterion in big power systems. Failures result in system downtime, equipment damage, and a high danger to the power system's integrity, as well as a negative impact on the network's operability and dependability. As a result, from a simulation standpoint, this study looks at fault detection on the Trans Amadi Industrial Layout lines. In the proposed approach, one end's three phase currents and voltages are used as inputs. For the examination of each of the three stages involved in the process, a feed forward neural network with a back propagation algorithm has been used for defect detection and classification. To validate the neural network selection, a detailed analysis with varied numbers of hidden layers was carried out. Between transmission lines and power customers, electrical breakdowns have always been a source of contention. This dissertation discusses the use of Artificial Neural Networks to detect defects in transmission lines. The ANN is used to model and anticipate the occurrence of transmission line faults, as well as classify them based on their transient characteristics. The results revealed that, with proper issue setup and training, the ANN can properly discover and classify defects. The method's adaptability is tested by simulating various defects with various parameters. The proposed method can be applied to the power system's transmission and distribution networks. The MATLAB environment is used for numerous simulations and signal analysis. The study's main contribution is the use of artificial neural networks to detect transmission line faults. Keywords: Faults and Revenue Losses
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Li, Zhihua, Minda Xu, Tingxu Liu, and Lei Yu. "A Network Coding-Based Braided Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (December 5, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2757601.
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In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy efficiency can simultaneously guarantee robustness to link loss and node failure and is a key design goal of routing protocols because WSNs are strongly constrained in terms of transmission reliability, transmission delay, and energy consumption. Braided multipath routing has become a powerful tool for tolerating node failures and link losses, with high reliability and efficient data transmission rates. In this paper, we propose a novel network coding-based braided multipath routing called NC-BMR protocol. It integrates a data compression-based network coding method with the construction of hierarchical multiparent nodes (HMPNs) topology for the routing with coordinated data forwarding manner and a multipackets-based time scheduler strategy (MTSS). Its perfect transmission efficiency is achieved by only attaching a little control information with data packets. We validated NC-BMR based on the TOSSIM platform and compared it to several previous methods. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate its performance improvement in terms of the transmission reliability, delay, and overhead.
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Chen, Quan, Tao Wang, Lianglun Cheng, Yongchao Tao, and Hong Gao. "Energy-Efficient Broadcast Scheduling Algorithm in Duty-Cycled Multihop Wireless Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 6, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5064109.
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Broadcasting is a fundamental function for disseminating messages in multihop wireless networks. Minimum-Transmission Broadcasting (MTB) problem aims to find a broadcast schedule with minimum number of transmissions. Previous works on MTB in duty-cycled networks exploit a rigid assumption that nodes have only active time slot per working cycle. In this paper, we investigated the MTB problem in duty-cycled networks where nodes are allowed arbitrary active time slots per working cycle (MTBDCA problem). Firstly, it is proved to be NP-hard and o(lnΔ)-inapproximable, where Δ is the maximum degree in the network. Secondly, an auxiliary graph is proposed to integrate nodes’ active time slots into the network and a novel covering problem is proposed to exploit nodes’ multiple active time slots for scheduling. Then, a ln(Δ+1)-approximation algorithm is proposed for MTBDCA and a (ln(Δ+1)+Δ)-approximation algorithm is proposed for all-to-all MTBDCA. Finally, extensive experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
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Ostrenko, D. "Study of the operation of an artificial neural network that works in the electric network in order to prevent emergency conditions." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 14, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2020-1-48-54.
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Emergency modes in electrical networks, arising for various reasons, lead to a break in the transmission of electrical energy on the way from the generating facility to the consumer. In most cases, such time breaks are unacceptable (the degree depends on the class of the consumer). Therefore, an effective solution is to both deal with the consequences, use emergency input of the reserve, and prevent these emergency situations by predicting events in the electric network. After analyzing the source [1], it was concluded that there are several methods for performing the forecast of emergency situations in electric networks. It can be: technical analysis, operational data processing (or online analytical processing), nonlinear regression methods. However, it is neural networks that have received the greatest application for solving these tasks. In this paper, we analyze existing neural networks used to predict processes in electrical systems, analyze the learning algorithm, and propose a new method for using neural networks to predict in electrical networks. Prognostication in electrical engineering plays a key role in shaping the balance of electricity in the grid, influencing the choice of mode parameters and estimated electrical loads. The balance of generation of electricity is the basis of technological stability of the energy system, its violation affects the quality of electricity (there are frequency and voltage jumps in the network), which reduces the efficiency of the equipment. Also, the correct forecast allows to ensure the optimal load distribution between the objects of the grid. According to the experience of [2], different methods are usually used for forecasting electricity consumption and building customer profiles, usually based on the analysis of the time dynamics of electricity consumption and its factors, the identification of statistical relationships between features and the construction of models.
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Van, Hoang Thien, Hoang-Sy Nguyen, Thanh-Sang Nguyen, Van Van Huynh, Thanh-Long Nguyen, Lukas Sevcik, and Miroslav Voznak. "Outage Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with Time-Switching Energy Harvesting." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 25, no. 3 (June 25, 2019): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.25.3.23682.
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In recent years, although non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has shown its potentials thanks to its ability to enhance the performance of future wireless communication networks, a number of issues emerge related to the improvement of NOMA systems. In this work, we consider a half-duplex (HD) relaying cooperative NOMA network using decode-and-forward (DF) transmission mode with energy harvesting (EH) capacity, where we assume the NOMA destination (D) is able to receive two data symbols in two continuous time slots which leads to the higher transmission rate than traditional relaying networks. To analyse EH, we deploy time-switching (TS) architecture to comprehensively study the optimal transmission time and outage performance at D. In particular, we are going to obtain closed-form expressions for outage probability (OP) with optimal TS ratio for both data symbols with both exact and approximate forms. The given simulation results show that the placement of the relay (R) plays an important role in the system performance.
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Adewumi, Olurotimi Babatunde, Georgios Fotis, Vasiliki Vita, Daniel Nankoo, and Lambros Ekonomou. "The Impact of Distributed Energy Storage on Distribution and Transmission Networks’ Power Quality." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 6466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136466.
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This study investigates the effect of distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) on the power quality of distribution and transmission networks. More specifically, this project aims to assess the impact of distributed ESS integration on power quality improvement in certain network topologies compared to typical centralized ESS architecture. Furthermore, an assessment is made to see if the network topology in which an ESS position supports its ability to restore node voltage magnitude within acceptable ranges. The power quality of a benchmark interconnected distribution and transmission network was determined using NEPLAN software. Following that, twelve variants of the benchmark were modeled, each with a different ESS integration architecture and (or) topology. Their power quality performance was compared to that of a benchmark network in addition to several cross analyses to determine the relative impact on power quality within the context of their respective ESS integration methodologies. The findings of this study buttress the understanding that the distributed ESS integration architecture within the distribution network topology, where the majority of consumer loads are connected, provides the strongest case for voltage magnitude power quality compensation, as required by the UK Electrical System Grid Code’s 5% rated node voltage compliance processes regulation.
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Sechilariu, Manuela. "Intelligent Energy Management of Electrical Power Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082951.
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Smart grid implementation is facilitated by multi-source energy systems development, i.e., microgrids, which are considered the key smart grid building blocks. Whether they are alternative current (AC) or direct current (DC), high voltage or low voltage, high power or small power, integrated into the distribution system or the transmission network, multi-source systems always require an intelligent energy management that is integrated into the power system. A comprehensive intelligent energy system aims at providing overall energy efficiency with regard to the following: increased power generation flexibility, increased renewable generation systems, improved energy consumption, reduced CO2 emission, improved stability, and minimized energy cost. This Special Issue presents recent key theoretical and practical developments that concern the models, technologies, and flexible solutions to facilitate the following optimal energy and power flow strategies: the techno-economic model for optimal sources dispatching (mono and multi-objective energy optimization), real-time optimal scheduling, and real time optimization with model predictive control.
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Bharathi, R., S. Kannadhasan, B. Padminidevi, M. S. Maharajan, R. Nagarajan, and Mahtab Mashuq Tonmoy. "Predictive Model Techniques with Energy Efficiency for IoT-Based Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Sensors 2022 (December 20, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3434646.
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Wireless sensor networks are limited by the vast majority of goods with limited resources. Power consumption, network longevity, throughput, routing, and network security are only a few of the research issues that have not yet been addressed in sensor networks based on the Internet of Things. Prior to becoming widely deployed, sensor networks built on the Internet of Things must overcome a variety of technological obstacles as well as general and specific hazards. In order to address the aforementioned problems, this research sought to improve rogue node detection, reduce packet latency/packet loss, increase throughput, and lengthen network lifetime. Wireless energy harvesting is suggested in the proposed three-layer cluster-based wireless sensor network routing protocol to extend the energy lifespan of the network. For the purpose of recognising and blacklisting risky sensor node behaviour, a three-tier clustering architecture with an integrated security mechanism is suggested. This clustering approach is cost-based, and the sink node selects the cluster and grid heads based on the cost function’s value. With its seemingly endless potential across a wide range of industries, including intelligent transportation, the Internet of Things (IoT) has gained prominence recently. To analyse the nodes and clustering strategies in IoT, the suggested method PSO is applied. A plethora of new services, programmes, electrical devices with integrated sensors, and protocols have been produced as a result of the Internet of Things’ explosive growth in popularity.
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Stanchev, Plamen, Gergana Vacheva, and Nikolay Hinov. "Evaluation of Voltage Stability in Microgrid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 23, 2023): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134895.
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These days, with the significant increase in the use of renewable energy sources as additional energy sources connected to the distribution network, many challenges and difficulties arise in ensuring sustainability and reliability. The generation, transmission and distribution, in the current state of the electricity system, are facing quite dynamic changes. They are the result of the liberalization of the energy market, the increased use of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems, wind turbines and the charging stations for hybrid and electric vehicles. The most important factors are related to the balancing of the energy system, the analysis of voltage stability, overcoming the consequences of the increase in short-circuit currents, increasing the transmission capacities of the system forming and distribution networks, as well as the accurate forecasting of the development of loads and consumption over the coming years. This article presents an analysis of the voltage stability in a smart microgrid for two different scenarios. The studied cases describe a linear low-voltage p-type microgrid with loads connected to it at different nodes. Data on the type and cross-section of the conductors of the studied power line are presented. Simulation studies were carried out to determine the limits of grid voltage stability when connecting photovoltaic plants with a set power. The simulation results are commented on and an analysis of the optimal operating mode of the system is realized. The model studies were implemented in the NEPLAN program environment. The research carried out allows an evaluation of the permissible limits for network stability when connecting photovoltaic plants. Through this evaluation, it can be determined how many and at which node the loads should be connected without causing an imbalance in the network. This is useful from the point of view of ensuring the sustainability and reliability of electrical energy in a microgrid.
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Sarkar, Nurul I., Dev Pal Singh, and Monjur Ahmed. "A Survey on Energy Harvesting Wireless Networks: Channel Capacity, Scheduling, and Transmission Power Optimization." Electronics 10, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10192342.
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This paper presents a survey on energy harvesting (EH) wireless communication networks focusing on channel capacity, transmission schemes, and power optimization. While many network researchers focus on energy management policies addressing the intermittency and randomness of the EH processes, but the channel capacity, and transmission power optimization have not been fully explored yet. In this paper, we provide a review and analysis of channel capacity, offline and online transmission schemes, and power optimization from an information theory perspective. By reviewing and analyzing wireless networking literature, we found that EH is a technologically feasible and economically viable paradigm for cost-effectiveness in the design and deployment of next-generation wireless networks. Finally, we identify open research problems and future research directions in the emerging field of EH wireless networks. We expect this study to stimulate more research endeavors to build energy-efficient scalable next-generation wireless network systems.
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Dogra, Roopali, Shalli Rani, Himanshi Babbar, and Daniel Krah. "Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Next-Generation Application in the Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (March 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8006751.
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Among the key challenges with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is that most sensor nodes are fueled by energy-constrained batteries, which has a significant impact on the network’s efficiency, reliability, and durability. As a result, many clustering approaches have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of WSNs. Meanwhile, fifth-generation (5G) transmissions necessitate the usage of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple antennas in numerous Internet of Things (IoT) applications to furnish increased capacity in a multipath spectrum environment. Instead of a single senor that can facilitate better load balancing utilization, we believe to balance the energy utilization per unit area. The devices in IoT are submerged with various transmission interfaces known as MIMO in 5G networks. With MIMO being more commonly accessible on IoT devices, an effective clustering approach for rapidly evolving IoT systems is both lacking and urgently needed to support a variety of user scenarios. In this paper, we proposed the intelligent MIMO-based 5G balanced energy-efficient protocol which focuses to achieve Quality of Experience (QoE) for transmitting in clusters for IoT networks. The proposed protocol enhances the utilization of energy and lifetime of the network in which it shows 30% less energy utilized in comparison to the existing protocols.
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Yao, Yuanyuan, Sai Huang, and Changchuan Yin. "Cooperative transmission in energy harvesting-based cognitive D2D networks." Wireless Networks 24, no. 7 (March 18, 2017): 2579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1480-7.
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Bossy, Bartosz, Pawel Kryszkiewicz, and Hanna Bogucka. "Flexible, Brain-Inspired Communication in Massive Wireless Networks." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061587.
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In this paper, a new perspective of using flexible, brain-inspired, analog and digital wireless transmission in massive future networks, is presented. Inspired by the nervous impulses transmission mechanisms in the human brain which is highly energy efficient, we consider flexible, wireless analog and digital transmission on very short distances approached from the energy efficiency point of view. The energy efficiency metric is compared for the available transmission modes, taking the circuit power consumption model into account. In order to compare the considered systems, we assume that the transmitted data comes from analog sensors. In the case of the digital transmission scheme, the decoded data are converted back to analog form at the receiving side. Moreover, different power consumption models from the literature and the digital transmission schemes with different performance are analyzed in order to examine if, for some applications and for some channel conditions, the analog transmission can be the energy-efficient alternative of digital communication. The simulation results show that there exist some cases when the analog or simplified digital communication is more energy efficient than digital transmission with
QAM
modulation.
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Yurov, Alexander, Alexander Voronov, Alexey Lukonin, and Vasiliy Yurov. "High-voltage smart electricity metering of 110 kV digital electric networks." E3S Web of Conferences 279 (2021): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127901029.
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Were considered the technical solutions sufficient for the development of smart systems for automatic information and measurement metering of electrical energy and monitoring of overhead power transmission lines of the 110-220 kV electrical grids, considering the integration of the data flow into Scada-systems of digital substation workplaces in all the accordance with the standard protocols of IEC 61850. The device allows you to control the quality of transmitted electricity, remotely monitor the condition of the line, thereby increasing the reliability of power supply and power flows in the power system, reducing the cost of operational teams for their inspection.
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Gonzalez-Castellanos, Alvaro, Priyanko Guha Thakurta, and Aldo Bischi. "Congestion management via increasing integration of electric and thermal energy infrastructures." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123805005.
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Congestion caused in the electrical network due to renewable generation can be effectively managed by integrating electric and thermal infrastructures, the latter being represented by large scale District Heating (DH) networks, often fed by large combined heat and power (CHP) plants. The CHP plants could further improve the profit margin of district heating multi-utilities by selling electricity in the power market by adjusting the ratio between generated heat and power. The latter is possible only for certain CHP plants, which allow decoupling the two commodities generation, namely the ones provided by two independent variables (degrees-of-freedom) or by integrating them with thermal energy storage and Power-to-Heat (P2H) units. CHP units can, therefore, help in the congestion management of the electricity network. A detailed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model is introduced for solving the network-constrained unit commitment of integrated electric and thermal infrastructures. The developed model contains a detailed characterization of the useful effects of CHP units, i.e., heat and power, as a function of one and two independent variables. A lossless DC flow approximation models the electricity transmission network. The district heating model includes the use of gas boilers, electric boilers, and thermal energy storage. The conducted studies on IEEE 24 bus system highlight the importance of a comprehensive analysis of multi-energy systems to harness the flexibility derived from the joint operation of electric and heat sectors and managing congestion in the electrical network.
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Engmann, Felicia, Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu, Jamal-Deen Abdulai, and Ferdinand Apietu Katsriku. "Network Performance Metrics for Energy Efficient Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (November 27, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9635958.
Full textAbstract:
In Wireless Sensor Networks, sensor nodes are deployed to ensure continuous monitoring of the environment which requires high energy utilization during the data transmission. To address the challenge of high energy consumption through frequent independent data transmission, the IEEE 802.11b provides a backoff window that reduces collisions and energy losses. In the case of Internet of Things (IoTs), billions of devices communicate with each other simultaneously. Therefore, adapting the contention/backoff window size to data traffic to reduce congestion has been one such approach in WSN. In recent years, the IEEE 802.11b MAC protocol is used in most ubiquitous technology adopted for devices communicating in the IoT environment. In this paper, we perform a thorough evaluation of the IEEE 802.11b standard taking into consideration the channel characteristics for IoT devices. Our evaluation is aimed at determining the optimum parameters suitable for network optimization in IoT systems utilizing the IEEE 802.11b protocol. Performance analysis is made on the sensitivity of the IEEE 802.11b protocol with respect to the packet size, packet delivery ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay, and energy consumption. Our studies have shown that for optimal performance, IoT devices using IEEE 802.11b channel require data packet of size 64 bytes, a data rate of 11Mbps, and an interpacket generation interval of 4 seconds. The sensitivity analysis of the optimal parameters was simulated using NS3. We observed PDR values ranging between 27% and 31%, an average end-to-end delay ranging within 10-15 ms while the energy remaining was between 5.59 and 5.63Joules. The results clearly indicate that scheduling the rate of packet generation and transmission will improve the network performance for IoT devices while maintaining data reliability.
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Ospina, Juan, David M. Fobes, and Russell Bent. "On the Feasibility of Market Manipulation and Energy Storage Arbitrage via Load-Altering Attacks." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041670.
Full textAbstract:
Around the globe, electric power networks are transforming into complex cyber–physical energy systems (CPES) due to the accelerating integration of both information and communication technologies (ICT) and distributed energy resources. While this integration improves power grid operations, the growing number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) controllers and high-wattage appliances being connected to the electric grid is creating new attack vectors, largely inherited from the IoT ecosystem, that could lead to disruptions and potentially energy market manipulation via coordinated load-altering attacks (LAAs). In this article, we explore the feasibility and effects of a realistic LAA targeted at IoT high-wattage loads connected at the distribution system level, designed to manipulate local energy markets and perform energy storage (ES) arbitrage. Realistic integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) systems are used to demonstrate the effects that LAAs have on locational marginal prices at the transmission level and in distribution systems adjacent to the targeted network.
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Kootte, Maria Eliza, and Cornelis Vuik. "Steady-State Stand-Alone Power Flow Solvers for Integrated Transmission-Distribution Networks:A Comparison Study and Numerical Assessment." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185784.
Full textAbstract:
This paper compares and assesses several numerical methods that solve the steady-state power flow problem on integrated transmission-distribution networks. The integrated network model consists of a balanced transmission and an unbalanced distribution network. It is important to analyze these integrated electrical power systems due to the changes related to the energy transition. We classified the existing integration methods as unified and splitting methods. These methods can be applied to homogeneous (complete three-phase) and hybrid (single-phase/three-phase) network models, which results in four approaches in total. These approaches were compared on their accuracy and numerical performance—CPU time and number of iterations—to demonstrate their applicability on large-scale electricity networks. Furthermore, their sensitivity towards the amount of distributed generation and the addition of multiple distribution feeders was investigated. The methods were assessed by running power flow simulations using the Newton–Raphson method on several integrated power systems up to 25,000 unknowns. The assessment showed that unified methods applied to hybrid networks performed the best on these test cases. The splitting methods are advantageous when complete network data sharing between system operators is not allowed. The use of high-performance techniques for larger test cases containing multiple distribution networks will make the difference in speed less significant.