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1
Hackam, R., and H. Aklyama. "Air pollution control by electrical discharges." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 7, no. 5 (2000): 654–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.879361.
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Georgescu, Nicolae. "Water-Pollution Control Using Repetitive In Situ Electrical Discharges Combined With Ozone and a Catalyst." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39, no. 11 (November 2011): 2630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2011.2155088.
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Tseng, Kuo-Hsiung, Yur-Shan Lin, Chaur-Yang Chang, and Meng-Yun Chung. "A Study of a PID Controller Used in a Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining System to Prepare TiO2 Nanocolloids." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061044.
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This study developed a micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) system for producing TiO2 nanocolloids. When a proportional–integral–derivative controller designed using the Ziegler–Nichols method was adopted to control the interelectrode gap, TiO2 nanocolloids were obtained from spark discharges generated between two titanium wires immersed in deionized water. For a pulse on time–off time of 40–40 μs and a colloid production time of 100 min, TiO2 nanocolloids were produced that had an absorbance of 1.511 at a wavelength of 245 nm and a ζ potential of −47.2 mV. They had an average particle diameter of 137.2 nm, and 64.2% of particles were smaller than 91.28 nm. The minimum particles were spherical. The characteristics of colloids confirmed that the micro-EDM system can produce TiO2 nanocolloids with excellent suspension stability. The colloid production method proposed in this study has the advantages of low equipment cost and no dust diffusion in the process environment. These advantages can improve the competitiveness of the electric spark discharge method for high-quality TiO2 nanoparticle production. The colloids produced in this study did not contain elements other than titanium and oxygen, and they may prevent secondary environmental pollution.
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Khairunnisa’, Hartoyo, and U. Nursusanto. "Development of Monitoring Device for Battery Charge/Discharge Control as Electrical Energy Storage in Mini-Generating Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2406, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012017.
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Abstract The battery is one of the crucial elements in an electrical system. In electric vehicles, the batteries used are Li-Ion batteries. Most Li-Ion batteries are also reusable. In addition, waste Li-Ion batteries can be used as electrical energy storage devices, such as in mini-power generation systems. With the existence of several power plants that do not use fossil energy as a means of the production process, it will automatically reduce the impact of environmental pollution. This study uses electric vehicle batteries to be used as storage of electrical energy in a mini-generating system. In its implementation, a control monitoring tool is also made and developed to determine the charging and discharging of the battery. This monitoring system is useful for keeping the battery in great condition.
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Hartmann, Werner, Michael Roemheld, Klaus-Dieter Rohde, and Franz-Josef Spiess. "Large Area Pulsed Corona Discharge in Water for Disinfection and Pollution Control." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 4 (August 2009): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5211855.
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Prince Junior Asilevi, Daniel Akambawe, Chengwu Yu, Jue Li, Patrick Boakye, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, and Muhammad Imran Nawaz. "Research on the electrical characteristics of atmospheric strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge for air pollution control." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i1.244953.
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The specific input energy (SIE), current density, and discharge power of homemade strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were studied to suppress gas-phase benzene at atmospheric pressure efficiently. Findings indicate that for 300 ppm of benzene at 3.5 kJ/L SIE, benzene's removal efficiency reached 96%. The decline in current density by 66.48% and 43.7% for an initial benzene concentration of 300 ppm was due to increased oxygen content (from 2.4% to 20.9%) and relative humidity (from 18.9% to 90%), respectively, thus reducing electron concentration and consequentially enhanced the removal efficiency over 93%.Furthermore, the decomposition law's beta parameter decreased from 3.1 kJ/L at 300 ppm to 1.6 kJ/L at 100 ppm, indicating that •O and •OH radicals are key species for the decomposition of benzene and electron dissociation reactions largely control the process. The Maxwell– Boltzmann electron energy distribution function was solved using the average energy of the strong ionization discharge reactor (~10 eV), showing that approximately 84.8 % of high energy electrons possess enough energy to cause the benzene ring cleavage and free radical production. The study results show that the strong ionization DBD plasma reactor is highly efficient in removing benzene from industrial waste air, hence air pollution control.
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Preduș, Marius Florian, Cristinel Popescu, Eugen Răduca, and Cornel Hațiegan. "Study of the Accelerated Degradation of the Insulation of Power Cables under the Action of the Acid Environment." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103550.
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Over operation time, there are a number of internal and external factors that change the characteristics of dielectric materials that are part of the electrical equipment. In areas with high pollution, an important requirement is the acidic chemical compounds in the soil in which the power cables are laid, which penetrate the insulation by infiltration, resulting in changes in the parameters of electrical insulation and causing a decrease in operating time. The paper is focused on the analysis, through a series of experimental determinations, of the effects of stresses to which the power cables laid in acidic environments are subjected, by simulating the operating conditions in the laboratory, obtaining concrete results. It also describes the direct current test installation used in the laboratory and presents the two stages of testing the cable sample inserted in the electrolyte, the first being a stage of accelerating the degradation of the insulation by supplying higher voltages to require insulation, and the second stage being the testing in the absence of the electric field, under the direct action of the chemical compounds from the installation tank. Given that in alternating current, the electric field causes an additional heating of the dielectric due to energy losses by electric polarization, the test is performed in direct current, precisely to be able to monitor the variation of insulation resistance in relation to temperature and losses through conduction currents, as a result of the Joule–Lenz effect and not as a result of the dielectric polarization process. At the same time, the power of the direct current source used is lower compared to that of an alternative current test source and does not contribute to the generation of electrical discharges during testing.
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Maresch, Kaynan, Luiz F. Freitas-Gutierres, Aécio L. Oliveira, Aquiles S. Borin, Ghendy Cardoso, Juliano S. Damiani, André M. Morais, Cristian H. Correa, and Erick F. Martins. "Advanced Diagnostic Approach for High-Voltage Insulators: Analyzing Partial Discharges through Zero-Crossing Rate and Fundamental Frequency Estimation of Acoustic Raw Data." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 6033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166033.
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Acoustic inspection is a valuable technique that can detect early stage defects in equipment, thereby facilitating predictive maintenance. In recent times, ultrasonic sensors have made detecting partial discharges through acoustic sensing increasingly feasible. However, interpreting the acoustic signals can pose challenges, as it requires extensive expertise and knowledge of equipment configuration. To address this issue, a technique based on zero-crossing rate and fundamental frequency estimation has been proposed to standardize insulator diagnosis. In an experiment involving a database of 72 raw acoustic signals with frequencies ranging from 0 to 128 kHz, various types of pollution and defects were introduced to a chain of insulators. By employing the proposed technique, the occurrence of partial discharges can be detected and classified according to type, such as corona or surface discharges. This advanced approach to diagnosis simplifies the process while providing valuable insights into the severity of observed phenomena in the field.
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Boukar, Hassana, Ngoudzeu Lontsi Hareinda, Talba Dalatou, Ibrahima Adamou, and Nsoe Mengue Jean Jacques Nestor. "Physico-chemical Characterization and Assessment of the Risk of Pollution: A Case of Wastewater Generated by the Regional Hospital and the Central Prison of the City of Ngaoundere, Cameroon." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (July 11, 2023): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92314.
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Among the public spaces with high human user traffic- schools, hospitals and prisons generate the most volumes of wastewater in developing countries. In addition, when this wastewater is discharged into natural environments without treatment, it can lead to disastrous pollution. The aim of this study is to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of the wastewater of the central prison and the regional hospital in the city of Ngaoundere (Cameroon) and to assess their pollution potential. To achieve this, physical-chemical parameters (temperature; pH; electrical conductivity, total suspended solid; COD, BOD5; heavy metal content) of water from a control site and wastewater from the regional hospital and central prison were measured and compared to current standards. In order to better assess the risk of pollution, a wastewater quality index (WWQI) and a heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were calculated. It shows that for all physico-chemical parameters studied, the values are above the norm except temperature and pH. With a WWQI of 172.81 from prison’s wastewater and of 176.03 from hospital’s wastewater, these wastewaters have values above 100 and are therefore highly polluted. The heavy metal pollution index is 37.89 for control water, 183.10 for prison wastewater and 121.14 for hospital wastewater, respectively. Cadmium and especially lead contribute to increasing the heavy metal pollution index in wastewater. Remediation of these waters should therefore focus on these two heavy metals. The above-standard concentrations of some parameters and pollutants as well as the high wastewater quality index and heavy metal index suggest that the discharge of this wastewater into the natural environment without treatment or its direct use as fertilizers constitutes a potential source of pollution of the soil and surrounding vegetation and beyond a threat to human health if these pollutants enter the human food chain.
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Hao, Jinpeng, Jinzhu Huang, Ziyi Fang, Xiao He, Qiang Wu, Xiaolong Gu, Yu Wang, and Hong Wu. "Suppression Measures of Partial Discharge at Rod–Plate Connection in Composite Tower." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093712.
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Rods and plates at the connections in composite insulating material towers are commonly fixed to each other by metal bolts, which may cause electrical field distortion at the connections. So, the rod–plate connections are prone to partial discharge under polluted and wet conditions, and the resulting electric field and temperature changes can affect the mechanical and electrical performance of the whole tower. In this paper, an artificial pollution test synchronous observation platform with an infrared and visible light imager, leakage current, and voltage measurement was built to observe the dry band formation and partial discharge at the simplified rod–plate connections in the composite towers. Then, the electric field simulation of the rod–plate connection specimen showed the current density distribution. When combining the test and the simulation, it was concluded that the cause of the partial discharge was the distortion of the current density and, thus, measures to suppress the partial discharge at the rod–plate connections were proposed. Finally, it was verified that the measures can improve the current density distortion phenomenon, delay dry band formation, and effectively suppress the partial discharge at the rod–plate connections under the same test conditions.
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Slama, Mohammed El Amine, Maurizio Albano, Abderrahmane Manu Haddad, Ronald T. Waters, Oliver Cwikowski, Ibrahim Iddrissu, Jon Knapper, and Oliver Scopes. "Monitoring of Dry Bands and Discharge Activities at the Surface of Textured Insulators with AC Clean Fog Test Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102914.
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The aim of this study is the presentation of the results of an in-lab comparative study of electrical and thermal monitoring of artificially polluted, HTV-textured silicone rubber insulators, with different pollution levels. This work is a preliminary study of an in-situ monitoring of 400 kV SiR textured in a polluted environment. The results showed that the rms leakage current magnitude and pulses, and the average dissipated power depended on the pollution levels and the dry-bands formation. The discharge activity and their nature are governed by the pollution level and the voltage. A differentiation and a quantification between dry-band discharge onset and dry-band arc inception is highlighted.
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Kong, Lu. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Production Plant during Construction Period." Journal of Sensors 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2712062.
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Based on the construction project of a manufacturing plant, the environmental impact assessment of possible environmental pollution during the construction period was carried out from the perspective of atmosphere, water, noise, and solid waste. The analysis of air pollution indicates that dust and motor vehicle exhaust are the main air pollution factors, of which dust emission is 33 t, and the daily emission of NOx, CO, and THC in tail gas is 5.35 kg, 3.7 kg, and 1.1 kg, respectively. The annual average wind speed of the area where the factory is located is 3.15 m/s, and the average wind speed in August is 2.50 m/s, which is 20.6% lower than the annual average. The annual average monthly precipitation is 59.5 mm, and the precipitation in July is 186.4 mm, which is 213.3% higher than the monthly average. Therefore, summer is the best time for construction. Meanwhile, in addition to taking road hardening measures to reduce emissions, dust can also be restrained through watering, and motor vehicle exhaust is reduced through reasonable operation. Water pollution analysis shows that the pH of groundwater in the factory is within the standard limit range (6.5-8.5), and the maximum standard index is less than 0.1, with a very high level of reaching the standard. Cleaning engineering machinery will produce wastewater containing petroleum substances and suspended solids. The amount of wastewater produced every day is 0.5 m3, which can be used for dust suppression. The daily amount of sewage during the construction period is 0.6 m3, which can be directly discharged to the pipe network without polluting local water sources. Noise pollution analysis shows that the minimum distance between day construction and night construction is 50 m and 281 m, respectively. Although there is large construction machinery in the construction area, the construction area itself is in the production area and there are other noise pollution sources around it, so there will not be obvious noise pollution during the construction period. The analysis of solid waste pollution indicates that the total amount of construction waste generated during the construction period is about 4.2 t, and the daily production of domestic waste is 21 kg. Part of various solid wastes is collected and treated in a centralized manner, while the rest can conducted with landfill treatment after part of them is recycled and utilized, without causing significant pollution to the local environment.
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Chabokpour, Jafar, Hazi Md Azamathulla, Yaghoub Azhdan, and Milad Ziaei. "Study of pollution transport through the river confluences by derivation of an analytical model." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 2062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.472.
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Abstract Due to the entrance of pollutants in different branches of the river network, it is essential to study contaminant transport at the river confluences. In the present study, it was attempted to investigate the conservative pollution transport at channel confluence by operating a series of experiments in the laboratory flume. In the designed laboratory model, two branches, with different widths of 45, 25 cm, were intersected and a channel confluence was created. Five entrance discharges and three initial contaminant concentrations, introduced using a linear feeder, were chosen as experimental variables. Conservative tracer of sodium chloride solution was used, and the electrical conductivities were measured at eight locations of the main channel and upstream branches with 2 seconds interval. Junction zone was assumed as a control volume, and by applying mass equilibrium to it, a new mathematical model was extracted. It was observed that there is concentration fluctuation in the falling limbs of the experimental breakthrough curves of the junction zone; however, it was diminished by downstream motion. Moreover, the observed pollution graphs had double peak points which changed to a single point with an increase of distance from the confluence position. Operation of the presented model was investigated by variation of its parameters. It was found that the contaminant residence time parameters of the confluence zone have the most significant influence in the simulation of the analytical model. Additionally, it was observed that the values of Gaussian distribution of the upstream branches could displace the position of pulses of resultant breakthrough curves or can overlap them. Moreover, the model performance was examined using statistical goodness of fit parameters like Nash–Sutcliffe, R2, and mean absolute error (MAE). Their values were calculated as 0.88, 0.91, 66.88 (ppm), respectively.
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Zhang, Dongdong, Hong Xu, Jin Liu, Chengshun Yang, Xiaoning Huang, Zhijin Zhang, and Xingliang Jiang. "Research on the Non-Contact Pollution Monitoring Method of Composite Insulator Based on Space Electric Field." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082116.
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Through spatial electric field monitoring, it is expected to realize insulator pollution condition monitoring and contamination flashover warning in a non-contact way. Therefore, in this paper, the spatial electric field distribution characteristics of 110 kV composite insulators are simulated, where the effects of different surface states and their discharge levels on the spatial electric field of insulators are analyzed. On this basis, a non-contact monitoring method for composite insulator pollution based on the spatial electric field is proposed. The results show that there are significant differences in the spatial electric field of the composite insulator among three conditions, namely cleaning, pollution layer wetting, and dry band arcing. Increases of pollution layer wetting and dry band arcing would lead to an increase of the amplitude of the spatial electric field of the insulator. Verification experiments well indicated that it is feasible to identify the degree of pollution layer wetting as well as dry band arcing of the insulator string by fixed-point monitoring, the spatial electric field signal at the cross-strand of d = 0.5 m and directly opposite the last three positions. Research results can provide references for the online monitoring of overhead line polluted insulators and its flashover warning.
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Curado, Ana Luisa, Camila Cunha de Oliveira, William Raimundo Costa, Ana Carolina Borella Marfil Anhê, and Ana Paula Milla dos Santos Senhuk. "Urban influence on the water quality of the Uberaba River basin: an ecotoxicological assessment." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 13, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2127.
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Ecotoxicological tests applied to Tradescantia pallida, Allium cepa and Lactuca sativa were used to assess the quality of the Uberaba River basin under urban area influence. Water samples were collected at eight different points during the dry season. The samples were assessed using the following toxicity indicators: micronuclei percentage in T. pallida pollen grains (TRAD-MN), seed germination, root growth, mitotic index (MI) and micronuclei in A. cepa root-cells, and seed germination and root growth in L. sativa. Water physicochemical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and electric conductivity were assessed in situ. The three plant species were efficient bio-indicators, since they presented good cost-benefit and fast and easily interpreted results, thus completing the physicochemical parameters. There was strong correlation between seed germination and root growth among the ecotoxicological parameters assessed in L. sativa and A. cepa. The micronuclei percentage in T. pallida and the MI in A. cepa presented strong correlation with water electric conductivity and moderate and negative correlation with DO. Water electric conductivity ranged from 75 to 438 µS.cm-1; and the DO concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 6.9 mg.L-1. The importance of pollution control measures in the Uberaba River basin stands out. From the supply-water capture point, the basin is strongly affected by pollution, mainly in the tributaries that cross the city. It presents a short, or almost absent, riparian forest line, residues on the river banks, and it is impacted by discharges of untreated sewage, among other anthropic actions.
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Okubo, M., K. Yoshida, and T. Yamamoto. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Nanosecond Pulse Dielectric Barrier Discharge-Induced Nonthermal Plasma for Pollution Control." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 44, no. 5 (September 2008): 1410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2008.2002217.
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Mohd Azri Abd Aziz, Mohd Saifizi Saidon, Muhammad Izuan Fahmi Romli, Siti Marhainis Othman, Wan Azani Mustafa, Mohd Rizal Manan, and Muhammad Zaid Aihsan. "A Review on BLDC Motor Application in Electric Vehicle (EV) using Battery, Supercapacitor and Hybrid Energy Storage System: Efficiency and Future Prospects." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 30, no. 2 (April 5, 2023): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.2.4159.
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The automotive industry has rapidly introduced pollution-free vehicles such as Electric Vehicle (EV). The development and improvement of the EV to replace the conventional vehicle become crucial to obtain the customer satisfaction and high technology achievements. The main systems in EV that are improvise to be switch from the conventional engine with a fuel source to an electric type drive system, include the electric motor and the energy/power storage called battery. There are several types of electric motors that suitable for EV and the best solution was Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor in terms of power, speed, torque and low maintenance. Meanwhile, the fuel source replacement is the electrical energy/power storage such as batteries. The aims were to study the best Energy Storage System (ESS) in EV which leads to introducing Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), but the drawbacks of the system give the opportunity improvement, in replacement using Supercapacitor Energy storage System (SESS) and Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS). SESS is a reliable source, but the stand-alone Supercapacitor also has a minimum operation time. With several adjustments in the energy management control strategy, the discharge rate of energy from a supercapacitor can be minimized to prolong its operation.
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Pillay, A. E., B. Yaghi, J. R. Williams, and S. Al-Kindy. "Mercury pollution from irrigation with treated sewage water (TSW)." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.027.
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The lack of potable water in arid countries leads to the use of treated sewage water (TSW) for crop growth. Mercury accumulation (up to 500 ng/g) in agricultural soil originating from daily irrigation with TSW was found at two sites fed separately from a hospital sewage plant and an industrial plant. A control site irrigated with potable water ([Hg] <0.01 ng/ml) had much reduced levels in soil (<12 ng/g). Cold-vapour analysis of TSW revealed that Hg concentrations fluctuated widely, and were between 10-100 times higher than those of potable water. The TSW data originated from a total of 46 samples (1L each), from both plants, collected over a 6-month period. The Hg levels varied from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml, which suggested that the possible source of the accumulation could be found in continuous irrigation with comparatively higher Hg levels. Remedial measures could be approached from the perspective of curbing this inconsistency to produce more consistent Hg concentrations below 0.5 ng/ml. It was found that the electrical conductivity of TSW is a useful indicator to rapidly monitor fluctuations in treatment. A novel development in the study was the potential capacity of the plastic TSW discharge-pipes to behave as crude ‘chromatographic’ columns for possible Hg adsorption. If this property of the pipes is developed further it could have a considerable mitigating effect on the Hg levels. Possible recommendations for remediation to limit the Hg levels and promote sustainable development are discussed.
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Sahib Mohammed, Sadiq, and Mahmood Basil Mahmood. "The Effect of the Power Plant on the Biodiversity of Zooplankton." Sumer 2 8, CSS 2 (August 15, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.02.15.
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The research was conducted to study the impact of thermal pollution on the Nasseriyah power plant ( NPP ) on the zooplankton community and the water quality of the Euphrates River. The study area included four stations: the first before the discharge point (control station), the second station, the discharge point of the hot liquid station flows, and the third and fourth stations after the discharge point. Several physical and chemical variables that directly relate to the presence of zooplankton and water quality have been selected, namely water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and BOD5. The study results showed a significant decrease in the quality of river water compared to national and international determinants and a decrease in the number, density, and diversity of zooplankton species. We observed the complete disappearance of the class of Cladocera in the second station in some months of study due to the negative impact of the plant flows. Keywords: NPP, Zooplankton, Cladocera
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Feng, Ying, Chih-Yu Yang, Ching-Cheng Lu, and Pao-Yu Tang. "Measuring Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainable Development in China Based on Parallel DEA Method." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 5697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155697.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of pollution control on industrial production efficiency in 31 provinces and cities in the Yellow River and Non-Yellow River basins in China from 2013 to 2017, using the methods of the directional distance function (hereinafter referred to as DDF) and the technology gap ratio (hereinafter referred to as TGR) in parallel, while taking the industrial production sector (labor force, total capital formation, energy consumption and industrial water consumption) and the pollution control sector (wastewater treatment funds and waste gas treatment funds) as input variables. Undesirable outputs (total wastewater discharge, lead, SO2 and smoke and dust in wastewater) and an ideal output variable (industrial output value) are taken as output variables. It is found that the total efficiency of DDF in the Non-Yellow River Basin is 0.9793, which is slightly better than 0.9688 in the Yellow River Basin. Among the 17 provinces and cities with a total efficiency of 1, only Shandong and Sichuan are located in the Yellow River Basin. The TGR values of 31 provinces, cities and administrative regions are less than 1, and the average TGR value of the Yellow River Basin is 0.3825, which is lower than the average TGR value of the Non-Yellow River Basin of 0.5234. We can start by improving the allocation of manpower and capital, implementing the use of pollution prevention and control funds, improving the technical level of industrial production, improving pollutant emission, and increasing output value to improve overall efficiency performance. This study uses the parallel method, taking the industrial production department and the pollution control department as inputs, to objectively evaluate the changes in industrial production efficiency and technology gap in the Yellow River and Non-Yellow River basins, which is conducive to mastering the situation of pollution control and industrial production efficiency, and provides the reference for SDG-6- and SDG-9-related policy making.
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Tsaryk, L. P., I. R. Kuzyk, and L. V. Yankovska. "Water facilities of Ternopil: hydrography, ecological condition and water supply." Man and Environment. Issues of Neoecology, no. 37 (May 30, 2022): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-4224-2022-37-02.
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The most sensitive to anthropogenic pressure in the city are water resources: surface and groundwater, water sources, etc. Therefore, the analysis of hydrographic features and ecological status of water bodies of the city of Ternopil is an urgent and important scientific and practical task. Purpose. Analysis of hydrographic features and ecological condition of water bodies of the Ternopil city, coverage of problems of pollution of the reservoir, quality of water in the Seret River and the main water intakes of the city Methods. Generalization and systematization, descriptive, SWOT-analysis, cartographic, geoinformation, geochemical assessment of the ecological status of water bodies of the city. Results. Generalization and systematization of data on the hydrographic network of the Ternopil city, allows us to state the fact that the main water bodies of the city is the Seret River – 242 km long (within the city 1.8 km) and the basin area 3900 km2; reservoir – an area of 300 hectares, nameless right tributary and canalized left tributary of the Seret River – the Rudka. The ecological condition of the Seret River within the city of Ternopil can be assessed as unsatisfactory. The main geoecological problems of the river are construction within the the coastal protection zone, water pollution by solid waste, exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations of suspended solids, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates and petroleum products. Environmental problems of the Ternopil reservoir are water pollution by chemical compounds of ammonium nitrogen, petroleum products, suspended solids and total iron; high siltation and pollution of the bottom sediments of the reservoir with heavy metals and mobile forms of biogenic elements. Water supply in the Ternopi cityl is carried out from two water intakes - Biletsky and Verkhnyo-Ivachivsky. Verkhno-Ivachivsky water intake is located at a distance of 3 km from the city landfill in the village of Malashivtsi. In the last few years, the process of drilling and using private artesian wells with a depth of more than 50 m has become widespread in the city. According to the results of the analysis, installed compliance with sanitary requirements of water samples in these wells, pH in all samples within normal limits (6,5-8,5). Conclusions. Current trends in climate change and the growth of anthropogenic pressure on water bodies, increases the risks of degradation and changes in some components of the hydrographic network of the city. In Ternopil, it is necessary to modernize the centralized water supply system, reconstruct rainwater collectors and strengthen control over unauthorized discharges into surface water bodies. It is also worth designing another water intake for the city in environmentally secure conditions.
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Ling, Xiao Ming, Duo Wang Fan, and De Wen Li. "Design and Implementation of High-Voltage Plasma Cleaning Technology for Auto Lamps." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.274.
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In order to solve the problems of environment pollution and human resource consumption in traditional wet cleaning process in auto lamps production, a high-voltage Plasma Cleaning Technology (PCT) is presented in this paper. The plasma cleaning system, high voltage AC power and control strategy are realized to develop the plasma cleaning industrial equipment which is used for surface cleaning and activation to promote adhesion between basement and base painting of auto lamps, and the configuration and operation rules are analyzed in detail. According to the established gas discharge model, the PID fuzzy control strategy is achieved to complete automatic control of technology process. The experimental parameters, such as electrical field, gas pressure, and some random factors, are discussed in terms of the curves from practical data. The results show that this design and implementation are feasible in industrial production. After the treatment of PCT to the surface of auto lamps within the automatic equipment, the adhesion between the base material and base painting films is enhanced to a great extent, and the quality and passing rate of production has been greatly improved.
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Amrani, Mohamed Lamine, Slimane Bouazabia, Issouf Fofana, Fethi Meghnefi, Marouane Jabbari, Djazia Khelil, and Amina Boudiaf. "Modelling Surface Electric Discharge Propagation on Polluted Insulators under AC Voltage." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 6653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206653.
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In this contribution, a mathematical model allowing for the prediction of the AC surface arc propagation on polluted insulators under non-uniform electric field is proposed. The approach is based on the experimental concept of Claverie and Porcheron. The proposed model, which makes it possible to reproduce the surface electric discharge, includes a condition for arrest of the propagating discharge. The electric field at the tip of the discharge is the key parameter governing its random propagation. A finite element approach allows for mapping of the electric field distribution while the discharge propagation process is simulated in two dimensions. The voltage drop along the arc discharge path at each propagation step is also taken into account. The simulation results are validated against experimental data, taking into account several electro-geometric parameters (distance between electrodes, pollution conductivity, radius of high-voltage electrode, length of the plane electrode). Good agreement between computed and experimental results were obtained for various test configurations.
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Tseng, Kuo-Hsiung, Chaur-Yang Chang, Yagus Cahyadi, Meng-Yun Chung, and Chin-Liang Hsieh. "Development of Proportional–Integrative–Derivative (PID) Optimized for the MicroElectric Discharge Machine Fabrication of Nano-Bismuth Colloid." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121065.
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Metal nanoparticles are typically prepared by using a chemical method, and a suspension is added to control the particle size and concentration of the nanoparticles. In this study, a micro-electric discharge machine (micro-EDM) was used to melt bismuth into nanoparticles, thus yielding a colloidal solution. No chemicals were added during the manufacturing process, and pure water was used as the medium. The colloid was assessed using an electrohydraulic system, and process parameters were adjusted for optimization; additionally, the discharge pulse wave was analyzed. The proposed preparation process is simple, fast, and cost-effective; moreover, the manufacturing process allows for mass production and reduces environmental pollution. Experimental results revealed that the nano-bismuth (nano-bi) colloidal solution was successfully prepared by the micro-EDM, and absorption peaks in the UV-vis spectrum were observed at 234 and 237 nm. Moreover, to optimize the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control parameters to be used in the micro-EDM to prepare the nano-bi colloidal solution, this study derived a mathematical model of the micro-EDM. MATLAB was used to obtain the PID parameters. The discharge success rate (74.1876%) for the nano-bi colloidal solution prepared using our method was higher than that (46.9196%) obtained for a nano-bi colloidal solution prepared using an online adaptation method.
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P. Moholkar, Avinash, Deepak S. Bankar, and Parshuram B. Karandikar. "Synthesized carbon material with semi-organic and aqueous electrolyte for supercapacitor application." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i2.pp654-662.
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<p>The supercapacitor is an evolving technology that has a potential to play a vital role in the today’s electrical energy storage systems. Supercapacitors are dominated by unique properties that can accompany other energy storage strategies due to its functional characteristics - such as quick charge/discharge ability, higher power density, very long cycle life. It results in to improved system efficiency of hybrid electric energy systems with reduced environmental pollution levels. In this paper, efforts are made to fabricate a low cost prototype of supercapacitor using synthesised carbon material obtained from the pyrolyzed scrap tyre by using both aqueous and Aloe vera gel as semi-aqueous/semi-organic electrolyte. The test results are obtained in the laboratory to ascertain the characteristics of developed supercapacitor in terms of capacitance, internal resistance and peak current. The obtained results are superior as compare to Vulcan XC-72R with trade-off between peak discharge current and other parameters. New carbon material obtained from scrap tyres is cost effective when used along with Aloe vera gel as an electrolyte. Use of scrap tyre carbon as electrode material and Aloe vera gel as naturally available material for electrolyte is an innovation of the presented work. <strong><em></em></strong></p>
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Pavlikova, Maria D., Alexey N. Borodin, and Andrey E. Plastinin. "Assessment of the water quality of the Volga River in the area of the Podnovsky roadstead of oil tankers for nitrogen-containing compounds." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 73 (December 20, 2022): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi73.303.
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In connection with the long stay of ships in the roadsteads and the influence of pollutants on the electrical conductivity of water and the corrosion rate of structural elements of the vessel, the article assesses the quality of the water of the Volga River in the area of the Podnovsky roadstead of oil tankers. The purpose of this study is to assess the content of nitrogen-containing substances in the surface and bottom layers of the Volga River in the area of the Podnovsky raid of oil tankers and the discharge of wastewater from the Nizhny Novgorod aeration station to determine the significance of the impact of its activities on the pollution of the water use facility. In the background section, an excess of the maximum permissible concentration of ammonium nitrogen was found to be almost four times higher. In the control section, there is a significant increase in ammonium nitrogen relative to the background by 34.5%. The maximum concentrations of ammonium nitrogen are found below the wastewater discharge in the surface water layer in the range of 1.8 - 1.3 maximum allowable concentrations. The maximum concentration of nitrites exceeded the maximum permissible value by 4.8 times.
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Qiao, Xinhan, Yue Ming, Ke Xu, Ning Yi, and Raji Sundararajan. "Aging of Polymeric Insulators under Various Conditions and Environments: Another Look." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238809.
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Polymeric insulators have lightweight, excellent hydrophobicity and convenient transportation and installation. They are widely used in the external insulation for distribution and transmission lines. However, due to the long-term effects of pollution, ultraviolet radiation, discharge, temperature, humidity, altitude and other natural and complex environmental and service factors, the silicone rubber and other materials of polymeric insulators gradually age and lose their hydrophobicity and electrical insulation characteristics. The operability is significantly reduced, which seriously affects the safety and reliability of the power system. Hence, there is a need for assessing and evaluating the long-term aging and degradation of polymeric insulators under various operating conditions and environments. In this review, the various aging and characterization techniques of the polymeric insulators and their aging performance under the action of multiple factors are discussed. To enhance the performance of polymeric insulators, nano-coating, surface treatment and other techniques are also indicated. In addition, future potential fields that should be explored from a high-voltage electrical insulation perspective are also presented.
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Kurakbayeva, Sevara Dzhumagaliyevna, Zhanat Rysbayevna Umarova, Aizhan Tazhiklhanovna Kalbayeva, Dzhumagali Salbekovich Kurakbayev, Sabira Tastanovna Akhmetova, and Akhmetbek Akhylbekovich Musabekov. "Computer simulation of water effluent propagation in the reservoirs systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1814-1824.
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<span>The task of the research was to build and analyze a model of the dynamics of pollution of a flowing reservoir and systems of communicating reservoirs with and without taking into account water filtration in the soil as a result of external sources (effluents from industrial enterprises). This work was aimed at studying the change in temporal dynamics, taking into account the concentration of impurities in the volumes of three reservoirs during the periods of discharge and completion, lasting 30 days. Numerical experiments were carried out for various flow rates and compositions of filtration coefficients to study the relaxation times of pollution in the system of reservoirs. Also, software was developed that analyzes the change in the concentration of impurities in the system of reservoirs. As a result, it was found that the pollution pattern is more dependent on the topology of the watercourse network.</span>
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Slama, Mohammed El Amine, Adnan Krzma, Maurizio Albano, and Abderrahmane Manu Haddad. "Experimental Study and Modeling of the Effect of ESDD/NSDD on AC Flashover of SiR Outdoor Insulators." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103782.
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Pollution flashover occurs when soluble and nonsoluble materials cover the surface of an insulator, and this may ultimately cause a reduction in its performance. In this paper, the common type of sodium chloride (NaCl) was used as a soluble pollutant (ESDD) and kaolin as a nonsoluble pollutant (NSDD). Samples of silicone rubber (SiR) insulators were selected for this study and fabricated at the Advanced High Voltage Engineering Research Centre (AHIVEC) at Cardiff University. The samples were preconditioned and polluted according to standard specifications. Additionally, the AC voltage ramp technique was used to achieve flashover (FOV) voltage with different pollution levels. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of nonsoluble materials on flashover characteristics to understand their interaction with dry-band arcs by using FOV electrical equations and experimental data. The test results show that the FOV voltage of the silicone rubber insulator substantially decreased with the increase in both ESDD and NSDD values. It was also identified from these results that the dry-band arcs were considerably influenced by both ESDD and NSDD levels. This impact can be quantified by determining the variation of discharge parameters (N, n). Based on the FOV equations and experimental data, a mathematical model was suggested, taking into account the effect of both ESDD and NSDD.
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Raj, Raymon Antony, Ravi Samikannu, Abid Yahya, and Modisa Mosalaosi. "Investigation of Survival/Hazard Rate of Natural Ester Treated with Al2O3 Nanoparticle for Power Transformer Liquid Dielectric." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051510.
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Increasing usage of petroleum-based insulating oils in electrical apparatus has led to increase in pollution and, at the same time, the oils adversely affect the life of electrical apparatus. This increases the demand of Mineral Oil (MO), which is on the verge of extinction and leads to conducting tests on natural esters. This work discusses dielectric endurance of Marula Oil (MRO), a natural ester modified using Conductive Nano Particle (CNP) to replace petroleum-based dielectric oils for power transformer applications. The Al2O3 is a CNP that has a melting point of 2072 °C and a low charge relaxation time that allows time to quench free electrons during electrical discharge. Al2O3 is blended with the MRO and Mineral Oil (MO) in different concentrations. The measured dielectric properties are transformed into mathematical equations using the Lagrange interpolation polynomial functions and compared with the predicted values either using Gaussian or Fourier distribution functions. Addition of Al2O3 indicates that 0.75 g/L in MRO has an 80% survival rate and 20% hazard rate compared to MO which has 50% survival rate and 50% hazard rate. Considering the measured or interpolated values and the predicted values, they are used to identify the MRO and MO’s optimum concentration produces better results. The test result confirms the enhancement of the breakdown voltage up to 64%, kinematic viscosity is lowered by up to 40% at 110 °C, and flash/fire points of MRO after Al2O3 treatment enhanced to 14% and 23%. Hence the endurance of Al2O3 in MRO proves to be effective against electrical, physical and thermal stress.
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Motyka, Jacek, Kajetan d’Obyrn, Ondra Sracek, Adam Postawa, and Michał Źróbek. "Pit Lakes Affected by a River Contaminated with Brines Originated from the Coal Mining Industry: Evolution of Water Chemistry in the Zakrzówek Horst Area (Krakow, Southern Poland)." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124382.
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Long-term coal mining activities in the Upper Silesia significantly affect the environment in southern Poland. Discharges of brines (with TDS reaching over 110 g/L) from mines are the main source of pollution of many rivers in Poland, including the Vistula River. The Zakrzówek horst is a small geological structure composed of the Upper Jurassic limestones. These limestones were exploited in several quarries. In the largest one (the “Zakrzówek” quarry), exploitation reached the depth of 36 m below the water table, i.e., about 32 m below the average water level in Vistula River which flows 700 m from the quarry. An important part of this inflow into quarries came from the contaminated Vistula River, with a chloride concentration over 2 g/L. The exploitation ceased in 1991, and dewatering ended in 1992. In the old quarry area, pit lakes appeared, which are unique because they present an example of a post-mining site affected by the riverine water contaminated with brines. Investigations of physicochemical parameters of water in the Zakrzówek area were carried out in the period of 1990–2020. Results showed that the largest pit lake was initially meromictic with a distinct stratification. After several years, holomictic conditions developed due to the surface layer freshening and convective mixing.
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Nazir, Muhammad Shahzad, Zhang Chu, Ahmad N. Abdalla, Hong Ki An, Sayed M. Eldin, Ahmed Sayed M. Metwally, Patrizia Bocchetta, and Muhammad Sufyan Javed. "Study of an Optimized Micro-Grid’s Operation with Electrical Vehicle-Based Hybridized Sustainable Algorithm." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 16172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316172.
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Recently, the expansion of energy communities has been aided by the lowering cost of storage technologies and the appearance of mechanisms for exchanging energy that is driven by economics. An amalgamation of different renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, tidal, etc., is necessary to offer sustainable energy for smart cities. Furthermore, considering the induction of large-scale electric vehicles connected to the regional micro-grid, and causes of increase in the randomness and uncertainty of the load in a certain area, a solution that meets the community demands for electricity, heating, cooling, and transportation while using renewable energy is needed. This paper aims to define the impact of large-scale electric vehicles on the operation and management of the microgrid using a hybridized algorithm. First, with the use of the natural attributes of electric vehicles such as flexible loads, a large-scale electric vehicle response dispatch model is constructed. Second, three factors of micro-grid operation, management, and environmental pollution control costs with load fluctuation variance are discussed. Third, a hybrid gravitational search algorithm and random forest regression (GSA-RFR) approach is proposed to confirm the method’s authenticity and reliability. The constructed large-scale electric vehicle response dispatch model significantly improves the load smoothness of the micro-grid after the large-scale electric vehicles are connected and reduces the impact of the entire grid. The proposed hybridized optimization method was solved within 296.7 s, the time taken for electric vehicle users to charge from and discharge to the regional micro-grid, which improves the economy of the micro-grid, and realizes the effective management of the regional load. The weight coefficients λ1 and λ2 were found at 0.589 and 0.421, respectively. This study provides key findings and suggestions that can be useful to scholars and decisionmakers.
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Kim, Ji-Seong, Keon-Soo Kim, Do-Young Kim, Min Heo, and Kap-Seung Choi. "Effect of Rotational Control for Accelerating Water Discharge on the Performance of a Circular Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 2843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082843.
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Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are emerging as an important research topic owing to increasingly intensified environmental pollution. The flow field pattern of the fuel cell controls the electrochemically uniform distribution and water flooding in the reaction area between the anode and cathode. Water discharge management in the channel is an important factor influencing the efficiency of the fuel cell. In this paper, we propose a polymer electrolyte fuel cell with a rotatable circular spiral channel set to a constant size. The mass transfer behavior was analyzed numerically according to the number of channel passes. Numerical analysis showed that the production and behavior of water are closely associated with the performance of fuel cells. The circular spiral-pattern fuel cell with the greatest membrane water content was rotated through the experimental device to confirm the performance change of the fuel cell for each rotation speed. The performance improved as the internal water was ejected by the rotational centrifugal force. However, when excessive rotation was applied, the performance decreased because the water was forcibly drained out by a strong centrifugal force.
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Palma, Vincenzo, Marta Cortese, Simona Renda, Concetta Ruocco, Marco Martino, and Eugenio Meloni. "A Review about the Recent Advances in Selected NonThermal Plasma Assisted Solid–Gas Phase Chemical Processes." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081596.
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Plasma science has attracted the interest of researchers in various disciplines since the 1990s. This continuously evolving field has spawned investigations into several applications, including industrial sterilization, pollution control, polymer science, food safety and biomedicine. nonthermal plasma (NTP) can promote the occurrence of chemical reactions in a lower operating temperature range, condition in which, in a conventional process, a catalyst is generally not active. The aim, when using NTP, is to selectively transfer electrical energy to the electrons, generating free radicals through collisions and promoting the desired chemical changes without spending energy in heating the system. Therefore, NTP can be used in various fields, such as NOx removal from exhaust gases, soot removal from diesel engine exhaust, volatile organic compound (VOC) decomposition, industrial applications, such as ammonia production or methanation reaction (Sabatier reaction). The combination of NTP technology with catalysts is a promising option to improve selectivity and efficiency in some chemical processes. In this review, recent advances in selected nonthermal plasma assisted solid–gas processes are introduced, and the attention was mainly focused on the use of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors.
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MALOUM, Hakima, Boukhalfa BENDAHMANE, Cristian NICHITA, and Mouloud ADLI. "Offshore Wind Energy Integration using Photovoltaic Systems and Batteries as Smoothing Devices." Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica 69, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46904/eea.21.69.2.1108002.
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Currently, producing electrical energy is among the major concerns, which will continue to grow in the future. This is due, on the one hand, to the depletion and high conventional energy sources costs. On the other hand, because of the pollution they cause to the environment, hence the need to produce electrical energy from renewable and clean sources, such as wind, photovoltaic and tidal systems. The exploitation of the sea wind by offshore wind turbines is interesting and promising. In this context, this work aims to propose a new approach to hybrid offshore wind/photovoltaic/battery systems energy management. The power produced by the photovoltaic/battery will be used to compensate for the lack of power presented by offshore wind production in relation to the demand of the grid, as offshore wind is taken as a main source in this study. To achieve the set objective, an energy management algorithm is developed and implemented. This algorithm makes it possible to involve photovoltaics in the first place, in a progressive way according to the power deficit presented by the offshore park and the available sunshine. As it also aims to manage the charge and discharge of the battery bench last if the power supplied by the offshore wind farm alone or by offshore wind/photovoltaic does not match the demand. To verify the efficiency of this management algorithm, simulations of the offshore wind/photovoltaic/battery system were carried out under matlab/simpowers. This system is divided into several sub-systems: wind, photovoltaic and battery bank. Each of them is equipped with different specific infrastructure, as well as adequate control systems for proper operation. All subsystems are grouped together at a common connection point, where energy management is carried out prior to connection to the distribution network. The results obtained validated the main approaches of the proposed method allowing a reliable stabilization of the power level to the common connection point at the reference power that must be injected into the distribution network.
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Nazifa, Tasnia Hassan, Noori M. Cata Saady, Carlos Bazan, Sohrab Zendehboudi, Adnan Aftab, and Talib M. Albayati. "Anaerobic Digestion of Blood from Slaughtered Livestock: A Review." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 5666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185666.
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Blood from livestock slaughtering imposes a high organic pollution load and risks. If it is discharged untreated to sewer systems, it increases the organic pollution load on wastewater treatment plants by 35–50%. This paper reviews blood anaerobic digestion. It analyzes the quantities, composition, methane potential reported, microbiology, biochemical pathways of blood protein degradation, environmental and health issues, and strategies suggested to manage them during livestock blood anaerobic digestion. Although challenging, anaerobic digestion of blood as a mono-substrate is possible if the culture-reactor system is controlled based on a complete characterization and understanding of the microbial community and its metabolic activities. Co-digestion of blood and other feedstock proceeds well if the mixtures are well designed. Generally, the specific methane yield from digesting blood alone ranges between zero and 0.45 m3 kg−1 protein, whereas for co-digesting blood and other substrates, the yield varies between 0.1 and 0.7 m3 kg−1 volatile solids. More research is required for microbiology and kinetics, the role of adsorbents, reactor configuration, and culture adaptation during anaerobic digestion of blood to better control the process.
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Gülocak, Hacer, and Sultan Kıymaz. "Kırklareli Yöresindeki Atıksuların Tarımda Sulama Amaçlı Kullanılabilirliğinin Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, sp1 (December 30, 2022): 2772–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2772-2782.5738.
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Turkiye’s water resources are getting increasingly polluted and the need for per capita water is increasing rapidly from year to year with population growth. With the increasing population, the increase in the need for food, the increase in water consumption, and the reuse of wastewater in various fields, especially as irrigation water, by treating it with appropriate methods, come to the fore today.The sewage waters of the city of Kırklareli are treated in the existing domestic and industrial treatment plants and discharged into the Kırklareli stream. This study was carried out in order to determine the irrigation water quality and pollution status of the waters released from the waters of the creek and treatment plants and to reveal their suitability for agricultural use. Waste water samples taken from stations determined on Kırklareli Stream were taken seasonally. Physical and inorganic-chemical parameters were investigated. The results from the study was determined according to the Classes of Inland Surface Water Resources (KYSKK) in the Water Pollution Control Regulation. Accordingly; In terms of physical and inorganic-chemical parameters of Kırklareli stream water samples, it is seasonally classified as IV. class has been determined. It has been determined to be in the C3S1 class according to the US Salinity Laboratory Classification system based on electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption rate (SAR) values. According to the results obtained, it has been determined that it should be used with caution due to its excessive salt content. Analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis were performed in a repeated measurement experiment on the measurement values of water samples. Significant differences and relationships between parameters were determined statistically.
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Pattnaik, Sarojrani, and Mihir Kumar Sutar. "Advanced Taguchi-Neural Network Prediction Model for Wire Electrical Discharge Machining Process." Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability 5, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41660-020-00148-1.
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Tabaka, Przemyslaw. "Influence of Replacement of Sodium Lamps in Park Luminaires with LED Sources of Different Closest Color Temperature on the Effect of Light Pollution and Energy Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 6383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196383.
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According to the European Union (EU) regulations, EU members are obligated, among others, to improve the energy efficiency in the outdoor lighting sector. One of the ways to consider this fact is to install LED sources in luminaires. Due to the reasonable lighting requirements for the lighting of squares and parks, the cheapest way to modernize lighting is to replace conventional discharge lamps with LED sources in park luminaires. Using nine typical park luminaires, the influence of replacing classic sodium lamps with LED sources on the effect of light pollution and energy efficiency was analyzed. Using data, such as a photometric solid and a relative spectral distribution, simulation calculations were carried out in DIALux software and our own calculation tool to consider this issue. The studies considered 156 LED sources of different spectral distributions and a wide range of color temperatures from 1000 K to 9753 K as well as different color rendering index (CRI) values. The conducted studies showed that the replacement of sodium lamps with LED sources is not necessarily associated with an increased negative impact on the effect of light pollution. It was also found also that the CRI value has an influence on the degree of light pollution.
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Brandvold, Donald K., and Patrick Martinez. "The fixation ratio from electrical discharges." Atmospheric Environment (1967) 22, no. 11 (January 1988): 2477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90478-7.
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El Ghazali, G. E. B., A. R. A. Al-Soqeer, and W. E. Abdalla. "Effect of treated sewage effluents on plant cover and soil at Wadi Al Rummah, Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia." Soil and Water Research 12, No. 4 (October 9, 2017): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/230/2016-swr.
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The effect of tertiary treated sewage effluents on the plant cover and the physico-chemical properties of the surface soil (environmental characteristics) before and after the Al Rass sewage plant was investigated. The data were illustrated via TWINSPAN and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Five sites, 1 km apart, after the discharge point and one site (control site) before the sewage plant were examined. Eleven vegetation characteristics and ten physico-chemical properties of surface soil were studied. The obtained results revealed that discharging of treated sewage effluents altered quantitatively and qualitatively the pattern of species dominance and the physico-chemical properties of the soil. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), organic matters (OM), soluble cations, and soluble anions showed increased values compared to the control (resulting in salination), whereas soil pH decreased as a result of sewage disposal. It was also noticed that the physico-chemical values of EC, TDS, Ca<sup>++</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>–</sup> after the sewage plant were higher than the permissible limits for agriculture recommended by FAO, whereas K<sup>+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> were within the recommended values. The dominance of Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Jmel. after the sewage plant and its absolute absence before the sewage plant may be used as an environmental bioindicator of pollution.
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Shu, L., Y. Shang, X. Jiang, Q. Hu, Q. Yuan, J. Hu, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, and T. Li. "Comparison between AC and DC flashover performance and discharge process of ice-covered insulators under the conditions of low air pressure and pollution." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 6, no. 9 (2012): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0300.
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Lagergren, S., and E. Nystrom. "Trends in Pollution Control in the Swedish Pulp and Paper Industry." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0457.
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Current production figures, control measures and discharges from the Swedish pulp and paper industry are described together with future trends and possibilities. The emphasis is on discharges of chlorinated organic substances and internal methods to control such discharges.
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Hu, Cong, Wei Zheng, Bin Zhao, Yu Fan, Hong Li, Kun Zheng, and Gang Wang. "The Effect of Thermal and Moisture Stress on Insulation Deterioration Law of Ionic Contaminated High-Voltage Printed Circuit Board of Electronic Power Conditioner." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 9616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249616.
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Since the electronic power conditioner (EPC) is a crucial part applied of a Space Travelling-wave Tube Amplifier (STWTA), the reliability issue must be considered. Of all the failure modes of an EPC, the insulation failure of an EPC in thermal and moist environments is the most serious, and needs special attention. By investigating the influence of contamination, humidity, and temperature on surface insulation resistance (SIR) and surface discharge, we focused on the determination of the insulation failure boundary in an EPC. Considering real working conditions, we used the typical circuit applied in the EPC as the test object. The insulation deterioration phenomenon under different thermal and moisture stress was studied. The results show that: (1) SIR of the samples did not change with contamination levels when the relative humidity (RH) was below 70%. When RH was higher than 75%, the SIR began to vary with temperature and ionic contaminant concentration. (2) Even if the samples were not contaminated (the ionic contamination concentration was less than 1.56 μg/cm2), the deterioration of the SIR still occurred at 85 °C/90% RH. (3) The insulation failure boundary caused by surface discharge, and the degree of electrical erosion were related to humidity, pollution, voltage and temperature. To improve the failure caused by insulation, encapsulation was used. Experiments showed that encapsulation is an effective protection method to prevent insulation deterioration.
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Teng, Jen-Hao, Rong-Jhang Chen, Ping-Tse Lee, and Che-Wei Hsu. "Accurate and Efficient SOH Estimation for Retired Batteries." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031240.
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There will be an increasing number of retired batteries in the foreseeable future. Retired batteries can reduce pollution and be used to construct a battery cycle ecosystem. To use retired batteries more efficiently, it is critical to be able to determine their State of Health (SOH) precisely and speedily. SOH can be estimated accurately through a comprehensive and inefficient charge-and-discharge procedure. However, the comprehensive charge and discharge is a time-consuming process and will make the SOH assessment for many retired batteries unrealistic. This paper proposes an accurate and efficient SOH Estimation (SOH-E) method using the actual data of retired batteries. A battery data acquisition system is designed to acquire retired batteries’ comprehensive discharge and charge data. The acquired discharge data are separated into various time interval-segregated sub-data. Then, the specially designed features for SOH-E are extracted from the sub-data. Neural Networks (NNs) are trained using these sub-data. The retired batteries’ SOH levels are then estimated after the NNs’ training. The experiments described herein use retired lead–acid batteries. The batteries’ rated voltage and capacity are 12 V and 90 Ah, respectively. Different feature value extractions and time intervals that might affect the SOH-E accuracy and are tested. The Backpropagation NN (BPNN) and Long-Short-Term-Memory NN (LSTMNN) are designed to estimate SOH in this paper. The experimental results indicate that SOH can be calculated in 30 min. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSEs) are less than 3%. The proposed SOH-E can help decrease pollution, extend the life cycle of a retired battery, and establish a battery cycle ecosystem.
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Smulders, E. H. W. M., B. E. J. M. van Heesch, and S. S. V. B. van Paasen. "Pulsed power corona discharges for air pollution control." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 26, no. 5 (1998): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.736042.
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Hemdani, Jamila, Laid Degaa, Moez Soltani, Nassim Rizoug, Achraf Jabeur Telmoudi, and Abdelkader Chaari. "Battery Lifetime Prediction via Neural Networks with Discharge Capacity and State of Health." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228558.
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The market share of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown exponentially in recent years to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The principal part of an EV is the energy storage system, which is usually the batteries. Thus, the accurate estimation of the remaining useful life (RUL) of the batteries, for an optimal health management and a decision-making policy, still remains a challenge for automakers. In this paper, the problem of battery RUL prediction is studied from a new perspective. Unlike other estimation strategies existing in the literature, the proposed technique uses an intelligent prediction of the lifespan of lithium–iron–phosphate (LFP) batteries via a modified version of neural networks. It uses a data-driven life estimation approach and optimization method and does not require any prior comprehension and initialization of any parameters of the battery model. To validate and verify the proposed technique, we use LFP battery data sets, and the experimental results showed that the proposed methodology can well learn the characteristic relationship of battery discharge capacities as well as its state of health (SOH), where the battery life cycle changes as the battery ages with time and cycles.
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Chen, Zipeng. "Research on Temperature Control System Mechanism of New Energy Lithium Battery for Automobile." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 15 (November 26, 2022): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v15i.3002.
Full textAbstract:
At present, energy is in short supply all over the world, and the environmental pollution problem is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, in order to alleviate the double pressure of environmental pollution and energy, new energy vehicles have been invented, among which electric vehicles have been widely developed. Clean energy utilization is urgent and important, and it is becoming a trend to replace fuel vehicles with electric vehicles. Battery is an important component of electric vehicle, and its correlation with vehicle performance is rather high. Lithium-ion battery has the advantages of high energy density and low self-discharge rate, and has gradually become the preferred battery for electric vehicles. Sensors used in electric vehicles mainly include sensors for detecting battery temperature, sensors for monitoring motor temperature and temperature sensors for battery cooling system. The performance and service life of lithium-ion batteries are greatly affected by temperature. In order to control the temperature of lithium battery, this paper studies its thermal management system. This paper discusses the significance of temperature control of lithium battery in electric vehicle, and puts forward the optimization measures of operation mechanism of lithium battery thermal management system.
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Cheng, Fei, Chunhua Yang, Can Zhou, Lijuan Lan, Hongqiu Zhu, and Yonggang Li. "Simultaneous Determination of Metal Ions in Zinc Sulfate Solution Using UV–Vis Spectrometry and SPSE-XGBoost Method." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 4936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174936.
Full textAbstract:
Excessive discharge of heavy metal ions will aggravate environment pollution and threaten human health. Thus, it is of significance to real-time detect metal ions and control discharge in the metallurgical wastewater. We developed an accurate and rapid approach based on the singular perturbation spectrum estimator and extreme gradient boosting (SPSE-XGBoost) algorithms to simultaneously determine multi-metal ion concentrations by UV–vis spectrometry. In the approach, the spectral data is expanded by multi-order derivative preprocessing, and then, the sensitive feature bands in each spectrum are extracted by feature importance (VI score) ranking. Subsequently, the SPSE-XGBoost model are trained to combine multi-derivative features and to predict ion concentrations. The experimental results indicate that the developed “Expand-Extract-Combine” strategy can not only overcome problems of background noise and spectral overlapping but also mine the deeper spectrum information by integrating important features. Moreover, the SPSE-XGBoost strategy utilizes the selected feature subset instead of the full-spectrum for calculation, which effectively improves the computing speed. The comparisons of different data processing methods are conducted. It outcomes that the proposed strategy outperforms other routine methods and can profoundly determine the concentrations of zinc, copper, cobalt, and nickel with the lowest RMSEP. Therefore, our developed approach can be implemented as a promising mean for real-time and on-line determination of multi-metal ion concentrations in zinc hydrometallurgy.
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Larchenko, A. G., N. G. Filippenko, and A. V. Livshits. "PROCEDURE FOR CONTROL OF POLYMER ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 273 (March 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.03.pp.024-031.
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The article describes the directions and features in the field of control of power lines. A method is created for determining the prebreakdown state. The dependence of the development of partial discharges in polymeric materials is studied. The process of exposure to high-frequency currents before the onset of a breakdown state under constant operating modes of electrothermal high-voltage equipment is described. The results of the dynamics of the emergence of discharges under high-frequency exposure are given in the form of graphic images. The graph of the dynamics of partial discharges is described. In this work, a methodology for monitoring and protecting against electrical breakdown, when the frequency of occurrence of partial discharges changes. The results of practical tests for diagnosing the residual life of insulation are presented.