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Kang, Jungwon 1967. "The particle trap and plasma parameter studies in an RF argon discharge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288834.
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Low pressure plasma discharges have been an important process in the manufacturing of microelectronics devices since the late seventies. Therefore, the knowledge and control of the physical and chemical phenomena in plasmas are important for reactor design and process development. In order to understand the process, it is necessary to be able to make accurate measurements of plasma parameters, such as charged particle density, electron temperature, and ion energy. There are three objectives in this research; the first objective is to develop a new automatic electrostatic probe system in order to make accurate measurements of plasma parameters such as plasma potential φ₀, electron temperature Tₑ, electron density nₑ, and electron energy distribution function (EEDF). The second objective is to investigate the forces acting on contaminant particle which can be generate during process. The final objective is to understand the physical nature of the plasma which is very sensitive to changes of processing variables such as rf power and pressure. It was discovered that both ion drag and electrostatic forces induce particle trapping. Additionally, over the range of processing variables explored, the mode of heating transited from ohmic to stochastic, resulting in a variation of the plasma parameters.
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Burnette, David Dean. "Nitric Oxide Studies in Low Temperature Plasmas Generated with a Nanosecond Pulse Sphere Gap Electrical Discharge." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388746668.
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Ozkan, Alp. "CO2 splitting in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma: understanding of physical and chemical aspects." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/239300.
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Le dioxyde de carbone, principal gaz à effet de serre lié aux activités humaines, est considéré comme l’un des gaz les plus problématiques pour notre environnement ces dernières années, principalement à cause du réchauffement climatique qu’il engendre. C’est pour cette raison que l’augmentation de sa teneur dans l’atmosphère nous concerne tous quant aux conséquences futures pour notre planète. Afin de limiter l’émission de CO2, sa conversion en composés à valeur ajoutée présente un grand intérêt et est possible notamment via des procédés plasmas. Plus particulièrement, les décharges à barrière diélectrique (DBD) sont utilisées depuis quelques années pour générer des plasmas froids opérant à pression atmosphérique, principalement pour des applications en traitement de surface, mais également pour le traitement d’effluents gazeux.Lors de cette thèse, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le processus de dissociation du CO2 en CO et O2 via un réacteur DBD à flux continu et avons analysé sa conversion et son efficacité énergétique via différentes études. Celles-ci ont été réalisées grâce à plusieurs méthodes de diagnostic, comme par exemple la spectrométrie de masse utilisée pour déterminer la conversion et l’efficacité du processus, la spectroscopie d’émission optique, l’oscilloscope pour une caractérisation électrique, etc. afin d’avoir une meilleure compréhension du comportement des décharges CO2.Dans un premier temps, nous avons réalisé une étude détaillée d’un plasma CO2 pur où nous avons fait varier différents paramètres, tels que le temps de résidence, la fréquence, la puissance, la pulsation de la haute tension et l’épaisseur et la nature du diélectrique. Le CO2 donne lieu généralement à une décharge filamentaire, consistant en de nombreuses microdécharges réparties au niveau de la zone du plasma. Celles-ci constituent la principale source de réactivité dans une DBD. Un aperçu détaillé de l’aspect physique de ces microdécharges a été réalisé grâce à la caractérisation électrique, permettant de mieux comprendre les propriétés électriques de la décharge et des microdécharges. En effet, nous avons pu déterminer l’importance de la tension présente au niveau du plasma, de l’intensité du courant plasma, du nombre de microdécharges et de leur temps de vie sur l’efficacité du processus de dissociation de CO2.Ensuite, nous avons conclu ce travail avec des études combinant le CO2 en phase plasma avec de l’eau ou du méthane afin de produire des molécules à valeur ajoutée telles que les syngas (CO et H2), mais aussi des hydrocarbures (C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 et CH2O) dans le cas de l’ajout du méthane. A travers ces études, nous avons obtenu une meilleure connaissance de la chimie et de la physique qui ont lieu dans ce type de plasma.Carbon dioxide appears as one of the most problematic gases for the environment, mostly because it is responsible for global warming. This is why its increasing concentration into the atmosphere, mainly due to anthropogenic activities, is a real concern for planet Earth. In order to prevent the release of large amounts of CO2, its conversion into value-added products is of great interest. In this context, plasma-based treatments using dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are nowadays more and more used for the conversion of this gas. In this thesis, we investigated the CO2 splitting process into CO and O2 via a flowing cylindrical DBD and we studied its conversion and energy efficiency by means of several diagnostic methods, such as mass spectrometry to determine the conversion and energy efficiency of the process, optical emission spectroscopy for gas temperature measurements, and an oscilloscope for electrical characterization, in order to obtain a better understanding of the CO2 discharge itself.First, we focused on an extensive experimental study of a pure CO2 plasma where different parameters were varied, such as the gas residence time, the operating frequency, the applied power, the pulsation of the AC signal, the thickness and the nature of the dielectric. CO2 discharges typically exhibit a filamentary behavior, consisting of many microdischarges, which act as the main source of reactivity in a DBD. A detailed insight in the physical aspects was achieved by means of an in-depth electrical characterization, allowing more insight in the electrical properties of the discharge and more specifically in the microdischarges, which are spread out throughout the active zone of the plasma. It was found throughout this work that the plasma voltage, which reflects the electric field and thus determines how the charged particles are accelerated, the plasma current, which reflects the electron density, but also the number of microdischarges and their average lifetime, play an important role in the efficiency of the CO2 dissociation process. It was revealed that the microdischarge number is important as it represents the repartition of the locations of reactivity. Indeed, as the microfilaments are more spread out in the same discharge volume, the probability for the CO2 molecules to pass through the reactor and interact with at least one microdischarge filament becomes more important at a larger number of microfilaments.The second part of the thesis was dedicated to discharges combining CO2 and H2O or CH4, both being hydrogen source molecules. The combined CO2/H2O or CO2/CH4 conversion allows forming value-added products like syngas (CO and H2), but also hydrocarbons (C2H6, C2H4, C2H2 and CH2O), at least in the presence of methane. Throughout this study, we tried to obtain a better knowledge of the chemistry and physic behind these conversion processes.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Bubelnik, Matthew. "THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRODE GEOMETRY ON CURRENT PULSE CAUSED BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE OVER AN ULTRA-FAST LASER FILAMENT." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3695.
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The time-resolved electrical conductivity of a short-pulse generated plasma filament in air was studied. Close-coupled metal electrodes were used to discharge the stored energy of a high-voltage capacitor and the resulting microsecond-scale electrical discharge was measured using fast current sensors. Significant differences in the time dependence of the current were seen with the two electrode geometries used. Using sharp-tipped electrodes additional peaks in the time-resolved conductivity were seen, relative to the single peak seen with spherical electrodes. We attribute these additional features to secondary electron collisional ionization brought about by field enhancement at the tips. Additional discrepancies in the currents measured leaving the high-voltage electrode and that returning to ground were also observed. Implications for potential laser-induced discharge applications will be discussed.M.S.
Other
Optics and Photonics
Optics
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Layly, Jean-Baptiste. "Electric contacts subject to high currents : Fundamental processes and application to the interaction between lightning and aeronautic structures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX013/document.
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La foudre est un phénomène naturel aléatoire impactant un avion de transport civil en moyenne une fois toutes les 1500 heures de vol. Les forts courants et impulsionnels pouvant parcourir la structure d'un aéronef peuvent induire des contraintes physiques aux conséquences sérieuses en ce qui concerne la sûreté. En particulier, quand un assemblage est parcouru par un courant de type foudre, des champs électriques ainsi des densités d'effet Joule importants peuvent engendrer différents phénomènes de décharge. Le risque d'étincelage est particulièrement critique au niveau des réservoirs de carburant, et différentes technologies de protection et procédures de certification sont employées pour maitriser ce risque. Les résultats expérimentaux laissent penser que la formation de ces décharges est due aux résistances électriques localisées aux interfaces entre les différentes pièces des assemblages. Le but de cette thèse a été de modéliser les phénomènes qui se produisent à une échelle microscopique au niveau de telles résistances de contact soumises à de forts courants impulsionnels de type foudreLightning is a natural hazardous event that strikes a civil aircraft on average once per 1500 hours of flight. The corresponding high and impulsive currents that may flow along the structure of the aircraft can generate physical constraints with major consequences regarding safety. In particular, when a fastened assembly is crossed by a lightning current, important electric fields and Joule power densities may give birth to a variety of discharge phenomena. The sparking risk is particularly critical in fuel tanks, and different lightning protection technologies and certification procedures are employed to face it. The ignition of discharges is believed to be mostly due to the local electrical resistance at the interfaces between the parts of the assemblies. The aim of this thesis was to model to phenomena that occur at a microscopic scale of such contact resistances subject to high and impulsive currents
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Efimova, Varvara, Volker Hoffmann, and Jürgen Eckert. "Electrical properties of the µs pulsed glow discharge in a Grimm-type source: comparison of dc and rf modes." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-138728.
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The electrical properties, in particular the U–I characteristics, current and voltage signal shapes within the pulse, are important parameters for the understanding of the processes taking place in the pulsed glow discharge (PGD). The electrical properties are also closely related to the analytical performance of the PGD such as sputtering rates, crater shapes and emission yields. Moreover, the dependence of the U–I plots on the density of the discharge gas can be used to estimate the gas temperature. This result is relevant for the analysis of thermally fragile samples. Nevertheless, there is a lack of PGD studies where the current and voltage signals are considered in detail. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the electrical properties of PGD. The influence of the PGD parameters (duty cycle and pulse duration) on the electrical properties is examined. The results highlight the optimum parameters for particular analytical applications. The question, whether direct current (dc) and radio frequency (rf) discharges behave similarly is also discussed and all experiments are performed for both modes. The comparative studies reveal strong similarities between dc and rf pulsed dischargesDieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
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Efimova, Varvara, Volker Hoffmann, and Jürgen Eckert. "Electrical properties of the µs pulsed glow discharge in a Grimm-type source: comparison of dc and rf modes." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27775.
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The electrical properties, in particular the U–I characteristics, current and voltage signal shapes within the pulse, are important parameters for the understanding of the processes taking place in the pulsed glow discharge (PGD). The electrical properties are also closely related to the analytical performance of the PGD such as sputtering rates, crater shapes and emission yields. Moreover, the dependence of the U–I plots on the density of the discharge gas can be used to estimate the gas temperature. This result is relevant for the analysis of thermally fragile samples. Nevertheless, there is a lack of PGD studies where the current and voltage signals are considered in detail. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the electrical properties of PGD. The influence of the PGD parameters (duty cycle and pulse duration) on the electrical properties is examined. The results highlight the optimum parameters for particular analytical applications. The question, whether direct current (dc) and radio frequency (rf) discharges behave similarly is also discussed and all experiments are performed for both modes. The comparative studies reveal strong similarities between dc and rf pulsed discharges.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Jinno, Masafumi. "Triggering and Guiding Electrical Discharge, and Plasma Formation by Superposition of Laser Beams - A Fundamental Study on the Controlled Inducing of Lightning -." Kyoto University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/154676.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第6962号
工博第1645号
新制||工||1083(附属図書館)
UT51-97-L183
京都大学大学院工学研究科電気工学専攻
(主査)教授 橘 邦英, 教授 宅間 董, 教授 藤田 茂夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Penkal, Bryan James. "Steps in the Development of a Full Particle-in-Cell, Monte Carlo Simulation of the Plasma in the Discharge Chamber of an Ion Engine." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1367586856.
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Mokhtari, Ahmed. "Etude et realisation d'un plasma dense quasi-stationnaire et homogene de 1m de long en presence d'un champ magnetique module spatialement." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066423.
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Le plasma etudie est faiblement non ideal, il est cree par decharge electrique dans un tube a eclairs lineaire d'1 m de long rempli de xenon sous une pression initiale de 30 torrs. Une etude de l'evolution spatiotemporelle de la decharge permet de definir les meilleurs conditions de fonctionnement du systeme. Le plasma presente une phase quasi-stationnaire de 400 mu s, pendant laquelle ses parametres ont ete determines
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Mathon, Rémi. "Décharge à Barrières Diélectriques à pression atmosphérique pour la charge bipolaire d’aérosol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS261/document.
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La mesure de distribution de taille d’un aérosol (particules solides ou liquides en suspension dans un gaz) par analyse de mobilité électrique nécessite de neutraliser l’aérosol. La neutralisation consiste à conférer une distribution de charge centrée sur zéro obtenue par la diffusion sur l’aérosol d’ions bipolaires. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité d’un chargeur bipolaire post-Décharge à Barrières Diélectriques (DBD) pour remplacer les neutraliseurs radioactifs, généralement utilisées pour la production d’ions bipolaires et soumis à des contraintes législatives. La caractérisation électrique des DBD en géométrie « fil-fil » selon la distance inter-électrodes, la tension et le débit a permis demettre en évidence trois types d’auto-organisations des filaments selon la tension et d’évaluer lecourant de décharge, c’est-à-dire la production par la décharge d’espèces chargées par unité detemps. Dans la géométrie et les conditions de fonctionnement choisies, des méthodes de mesure des flux d’ions en post-décharge ont alors été développées. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que la fraction d‘ions extraits de l’espace inter-électrodes résulte d’une compétition électro-hydrodynamique qui dépend de l’auto-organisation des filaments. En effet, les densités d’ions positifs et négatifs en post-DBD, ainsi que le rapport entre ces densités, critiques pour la charge d’aérosols, sont contrôlés par les champs électriques et le temps de transit des ions en post-décharge. Dans le chargeur post-DBD, les densités d’ions sont décroissantes. Toutefois, cette décroissance n’affecte pas les distributions de charges des aérosols qui sont constantes pour chaque taille quelle que soit la concentration d’aérosol. Dans ces conditions, les granulométries mesurées en post-neutraliseurs radioactif et DBD sont comparées afin de prouver que le neutraliseur post-DBD est viable pour la granulométrie des aérosols submicroniquesThe measurement of the size distribution of an aerosol (solid or liquid particles in suspension in agas) by electrical mobility analyses requires the neutralization of the aerosol. Neutralization consistsin imparting a charge distribution with a mean charge of 0 by the diffusion of bipolar ions on aerosol.We prove the feasibility of a post- Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) bipolar charger as an alternativeto radioactive neutralizer subjected to legislative constraints. The electrical characterization of awire-to-wire DBD versus the gap, the voltage and the flow-rate highlights 3 kinds of selforganizationsof filaments versus voltage. Moreover, discharge current which represents the chargedspecies production per unit of time is evaluated. In the chosen geometry and operating conditions, apost-discharge ions flux measurement method was developed. We confirm that anelectro-hydrodynamic competition controls the extraction of ions from the gap. In fact, electric fieldsand transit time control positive and negative ions densities and the ratio between them which arecritical for aerosol charging. For the post-DBD charger, ions densities decrease in the charging zone.However, this decrease does not affect the aerosol charge distribution for each particle size withconcentration. In these conditions, the post-radioactive neutralizer and post-DBD neutralizer aerosolsize measurements are compared in order to prove that the post-DBD neutralizer is available forsubmicronic aerosols sizing
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Motta, Claudio Costa. "Modelo auto-consistente para a cinética da descarga do laser a vapor de cobre." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43133/tde-24022014-104827/.
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Um modelo computacional autoconsistente para a cinética da descarga em um plasma frio, fracamente ionizado, do tipo produzido em tubos de descarga, foi desenvolvido. Ele foi utilizado para investigar a dinâmica das várias propriedades do plasma, tais como temperaturas, densidades e fluxos das espécies que o compõe. Em particular, o modelo desenvolvido considera explicitamente a composição do plasma contendo várias espécies em vários estados de excitação eletrônica. Pode-se determinar a dinâmica das populações envolvidas nas transições laser do átomo de cobre, num modelo autoconsistente para lasers operando em altas taxas de repetição (-5KHz). O modelo mais completo construido considera cinco níveis para o gás tampão (Ne) e nove níveis para o átomo de cobre. O laser de cobre apresenta duas transições, uma no verde e outra no amarelo (5106 A e 5782 A), ambas terminando em estados metaestáveis de longa duração ( -270 J.LS), no átomo livre. No caso mais geral foram considerados trinta processos para determinar a dinâmica do plasma. O tratamento considera, primeiramente, somente a variação temporal e foi utilizado para estudar o plasma formado por três combinações diferentes de espécies: o gás de He puro; a mistura de He:Cu e por último a mistura Ne:Cu, correntemente utillizada em lasers a vapor de cobre. A evolução temporal da temperatura de elétrons, temperatura dos átomos e densidades das espécies, em particular a das espécies excitadas nos niveis de transição laser, pode ser determinada e os resultados comparados com resultados experimentais e de simulação reportados na literatura, mostrando boa concordância no comportamento geral. Verificou-se neste modelo que o principal mecanismo de desexcitação do nível metaestável inferior da transição laser são as colisões superelásticas e não a desativação via interação com as paredes (difusão). Após este primeiro tratamento o modelo passou a considerar também a dependência radial do plasma numa simetria cilíndrica (modelo radial). Neste caso, o efeito de penetração do campo elétrico é explicitamente considerado e o modelo pode ser aplicado tanto a tubos de pequeno como de grande diâmetro, uma vez que o diâmetro é uma grandeza fundamental para a obtenção de lasers de alta potência. Demonstrou-se que esse efeito produz uma distribuição de população dos níveis envolvidos nas duas transições laser (verde e amarela) do cobre, temporalmente distintas e crescentes da borda para o centro, o que concorda com resultados da literatura. Assim, o pulso do laser irá se iniciar com a emissão verde na borda do tubo, conforme predições de nosso modelo. Determinou-se também que existe um limite máximo para o comprimento do tubo do laser, decorrente da existência de uma janela temporal de ganho (-100 ns).A self-consistent computational model was developed to describe the electrical discharge in a cold plasma, weakly ionized, of the kind usually produced in discharge tubes. The various properties of the species of the plasma as temperature of the electrons, its densities and fluxes could then be obtained. In particular, the model explicitly considers the plasma containing different species in different state of electronic excitation. From these quantities, one can determine the dynamics of the populations involved in the copper atomic laser transition, in a self-consistent model for lasers operation in high repetition rates (-5KHz). The most complete model developed takes into account five level for the buffer gas and nine levels for the copper atom. The copper laser shows two transitions, one in the green and other in the yellow, (5106 Å e 5782 Å), both ending in metaestable states of long duration (~270 µs), in the free atom. In the most complete case studied, thirty processes were considered in the calculations of the plasma dynamics. The formalism first considers solely the temporal dependence and it was used to study the plasma formed by three species: pure He; He and Cu; and Ne and Cu, the last one been currently used in copper vapor lasers. The time dependent populations of the electrons temperature, atoms temperature and densities, in particular the excited levels involved in the laser transitions, could be determined and the results were compared with experimental and simulated results of literature, showing a general good agreement. It was verified, in this model, that the main deexcitation mechanism of the lower metastable laser level is superelastic collisions and not deexcitation via interactions with the walls (diffusion). Therefore, the model was extended to take into account the radial dependence of the plasma in a cylindrical symmetry (radial model). In this case, the skin penetration effect of the electrical field was explicitly considered and the model can then be applied to either small and large diameters, as the diameter is a fundamental parameter for obtaining high power lasers. It is shown that this effect produces a temporally distinct population distribution in the levels of the laser transitions (yellow and green) of the copper atoms, that start in the border and goes to the center, in agreement with the literature. Therefore, the laser pulse starts with the green emission in the border, according to the prediction of our model. It was also found that there is a limit for the maximum length of the laser tube due to the existence of a time window for the positive gain of the laser (~100 ns).
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George, Jonathan Alan. "Development of a Plasma Arc Manufacturing Process and Machine to Create Metal Oxide Particles in Water From Wire Feedstock." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3494.pdf.
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Tawidian, Hagop-Jack. "Formation et comportement de nanoparticules dans un plasma : instabilités dans les plasmas poudreux." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2033/document.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude de la formation de nanoparticules carbonées dans un plasma basse pression. Les poussières sont créées par pulvérisation d'une couche de polymère déposée sur l'électrode d'une décharge radio fréquence à couplage capacitif. La présence des poudres perturbe et modifie les propriétés du plasma. La croissance des poudres peut notamment déclencher des instabilités basse fréquence qui évoluent avec la taille et la densité des poudres. Au centre du plasma, une région sans poudre, appelée void, est souvent observée. Cette région se caractérise en particulier par une forte luminosité. Différents diagnostics (mesures électriques, imagerie vidéo rapide, Fluorescence Induite par Laser) sont utilisées afin d'analyser ces différents comportements résultant des interactions entre le plasma et les poussières. L'analyse approfondie des instabilités a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs régimes et d'extraire leurs principales caractéristiques comme leur durée et l'évolution de leurs fréquences. Ces instabilités se traduisent par la formation de petites "boules" de plasma qui se déplacent et interagissent au sein de celui-ci. Des phénomènes particulièrement surprenants de fusion et de division de ces boules ont été mis en évidence. Concernant le void, nos travaux ont confirmé la forte excitation présente dans cette zone. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, la dissociation de l'aluminium triisopropoxide(ATI) est étudiée dans un plasma à l'aide de la Spectroscopie infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier. Ce diagnostic nous a permis de mettre en évidence l'évolution de la densité d'ATI en fonction des paramètres de la décharge. Nous avons également quantifié les différents composants hydrocarbonés formés par polymérisationThe objective of this thesis is to study the formation of carbonaceous nanoparticles in a low pressure plasma. Dust particles are created by sputtering a polymer layer deposited on the bottom electrode of a capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge. The presence of dust particles disturbs and changes the plasma properties. The growth of dust particles can trigger low frequency instabilities that evolve with the dust particle size and density. In the center of the discharge, the void, a dust-free region, is observed. It is characterized by an enhanced luminosity. Different diagnostics (electrical measurements, high speed imaging, Laser Induced Fluorescence) are used in order to understand these different behaviors resulting from plasma-dust particle interactions. Dust particle growth instabilities are investigated showing the existence of different instability regimes. Their main characteristics are extracted such as their duration and their evolution frequency. These instabilities are characterized by the formation of small plasma spheroids moving and interacting in the discharge. Several interesting phenomena are evidenced such as the merging and splitting of these plasma spheroids. Concerning the void, our investigations confirmed the high excitation occurring in this region. In the last part of the thesis, the dissociation of aluminium triisopropoxide (ATI) is studied in a plasma using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy. Thanks to this diagnostic, the evolution of ATI density has been studied as a function of the discharge parameters. We have also quantified the different hydrocarbon compounds formed by polymerization
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Hardy, Pierrick. "Etude et qualification aérothermodynamique et électrique d'un actionneur plasma de type jet." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0014/document.
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L’amélioration des performances aérodynamiques et environnementales est un enjeu majeur dans le domaine des transports terrestres et aériens. Pour pouvoir répondre à ses exigences, une des solutions est de contrôler les écoulements. Pour cela, des actionneurs performants sont nécessaires. Une technique innovante, le jet synthétique par plasma (JSP), consiste à appliquer une décharge haute tension dans une micro cavité. Un plasma est ainsi créé dans la chambre augmentant en quelques microsecondes la température et la pression du gaz générant un micro-jet par l’orifice de l’actionneur. Le but de la thèse est de développer cet actionneur, d’en comprendre son fonctionnement et de le mettre en oeuvre pour contrôler le bruit d’un jet subsonique à grand nombre de Mach.La première partie de l’étude s’applique à définir les besoins pour le contrôle d’écoulement et de réaliser un prototype d’actionneur. Il est ensuite caractérisé expérimentalement par des mesures de la décharge électrique et de l’aérodynamique du micro-jet. En s’inspirant du modèle de Braginskii, un modèle simple de la décharge électrique est réalisé et appliqué au JSP. Le rendement de l’actionneur en est déduit. Le modèle de Braginskii modifié est ensuite couplé à une modélisation URANS ce qui permet de simuler le fonctionnement en fréquence de l’actionneur. Ces résultats sont ensuite comparés avec les mesures de l’aérodynamique du micro-jet et montrent un excellent accord.L’actionneur est ensuite mis en application pour contrôler le bruit de jet. En premier lieu, des visualisations par strioscopie de l’interaction des micro-jets avec le jet principal sont effectuées. Des mesures acoustiques sont ensuite réalisées etmettent en évidence que les JSP sont de bons candidats pour contrôler le bruit de jetImprovement of aerodynamics and environmental performances is a major issue for terrestrial and aeronautical industry.For fulfilling increasing demand, one of the answers is flow control. To achieve flow control, high performance actuators are needed. An innovative technique called Plasma Synthetic Jet actuator consists on applying an electrical discharge in asmall cavity. Plasma is created and increases gas temperature and pressure which results on the creation of a micro-jet through cavity opening.The PhD objectives are to develop the PSJ actuator, to describe actuator mechanisms and to apply it for controlling noise of a high subsonic jet. The first part of the study consists on defining flow control needs and on developing a PSJ actuator prototype. Then,actuator performances are characterised using electrical measurements of the discharge and using aerodynamic measurements. These measurements show that an electrical model of the discharge is needed. Based on the Braginskii model, a simple model is carried out and is applied to the actuator. Efficiency of the PSJ is deduced.The modified Braginskii model is then coupled with an URANS model to achieve frequency modelling of the actuator. Results match aerodynamics measurements .PSJ actuators are applied for controlling jet noise in a second part of the study. Schlieren visualisations are used to show micro-jet interaction with the main jet. Acoustic measurements are then performed and show that the PSJ is a goodactuator to control high subsonic jet noise
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Choi, Woong-Sik. "Flame stabilization by a plasma driven radical jet in a high speed flow." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29780.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Zinn, Ben; Committee Co-Chair: Jagoda, Jeff; Committee Member: Glezer, Ari; Committee Member: Jeter, Sheldon; Committee Member: Neumeier, Yedidia. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Adámková, Barbora. "Diagnostika plazmatu generovaného ve směsích vody a alkoholů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414082.
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This diploma thesis is aimed to the corona-like discharge in solutions of alcohols, specifically in ethanol, methanol, glycerol, butanol and isopropyl alcohol. The electric discharge was diagnosed by two methods. The first method was the measuring of electrical characteristics. Current-voltage characteristics were constructed from the measured average values of voltage and current. The breakdown voltages were determined from the current-voltage characteristics. The breakdown voltages of the individual alcohol solutions were dependent on the alcohol concentration, polarity of the electrodes in the reactor and solution conductivity. The breakdown voltage was determined for solutions of butanol, glycerol and isopropyl alcohol with a concentration of 20 vol. % and conductivity of 200 µS. The highest value of the breakdown voltage was determined for solution of glycerol at 580 V. The lowest voltage at which the discharge was observed was estimated for butanol (320 V), but due to the limited miscibility with water this value is inaccurate, and therefore in the second part of experiment butanol was not used. Alcohol series was supplemented with methanol. The second diagnostic method was the proton ionization mass spectrometry with the time of flight analyzer. The products formed in the reactor due to the plasma discharge were identified from the mass spectrum. Mostly, aliphatic hydrocarbons and their radicals were detected. The amount of products was observed in the dependence on the changing experimental conditions: alcohol concentration in the solution, the polarity of the electrodes in the reactor and the duration of the discharge. Only a small amount of compounds were detected in methanol. However, more molecules were formed with the increasing carbon chain in the alcohol molecule. More compounds were also detected with the increasing alcohol concentration and in case of the negative polarity of the main electrode. The formation of acetaldehyde as a typical discharge product was studied in details. Its production in time was observed and the reaction pathways of its formation in the ethanol solution were suggested.
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Poolcharuansin, Phitsanu. "The development of electrical plasma diagnostics for HiPIMS discharges." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/7495/.
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High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is a plasma-based thin film deposition technique in which extremely high power pulses are applied to a conventional magnetron sputtering source. As a result, the plasma density in HiPIMS discharges is considerably increased up to 1E19 per cubic metre, about three orders of magnitude higher than that in conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) discharges. Hence the vapour of the sputtered species becomes highly ionised, leading to remarkable improvement in the microstructure and the properties of depositing films. To better control the deposition process, it is important to gain insights into the properties and the dynamics of the HiPIMS plasmas. This thesis is associated with the investigations on HiPIMS plasmas using a number of electrical diagnostic tools including a Langmuir probe, a retarding field energy analyser and a gridded quartz crystal microbalance. It was shown, using a Langmuir probe analysis, that there are three distinct groups of electrons generated during first the 4 microseconds of the HiPIMS pulse. These electrons are super-thermal or beam-like electrons with effective temperatures of up to 100 eV, hot electrons with temperatures up to 7 eV and cold electrons with temperatures < 1 eV. As time progresses, however, these electrons develop into single-temperature Maxwellian electrons. Using the retarding field energy analyser located at typical substrate positions, it was found that ions travel to a grounded substrate with an average energy of up to 10 eV during 20-40 microseconds into the HiPIMS pulse, and with an energy of 3-5 eV for the rest of the pulse. Ions escaping to the side of the discharge axis are also investigated using the movable and rotatable retarding field analyser. It was found that ions, circulating with a similar direction as the electron ExB drift in the magnetised region, are able to azimuthally escape from the discharge with a mean velocity of 8E3 metre per second, unless there are collisions with residual gases. Together with the knowledge of radial electric field, determined from plasma potential, the equations of circular motion of an ion fluid element have been solved numerically. Using a biased quartz crystal microbalance in combination with a gridded electrode, the ionised metal flux fraction in a HiPIMS discharge has been investigated. The average discharge power was varied from 0.3 to 1.3 kW and, irrespective of the power control method used, an associated decrease in the flux fraction (from 50 % to 30 %) was observed. The mechanisms responsible for this decrease in the time-averaged flux fraction of metal ions are associated with the probability of ionisation of the sputtered species and the effect of the ions returning to the target. Finally, a technique of the superposition of a dc pre-ioniser and a HiPIMS power supply is proposed to operate a HiPIMS discharge at a pressure down to 0.08 Pa. The pre-ioniser provides a background plasma with a density of 1E15 per cubic metre to assist the HiPIMS build-up at the low-pressure range. Using an energy-resolved mass spectrometer, it was demonstrated that the average energy and charge state of ions can be enhanced in the low-pressure operation.
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OUAJJI, HASSAN. "Etude de proprietes de transport d'un plasma de melange air-cuivre : modelisation de la colonne d'arc." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21034.
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Calcul des coefficients de conductivite thermique, de conductivite electrique et de viscosite du melange air-cuivre a la pression atmospherique pour des temperatures comprises entre 5000 k et 14000 k et differentes valeurs de la teneur en cuivre. Dans les memes conditions de temperature et de pression, la determination de la composition d'equilibre du melange met en evidence l'evolution de la population des differentes especes chimiques en presence en fonction de la teneur en cuivre. Les caracteristiques macroscopiques de la colonne (champ electrique, profil de temperature) sont obtenues a partir du modele energetique de elenbaas-heller
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Aksenczuk, Andrzej Marek. "Investigating how the electric discharge properties affect the synthesis and processing of materials by electric discharge assisted mechanical milling." Thesis, School of Mechanical, Materials, and Mechatronic, and Biomedical Engineering, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/4968.
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Hillborg, Henrik. "Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity of polydimethylsiloxane after exposure to electrical discharges." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymer Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3082.
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Silicone rubber based on polydimethylsiloxane is used ashigh voltage outdoor insulation, due to its ability to preservethe hydrophobic surface properties during service and evenregain hydrophobicity after exposure to electrical discharges.The underlying processes for the hydrophobic recovery arediffusion of low molar mass siloxanes from the bulk to thesurface and reorientation by conformational changes ofmolecules in the surface region. Only little is known of whichfactors are responsible for the long-term stability of thishydrophobic recovery. It is therefore important to increase theknowledge about the fundamental mechanisms for the loss andrecovery of hydrophobicity of silicone rubbers, exposed toelectrical discharges. Addition-cured polydimethylsiloxanenetworks, with known crosslink densities, were exposed tocorona discharges and air/oxygen-plasma and the loss andrecovery of hydrophobicity was characterised by contact anglemeasurements. The degree of surface oxidation increased withincreasing exposure time with a limiting depth of 100- 150 nm,as assessed by neutron reflectivity measurements. The oxidationrate increased with increasing crosslink density of the polymernetwork, according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Withinthe oxidised layer, a brittle, silica-like layer was graduallydeveloped with increasing exposure time. The hydrophobicrecovery following the corona or air/oxygen- plasma exposuresoccurred at a slow pace by diffusion of cyclic oligomericdimethylsiloxanes through the micro-porous but uncrackedsilica-like surface layer or at a much higher pace by transportof the oligomers through cracks in the silica-like layer. Theoligomers were present in the bulk, but additional amounts wereformed during exposure to corona discharges. High-temperaturevulcanised silicone rubber specimens were aged in a coastalenvironment under high electrical stress levels (100 V/mm). Thechanges in surface structure and properties were compared tothe data obtained from specimens exposed to coronadischarges/plasma. The dominating degradation mechanism wasthermal depolymerisation, initiated by hot discharges. Thisresulted in the formation of mobile siloxanes, of which the lowmolar mass fraction consisted of cyclic oligomericdimethylsiloxanes. Oxidative crosslinking resulting insilica-like surface layers was not observed during theseconditions.
Keywords:silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane,hydrophobicity, corona, air-plasma, oxygen-plasma, surfacecharacterisation, degradation products, crosslink density.
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Tihonová, Jitka. "Aplikace elektrického výboje v kapalinách pro čistění nekovových archeologických předmětů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414085.
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This diploma thesis is focused on the plasma surface treatment of historical glass from the 18th and 19th centuries by low temperature electrical discharges in solutions of sodium chloride and potassium carbonate and finding the most suitable settings of conditions for the surface cleaning. Stainless steel electrode and a specially designed electrode system with wolfram wire in the quartz glass capillary were used for the generation of discharge using an audio frequency power supply. Each line of samples was made from one piece of historical glass that was cut to smaller pieces. All cleaned samples were photographed before and after the cleaning so the possible changes of the cleaned area could be visually compared. Then the samples were analysed by LA-ICP-MS (line scanning of surface), where was analysed the cleaned area of samples, and values were compared to the analysis of the reference sample that was not cleaned. Examined isotopes of elements were selected on the basis of the supposed composition of glass, corrosion products, and soil at the place of discovery. Analyses were standardized by NIST 610. Acquired values were transferred to oxides. The most important oxides (Na2O, MgO, SiO2, P2O5 a K2O) were chosen for deciding the most effective cleaning settings. It was decided that the most effective setting for cleaning was the one where the biggest difference of values between sample and reference occurred. Four series of these solutions were compiled and one parameter was changed for each of them. Solutions and their conductivity, frequency of the power supply, and time of cleaning were chosen as changing values. Three samples of different times of cleaning were cleaned without interruption. The time of cleaning was split into intervals of 30 seconds of cleaning and 1 minute of non-action for another two samples of this series. In this way we were trying to find out if the following surface analysis will be influenced by the diffusion of the particles into the sample, or not. The frequency of power supply was recorded and its dissipated power was calculated for each measurement. Emission spectra of a series of different solution conductivity were measured before cleaning of samples. Measurement of OES was made with the ignition of discharge so the active species of plasma were shown in spectra. These species are probably participating in the cleaning process of glass. Emission spectra were also measured after cleaning to find out if values of active species were changed or unknown spectral lines appeared. These lines should be from dirt and corrosion products that were cleaned from the surface of the glass. It was found out that the most effective cleaning of sample 1 (series where the conductivity of the NaCl solution was changed) was done in a solution of conductivity 900 S/cm. The most effective cleaning of sample 4 and sample 7 (series where the conductivity of the K2CO3 solution was changed) was done in a solution of conductivity 600 S/cm. The most effective cleaning of sample 6 (series where the frequency was changed) was done at frequency = (15200 ± 30) Hz. The most effective cleaning of sample 5 (series of different cleaning times) lasted seven minutes without time delay. The future research it should be appropriate to try a combination of these most effective cleaning settings on the surface of more samples, so the finding of this thesis will be confirmed.
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Rusterholtz, Diane. "Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed Discharges in Atmospheric Pressure Air." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997397.
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Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) discharges in atmospheric pressure air have many potential applications. Spark NRP discharges have applications in plasma assisted combustion. These discharges tend to stabilize lean flames which produce less NOx. Furthermore, an increase of several hundreds of Kelvins in less than 20 ns has been observed following NRP spark discharges, which could be used to create nanomaterials. NRP glow discharges, while creating an important number of actives species such as atomic oxygen, do not heat the ambient gas, which allows them to be used in temperature-sensitive applications such as bio-decontamination. In the first part of this thesis, we validate experimentally the mechanism that was proposed to explain the ultrafast heating observed. Time-resolved measurements of the absolute densities of two excited states of nitrogen and of the gas temperature have been performed with calibrated Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The second part of the thesis deals with the NRP glow regime. We have shown that its existence depends on several parameters, gas temperature and pressure, voltage across the electrodes, inter-electrode distance, pulse duration, radius of curvature of the electrodes. This regime had not been observed for temperatures lower than 750 K so far. Thanks to a detailed parametrical experimental study and the analysis of the obtained results, we have succeeded in identifying the NRP glow regime at ambient temperature and we observe a new type of "multi-channel" glow regime.
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Yuan, Qiulin. "Studies of electric discharges and their interactions with gases." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/22086.
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Measurements of the effect of increasing the discharge column voltage gradient were investigated using argon based mixtures with nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur hexafluoride in a plasma torch. The theoretical calculation of the voltage gradient and the electron number density was based on the Saha equation which was modified for application to the gas mixtures. The investigations showed that a mixture of Ar and SF6 was most effective and increased the voltage gradient to 0.5 V/mm from 0.3 V/mm. The best mixture was 89% Ar, 10% N2 , 1% SF6 based on the highest increase of the voltage gradient and the least added gas. A model has been developed to illustrate the effects of dissociation, excitation, ionisation of gases and their effects on the discharge column voltage gradient: The mode of an electric discharge in Ar was investigated using spectroscopy. The study showed that for a glow discharge the 520.0 nm line and for an arc discharge the 427.1 nm line were unique. These lines were used to investigate a Glydarc electric discharge which was shown to be a mixture of the glow and the arc discharges. Measurements of the transition of the glow to arc in Ar with discharge current ranging from 0.1 A to 1.0 A at atmospheric pressure showed that at the lower value of discharge current (O. 25 A) the spectral lines were dominated by the near infra-red lines whereas at the higher value of discharge current (1.0 A) the spectral lines were included from the near infra-red to the near UV. The Glydarc electric discharge has been studied in still and fast air flows at atmospheric pressure over a range of discharge currents from 100 mA to 3 A. The results showed that the increase of the discharge voltage with increasing discharge current was due to increase of the discharge column length which varied with time and the air flow rate and was not due to a positive dynamic characteristic.
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Wendelstorf, Jens. "Ab initio modelling of thermal plasma gas discharges (electric arcs)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961148527.
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Orel, Inna. "Measurements of electric field and dissociated species in nanosecond discharges for kinetic and biological applications." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX097.
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La présente thèse combine des travaux sur les mesures absolues et résolues en temps des densités d'atomes O et N et du champ électrique en fonction de l'énergie déposée spécifique dans des décharges pulsées nanosecondes à des champs électriques réduits, supérieurs à 100 Td, qui se développent sous forme d'onde d'ionisation rapide (FIW). La densité d'atomes O à l'état fondamental, notée [O] a été mesurée dans une décharge capillaire dans l’air, à 28 mbar avec une énergie spécifique déposée de 0,5-1 eV/molécule par actinométrie optique à l’aide d’argon. Les signaux actinométriques ont été corrigés pour l’émission de fond du premier système positif de N2. L'expérience a été associée à une modélisation des processus cinétiques dans le plasma. Il a été révélé que dans des conditions à la fois de champ électrique réduit et d'énergie déposée spécifique élevés, les réactions entre les espèces chargées et/ou excitées deviennent importantes. En particulier, la recombinaison à 3 corps des ions O+ et Ar+ avec les électrons en tant que 3ème corps devient dominante au début de l’afterglow. Le pic mesuré d’[O], 7,5x10^(16) cm^(-3), correspond à un taux de dissociation de 23%. Le champ électrique longitudinal a été mesuré par génération de deuxième harmonique induite par champ électrique (E-FISH) avec un laser picoseconde dans une décharge de tube de 20-100 mbar de N2 pur et une faible énergie spécifique déposée (10^(-3)-10^(-2) eV/molécule) lors de la propagation du FIW et de la décharge quasi-stationnaire. En dépit du jitter du laser à l'échelle ns, une résolution temporelle de 200 ps a été atteinte à l'aide d'une procédure de traitement des données tir-par-tir développée qui a également effectué une analyse statistique. Le champ électrique dans le FIW s'est avéré avoir une valeur de crête indépendante de la pression d'environ 10 kV/cm et 1-3 ns FWHM qui augmente avec la pression. Le champ électrique réduit de crête atteint la valeur de 2 kTd à 20 mbar. Il a été conclu que le signal de deuxième harmonique provient du quartz du tube à décharge, ce qui rends impossible la calibration par champ Laplacien. Des calibrations par sonde capacitive et par technique de «back current shunt» ont été effectuées. La densité d’atomes N à l'état fondamental, notée [N], dans les décharges capillaires et tubulaires a été mesurée par la technique de fluorescence induite par laser à absorption à deux photons (TALIF). Pour 1 eV/molécule pour la décharge capillaire, [N] atteint la valeur de crête de 1,3x10^(17) cm^(-3) 1 us après le début de la décharge. [N] reste constante jusqu'à 1 ms, puis diminue exponentiellement jusqu'à atteindre la limite de détection à 20 ms. La valeur de crête de [N] correspond à une fraction de dissociation de 10% et à un coût énergétique de production effectif de N de 10 atomes/100 eV. Une telle efficacité élevée est régie par un processus de population supplémentaire entre les espèces chargées et excitées, à savoir la dissociation par impact électronique des états triplets N2(A,B,C). Pour 10^(-3)-10^(-2) eV/molécule pour la décharge tube, [N] montre une valeur constante de 5,5x10^(12) cm^(-3) jusqu'à 80 us et puis diminue. La thèse aborde également l'intérêt des décharges ns dans les applications biologiques à l'exemple de la médecine régénérative assistée par plasma. Un dispositif à plasma atmosphérique froid (CAP) a été développé pour le traitement des cellules souches mésenchymateuses dérivées de la pulpe dentaire. L'effet CAP sur les cellules a été évalué par analyse morphologique des cellules, test de viabilité, test de cytotoxicité, test prolifératif, cytométrie en flux marqué pour les mesures de l'accumulation intracellulaire de ROS et microscopie à fluorescence pour l'imagerie du cytosquelette et des noyaux qui ont conduit à l'établissement d'un protocole non toxique de traitement cellulaire par CAPThe present thesis combines work on absolute and time resolved measurements of O and N atom densities and electric field as a function of specific deposited energy in nanosecond pulsed discharges at high reduced electric fields (above 100 Td) that develop in form of fast ionization wave (FIW). Ground state O-atom number density, [O], in capillary discharge in 28 mbar air with specific deposited energy of 0.5-1 eV/molecule was measured by optical actinometry technique with Ar as an actinometric admixture. Ar actinometric signal was corrected for N2 first positive system’s background emission. The experiment was highly supported by modelling of kinetic processes in plasma. It has been revealed that in conditions of both high reduced electric field and high specific deposited energy, reactions between charged and/or excited species become important. In particular, the 3-body recombination of O+ and Ar+ ions with electron as a third body become dominant in the early afterglow. The peak measured [O], 7.5x10^(16) cm^(-3), corresponds to 23% dissociation fraction. Longitudinal electric field was measured by electric field induced second harmonic generation (E-FISH) technique with picosecond laser in tube discharge in 20-100 mbar pure N2 with low specific deposited energy at the level of 10^(-3)-10^(-2) eV/molecule during the propagation of FIW and quasi-steady-state discharge. Despite ns-scale laser jitter, temporal resolution as high as 200 ps was attained with help of developed shot-by-shot data treatment procedure that also performed statistical analysis. The electric field in FIW was shown to have a pressure-independent peak value of about 10 kV/cm and 1-3 ns FWHM that increases with pressure. The peak reduced electric field reaches the value of 2 kTd at 20 mbar. It has been concluded that the second harmonic signal originates from the quartz of the discharge tube which disables the possibility of Laplacian field calibration. The calibration against electric field measured by back current shunt and capacitive probe was applied instead. Ground state N-atom number density, [N], in capillary and tube discharges was measured by two photon absorbed laser induced fluorescence (TALIF) technique. For 1 eV/molecule at capillary discharge, [N] reaches the peak value of 1.3x10^(17) cm^(-3) at about 1 us after the initiation of the discharge. [N] stays at the peak value up to 1 ms and then decreases exponentially until reaches the detection limit at 20 ms. The [N] peak value corresponds to 10% dissociation fraction and to effective N-atom production energy cost of almost 10 atoms/100 eV. Such high efficiency is governed by additional population process between charged and excited species, namely, electron impact dissociation of N2(A,B,C) triplet states. For 10^(-3)-10^(-2) eV/molecule at tube discharge, [N] shows rather constant 5.5x10^(12) cm^(-3) value for up to 80 us and further decreases. The thesis also discusses the interest of ns discharges in biological applications on the example of plasma-assisted regenerative medicine. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) device was developed for treatment of dental pulp derived mesenchymal stem cells. CAP effect on cells was assessed by morphological cell analysis, viability test, cytotoxicity test, proliferative test, labelled flow cytometry for measurements of intracellular ROS accumulation and fluorescence microscopy for cytoskeleton and nuclei imaging that had led to establishment of non-toxic protocol of cell treatment by CAP
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Troughton, Samuel Christopher. "Phenomena associated with individual discharges during plasma electrolytic oxidation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288879.
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This work presents information obtained from high-speed video and electrical monitoring of electrical breakdown (discharge) events during plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of aluminium alloy substrates. Discharges were found to occur in extended sequences termed "cascades" at particular locations. This was a feature common to all the substrates and processing frequencies investigated. As the coating thickness increases, the characteristics remained broadly similar, although discharges become more energetic and longer-lived. Short PEO treatments were applied to existing PEO coatings in order to investigate the microstructural effects of discharge cascades. It was found that cascades persist at particular locations due to the residual deep pore channel left by previous discharges in the cascade. Observations were made of the way the coating was restructured around a cascade location. Samples were illuminated with very high intensity flashes during PEO processing, revealing that relatively large (1 mm diameter) bubbles form where a discharge emerges from the surface of a coating. Analysis of the overall energy consumption, as well as the energetic processes occurring within an individual discharge, indicate that the bubble growth occurs due to rapid volatilisation of water originating from the electrolyte. It is postulated that the growth of this bubble causes the electrical resistance to rise and is responsible for the termination of the discharge current. Investigations of high frequency (2,500 Hz) processing lead to the discovery of discharges occurring during the cathodic half-cycle, after a certain coating thickness had been achieved. Cathodic discharges were more energetic than anodic discharges, and created large craters in the coatings. Gas evolution was found to exceed the electrochemical Faraday yield, and was similar at low and high frequency initially. Once cathodic discharges began, the gas evolution rate increased and the coating mass gain levelled off.
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Bless, Frédéric. "Investigation of atmospheric-pressure plasma discharges for thin film deposition." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2050119/.
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Gas-phase polymerisation of different monomers has been studied for an atmospheric plasma jet predominantly using quadrupole mass spectrometry. Thin film depositions were made and analysed using XPS and TOF-SIMS. Time-resolved and time-averaged measurements were performed to understand more deeply the paths of plasma polymerisation at atmospheric pressure and in ambient air. Continuous wave and pulse DC jets were both investigated. Results show the importance of positive ions in polymerisation and support the step growth formation for the creation of heavy oligomers. Negative ions are also important and depend far more on the signal frequency, more precisely on the off-time duration, than the positive ions. Another study was performed on an adaptable plasma system for atomic layer deposition allowing deposition of oxides at room temperature. Results show a high quality of Al2O3 films realised at room temperature with air as an oxygen-rich gas with the use of a custom-built surface discharge plasma reactor.
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Bowes, Michael. "Plasma diagnosis of reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18833/.
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Reactive HiPIMS discharges have been investigated by employing a selection of plasma diagnostic techniques. Plasma dynamics in a reactive HiPIMS discharge were studied by means of a single Langmuir probe which revealed electron and positive ion densities of the order of 10^17 to 10^18 m^-3 in typical substrate positions, the temporal evolutions of which exhibited a dual-peak structure attributed to the propagation of an ion acoustic wave or the compression and subsequent rarefaction of the process gas caused by the intense 'sputter wind'. The compression phase is also thought to be the cause of the quenching of the effective electron temperature observed during the on-time with the rarefaction phase being responsible for the increase in the effective electron temperature toward the end of the voltage pulse. Negative ion dynamics in the afterglow of a reactive HiPIMS discharge were also studied by means of a Langmuir probe for a range of oxygen partial pressures. The extended afterglow was found to be highly electronegative with the negative ion-to-electron ratio (alpha) at 3 milliseconds after the pulse termination reaching values of almost 400 for the highest oxygen partial pressures. By comparing results to a simple plasma-chemical model, it is speculated that increased negative ion formation occurs for higher oxygen partial pressures due to the increased availability of oxygen metastables that are formed in the active phase. Despite exhibiting a strong correlation, a comparison to the alpha values determined by photodetachment revealed an overestimation by a factor of 8-15 when employing the Langmuir probe method. Furthermore, from photodetachment measurements the O- ion density was observed to peak in the early afterglow at values of the order of 10^17 m^-3. It was also concluded that a negative ion flux of approximately 10^17-10^18 m^-2 s^-1 could be expected at the chamber walls and substrate surface once the plasma afterglow transitions into an ion-ion state, which could have implications for many plasma processing methods. Time-averaged energy distributions of oxygen negative ions obtained using energy-resolved mass spectrometry during reactive HiPIMS of Ti in an Ar/O2 gas mixture revealed three distinct populations of O- ions at varying energies. The peak of the high-energy population was found to correspond to the value of average applied target potential during the pulse on-time. Comparison to a Thompson energy distribution of sputtered particles suggested that O- ions are sputtered from the target surface before undergoing acceleration in the cathode sheath. A study of the attenuation of the high-energy O- ion population as a function of the pressure-distance product yielded an effective total cross section of 2 x 10^-19 m^2 for O- interacting with the background Ar/O2 gas mixture for both Ti and Nb targets. During reactive HiPIMS of different target materials, a correlation between O- emission and the ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient was found. In addition, large differences in the high-energy O- yield were also observed when employing different inert gases mixed with O2, which was also attributed to changes in the ion-induced secondary electron emission coefficient. The deposition rates in reactive HiPIMS of TiO2 using different inert gases were measured by means of a quartz crystal microbalance. In contrast to the trends predicted by SRIM as well as those measured in DCMS, the power normalized deposition rate, D_n, was found to increase with the mass of inert gas in both metallic and reactive modes, with the exception of the Xe/O2 gas mixture. The observed increase of D_n with the mass of inert gas was partially attributed to a decreased return effect in the heavier gases. For the case of Kr/O2, the normalized deposition rate measured in HiPIMS was found to be 87% of that measured in equivalent DCMS operation despite no attempt at optimization.
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Ayeleso, Ayokunle Oluwaseun. "An improved plasma energy conversion system for electric power generation." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2694.
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Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.The generation of electricity through the conventional conversion system such as thermal and hydroelectric plants may no longer be sufficient to meet the increasing demands and usage. One of the major reasons for shortage supply of electric power is due to the lack of fossil fuel and other conventional resources that are currently being used in Africa. In addition, the conversion process of the conventional system often causes pollution which contributes to global warming. Therefore, there is a need for this research to develop novel and alternative methods of generating electric power. Among these methods is the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) conversion system, which is a direct energy conversion system. In this system, plasma or ionised gas is directly converted into electric power with generating efficiency of about 62 %. The conversion process of the MHD system is based on the principle of Faraday’s Law of electromagnetism and fluid dynamics. The focus of the present study is to investigate alternative methods through which an MHD power generator can be coupled to the existing thermal plants in South Africa. In doing so, the thermal cycle efficiency of these conventional plants can be improved. Another goal of this study is to investigate the behaviour of an MHD generator prototype under exposure to plasma through simulation and experimentation in a laboratory setting.
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Mahalingam, Sudhakar. "Particle Based Plasma Simulation for an Ion Engine Discharge Chamber." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1198181910.
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Sözer, Esin Bengisu Kirkici Hulya. "Gaseous discharges and their applications as high power plasma switches." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Electrical_and_Computer_Engineering/Thesis/Sozer_Esin_45.pdf.
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Gomez, S. "Laser induced fluorescence measurements in inductivity coupled of processing plasmas." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368755.
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Debien, Antoine. "Étude électromécanique et optimisation d'actionneurs plasmas à décharge à barrièrediélectrique – Application au contrôle de décollement sur un profil d'aile de type NACA0015." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2253/document.
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Cette thèse est effectuée dans le cadre du projet Européen "PlasmAero" dont le but est de développer et d'étudier des actionneurs plasmas, et de démontrer leur capacité à contrôler des écoulements aérodynamiques. L'actionneur plasma à Décharge à Barrière Diélectrique (DBD) de surface est un moyen innovant pour contrôler un écoulement en utilisant le vent électrique induit par la force électrohydrodynamique (EHD) générée au sein du gaz ionisé. Une première partie est dédiée à l'étude des actionneurs plasmas. L'influence de la géométrie de l'électrode active d'une DBD est précisée par des mesures électriques, optiques et mécaniques. Les régimes de la décharge de surface peuvent être totalement modifiés, tout commel'évolution de la force EHD en fonction du temps, calculée ici par bilan intégral. Une géométrie optimisée permet de supprimer le régime de décharge streamer et d'augmenter l'efficacité de l'actionneur de 0,65 à 0,97 mN/W. De plus, des configurations à multi-électrodes (sliding discharge et multi-DBD) sont étudiées et développées. Une multi-DBD à potentiels alternés a permis d'obtenir un vent électrique record de 10,5 m/s.L'étude du contrôle d'un écoulement décollé à mi-corde ou en bord de fuite sur l'extrados d'un profil NACA 0015 fait l'objet de la seconde partie de la thèse. Une DBD standard à deux électrodes, une multi-DBD à six électrodes et une DBD de type "nanoseconde" sont utilisées pour agir sur une séparation à des nombres de Reynolds atteignant 1,3μ106, avec une transition naturelle ou déclenchée. Les résultats démontrent que le contrôle permet de repousser efficacement la séparation, améliorant ainsi les performances aérodynamiques du profilThis work is conducted in the framework of the European PlasmAero project that aims to demonstrate how plasma actuators can be used to control aircraft aerodynamic. Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) is an innovative solution to control a flow with the electric wind induced by the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force produced by a surface discharge. A first part is dedicated to plasma actuators study. The exposed electrode shape of a DBD actuator is investigated by electrical, optical and mechanical characterization. Discharges properties and EHD force evolution is fully dependent of exposed electrode shape. With an optimized active electrode shape, streamer discharge is cancelled while actuator effectiveness is increased from 0.65 to 0.97 mN/W. Flow field induced by multiple electrode design is also investigated. An innovative multi-DBD design is proposed. Inhibition of mutual interaction between successive DBD actuators and exposed electrode shape optimization conduct to an electric wind velocity of 10.5 m/s. In a second part, the control of boundary layer separation on a NACA 0015 airfoil is investigated. An ac DBD, a multi-DBD and a nanosecond DBD are used to manipulate separation at a Reynolds number Re = 1.3μ106, with tripped and natural boundary layer. Results show that actuators can effectively remove the separation existing without actuation
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Tmenova, Tetiana. "Étude expérimentale de la décharge électrique pulsée dans l'eau." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30248.
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Bien que le procède de dispersion par arc électrique soit connu depuis un certain temps, le plasma formé durant ce procédé est encore peu étudié et compris. La complexité des phénomènes se produisant durant les décharges immergées génèrent de nouveaux obstacles à la caractérisation de tels plasmas, du fait de la faible taille et de la durée souvent très courte, les difficultés liées à l'environnement de la décharge, leur nature stochastique et la faible reproductibilité. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est l'étude du plasma se formant lors de la synthèse de colloïdes métalliques par un générateur de dispersion par étincelle électrique. Le premier résultat concluant de ce travail a été de démontrer la faisabilité de la spectroscopie optique d'émission pour le diagnostic de telles décharges. Les efforts réalisés pour le développement d'une approche expérimentale ont permis d'atteindre les objectifs de recherche. Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail permettent de tirer des conclusions intéressantes sur les propriétés physiques des plasmas de décharge électrique pulsée dans la configuration étudiée. La décharge est créée à partir d'un court-circuit et d'un amorçage par pont fondu. L'allumage de l'arc est caractérisé par la formation d'une bulle causée par une onde de choc de pression. L'imagerie rapide a permis de distinguer deux phases dans la durée de vie de la décharge : d'abord un plasma dans l'eau, puis un plasma à l'intérieur d'une bulle de gaz formée par la suite. Du point de vue de la condensation de la matière vaporisée, on peut s'attendre à ce que ces deux phases conduisent à des conditions de trempe différentes, et en conséquence des conditions de synthèse différentes. Dans le cas d'une décharge générée entre des électrodes en molybdène, une émission de lumière décroissant lentement après la fin de la décharge se produit, ce qui peut être attribué à l'éjection de particules métalliques érodées. La dissipation de l'énergie aux électrodes s'est avérée être différente pour le cuivre et le molybdène : du fait d'une conductivité thermique plus faible pour le molybdène, une part plus faible de l'énergie transférée aux électrodes conduit à une part plus importante de l'énergie fournie à la colonne d'arc. Les mesure par spectroscopie optique d'émission ont permis d'établir que la densité (~ 10 17 cm-3) et la température modérée (0.6 - 0.95 eV) du plasma correspondent à une pression supérieure à 1 bar. Il présente donc quelques effets non-idéaux, tels que l'élargissement et la forme asymétrique de la raie Ha et l'absence de la raie Hß. En général, les paramètres du plasma se sont avérés être relativement insensibles à la plupart des paramètres de la décharge, tels que le courant de décharge ou le type d'eau, les principales différences étant liées aux matériaux des électrodes utiliséesAlthough electric spark dispersion processes have been known for a while, the plasma created during this process is not well-studied and understood. The complexity of the phenomena occurring during the underwater electric discharges brings additional obstacles to experimental characterization of such plasmas imposed by as small sizes of plasma and their often-short duration, difficult environment of the discharge, its stochastic nature and poor reproducibility. The main objective of this thesis was set on the investigation of the plasma occurring during the synthesis of metal colloids by an electrospark dispersion generator. The first success of this work was simply to show the applicability of optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics to such discharges. The efforts made for the development of the effective experimental approach in order to meet this research objective have been well rewarded. The results obtained in this work allow to draw interesting conclusions about the physical properties of the underwater pulsed electric discharge plasma of the considered configuration. Discharge ignites from the short circuit and molten bridge mechanism. Ignition of the arc is characterized by formation of bubble resulting from a pressure shockwave. High-speed imaging allowed to distinguish two phases in the discharge lifetime: plasma in water, and plasma in bubble formed afterwards. From the vapor condensation point of view, these two phases presumably lead to different quenching conditions, and, consequently, to the different synthesis conditions. In the case of discharge generated between molybdenum electrodes, there is a slowly-decaying light emission after the end of the discharge which can be attributed to the ejection of eroded metallic particles. The energy dissipation on the electrodes was found to be different for copper and molybdenum: due to the lower thermal conductivity of molybdenum, smaller portion of energy transferred to the electrodes results in higher energy input into the arc column. Spectroscopic measurements allowed to establish that plasma density (~ 10 17 cm-3) and moderate temperature (0.6 - 0.95 eV) correspond to a pressure greater than 1 bar. Moreover, plasma presents several non-ideal effects, such as broadening and the asymmetrical shape of the Ha line and absence of Hß line. In general, plasma properties were found to be relatively insensitive to most of the discharge parameters, such as the discharge current or the type of liquid with the main differences being associated to the used electrodes material
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Karaoglan, Gulten. "Investigation Of Dc Generated Plasmas Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12612070/index.pdf.
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This thesis is on the topic of investigation of the characteristics of DC Glow Discharge plasmas. Emphasis is given on characterizing the plasma electron density. The methods of generating and detecting THz pulses are described. THz transmission spectroscopy and plasma emission spectroscopy is examined. Transmission spectrum is taken for Air, gaseous Nitrogen and Argon plasmas. Moreover, emission spectrum of Air, N2 and Ar plasma analysis were done respectively. It was found that the transmission of terahertz pulses through nitrogen plasma was considerably affected compared to that of the argon plasma. Initially Drude model theory of electron conduction is employed to analyze the plasma density.
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Tyl, Clémence. "Study of the memory effect in atmospheric pressure townsend discharges in nitrogen with addition of oxidizing gas : temporally and spatially resolved electrical and optical characterizations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30296.
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Les procédés plasma utilisant des décharges à barrières diélectriques (DBD) à pression atmosphérique sont une bonne alternative aux plasmas froids à basse pression pour de nombreuses applications comme le traitement de surface, le dépôt de couches minces, la stérilisation etc. En effet, ils permettent de s'affranchir des systèmes de pompage et donc de réaliser des traitements sur de grandes surfaces directement implantables sur des lignes de production. Cependant, les DBD sont généralement filamentaires, ce qui conduit à des dépôts non homogènes. Dans certaines conditions expérimentales (géométrie, nature du gaz, excitation etc.), on peut néanmoins obtenir une décharge homogène conduisant à un traitement homogène des surfaces. Néanmoins, les caractéristiques des DBD homogènes ne sont pas identiques en tout point de l'espace, notamment en raison du flux de gaz, mais aussi dans le cas de matériaux diélectriques avec un gradient de propriétés ou dans le cas de décharges auto-organisées. Afin de mieux caractériser la distribution spatiale de la décharge, un outil de mesure de densités locales de courant a été développé au cours de cette thèse. En effet, les mesures électriques sont un bon outil de caractérisation de la décharge donnant accès à de nombreux paramètres (courant de décharge, tension gaz, puissance dissipée etc.). Néanmoins, le courant mesuré est intégré sur toute la surface des électrodes. Pour pouvoir mesurer les courants localement, l'électrode de masse de la cellule de décharge de dimension 3×3 cm2 a été divisée en 64 segments, et un système d'acquisition a été développé afin de pouvoir acquérir les 64 courants mesurés simultanément avec une fréquence d'échantillonnage suffisante pour le traitement des données. Ce nouvel outil de diagnostics électriques peut être corrélé temporellement et spatialement à des mesures optiques par caméra intensifiée iCCD couplée à différents filtres optiques, donnant des informations sur les densités de certaines espèces dans le plasma. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la dissipation de puissance locale et de caractériser plus finement les espèces mises en jeu et les différents régimes de décharge, notamment l'obtention d'un régime homogène. Les DBD homogènes sont initiées par un claquage de type Townsend. Pour cela, une source de production d'électrons est nécessaire entre deux décharges, quand le champ électrique est inférieur au champ de claquage. Ce claquage est lié à un effet mémoire d'une décharge à l'autre, visible sur les mesures électriques, avec un saut du courant de décharge. Les hypothèses sur l'origine de cet effet mémoire peuvent être séparées en deux catégories.[...]Plasma processes at atmospheric pressure using Dielectric Barrier Discharges (DBD) are a good alternative to low pressure non-thermal plasma processes for various applications such as surface treatment, thin-film coating, sterilization etc. Indeed, they can be operated without complex vacuum facilities and allow the treatment of large surfaces that can be implemented directly into assembly lines. However, DBDs are usually filamentary, leading to non-homogeneous depositions on the treated surfaces. In certain condition depending on the experimental parameters (geometry, gas nature, power supply, etc.), a homogeneous discharge can be obtained leading to a uniform surface treatment. Nevertheless, even in the homogeneous mode, the DBDs properties are not necessarily the same at any point on the discharge surface, because of the gas flow circulation in particular, but also in case of materials with a properties gradient, or in case of self-organization phenomena. In order to better characterize the spatial distribution of the discharge, a new local electrical diagnostic tool to measure the local current densities has been developed during this thesis. Indeed, electrical measurements are widely used to characterize the DBDs as they give access to various parameters such as the gas voltage, discharge current, dissipated power etc. However, the measured current is integrated on all the surface of the electrodes. To be able to measure the local currents, the 3×3 cm2 ground electrode from the discharge cell has been divided into 64 segments, and a data acquisition system has been developed in order to simultaneously acquire the 64 measured currents with a high enough sampling rate for the data processing. This new electrical diagnostic tool can be correlated in time and space with optical measurements with an intensified iCCD camera, coupled with optical filters, to obtain information on the densities of some species in the plasma. The aim of this thesis is to better understand to local power dissipation, and to refine the characterization of the involved species in the different discharge regimes, especially to obtain a homogeneous regime. Homogeneous DBDs are ignited by a Townsend breakdown. For a Townsend breakdown to occur, a production source of seed electrons is necessary between two discharges, when the electric field is lower than the breakdown voltage. This breakdown is related to a memory effect from one discharge to the following one, that is visible on the electrical measurements with a discharge current jump. The hypotheses on the memory effect origin can be separated into two categories.[...]
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Fojtíková, Nikola. "Diagnostika plazmatu generovaného v atmosféře simulující podmínky na Marsu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445140.
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The aim of the diploma thesis was the diagnostics of plasma generated in the atmosphere simulating conditions on Mars. This diploma thesis is focused on the simulation of Mars’ atmosphere at atmospheric pressure and normal laboratory temperature. Due to the similar conditions of Mars' atmosphere with Earth, this planet has been explored in the past as well as up to now. Mars' atmosphere is composed mostly of carbon dioxide, which makes up more than 90 % of Mars' atmosphere. A glow discharge generated in a special reactor at atmospheric pressure at a flow of pure CO2 was used to simulate the atmosphere of Mars. Part of the measurement was performed only in pure CO2 with changing current of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mA. Part of the measurements was focused on the study of the effect of the addition of various gases, such as nitrogen, hydrogen and methane, at changes in their flow rates of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 sccm. The products formed in the special reactor were analysed using a mass spectrometer with proton ionization and with a flight time analyser. Optical emission spectrometry was used for plasma diagnostics and composition. Mainly simple aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were detected. With increasing flow rates of the individual gases, more complex aromatic compounds with higher molecular weights were formed. Corresponding mass and optical emission spectra were measured simultaneously.
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Goldberg, Benjamin M. "Electric Field Measurements in Non-Equilibrium ElectricDischarge Plasmas Using Picosecond Four-Wave Mixing." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1449236861.
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Wilson, Darren James. "Plasma treatment of polymers for modifying haemocompatibility." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367214.
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Júnior, Adonias Ribeiro Franco. "Obtenção de revestimentos dúplex por nitretação a plasma e PVD-TiN em aços ferramenta AISI D2 e AISI H13." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-02102003-114623/.
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No presente trabalho foi avaliado o efeito da microestrutura e da capacidade de suportar carregamento de camadas nitretadas produzidas em aços ferramenta AISI H13 e AISI D2 sobre a aderência e a resistência ao desgaste microabrasivo de revestimentos de TiN-PVD. Em cada um desses aços, foram produzidas camadas nitretadas de diferentes estruturas e espessuras, e foram determinadas experimentalmente as curvas potencial início de formação de camada branca, para a nitretação a 520oC. Para o aço ferramenta AISI H13, o emprego de tempos de pré-tratamento de nitretação mais prolongados ( aproximadamente 11 h) foi necessário para aprofundar a camada nitretada e, conseqüentemente, aumentar a capacidade de suportar carregamento dos revestimentos, evitando a formação de bordas que provocam o lascamento e a escamação das camadas de TiN. Observou-se que esse tipo de falha persiste se a zona de endurecimento for pouco profunda, uma vez que a transição de propriedades mecânicas da camada de TiN para o núcleo não nitretado continua abrupta e a capacidade de suportar carregamento da camada nitretada ainda é baixa. Por outro lado, curtos tempos de nitretação (aproximadamente 42 min.) foram suficientes para aumentar a aderência das camadas de TiN ao aço ferramenta D2, pois o núcleo não nitretado desse aço possui uma capacidade de suportar carregamento razoável. Observou-se que a resistência ao desgaste microabrasivo e a aderência dos revestimentos são prejudicadas com a presença de uma camada preta na interface camada de TiN/camada nitretada. Quando a superfície dos revestimentos é carregada, falhas do tipo casca de ovo facilmente ocorrem.In this work, the influence of both the microstructure and the load-bearing capacity of nitrided layers, formed on top of AISI D2 and AISI H13 tool steels, on adhesion and wear resistance of PVD-TiN coatings was studied. The threshold nitriding potential curves for the above mentioned steels and the optimum conditions of the pre-treatments which increased the adhesion as well as the wear resistance of the PVD-TiN were determined experimentally. By using longer nitriding times (about 11 h) and lower nitrogen contents in the gas mixture (about N2-5%vol.), it was possible to minimize the pile-up degree of the TiN/H13 nitrided substrates and, consequently, the occurrence of coatings chipping. This flaw persists when the nitrided layer is thin, due to an abrupt transition of mechanical properties at the TiN coating / steel core interface. Shorter nitriding times (about 42 min.) and lower nitrogen contents (about N2-5%vol.), on the other hand, are sufficient to guarantee a better adhesion of TiN coatings on AISI D2 tool steel, as the core of such steel possesses relatively better load-bearing capacity than the AISI H13 tool steel. The presence of a black layer at the TiN/nitrided layer interface was observed in all coatings deposited over nitrided layers produced above the threshold nitriding potential curves. This layer affects adversely the wear resistance and the adhesion of the TiN coatings. When higher loads are applied on the coated surface, egg shell type flaws easily occur.
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Ronchi, Gilson 1985. "Estudos de descargas de plasma contínuas." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278560.
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Orientador: Munemasa MachidaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: O conhecimento das condições para ruptura de gases e a formação de plasma são questões importantes, não apenas de interesse fundamental, mas também para muitas aplicações, tais como em deposição de filmes finos de óxido ou polímeros, limpeza de superfície de materiais ou implantação iônica, por exemplo. A ruptura de gases descrita pela lei de Paschen com a teoria de Townsend, na qual a tensão de ruptura é uma função do produto da pressão p do gás pela distância d entre os eletrodos, proporciona uma adequada descrição em certas condições, em gases sob baixa pressão, quando a distância entre os eletrodos é muito menor que o raio R dos mesmos. A medida que a razão desses valores aumenta, as curvas de Paschen são deslocadas para regiões de tensão de ruptura mais elevadas, bem como para valores pd mais elevados. Investigamos aqui, os motivos e as consequências desse fenômeno, bem como uma proposta de lei de escalas capaz de determinar a tensão de ruptura em condições distintas de descargas. Tal lei de escalas obtida empiricamente faz uso, além da pressão e distância dos eletrodos, da razão R/d, que surge naturalmente ao se considerar o processo de difusão na descarga. Discutimos ainda sobre as principais técnicas de diagnósticos aplicáveis ao plasma, para obtenção, por exemplo, das temperaturas e densidades eletrônicas/iônicas. Em particular, revisamos as técnicas de espectroscopia e sonda de Langmuir, que são técnicas importantes amplamente utilizadas
Abstract: The understanding of the gas breakdown mechanism and plasma formation are important issues not only of fundamental interests, but also for many applications such as oxide thin films or polymers deposition, surface cleaning and ion implantation, for example. The breakdown described by Paschen¿s law with Townsend¿s theory, where the breakdown voltage is a function of the product of the gas pressure p and the gap distance d, provides a very accurate description under certain conditions as in low pressure gases when the distance between the electrodes is much smaller than its radius R. As the ratio d/R increases, the Paschen curves are shifted to regions of higher breakdown voltage, as well as higher pd values. In this work we investigate the reasons and consequences of this phenomenon, as well as a scaling law capable of determining the breakdown voltage of discharges in different conditions. This scalling law, obtained empirically, uses the gas pressure, the electrodes gap distance and the ratio R/d, which arises naturally when one consider the diffusion process in the discharge. We also discuss the main diagnostic techniques applicable to plasma to obtain, for example, temperature and electronic/ionic density. In particular, we review the techniques of spectroscopy and Langmuir probe, which are important techniques widely used
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
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Němcová, Lucie. "Interakce plazmatu s kapalnou fází." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233370.
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Disertační práce se zabývá detailním studiem vlastností různých elektrických výbojů generovaných ve vodných roztocích. Tyto výboje se staly v posledním desetiletí velmi populárním tématem, a to zejména díky mnoha praktickým využitím jako například v biomedicíně, čištění odpadních vod, ekologii nebo nanoinženýrství. Studium je zaměřeno na generaci peroxidu vodíku, jakožto jednu z nejvýznamnějších částic generovaných právě elektrickými výboji v kapalinách. Pro první část této práce byla využita speciální výbojová komora zkonstruovaná na Fakultě chemické Vysokého Učení Technického v Brně. Komora byla rozdělena tenkou diafragmovou přepážkou na dvě poloviny, přičemž uvnitř přepážky se nacházela malá dírka. V každé části komory se nacházela jedna elektroda, a obě dvě části komory byly vyplněny kapalinou. Ze zdroje bylo do kapaliny aplikováno vysokofrekvenční napětí (1 a 2 kHz), které tak vlastně upravovalo roztok chloridu sodného (1.5 l). Bylo zjištěno, že tento druh napětí, v porovnání s DC, nezpůsobuje nežádoucí přehřívání roztoku (počáteční vodivost 100 - 800 S/cm) během jeho úpravy při zachování účinnosti produkce peroxidu. Experimentální aparatura pro druhou část práce byla sestavena na Gentské Univerzitě v Belgii. Stejnosměrný výboj byl generován v bublinách plynů (He, Ar, N2, vzduch) v prostředí vodných roztoků. Byla studována generace peroxidu vodíku a odbourávání organických barviv přítomných ve zkoumaném roztoku. Ke generaci peroxidu vodíku byl použit roztok NaH2PO4 . 2H2O (5 microS/cm, V= 750 ml), ke zkoumání rozkladu barviv byly použity roztoky organických barviv Direct Red 79 (20 mg/l) a Direct Blue 106 (20 mg/l, V= 750 ml). Minimální koncentrace peroxidu vodíku byla naměřena při aplikaci proudu 10 mA, zatímco maximální koncentrace peroxidu vodíku byla zaznamenána při použití proudu 30 mA. Rozklad organických barviv vykazoval stejné vlastnosti. Čím vyšší byla dodávaná energie, tím více barviva se odbouralo. Třetí část práce probíhala ve spolupráci s Queen's University of Belfast, Centrum for Plasma Physics, UK. K realizaci experimentů bylo využito vysokofrekvenčního plazmového skalpelu (Arthrocar). Bylo zjištěno, že hodnota koncentrace peroxidu vodíku dosahovala maxima v roztocích s nepatrným přídavkem alkoholu (0.25 %). Celkem byly studovány čtyři 0.15 M roztoky BaCl2, Na2CO3, KCl a NaCl (V= 20 ml), jejichž počáteční vodivost se pohybovala kolem 13 mS/cm. Z výsledků bylo patrné, že největší rozdíl hodnot pH byl zaznamenán u roztoků s přídavkem ethanolu. V optických emisních spektrech byly identifikovány především radikály OH, které jsou prekurzory peroxidu vodíku. Výsledky ukázaly, že plazma v takovémto roztoku je stále tvořeno, což může být považováno za první krok generace plazmatu v organických sloučeninách. Poslední část práce byla zaměřena na tzv. mikroplazmatický jet v přímém kontaktu s kapalnou fází. Tato experimentální práce byla realizována na pracovišti Nanotechnology & Integrated Bio-Engineering Centre (NIBEC), University of Ulster, UK během studijní stáže. Jako vodivé médium byl použit roztok trihydrátu kyseliny chlorozlatité s různou počáteční vodivostí. Zajímavým zjištěním je fakt, že při tomto druhu měření bylo generováno stabilní plazma i při velmi malém výbojovém proudu (0.05 a 0.2 mA), a tedy i peroxid vodíku vznikal při velmi malé vstupní energii, což může být považováno za velmi dobrý výsledek.
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Marcus, Francisco Alberto. "Instabilidade dinâmica das flutuações eletrostáticas em tokamaks." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-02082013-153147/.
Full textAbstract:
Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo do transporte de partículas em um plasma, confinado em um campo magnético uniforme, devido às ondas eletrostáticas de deriva. O modelo adotado consiste em descrever o movimento do centro de guia de uma partícula no campo magnético perpendicular a um campo elétrico radial perturbado pelas ondas de deriva. Usamos uma descrição Hamiltoniana para o movimento dos centros de guia. A velocidade de deriva produzida pelo campo elétrico radial é representada pela parte integrável da Hamiltoniana e a esta foram adicionadas perturbações periódicas representando as flutuações do campo elétrico associadas às ondas de deriva. Assim, obtemos órbitas caóticas que determinam o transporte radial das partículas. Apresentamos, para várias condições de equilíbrio, a variação do transporte radial de partículas com a amplitude da perturbação. Utilizamos dados experimentais, sobre a turbulência eletrostática no tokamak TBR-1, para verificar a validade do modelo e a importância das ondas de deriva no transporte radial das partículas. Comparamos os valores do coeficiente de difusão experimental com os do modelo e obtivemos os resultados com a mesma ordem de grandeza.In this work we have studied the transport of particles in a magnetically confined plasma, due to electrostatic drift waves. The adopted model describes the trajectory of the guiding center of a particle in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to a radial electric field perturbed by drift waves. We have used the Hamiltonian description for the guiding center trajectory. The drift produced by the radial electric field is represented by the integrable part of the Hamiltonian, while the other part contains periodic perturbations representing the fluctuations of the electric field associated to the drift waves. In this way we obtain chaotic orbits that determine the particles radial transport. For several balance conditions, we present the variation of the radial transport of particles with the amplitude of the perturbation. V/e have used the experimental data of the electrostatic turbulence measured in TBR-1 tokamak to verify, the validity of the model and the importance of the drift waves in the particles radial transport. We have also compared the values of the experimental diffusion coefficient with those provided by using the model, obtaining results with the same order of magnitude.
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Ongkodjojo, Ong Andojo. "Electrohydrodynamic Microfabricated Ionic Wind Pumps for Electronics Cooling Applications." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1354638816.
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Richard, Frédéric. "Etude et caracterisation d'une decharge electrique glissante dans l'air a pression atmospherique." Orléans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ORLE2061.
Full textAbstract:
Les arcs glissants qui se deplacent dans un ecoulement de gaz entre deux electrodes profilees en forme de tuyere permettent d'obtenir a la pression atmospherique et aux pressions plus elevees des plasmas hors equilibre caracterises a la fois par de fortes densites electroniques (superieures a 10#1#4 cm#-#3) et des champs electriques eleves de l'ordre de 10#4 v/m. Ces dispositifs sont interessants et prometteurs pour de nombreuses applications industrielles dans le domaine de la plasma chimie (destruction des composes organiques volatils (cov), desulfuration des gaz et reduction de h#2s, valorisation du methane, transformation du protoxyde d'azote n#2o en no#x). Ce travail porte sur l'etude d'une telle decharge alimentee a partir d'une source electrique continue, dans l'air a pression atmospherique. Plusieurs methodes de diagnostics ont ete utilisees (photographie rapide avec une camera dtc intensifiee, capteurs optoelectroniques, mesures electriques, spectrometrie moleculaire). Les resultats obtenus ont montre que le comportement de ces decharges peut etre decrit a l'aide de modeles relativement simples et ont permis de mettre en evidence les differents parametres importants qui caracterisent le fonctionnement du dispositif (debit de gaz, tension, intensite du courant, distance minimale des electrodes). L'arc glissant peut etre decrit comme un fin cordon de plasma (diametre 1 mm) a haute temperature (6000 k), entoure d'une gaine plasmagene a plus basse temperature (3000 k) hors equilibre et contenant de nombreuses especes moleculaires excitees. Celui-ci se deplace et s'allonge sous l'effet des forces d'entrainement exercees par le flux de gaz. Une difference de vitesse importante entre le gaz et l'arc glissant produit un refroidissement efficace et deplace le regime de fonctionnement depuis le regime d'arc vers un regime de decharge luminescente. La tension aux bornes de l'arc augmente proportionnellement a son allongement et la tension maximale atteinte, correspond a la tension de claquage au col des electrodes (tension de paschen) qui provoque l'amorcage d'un nouvel arc. Cette etude constitue un progres significatif dans la connaissance des phenomenes physiques associes a l'arc glissant. Cependant, le dernier chapitre de ce travail qui est consacre a l'etude de la formation de no#x dans l'arc, revele l'ampleur du travail restant a accomplir pour maitriser parfaitement les phenomenes physico-chimiques intervenant dans ce type de decharge
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Akbar, Demiral Salih. "The Non-uniform Argon Dc Glow Discharge System Parameters Measured With Fast Three Couples Of Double Probe." Phd thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607109/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The non-uniform dc glow discharge plasma system is studied by using isolated computer controlled three couples of double probe system (TCDP) in argon gas, simultaneously. TCDP system has been developed to use for magnetized, unmagnetized, and for low oscillating plasma systems by using low pass filter with optically isolated circuitry to minimize the measurement errors with higher resolution and accuracy. Difference in the shapes and diameters of the discharge tube from region to region leads to change in the positive column
glow discharge properties. This is because the positive column
inhomogeneities, rising from the increase in the electron densities at the small tube radius region than the large one. Therefore, the axial electric field and the electron temperature have been diverted from their normal behavior in the positive column. However, at the large radius regions, the axial electric field seams to stay approximately constant at higher discharge currents.
On the other hand, In this work the radial dependence of the
electron temperature, density, floating potential, and the
normalized probe radius (ξ
=rp&
#955
D) has been investigated. Since, the probe radius is smaller than Debye length, the orbital motion limited (OML) theory has been used. As a result, the electron temperature (at the center) decreased and density increased with decreasing tube radius, and they have maximum values at the first probe (near the cathode). The electron density ne was observed to decrease and electron temperature Te to increase with increasing the discharge current. The floating potential has less negative value with decreasing tube radius except at the higher currents. Finally, it has been found that the &
#958
is proportional with electron density, but it remains constant depending on the value of Te and ne.
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Javidi, Shirvan Alireza. "Modelling of Electric Arc Welding : arc-electrode coupling." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för maskinteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-5826.
Full textAbstract:
Arc welding still requires deeper process understanding and more accurateprediction of the heat transferred to the base metal. This can be provided by CFD modelling.Most works done to model arc discharge using CFD consider the arc corealone. Arc core simulation requires applying extrapolated experimental data asboundary conditions on the electrodes. This limits the applicability. To become independent of experimental input the electrodes need to be included in the arcmodel. The most critical part is then the interface layer between the electrodesand the arc core. This interface is complex and non-uniform, with specific physicalphenomena.The present work reviews the concepts of plasma and arc discharges that areuseful for this problem. The main sub-regions of the model are described, andtheir dominant physical roles are discussed.The coupled arc-electrode model is developed in different steps. First couplingsolid and fluid regions for a simpler problem without complex couplinginterface. This is applied to a laser welding problem using the CFD softwareOpenFOAM. The second step is the modelling of the interface layer betweencathode and arc, or cathode layer. Different modelling approaches available inthe literature are studied to determine their advantages and drawbacks. One ofthem developed by Cayla is used and further improved so as to satisfy the basicprinciples of charge and energy conservation in the different regions of thecathode layer. A numerical procedure is presented. The model, implementedin MATLAB, is tested for different arc core and cathode conditions. The maincharacteristics calculated with the interface layer model are in good agreementwith the reference literature. The future step will be the implementation of theinterface layer model in OpenFOAM.
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Roettgen, Andrew M. "Vibrational Energy Distribution, Electron Density and Electron Temperature Behavior in Nanosecond Pulse Discharge Plasmas by Raman and Thomson Scattering." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1428940661.
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Andreu, i. Batallé Jordi. "Plasma de silà amb confinament electrostàtic per a la obtenció de silici amorf hidrogenat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670243.
Full textAbstract:
El silici amorf hidrogenat (a-Si:H) s’ha convertit en el material semiconductor en capa prima més estudiat en els últims anys. Aquest esforç investigador està en gran part motivat pel gran nombre d’aplicacions industrial, com ara les cèl·lules solars en capa prima i baix preu de producció, les matrius de transistors d’efecte de camp per al direccionament de pantalles planes, la nova generació de sensors d’imatge, fotoreceptors per fotocopiadores i impressores làser...
El primer silici amorf amb bones propietats semiconductores s’aconseguí el 1969, en desenvolupar-se una nova tècnica per a dipositar silici amorf mitjançant una descàrrega elèctrica en gas silà (SiH(4)) Ja en aquesta fase inicial de la recerca es va intentar utilitzar altres tècniques i s’obtingueren grans diferències segons quina fos la tècnica utilitzada. De totes elles, la descàrrega elèctrica en gas silà és la que permès la producció de a-Si:H en millors propietats. S’ha observat, però, una gran influència de les condicions de descàrrega en les propietats de les capes dipositades. Això fa que sigui molt interessant l’estudi de les característiques del plasma que puguin tenir relació amb les propietats del a-Si:H dipositat, així com la recerca de nous sistemes de dipòsit per tal d’obtenir capes amb bones característiques.
L’objectiu del treball és l’estudi dels paràmetres del plasma de silà i la seva correlació amb els paràmetres tecnològics de la descàrrega. S’ha començat estudiant la descàrrega en gas argó, la qual ha facilitat la posta a punt del sistema de mesura. El dispositiu experimental i les tècniques de mesura utilitzades (capítol 1) ens han permès les mesures dels paràmetres corresponents a les poblacions d’electrons en el plasma d’argó (capítol 2) i en el plasma de silà (capítol 3), així com el càlcul de les densitats d’electrons en funció de l’energia per ambdós tipus de plasma i l’ajust d’aquestes mitjançant la suma de distribucions de Maxwell (capítol 4). Finalment, les mesures realitzades amb l’analitzador d’energia iònica ens han permès estudiar el bombardeig dels electrons sobre el substrat (capítol 5).