Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrical energy systems, n.e.c

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrical energy systems, n.e.c'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrical energy systems, n.e.c"

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Adigun, Oluwole Daniel, Emmanuel Ricohermoso, Ayodele Abeeb Daniyan, Lasisi Ejibunu Umoru, and Emanuel Ionescu. "Structure and Electrical Properties of Carbon-Rich Polymer derived Silicon Carbonitride (SiCN)." Ceramics 5, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 690–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5040050.

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This article reports on the structure and electronic properties of carbon-rich polysilazane polymer-derived silicon carbonitride (C/SiCN) corresponding to pyrolysis temperatures between 1100 and 1600 °C in an argon atmosphere. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Hall measurements were used to support the structural and electronic properties characterization of the prepared C/SiCN nanocomposites. A structural analysis using Raman spectroscopy showed the evolution of sp2 hybridized carbon phase that resulted from the growth in the lateral crystallite size (La), average continuous graphene length including tortuosity (Leq) and inter-defects distance (LD) with an increase in pyrolysis temperature. The prepared C/SiCN monoliths showed a record high room temperature (RT) electrical conductivity of 9.6 S/cm for the sample prepared at 1600 °C. The electronic properties of the nanocomposites determined using Hall measurement revealed an anomalous change in the predominant charge carriers from n-type in the samples pyrolyzed at 1100 °C to predominantly p-type in the samples prepared at 1400 and 1600 °C. According to this outcome, tailor-made carbon-rich SiCN polymer-derived ceramics could be developed to produce n-type and p-type semiconductors for development of the next generation of electronic systems for applications in extreme temperature environments.
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Alexandrov, Peter, Xueqing Li, Matt O'Grady, and John Hostetler. "Analog and Logic High Temperature Integrated Circuits based on SiC JFETs." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-tp12.

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Harsh environment applications such as electrical actuation on military and commercial aircraft, advanced engine controls, downhole energy exploration, propulsion systems of hybrid and all electric vehicles, and space exploration require sensor interfaces, control circuits, and power systems with electronics capable of operating at high temperatures. Wide band-gap materials such as SiC can be used to build devices with high operating temperatures due to their fundamental material properties. This paper presents initial results on developing basic analog and logic integrated circuits based on SiC JFET technology. Analog and logic integrated circuits were built using enhancement vertical channel lateral JFET transistors, metal film resistors and lateral p-n diodes. The analog circuits built include different types of operational amplifiers. The logic circuits include NOT, NAND, AND, NOR and OR gates. Transistors and integrated circuits were packaged in ceramic DIP packages and tested at temperatures up to 500 °C. The tested JFETs show proper operation up to the maximum tested temperature of 500 °C. The operational amplifiers remained functional at temperatures up to 430 °C. Basic logic circuits showed proper operation up to the maximum tested temperature of 500 °C.
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Wang, Guoming. "Efficient quantum algorithms for analyzing large sparse electrical networks." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 11&12 (September 2017): 987–1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.11-12-5.

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Analyzing large sparse electrical networks is a fundamental task in physics, electrical engineering and computer science. We propose two classes of quantum algorithms for this task. The first class is based on solving linear systems, and the second class is based on using quantum walks. These algorithms compute various electrical quantities, including voltages, currents, dissipated powers and effective resistances, in time poly(d, c,log(N), 1/λ, 1/e), where N is the number of vertices in the network, d is the maximum unweighted degree of the vertices, c is the ratio of largest to smallest edge resistance, λ is the spectral gap of the normalized Laplacian of the network, and e is the accuracy. Furthermore, we show that the polynomial dependence on 1/λ is necessary. This implies that our algorithms are optimal up to polynomial factors and cannot be significantly improved.
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Ngernchuklin, Piyalak, Arjin Boonruang, Saengdoen Daungdaw, and Nestchanok Yongpraderm. "Comparison of Milling Techniques to Figure of Merit of 0.98PZT-0.02BYF Piezoelectric Ceramic Energy Harvester." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.218.

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Nowadays, the concept of harvesting energy from the environment, for example, thermal, wind, sun, vibration and human activities is much of interest. PZT is one of the materials which show an ability to harness vibration energy and then change to electrical energy. Therefore, the PZT (Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3) doped with 0.02 mol% BYF (Bi(Y0.7Fe0.3)O3) piezoelectric ceramics has been studied to improve the figure of merit (d33*g33). The PZT and BYF powder systems were prepared by solid state reaction with calcination temperature of 800 and 850 °C for 2 h, respectively. XRD results showed that both powders exhibited pure perovskite phase for PZT and single phase of BYF without pyrochlore phase. Then, the two calcined powders (PZT and BYF) were mixed according to the composition of 0.02 mol% BYF doped PZT by two different milling techniques called conventional ball-milling (CBM) and high energy ball-milling (HBM) for 10 h. The result showed that average particle size obtain from HBM was 1 µm which was smaller than from CBM shown up to a few microns in bimodal mode. The PZT-BYF-HBM ceramics showed higher physical and electrical properties but lower K value. Thus promoting to higher g33 which was equal to 36.89 * 10-3(Vm/N) and FOM was 11,632*10-15(m2/N), while PZT-BYF-CBM had g33 of 26.86* 10-3(Vm/N) and FOM at 8,016*10-15(m2/N), respectively.
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Satpute, Jitendra, and John Rajan. "Analysis of energy, exergy, environmental and economics (4E) on PV-thermal collector system." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210905010s.

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In this paper, a novel thermal absorber based photovoltaic thermal system is presented. The thermal absorber is attached at the rear surface of photovoltaic, and water is re-circulated to extract heat. The outdoor experimentations are performed at Pune, India (18.7611?N, 73.5572?) on clear sky day, and water temperatures, surface temperature, radiation and flow rate are measured to analyze techno-economical performance at different operating conditions. The surface temperature of the photovoltaic module plummeted from 54.65?C to 47.9?C with the incorporation of a thermal absorber with flipside water cooling at a ranging flow rate of 0.03 to 0.06 kg/sec. The result shows an average enhancement of 4.2 % in the electrical power output of the photovoltaic thermal system. The maximum thermal and electrical efficiencies were 47.82 % and 9.88 %, respectively, at 0.06 kg/sec. The exergy efficiency was found in the range of 9.85-14.30%. Based on the experimental evaluation, uncertainty analysis was performed. The results revealed that the annual CO2 mitigation for photovoltaic and photovoltaic thermal system was 225.46 kg/annum and 464.8 kg/annum, while simple payback periods were 4.53 years 3.03 years, respectively. The analysis offers an efficient estimate of experimental features of photovoltaic and photovoltaic thermal systems from an energy-exergy, environmental and cost-benefit standpoint.
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Abu Khalla, Shada, Salman Abdalla, Arunchander Asokan, and Matthew Suss. "Desalination Fuel Cells: Producing Clean Energy and Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 45 (July 7, 2022): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01451939mtgabs.

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Desalination has evolved into a viable alternative to fresh water supply, increasing water availability and decreasing scarcity1. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most-widely used technology today for desalination, and requires significant electrical energy investment, about 4 kWh/m3 of treated water, when desalinating sea water2. In contrast to such conventional desalination systems which utilize energy, we will here dicsuss desalination fuel cells (DFCs), an emerging electrochemical desalination technology proposed by our group3. DFC’s utilize hydrogen gas to simultaneously desalinate water and produce electricity from a single cell. Thus, water can be desalinated without any external electrical supply required. The desalination fuel cell is based on continuous energy conversion from chemical to electrical, and thus is not cyclic as with capacitive deionization4. As with an ED cell, our cell consists of one anion and one cation exchange membrane which sandwich a desalination channel fed with feedwater. Unlike an ED cell, on the opposite side of the anion exchange membrane is a hydrogen anode and anolyte, while an oxygen cathode and catholyte are placed opposite to the CEM. During operation, the reductant present in the anolyte (hydrogen) and oxidant present in the catholyte (oxygen) react spontaneously at the anode and cathode surfaces, respectively, providing an electric current between the anode and cathode which can be delivered to a load. The half-reactions also give rise to a spontaneous ionic current through the cell, which drives ion removal from the desalination channel (Figures a,b). The cell was characterized by running it in two modes, with either near-neutral pH in all channels (H2|O2) (Figure a) or with a pH-gradient mode (H2+B|O2+A) (Figure b), which allowed for deep insight into cell performance and detailed characterizations (Figures c-f)5. The results show that our prototype can desalinate water effectively while generating electricity, it was also found that operation in H2+B|O2+A mode enabled improved DFC performance, higher OCV, and produced electricity of up to 10 kWh/m3 (Figure g)5. A detailed voltage breakdown, elucidating key sources of loss in the cell was also demonstrated adding quasi-reference electrodes in all flow channels of the cell. It was shown that voltage loss across ion exchange membranes was generally insignificant, but the cathode is generally the component associated with the largest voltage loss, largely due to Nernstian losses exacerbated by likely chloride poisoning of the cathode catalyst (Figure i)6. Chloride poisoning was studied in-situ, by flowing different catholytes through the cell, and ex-situ using an RRDE. We further synthesized and optimized custom, non-precious metal-based Fe/N/C catalyst for desalination fuel cell cathodes, and showed nearly equal catalytic performance to that of the Pt/C commercial cathode (Figure h)7. References: Kummu, M. et al. The world’s road to water scarcity: Shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability. Rep. 6, 1–16 (2016). Malaeb, L. & Ayoub, G. M. Reverse osmosis technology for water treatment: State of the art review. Desalination 267, 1–8 (2011). Atlas, I., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Thermodynamic Energy Efficiency of Electrochemical Systems Performing Simultaneous Water Desalination and Electricity Generation. Electrochem. Soc. 167, 134517 (2020). Porada, S., Zhao, R., Van Der Wal, A., Presser, V. & Biesheuvel, P. M. Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization. Mater. Sci. 58, 1388–1442 (2013). Abu Khalla, S., Atlas, I. & Suss, M. E. Desalination fuel cells with high thermodynamic energy efficiency. Environmental Science & Technology. Accepted. Abdalla, S., Abu Khalla, S. & Suss, M. E. Voltage loss breakdown in desalination fuel cells. Electrochemistry Communications 107136 (2021). Asokan, A., Abu-Khalla, S., Abdalla, S. & Suss., M. E. Chloride-tolerant, inexpensive Fe/N/C catalysts exceed platinum catalysts for desalination fuel cell cathodes. ACS Applied Energy Materials. Submitted. Figure 1
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Jaita, Pharatree, Narumon Lertcumfu, and Gobwute Rujijanagul. "Temperature Dependence on Ferroelectric, Energy Storage Density, and Electric Field-Induced Strain Response of Lead-Free Bi0.485(Na0.388K0.097)Ba0.021Sr0.009TiO3 Ceramics." Integrated Ferroelectrics 201, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1668698.

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In this research, Bi0.485(Na0.388K0.097)Ba0.021Sr0.009TiO3 or BNKBSrT ceramic sintered at various temperatures from 1100 °C to 1150 °C were investigated. The optimum density (5.80 g/cm3), mechanical (HK = 5.3 GPa, HV = 4.1 GPa, E = 62 GPa, and KIC = 1.35 MPa m1/2), dielectric (εr = 1525, tanδ = 0.0566), piezoelectric (d33 = 172 pC/N, g33 = 12 × 10−3 Vm/N), electric field-induced strain (Smax = 0.32%, d*33 = Smax/Emax = 640 pm/V, Q33 = 0.0340 m4/C2), and energy storage (W = 0.55 J/cm3, η = 67.2% @ 150 °C) were obtained for the ceramic sintered at 1125 °C.
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MORALES-SÁNCHEZ, E., J. GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, R. RAMÍREZ-BON, F. ESPINOZA-BELTRÁN, Y. VOROBIEV, A. MORALES-ACEVEDO, PETRO GORLEY, Z. KOVALYUK, and PAUL HORLEY. "CdTe and Si SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON IN A NEW SYSTEM FOR SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE." Modern Physics Letters B 15, no. 17n19 (August 20, 2001): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901002087.

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A new system for the effective conversion and storage of solar energy using CdTe and Si based photovoltaic solar cells and the Li- Bi 2 Se 3 rechargable batteries was created and studied. PV Solar Cells with the different types of structure and barrier were studied (Shottky. MIS with thin insulating layer, and p-n junction), employing low-temperature and high-temperature technological cycles. The influence of the technological details upon the electrical parameters as well as the efficiency and stability of their performance were analyzed, and also the condition for improving the efficiency were found. In particular, it was established that Zn-doping of CdTe and the Al alloying to Si at 800°C have a profound effect upon the PV cell characteristics. The influence of the recombination in different parts of the cell upon the cell's efficiency and the recombination dependence upon the technological features were investigated. A comparison of the performance and fabrication cost of the new systems for solar energy conversion and storage with others using conventional cells and batteries is made. It is shown that newly developed systems could provide a global efficiency close to that for traditional ones, with simpler and cheaper technology. With some modifications of the technology, we expect to get even higher efficiencies and a wider system operation temperature range. The possibilities are discussed for the creation of a hybrid energy conversion system on the basis of our cells and batteries, with an overall efficiency of transformation of solar-to-electric energy around 40%.
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Laverde, Jennifer, Nataly C. Rosero-Navarro, Akira Miura, Robison Buitrago-Sierra, Kiyoharu Tadanaga, and Diana López. "Impact of Sulfur Infiltration Time and Its Content in an N-doped Mesoporous Carbon for Application in Li-S Batteries." Batteries 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8060058.

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Li-S batteries are ideal candidates to replace current lithium-ion batteries as next-generation energy storage systems thanks to their high specific capacity and theoretical energy density. Composite electrodes based on carbon microstructures are often used as a host for sulfur. However, sulfur lixiviation, insoluble species formation, and how to maximize the sulfur-carbon contact in looking for improved electrochemical performance are still major challenges. In this study, a nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon is used as a host for sulfur. The S/C composite electrodes are prepared by sulfur melting-diffusion process at 155 °C. The effect of the sulfur melting-diffusion time [sulfur infiltration time] (1–24 h) and sulfur content (10–70%) is investigated by using XRD, SEM, TEM and TGA analyses and correlated with the electrochemical performance in Li-S cells. S/C composite electrode with homogeneous sulfur distribution can be reached with 6 h of sulfur melting-diffusion and 10 wt.% of sulfur content. Li-S cell with this composite shows a high use of sulfur and sufficient electronic conductivity achieving an initial discharge capacity of 983 mA h g−1 and Coulombic efficiency of 99% after 100 cycles.
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Ishii, I., R. McLaren, A. P. Hitchcock, K. D. Jordan, Y. Choi, and M. B. Robin. "The σ* molecular orbitals of perfluoroalkanes as studied by inner-shell electron energy loss and electron transmission spectroscopies." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 2104–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-336.

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Absolute oscillator strength spectra in the C 1s (280–340 eV) and F 1s (680–740 eV) regions of the perfluoro-n-alkanes from C2 to C6 and perfluorocycloalkanes from C3 to C6 have been determined from inner-shell electron energy loss spectra recorded under electric-dipole scattering conditions. The spectral features are interpreted in terms of spatially localized transitions terminating at orbitals of predominantly σ*(C—F) and σ*(C—C) character. When compared to the spectra of the perfluoro-n-alkanes, both the C 1s and F 1s spectra of the perfluorocycloalkanes exhibit additional low-lying bands which are assigned to transitions terminating at σ*(C—C) orbitals which are shifted to low energy by the combination of the strain of cyclization and the inductive effect of the fluorination. The electron transmission spectra of selected perfluorocycloalkanes (which provide information on their anion states) show as well that the electron affinities of the cyclic systems are substantially lower than those of the corresponding perfluoro-n-alkanes, again as a result of a low-lying σ* orbital in the cyclic species. Quantum chemical calculations of the alkane and perfluoroalkane ground-state orbital structures support the experimental results. The localized character of the inner-shell excitations, indicated by the constancy of both term values and oscillator strengths with increasing chain length, contrasts with the more delocalized character of the states accessed in ultraviolet excitation or negative ion formation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrical energy systems, n.e.c"

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Wong, Steven. "Alternative Electricity Market Systems for Energy and Reserves using Stochastic Optimization." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/932.

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This thesis presents a model that simulates and solves power system dispatch problems utilizing stochastic linear programming. The model features the ability to handle single period, multiple bus, linear DC approximated systems. It determines capacity, energy, and reserve quantities while accounting for N-1 contingency scenarios (single loss of either generator or line) on the network. Market systems applying to this model are also proposed, covering multiple real-time, day-ahead, and hybrid versions of consumer costing, transmission operator payment, and generator remuneration schemes. The model and its market schemes are applied to two test systems to verify its viability: a small 6-bus system and a larger 66-bus system representing the Ontario electricity network.
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Wästerby, Alva. "Vindkraftens möjligheter på stödtjänstmarknaden : Teststudier för en befintlig vindkraftpark." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-183985.

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I takt med att Sveriges elsystem byggs ut och allt större andel elenergi kommer från förnybar och väderberoende elproduktion såsom vind, så ökar även behovet av stödtjänster som kan balansera frekvensen i elsystemet. Frekvensen i elsystemet fungerar som en indikator på om elsystemet är i balans och för att elsystemet ska vara i balans krävs att elproduktionen hela tiden motsvarar elanvändningen. Examensarbetet har utrett möjligheterna att leverera stödtjänster från en redan befintlig vindkraftpark och har även undersökt hur möjligheterna ser ut i framtiden i och med att marknaderna för stödtjänster utvecklas. I dagsläget finns fem olika frekvensreglerande stödtjänster i Sverige. Dessa är Fast frequency Reserve (FFR), Frequency Containment Reserve-Normal (FCR-N), Frequency Containment Reserve-Disturbance (FCR-D), automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) och manual Frequency Restoration Reserve (FRR). Dessa stödtjänster upphandlas av Svenska kraftnät för att upprätthålla balans mellan produktion och konsumtion i elsystemet. För varje stödtjänst finns olika krav och specifikationer som bland annat vilken frekvens som de aktiveras vid, hur lång tid aktiveringen får ta samt hur långt i förväg de upphandlas etcetera. I kontakt med sakkunniga och i litteratur så framgår det att det är möjligt att leverera någon typ av frekvenstjänst från de allra flesta vindparker. För att börja leverera stödtjänster krävs att vindturbinen har en effektomriktare, vilket de flesta vindkraftverk har i dagsläget. Därefter handlar det främst om program och mjukvaruinställningar i effektomriktaren. Annars fungerar det i stort sett som vanlig pitch-reglering av turbinerna. Inom detta projekt så har även driftdata från en verklig vindpark i Blaiken studerats, där tre olika testkörningar genomförts. I testkörningarna har man testat att styra produktionen från turbinerna genom att göra nedregleringar och uppregleringar för att dokumentera hur parken reagerar. Utifrån data från testkörningarna som jämförs med krav för olika stödtjänster kan slutsatser dras om att stödtjänsterna mFRR, aFRR samt FCR-N bör kunna levereras från Blaiken. De är stödtjänsterna med de mest generösa aktiveringstiderna. Resultatet visar även på möjligheter att jobba med parkstyrningssystemet för att förbättra parkens reglerförmåga och i bästa fall skulle detta kunna medföra att parken även klarar kraven för aktiveringstid av FCR-D.
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Chegu, Ashwini. "High Order Contingency Selection using Particle Swarm Optimization and Tabu Search." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/693.

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There is a growing interest in investigating the high order contingency events that may result in large blackouts, which have been a great concern for power grid secure operation. The actual number of high order contingency is too huge for operators and planner to apply a brute-force enumerative analysis. This thesis presents a heuristic searching method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and tabu search to select severe high order contingencies. The original PSO algorithm gives an intelligent strategy to search the feasible solution space, but tends to find the best solution only. The proposed method combines the original PSO with tabu search such that a number of top candidates will be identified. This fits the need of high order contingency screening, which can be eventually the input to many other more complicate security analyses. Reordering of branches of test system based on severity of N-1 contingencies is applied as a pre-processing to increase the convergence properties and efficiency of the algorithm. With this reordering approach, many critical high order contingencies are located in a small area in the whole searching space. Therefore, the proposed algorithm tends to concentrate in searching this area such that the number of critical branch combinations searched will increase. Therefore, the speedup ratio is found to increase significantly. The proposed algorithm is tested for N-2 and N-3 contingencies using two test systems modified from the IEEE 118-bus and 30-bus systems. Variation of inertia weight, learning factors, and number of particles is tested and the range of values more suitable for this specific algorithm is suggested. Although illustrated and tested with N-2 and N-3 contingency analysis, the proposed algorithm can be extended to even higher order contingencies but visualization will be difficult because of the increase in the problem dimensions corresponding to the order of contingencies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Electrical energy systems, n.e.c"

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Linsley, Trevor. "C&G Unit 203: Electrical installations technology and renewable energy systems." In Basic Electrical Installation Work, 133–278. 9th ed. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429466977-3.

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Teske, Sven, Thomas Pregger, Sonja Simon, and Carina Harpprecht. "Renewable Energy for Industry Supply." In Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals, 225–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99177-7_9.

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AbstractThis section focuses on technologies that provide heat, and especially process heat, with renewable energy and electrical systems. All the technologies described, except those that use high-temperature geothermal or concentrated solar heat (CSH) for process heat, are used for the OECM 1.5 °C pathways described in Chaps. 5, 6, 7, and 8. The authors have included geothermal and solar technologies to highlight the further technical options available and to underscore that more research is required in the area of renewable process heat.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Thermodynamic relationships." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0008.

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In the next few chapters we shall discuss tensors of rank zero to four which relate the intensive variables in the outer triangle of the Heckmann Diagram to the extensive variables in the inner triangle. Effects such as pyroelectricity, permittivity, pyroelectricity, and elasticity are the standard topics in crystal physics that allow us to discuss tensors of rank one through four. First, however, it is useful to introduce the thermodynamic relationships between physical properties and consider the importance of measurement conditions. Before discussing all the cross-coupled relationships, we first define the coupling within the three individual systems. In a thermal system, the basic relationship is between change in entropy δS [J/m3] and change in temperature δT [K]: . . . δS = CδT, . . . where C is the specific heat per unit volume [J/m3 K] and T is the absolute temperature. S, T, and C are all scalar quantities. In a dielectric system the electric displacement Di [C/m2] changes under the influence of the electric field Ei [V/m]. Both are vectors and therefore the electric permittivity, εij , requires two-directional subscripts. Occasionally the dielectric stiffness, βij , is required as well. . . . Di = εijEj Ei = βijDj. . . . Some authors use polarization P rather than electric displacement D. The three variables are interrelated through the constitutive relation . . . Di = Pi + ε0Ei = εijEj. . . . The third linear system in the Heckmann Diagram is mechanical, relating strain xij to stress Xkl [N/m2] through the fourth rank elastic compliance coefficients sijkl [m2/N]. . . . xij = sijklXkl. . . . Alternatively, Hooke’s Law can be expressed in terms of the elastic stiffness coefficients cijkl [N/m2]. . . Xij = cijklxkl. . . . When cross coupling occurs between thermal, electrical, and mechanical variables, the Gibbs free energy G(T, X, E) is used to derive relationships between the property coefficients. Temperature T, stress X, and electric field E are the independent variables in most experiments.
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Cernaianu, Mihail O., and Aurel Gontean. "Energy Harvesting and Energy Conversion Devices Using Thermoelectric Materials." In Innovative Materials and Systems for Energy Harvesting Applications, 198–253. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8254-2.ch008.

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The authors propose in this chapter an original, self-sustainable, power supply system for wireless monitoring applications that is powered from an energy harvesting device based on thermoelectric generators (TEGs). The energy harvesting system's purpose is to gather the waste heat from low temperature sources (<90°C), convert it to electrical energy and store it into rechargeable batteries. The energy harvesting system must be able to power a so-called condition monitoring system (CMS) that is used for the monitoring of heat dissipation equipment. The setup used for measurements (including mechanical details) and the experiments are described along with all the essential results of the research. The electronic system design is emphasized and various options are discussed.
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Llarens, Daniel, Laura Souilla, Santiago Masiriz, and Gastón Lestard. "Variable Renewable Energy: How the Energy Markets Rules Could Improve Electrical System Reliability." In Advances in Green Electronics Technologies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107062.

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In the last 10 years, significant changes have been observed in the operation of electrical systems resulting from the increasing incorporation of Variable Renewable Energy (NCRE—Solar PV, WIND) characterized by strong volatility in its energy production, due to climatic effects, which affect the reliability in the operation of the electrical system. These technologies also show a significant reduction in their capital costs, which are currently competitive compared to conventional alternatives for energy production, with the advantage of contributing to reducing the production of greenhouse gases. Therefore, increasing reliability operational problems are expected in the future, which must be resolved to supply the demand safely and at minimum cost. LATAM’s countries are making slow progress in updating their regulatory frameworks for the electricity sector to include changes that improve the integration of NCRE generation without reducing the quality of service. This document describes possible regulatory changes that could be implemented to promote a system safe operation including (a) intra-hours marginal costs, (b) day-ahead/intraday energy markets, (c) incentives to better forecast the NCRE generation production profile, (d) participation of NCRE generation in the capacity market, and (e) including BESS as ancillary service for frequency/ramp power control.
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Yustas, Yusto Mugisha, and Valerian Cosmas Silayo. "Comprehensive Characterisation of Biomass and Weather for Deployment of the Renewable Energy Systems." In Human Agro-Energy Optimization for Business and Industry, 168–201. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4118-3.ch009.

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The inefficient use of traditional biomass energy sources for cooking and scarce electricity are challenges in the least developed countries. This chapter presents the comprehensive characterisation approach for renewable energy (RE) related resources and sources, which support the measures to address the challenges. The approach's effectiveness is demonstrated in rural semi-arid areas. The demonstration involved sampling and laboratory analysis of cow dung (CD), data collection and analysis of solar irradiance, wind speed (WS), and ambient temperature (AT). In addition, weather data were collected using the novel onsite weather station. Results show that the area has quality CD (C/N ratio of 19), annual average solar insolation and WS of 4.5 kWh/m2/day and 4.7 m/s, respectively. Also, AT varies by 4oC within a day. The results show that the development of RE systems is feasible in the areas. Therefore, the approach is recommended to researchers and RE systems project developers.
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Bergander, Marek J., and Sarken D. Kapayeva. "Solar Refrigeration for Post-Harvest Storage of Agricultural Products." In Novel Technologies and Systems for Food Preservation, 108–39. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7894-9.ch005.

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The main objective of this chapter is the demonstration of the entire development process leading to prototype fabrication and commercialization of a new, ejector-based system for refrigeration that is environmentally clean and is powered by low quality heat, either solar or waste, without any need for electricity. In many rural areas throughout the world, the availability of fresh food is limited by lack of refrigerated warehousing facilities often due to limited access to electrical power. Authors are describing a new, ejector-based refrigeration system that 1) utilizes solar or waste heat (below 100°C temperature) as a main source of energy; 2) eliminates the mechanical compressor, which is a main user of electricity and the main contributor to maintenance and reliability issues in cooling systems; and 3) operates without any ozone depletion effects and any greenhouse gas emissions, when used with natural refrigerants. Such a technique contributes to protection of the ecosystem, conservation of energy, and broad application of alternative energy sources.
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Torrens, Francisco, and Gloria Castellano. "Nanostructures Cluster Models in Solution." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 221–53. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6252-0.ch012.

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The existence of Single-Wall C-Nanocones (SWNCs), especially nanohorns (SWNHs), and BC2N/Boron Nitride (BN) analogues in cluster form is discussed in solution in this chapter. Theories are developed based on models bundlet and droplet describing size-distribution function. The phenomena present unified explanation in bundlet in which free energy of (BC2N/BN-)SWNCs involved in cluster is combined from two parts: volume one proportional to the number of molecules n in cluster and surface one, to n1/2. Bundlet enables describing distribution function of (BC2N/BN-)SWNC clusters by size. From geometrical differences bundlet [(BC2N/BN-)SWNCs] and droplet (C60/B15C30N15/B30N30) predict dissimilar behaviours. Various disclination (BC2N/BN-)SWNCs are studied via energetic and structural analyses. Several (BC2N/BN-)SWNC's ends are studied that are different because of closing structure and arrangement type. Packing efficiencies and interaction-energy parameters of (BC2N/BN-)SWNCs/SWNHs are intermediate between C60/B15C30N15/B30N30 and (BC2N/BN-)Single-Wall C-Nanotube (SWNT) clusters: in-between behaviour is expected; however, properties of (BC2N/BN-)SWNCs, especially (BC2N/BN-)SWNHs, are calculated closer to (BC2N/BN-)SWNTs. Structural asymmetry in different (BC2N/BN-)SWNCs characterized by cone angle distinguishes properties of types: P2. BC2N/BN, especially species isoelectronic with C-analogues may be stable.
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Duerrast, Helmut. "Geothermal Energy for Southern Thailand: Opportunities and Realities." In Geothermal Energy - Impacts and Improvements [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108071.

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Electrical energy demand for Southern Thailand is continuously increasing, with new coal/gas-fired power plants planned. However, coal/gas-fired power plants are not only large CO2 emitters, thus intensifying the on-going climate change crisis, but also their technology costs remain stagnant at comparable high levels. Solar and wind energy can be produced at far lower costs; however, their shares on the renewable energy mix are comparably small in Thailand, but with steady increase. A disadvantage of solar and wind energy is that the production is not constant due to day/night and weather, respectively. Such can be compensated by adding geothermal energy, which can act as a backbone of the renewable energy mix, although absolute amounts might be relatively low. In Southern Thailand, hot springs are the surface expressions of active geothermal systems at depth. Surface exit temperatures can reach up to 80°C and reservoir temperatures up to 143 °C, thus being considered as low enthalpy resources, which can be utilized applying binary power plant technology. In the current renewable power plant, geothermal energy is not considered, but Southern Thailand holds promising quantities of geothermal resources. The only current geothermal power plant in Thailand located in Fang can act as a positive example.
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Sharma, Shyam Sunder, Atul Kumar Dadhich, and Subodh Srivastava. "Organic Solar Cells: Fundamentals, Working Principle and Device Structures." In Advanced Materials and Nano Systems: Theory and Experiment - Part 2, 199–236. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049961122020014.

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New photovoltaic energy technologies are helping to provide ecologically acceptable renewable energy sources while also lowering carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and biomass. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology is a novel type of solar technology based on conjugated polymers and small molecules. These solar cells have enticed triable attention in recent years due to their potential of providing mechanical flexible, light weight, low cost and environmental friendly solar cells with highly tunable electrical and chemical properties. In particular, bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) made up of a blend of a p-type conjugated polymer as a donor and an n-type semiconductor as an acceptor is thought to be a viable method. The fundamental physics of OSCs, their operating mechanism, novel materials used and device architectures are discussed in this chapter. The technological development for large-area fabrication and the studies on stability issues of the flexible OSCs will be the main focus of the researchers in the next step. The chapter also reviews the present state of OSC production and the problems that it faces, as well as issues of stability and deterioration.
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Conference papers on the topic "Electrical energy systems, n.e.c"

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Tola, Vittorio, and Matthias Finkenrath. "Low Temperature Heat Recovery Through Integration of Organic Rankine Cycle and CO2 Removal Systems in a NGCC." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20324.

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Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power plants utilizing fossil fuels is expected to become substantially more important in the near- to medium-term due to increasing costs associated to national and international greenhouse gas regulations, such as the Kyoto protocol and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. However, since net efficiency penalties caused by capturing CO2 emissions from power plants are significant, measures to reduce or recover efficiency losses are of substantial interest. For a state-of-the-art 400 MW natural gas-fueled combined cycle (NGCC) power plant, post-combustion CO2 removal based on chemical solvents like amines is expected to reduce the net plant efficiency in the order of 9–12 percentage points at 90% overall CO2 capture. A first step that has been proposed earlier to improve the capture efficiency and reduce capture equipment costs for NGCC is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). An alternative or complementary approach to increase the overall plant efficiency could be the recovery of available low temperature heat from the solvent-based CO2 removal systems and related process equipment. Low temperature heat is available in substantial quantities in flue gas coolers that are required upstream of the CO2 capture unit, and that are used for exhaust gas recirculation, if applied. Typical temperature levels are in the order of 80°C or up to 100 °C on the hot end. Additional low-grade heat sources are the amine condenser which operates at around 100–130 °C and the amine reboiler water cooling that could reach temperatures of up to 130–140°C. The thermal energy of these various sources could be utilized in a variety of low-temperature heat recovery systems. This paper evaluates heat recovery by means of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) that — in contrast to traditional steam Rankine cycles — is able to convert heat into electricity efficiently even at comparably low temperatures. By producing additional electrical power in the heat recovery system, the global performance of the power plant can be further improved. This study indicates a theoretical entitlement of up to additional 1–1.5 percentage points in efficiency that could be gained by integrating ORC technology with a post-combustion capture system for natural gas combined cycles. The analysis is based on fundamental thermodynamic analyses and does not include an engineering- or component-level design and feasibility analysis. Different ORC configurations have been considered for thermal energy recovery at varying temperature levels from the above-mentioned sources. The study focuses on simultaneous low-grade heat recovery in a single ORC loop. Heat recovery options that are discussed include in series, in parallel or cascaded arrangements of heat exchangers. Different organic operating fluids, including carbon dioxide, R245fa, and N-butane were considered for the analysis. The ORC performance was evaluated for the most promising organic working fluid by a parametric study. Optimum cycle operating temperatures and pressures were identified in order to evaluate the most efficient approach for low temperature heat recovery.
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Tong, Dianjie, Qiulin Zhao, Shaoli Zhang, Cong Wang, Renjie Cao, Youping Tu, and Zhong Zheng. "Partial Discharge Decomposition Characteristics of C₄F₇N/CO₂ Gas Mixture at Different Reaction Temperature." In 2022 IEEE 5th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec54735.2022.9845909.

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Li, Long, Qiang Yao, Ying Zhang, Shiling Zhang, Huaxia Yang, Pu Han, Song Xiao, and Qing Yang. "Influence of O₂ on partial discharge decomposition properties of C₅F₁₀O/N₂/O₂ gas mixture." In 2022 IEEE 5th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec54735.2022.9846771.

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Li, Jinshu, Junhong Chen, Junhao Dong, Peng Sun, Junbo Deng, and Guan-Jun Zhang. "Investigation on the Surface Flashover Characteristics of Epoxy Composites in C4F7N/CO2 Mixture." In 2022 4th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aeees54426.2022.9759730.

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Li, Jinshu, Junhong Chen, Junhao Dong, Peng Sun, Junbo Deng, and Guan-Jun Zhang. "Investigation on the Surface Flashover Characteristics of Epoxy Composites in C4F7N/CO2 Mixture." In 2022 4th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering Symposium (AEEES). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aeees54426.2022.9759730.

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Prema, G., and P. Ilamathi. "Design and Analysis of Broadband Monopole Antenna with Dual Circular Polarization for C-Band Applications." In 2018 4th International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icees.2018.8442366.

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Oliveira, Dayane Cynthia Pinto, Max Chianca Pimentel Filho, and Antonio Alisson Alencar Freitas. "Energy efficiency diagnosis and improvements for electrical systems in Brazilian university buildings using RTQ-C regulation." In 2021 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epec52095.2021.9621587.

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Yadav, Shweta, Vimal Kumar Mishra, and R. K. Chauhan. "Performance analysis of N-type double gate junctionless transistor." In 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical Electronics & Sustainable Energy Systems (ICETEESES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceteeses.2016.7581402.

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Luburic, Zora, Hrvoje Pandzic, Tomislav Plavsic, Ljupko Teklic, and Vladimir Valentic. "Assessment of N-1 criteria using energy storage." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2017.7977587.

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Kukhar, Volodymyr, Elena Balalayeva, Adam Tomaszuk, Eduard Klimov, Vladyslav Glazko, and Maryna Korenko. "Electric Strain Gauges Method in the Effectiveness Assessment for the C-Frame Crank Press Elastic Compensators." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Modern Electrical and Energy Systems (MEES). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mees52427.2021.9598682.

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