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Journal articles on the topic 'Electrical cycling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 December 2024

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1

Muraki, Satoshi, Ché Fornusek, Jacqui Raymond, and Glen Macartney Davis. "Muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in paraplegics." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 3 (March 2007): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-007.

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This study investigated cardiorespiratory responses and muscle oxygenation during prolonged electrical stimulation (ES)-evoked leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia (PARA). Four PARA and 6 able-bodied (AB) persons participated in this study. Subjects performed 10 min of passive cycling and 40 min of active cycling (PARA, ES cycling; AB, voluntary cycling) at workloads selected to elicit an equivalent oxygen uptake between groups. Cycling power output, cardiorespiratory responses, mechanical efficiency, and quadriceps muscle oxygenation (measured with near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured over the duration of the exercise. Oxygen uptake was similar in both groups during active cycling (PARA, 737 ± 177 mL·min–1; AB, 840 ± 90 mL·min–1). The cycling power output for PARA individuals commenced at 8.8 W, but varied considerably over 40 min. PARA individuals demonstrated markedly lower gross mechanical efficiency (~1.3%) during ES cycling compared with AB individuals performing voluntary exercise (~12.6%). During ES cycling, muscle oxygen saturation (SO2) decreased to approximately 72 ± 19%, whereas SO2 during volitional cycling was unaltered from resting levels. Muscle oxygenated haemoglobin initially decreased (–23%) during ES cycling, but returned to resting levels after 10 min. Deoxygenated haemoglobin initially rose during the first 5 min of ES cycling, and remained elevated by 28% thereafter. Upon cessation of ES cycling, lower-limb muscle oxygenation increased (+93%), suggesting reactive hyperaemia in PARA individuals after such exercise. During ES cycling, muscle oxygenation followed a different pattern to that observed in AB individuals performing voluntary cycling at an equivalent VO2. Equilibrium between oxygen demand and oxygen delivery was reached during prolonged ES cycling, despite the lack of neural adjustments of leg vasculature in the paralyzed lower limbs.

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Dixon, Warren, and Matthew Bellman. "Cycling." Mechanical Engineering 138, no. 09 (September 1, 2016): S3—S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2016-sep-4.

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This article presents an overview of a control systems perspective. An electric field when applied to yield functional tasks is called as functional electrical stimulation (FES). FES is commonly prescribed as a treatment for various neurological disorders. Given the existence of regions in the crank cycle where it is inefficient to produce torque, a motor can be included as another torque source. FES control of the muscles yields cadence tracking in torque efficient regions, while the motor yields cadence tracking when it is efficient for the limbs to produce torque. The inclusion of a motor enables switching between stable systems and eliminates the need for the development of sufficient dwell-time conditions. Hence, the development of adaptive switched controllers for motorized FES-cycling systems may have a closer horizon. The inclusion of a motor also expands the possible control objectives that can be pursued.

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Pilutti, Lara A., Thomas Edwards, Robert W. Motl, and Emerson Sebastião. "Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling Exercise in People with Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of MS Care 21, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2018-048.

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Abstract Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is an advanced rehabilitation modality that involves systematic mild electrical stimulation of focal muscle groups to produce leg cycling movement against an adjustable work rate. The present study reports on the efficacy of an assessor-blinded, pilot randomized controlled trial of supervised FES cycling exercise in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) on secondary trial outcomes, including cognition, fatigue, pain, and health-related quality of life. Methods: Eleven adult participants with MS were randomized to receive FES cycling exercise (n = 6) or passive leg cycling (n = 5) for 24 weeks. Cognitive processing speed was assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Symptoms of fatigue and pain were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Physical and psychological health-related quality of life were assessed using the 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale. Results: Eight participants (four, FES; four, passive leg cycling) completed the intervention and outcome assessments. The FES cycling exercise resulted in moderate-to-large improvements in cognitive processing speed (d = 0.53), fatigue severity (d = −0.92), fatigue impact (d = −0.45 to −0.68), and pain symptoms (d = −0.67). The effect of the intervention on cognitive performance resulted in a clinically meaningful change, based on established criteria. Conclusions: We provide preliminary evidence for the benefits of FES cycling exercise on cognition and symptoms of fatigue and pain. Appropriately powered randomized controlled trials of FES cycling exercise are necessary to determine its efficacy for people with MS.

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Gfohler, M., and P. Lugner. "Cycling by means of functional electrical stimulation." IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 2000): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/86.847825.

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Shariat, Ardalan, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Brandon S. Shaw, Ramin Kordi, Mehdi Kargarfard, and Ina Shaw. "CYCLING TRAINING AND FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR POST-STROKE PATIENTS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 4 (August 2018): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182404187549.

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ABSTRACT Introducion: Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adults worldwide. The prevalence of stroke in developing countries such as South Africa and Iran is growing, especially in an increasingly younger population. In Iran, the annual stroke incidence ranges from 23 to 103 per 100,000 inhabitants, with the rate being higher in those aged 15-45 years. Problematically, almost 50% of stroke patients face difficulties in performing activities of daily living, hence the importance of functional rehabilitation. These factors necessitate cost-effective solutions in developing countries, where there is insufficient research focused on practical solutions for treatment/rehabilitation. Objective: We hypothesize that while progressive cycling training would activate cortical regions and that cycling speed feedback could lead to additional cortical activations and resultant improvements in cycling performance, combined cycling training and functional electrical stimulation would result in superior improvements in cycling performance, aerobic capacity, and functional performance in post-stroke patients. Conclusions: Ultimately, we expect this hypothesis to provide a useful framework for facilitating combined cycling and functional electrical stimulation rehabilitation research in post-stroke patient populations. Level of Evidence V; Expert opinion.

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Harrington, Ann Tokay, Calum G. A. McRae, and Samuel C. K. Lee. "Evaluation of Functional Electrical Stimulation to Assist Cycling in Four Adolescents with Spastic Cerebral Palsy." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/504387.

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Introduction. Adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) often have difficulty participating in exercise at intensities necessary to improve cardiovascular fitness. Functional electrical stimulation- (FES-) assisted cycling is proposed as a form of exercise for adolescents with CP. The aims of this paper were to adapt methods and assess the feasibility of applying FES cycling technology in adolescents with CP, determine methods of performing cycling tests in adolescents with CP, and evaluate the immediate effects of FES assistance on cycling performance.Materials/Methods. Four participants (12–14 years old; GMFCS levels III-IV) participated in a case-based pilot study of FES-assisted cycling in which bilateral quadriceps muscles were activated using surface electrodes. Cycling cadence, power output, and heart rate were collected.Results. FES-assisted cycling was well tolerated (n=4) and cases are presented demonstrating increased cadence (2–43 rpm), power output (19–70%), and heart rates (4-5%) and decreased variability (8–13%) in cycling performance when FES was applied, compared to volitional cycling without FES assistance. Some participants (n=2) required the use of an auxiliary hub motor for assistance.Conclusions. FES-assisted cycling is feasible for individuals with CP and may lead toimmediateimprovements in cycling performance. Future work will examine the potential for long-term fitness gains using this intervention.

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Berkelmans, Rik. "Fes cycling." Journal of Automatic Control 18, no. 2 (2008): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jac0802073b.

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Many research with functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been done to regain mobility and for health benefits. Better results have been reported for FES-cycling than for FES-walking. The majority of the subjects during such research are people with a spinal cord injury (SCI), cause they often lost skin sensation. Besides using surface stimulation also implanted stimulators can be used. This solves the skin sensation problem, but needs a surgery. Many physiological effects of FES-cycling has been reported, e.g., increase of muscles, better blood flow, reduction of pressure ulcers, improved self-image and some reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Also people with an incomplete SCI benefit by FES-cycling, e.g. cycling time without FES, muscle strength and also the walking abilities increased. Hybrid exercise gives an even better cardiovascular training. Presently 4 companies are involved in FES-cycling. They all have a stationary mobility trainer. Two of them also use an outdoor tricycle. One combined with voluntary arm cranking. By optimizing the stimulation parameters the power output and fatigue resistance will increase, but will still be less compared to voluntary cycling.

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Venables, M. "SportsTech: Cycling." Engineering & Technology 8, no. 6 (July 1, 2013): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2013.0615.

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Mate, Ms Suzie, Dr Nicholas Corr, Dr Daniel Hackett, Professor Michael Barnett, Prof Maria A. Fiatarone Singh AM, and Dr Ché Fornusek. "FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION COMBINED WITH VOLUNTARY CYCLING ACCENTUATES VO2 RESPONSE IN PEOPLE WITH ADVANCED MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A PILOT STUDY." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 13, s2 (May 1, 2024): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-7629-13-s2.379.

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INTRODUCTION & AIMS Lower limb muscle weakness and reduced balance due to disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) may make robust aerobic exercise difficult. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling combined with voluntary cycling may allow people with advanced MS to enhance the intensity of aerobic exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory, power, and participant perceptions during acute bouts of FES cycling, voluntary cycling, and FES cycling combined with voluntary cycling (FES assist cycling). METHODS Participants with advanced MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] ≥ 6.0) undertook three exercise trials on a leg cycle ergometer. Trial 1: 30 minutes of FES cycling; Trial 2: two 10-minute bouts of voluntary cycling separated by 10 minutes rest; and Trial 3: a combination of trials 1 and 2 (FES assist cycling). Outcome measures included VO2, cycle power output, heart rate, exertion, and post-exercise perceptions of fatigue. RESULTS Ten people with advanced MS participated (9 female; age 52.4±9.98 y; EDSS 7.1±0.6). Average VO2 during the 30-minute trials was significantly higher for FES assist cycling compared to voluntary cycling (429.7 ± 111.0 vs 388.5 ± 101.0 mL/min, 95% CI 23.4 to 113.0 mL/min, p=0.01), with a large effect size (Hedges’ g=1.04). Participants reported similar perceptions of exertion at the end of each trial (p=0.14). There was no difference in self-reported fatigue at the end of each trial (p=0.21). CONCLUSION This study found FES assist cycling produced significantly higher VO2 values than voluntary cycling, although the clinical significance of these differences is unknown. Participants performed FES assist cycling at a self-reported levels of exertion consistent with moderate to vigorous intensity, however it was considered light-intensity exercise when expressed by METS. FES assist cycling was no more fatiguing post-exercise than the other modes.

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Lim, Jin-Hwan, Mi-Seon Choi, and Tae-Hyun Nam. "Effect of Thermal Cycling on Transformation Behavior of Ti–24Nb–1Mo Alloy (at.%)." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 6792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18787.

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The effect of thermal cycling on the transformation behavior of a Ti–24Nb–1Mo alloy was investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile test and Vickers hardness tests. Electrical resistivity changes were not observed in all alloys. It indicates that thermally induced martensitic transformation does not take place in the alloys. After thermal cycling between 298 K and 77 K, clear X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to ωath phase, which did not exist before thermal cycling, were observed. Volume fraction of ωath phase increased as increasing the number of thermal cycling. ωath phase formed during thermal cycling increased hardness of the alloy. Although thermally induced martensitic transformation did not occur in the alloys, superelastic deformation behavior was observed in the alloys. The superelastic recovery ratio decreased from 81% to 41% by increasing the number of thermal cycling, which came from the increase in the volume fraction of ωath phase.

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INOUE, Takashi, Yasumi YOSHUDA, Tomohisa INADA, Yoshihiko TAGAWA, Naoto SHIBA, and Toshiyasu Yamamoto. "Control of cycling movement induced by electrical stimulation." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.6 (2004): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.6.0_95.

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Fornusek, C., T. H. Gwinn, and R. Heard. "Cardiorespiratory responses during functional electrical stimulation cycling and electrical stimulation isometric exercise." Spinal Cord 52, no. 8 (June 3, 2014): 635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2014.85.

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Nazir, Arnengsih. "The effect of a combination of functional electrical stimulation and cycle ergometer (FES-cycling) on physiological changes and functional ability in patients with ICU-acquired weakness." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 27, no. 5 (July 10, 2023): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v27i5.2315.

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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is the most common complication found in the intensive care unit (ICU) patients, especially those on prolonged use of mechanical ventilation (MV). It is known to cause poor long-term outcomes, and early rehabilitation (ER) intervention has been proved to be useful in improving muscle strength, physical function, and quality of life of ICU survivors. Several obstacles, such as patients’ medical condition and limited availability of equipment or trained personnel, interfere with ER. Passive ER including functional electrical stimulation (FES) and cycling were found to be effective. The combination of FES with a cycle ergometer (FES cycling) can be implemented, but research on using this modality in the ICU is still limited. This review aimed at providing information on the use of FES cycling in ICU patients to explain its effect on physiological changes and functional abilities. The physiological effects of FES cycling are obtained through local metabolic changes in muscles due to FES and increased cardiovascular responses due to muscle contraction during cycling. Its effects on muscle strength, cross-section area, days free of MV, mobilization, cognitive ability, delirium, and quality of life were positive, and only rarely adverse events occurred during the intervention. To conclude, the use of FES cycling in the prevention and treatment of ICU-AW can be considered since this modality causes positive physiological effects and has proven safe. Abbreviations: EM – Early Mobilization; ER- early rehabilitation; FES - functional electrical stimulation; ICU-AW - Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness; MV - mechanical ventilation; NMBA - neuromuscular blocking agents; PICS - post-intensive care syndrome; NMES - neuromuscular electrical stimulation; Key words: Electrical Stimulation; Intensive Care Unit; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Strength; Quality of Life Citation: Nazir A. The effect of a combination of functional electrical stimulation and cycle ergometer (FES-cycling) on physiological changes and functional ability in patients with ICU-acquired weakness. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(5):599−606; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i5.2315 Received: July 03, 2023; Reviewed & Accepted: August 18, 2023

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Edwards, Thomas, Robert W. Motl, and Lara A. Pilutti. "Cardiorespiratory demand of acute voluntary cycling with functional electrical stimulation in individuals with multiple sclerosis with severe mobility impairment." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 1 (January 2018): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0397.

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Exercise training is one strategy for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, few modalities are accessible for those with severe mobility impairment. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling is an adapted exercise modality with the potential for improving CRF in people with severe MS. The objective of this study was to characterize the cardiorespiratory response of acute voluntary cycling with FES in people with MS with severe mobility impairment, and to compare this response to passive leg cycling. Eleven participants with MS that required assistance for ambulation completed a single bout of voluntary cycling with FES or passive leg cycling. Oxygen consumption, heart rate (HR), work rate (WR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the session. For the FES group, mean exercising oxygen consumption was 8.7 ± 1.8 mL/(kg·min)−1, or 63.5% of peak oxygen consumption. Mean HR was 102 ± 9.7 bpm, approximately 76.4% of peak HR. Mean WR was 27.0 ± 9.2 W, or 57.3% of peak WR, and median RPE was 13.5 (interquartile range = 5.5). Active cycling with FES was significantly (p < 0.05) more intense than passive leg cycling based on oxygen consumption, HR, WR, and RPE during exercise. In conclusion, voluntary cycling with FES elicited an acute response that corresponded with moderate-to vigorous-intensity activity, suggesting that active cycling with FES can elicit a sufficient stimulus for improving CRF.

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Chailloux, Thibaut, Cyril Calvez, Pascal Bevilacqua, Dominique Planson, and Dominique Tournier. "Experimental Investigation of Electro-thermal Stress Impact on SiC-BJTs Electrical Characteristics." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2013, HITEN (January 1, 2013): 000290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-wp14.

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The aim of this study consists in investigating the effects of electrical and thermal stresses on SiC n-p-n bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). The stability of the electrical characteristics of BJTs is inspected under switching operation, DC operation, temperature cycling and continuous thermal stress up to 225°C. While switching operation and temperature cycling for several hours lead to significant changes at 25°C, the electrical characteristics were little degraded at high temperature. Besides, DC operation and continuous thermal stress did not result in significant degradation at all, both at room temperature and at high temperature.

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Dolbow, David R., Ines Bersch, Ashraf S. Gorgey, and Glen M. Davis. "The Clinical Management of Electrical Stimulation Therapies in the Rehabilitation of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2024): 2995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102995.

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Background: People with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) often have trouble remaining active because of paralysis. In the past, exercise recommendations focused on the non-paralyzed muscles in the arms, which provides limited benefits. However, recent studies show that electrical stimulation can help engage the paralyzed extremities, expanding the available muscle mass for exercise. Methods: The authors provide an evidence-based approach using expertise from diverse fields, supplemented by evidence from key studies toward the management of electrical stimulation therapies in individuals with SCIs. Literature searches were performed separately using the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar search engines. The keywords used for the searches included functional electrical stimulation cycling, hybrid cycling, neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, muscle strength, muscle mass, bone mass, upper limb treatment, diagnostic and prognostic use of functional electrical stimulation, tetraplegic hands, and hand deformities after SCI. The authors recently presented this information in a workshop at a major rehabilitation conference. Additional information beyond what was presented at the workshop was added for the writing of this paper. Results: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling can improve aerobic fitness and reduce the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The evidence indicates that while both FES leg cycling and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) resistance training can increase muscle strength and mass, NMES resistance training has been shown to be more effective for producing muscle hypertrophy in individual muscle groups. The response to the electrical stimulation of muscles can also help in the diagnosis and prognosis of hand dysfunction after tetraplegia. Conclusions: Electrical stimulation activities are safe and effective methods for exercise and testing for motor neuron lesions in individuals with SCIs and other paralytic or paretic conditions. They should be considered part of a comprehensive rehabilitation program in diagnosing, prognosing, and treating individuals with SCIs to improve function, physical activity, and overall health.

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Zinner, Christoph, Manuel Matzka, Sebastian Krumscheid, Hans-Christer Holmberg, and Billy Sperlich. "Cardiorespiratory, Metabolic and Perceived Responses to Electrical Stimulation of Upper‐Body Muscles While Performing Arm Cycling." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0016.

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Abstract This study was designed to assess systemic cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to incremental arm cycling with concurrent electrical myostimulation (EMS). Eleven participants (24 ± 3 yrs; 182 ± 10 cm; 86 ± 16.8 kg) performed two incremental tests involving arm cycling until volitional exhaustion was reached with and without EMS of upper-body muscles. The peak power output was 10.1% lower during arm cycling with (128 ± 30 W) than without EMS (141 ± 25 W, p = 0.01; d = 0.47). In addition, the heart rate (2-9%), oxygen uptake (7-15%), blood lactate concentration (8-46%) and ratings of perceived exertion (4-14%) while performing submaximal arm cycling with EMS were all higher with than without EMS (all p < 0.05). Upon exhaustion, the heart rate, oxygen uptake, lactate concentration, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between the two conditions (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, arm cycling with EMS induced more pronounced cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses, especially during submaximal arm cycling. This form of exercise with stimulation might be beneficial for a variety of athletes competing in sports involving considerable generation of work by the upper body (e.g., kayaking, cross-country skiing, swimming, rowing and various parasports).

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Kajganic, Petar, Vance Bergeron, and Amine Metani. "ICEP: An Instrumented Cycling Ergometer Platform for the Assessment of Advanced FES Strategies." Sensors 23, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073522.

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Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling has seen an upsurge in interest over the last decade. The present study describes the novel instrumented cycling ergometer platform designed to assess the efficiency of electrical stimulation strategies. The capabilities of the platform are showcased in an example determining the adequate stimulation patterns for reproducing a cycling movement of the paralyzed legs of a spinal cord injury (SCI) subject. Methods: Two procedures have been followed to determine the stimulation patterns: (1) using the EMG recordings of the able-bodied subject; (2) using the recordings of the forces produced by the SCI subject’s stimulated muscles. Results: the stimulation pattern derived from the SCI subject’s force output was found to produce 14% more power than the EMG-derived stimulation pattern. Conclusions: the cycling platform proved useful for determining and assessing stimulation patterns, and it can be used to further investigate advanced stimulation strategies.

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Alhendi, Mohammed, Jack P. Lombardi, Guvinder S. Khinda, Maan Z. Kokash, Darshana L. Weerawarne, Peter Borgesen, Mark D. Poliks, Nancy C. Stoffel, and Joe Iannotti. "Fatigue Cycling of Electrical Interconnects Dispensed on Flexible Substrate." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000543.

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Abstract In the presented work, electrical traces were directly printed on 2 mil thick polyimide flexible substrate by a dispenser system using two different silver pastes, SW 1400 paste from Asahi Co. and 125-13 HV paste from Creative Materials Co. The dispenser printing parameters were optimized to achieve the finest possible line width and the printing quality of both materials was investigated. The electrical behavior of the dispensed traces was investigated by monitoring the change in the electrical resistance of the test samples during fatigue cycling at different strains, strain percentage of 1.50%, 2.0%, and 2.5% for different number of cycles up to 1000 cycles. The life time of the dispensed traces versus the applied strain was modeled using Coffin-Manson relation setting 20% change in the initial resistance as the failure criteria. Based on the change in the trace resistance during testing, we concluded that the dispensed SW 1400 silver paste traces were less robust than the dispensed 125-13 HV traces. The finer microstructure, smaller particle size, and shorter inter particles distances of the 125-13 HV silver paste enhanced its durability when subject to fatigue cycling. Moreover, 125-13 HV paste presented better and more uniform printed traces.

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Janssen, Thomas W., Peter A. Koppe, Manin H. Konijnenbelt, Arnold de Haan, Marijke Beltman, and Karin Gerrits. "Electrical Stimulation-assisted Cycling Training In Patients With Stroke." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00666.

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Janssen, Thomas W., Peter A. Koppe, Manin H. Konijnenbelt, Arnold de Haan, Marijke Beltman, and Karin Gerrits. "Electrical Stimulation-assisted Cycling Training In Patients With Stroke." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00666.

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Fitzwater, Roger. "A Personal User's View of Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling." Artificial Organs 26, no. 3 (March 2002): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1594.2002.06936.x.

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Meyer, Daniel, Moritz Steffan, and Veit Senner. "Impact of Electrical Assistance on Physiological Parameters During Cycling." Procedia Engineering 72 (2014): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.026.

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Pennycott, A., and K. J. Hunt. "Cadence control system for paediatric functional electrical stimulation cycling." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 5, no. 3 (July 2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2010.04.001.

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Chen, Chien-Chih, Zong-Cian He, and Ya-Hsin Hsueh. "An EMG Feedback Control Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling System." Journal of Signal Processing Systems 64, no. 2 (November 19, 2009): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-009-0425-5.

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Tran, Quang Nhat, Thuan Ngoc Vo, Il Tae Kim, Ji Hyeon Kim, Dal Ho Lee, and Sang Joon Park. "Nanocrystalline Cellulose Supported MnO2 Composite Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 6619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216619.

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The rate capability and poor cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are predominantly caused by the large volume expansion upon cycling and poor electrical conductivity of manganese dioxide (MnO2), which also exhibits the highest theoretical capacity among manganese oxides. In this study, a nanocomposite of nanosized MnO2 and pyrolyzed nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) was prepared with high electrical conductivity to enhance the electrochemical performance of LIBs. The nanocomposite electrode showed an initial discharge capacity of 1302 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and exhibited a high discharge capacity of 305 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. Moreover, the MnO2-CNC nanocomposite delivered a good rate capability of up to 10 A g−1 and accommodated the large volume change upon repeated cycling tests.

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Luo, Yan Yan, Li Xin Wang, Ke Li, Ming Ming Lei, Guo Jin Liu, Hong Xun Liu, Xiao Ning Li, Yong Long Ren, and Xiao Jun Zhang. "Effect of Temperature Cycling on Stress Relaxation Behavior of Electrical Connector Contacts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.86.

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This paper mainly studies the effect of temperature cycling on stress relaxation behavior of contacts for electrical connectors. Based on the analysis of the test specifications of electrical connectors, this paper provides a kind of test method on stress relaxation behavior of electrical connector contacts under temperature cycling conditions. The detecting circuit is designed; the test is carried out and finally, according to the test data, it can be concluded that 1) for the same temperature change, the absolute change of strain within the temperatures above zero is bigger than that within the subzero temperatures; 2) the deformation of contacts gradually increases as the number of cycles increases. The length of the degradation process for electrical connectors might be related with the high temperature value, temperature variation or temperature variation rate.

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Rao, Dr Kola Leleedhar. "Cycling of Induced Magnets (CIM) – Principle: A New Discovery." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100348.

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Cycling of Induced Magnets (CIM) within the interruption of repulsion is a new discovered phenomenon that utilizes the inherent induction and repulsion properties of magnetic materials. The cyclic motion of magnetic conductors, the effect of CIM, is utilized to facilitate the prime mover action for generation of electrical energy as per Faraday’s law. This CIM may leads to the innovation and development of new technology in the area of electrical power generation. In this paper the foundation stage, which can be referred as ‘Zero Base’ stage of the new discovered principle of CIM, is stated and detailed cause effect and orientation prospects for the justification of the principle is discussed. The application of the outcome of CIM for electrical power generation possibility is also presented.

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Alderson, A. "Sports tech: assisted cycling." Engineering & Technology 10, no. 11 (December 1, 2015): 82–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2015.1111.

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Baigonakova, G. A., E. S. Marchenko, L. A. Kolomiets, A. L. Chernysheva, V. N. Iliushenov, and V. E. Gunther. "Martensite Transformations in the TiNi(Fe,Mo)Ag Alloys After Thermal Cycling." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 1 (July 17, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i1.778.

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This paper presents the results on influence of thermal cycling on martensite transformations in (TiNiFeMo)Ag alloys with silver additive up to 1.5 at.%. The analysis of temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity allows to determine the characteristic temperatures and construct the diagram of martensite transformations. The thermal cycling leads to the reduce in Ms temperature stabilizing the parent B2 phase in all considered cases of Ag additive. The strongest influence of thermal cycling on the Ms temperature was founded in alloy with 1 at.% Ag. Authors describe the factors leading to a change of the characteristic temperatures of martensite transformations during thermal cycling.

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Hu, C., X. Wang, K. W. Lueng, R. K. Tong, and L. Li. "Electrical impedance myography alternation after neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined cycling training in chronic stroke." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 61 (July 2018): e452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2018.05.1054.

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Gualdi, S., A. Salghetti, C. DeConti, E. Trevisi, and S. Ferrante. "Cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES-cycling) in children affected by cerebral palsy: A pilot study." Gait & Posture 30 (October 2009): S31—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.07.017.

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Ambrosini, Emilia, Monica Parati, Giorgio Ferriero, Alessandra Pedrocchi, and Simona Ferrante. "Does cycling induced by functional electrical stimulation enhance motor recovery in the subacute phase after stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 11 (July 2, 2020): 1341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215520938423.

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Objective: To investigate the effects of cycling with functional electrical stimulation on walking, muscle power and tone, balance and activities of daily living in subacute stroke survivors. Data Sources: Ten electronic databases were searched from inception to February 2020. Review methods: Inclusion criteria were: subacute stroke survivors (<6 months since stroke), an experimental group performing any type of cycling training with electrical stimulation, alone or in addition to usual care, and a control group performing usual care alone. Two reviewers assessed eligibility, extracted data and analyzed the risks of bias. Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) or Mean Difference (MD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were estimated using fixed- or random-effects models to evaluate the training effect. Results: Seven randomized controlled trials recruiting a total of 273 stroke survivors were included in the meta-analyses. There was a statistically significant, but not clinically relevant, effect of cycling with electrical stimulation compared to usual care on walking (six studies, SMD [95% CI] = 0.40 [0.13, 0.67]; P = 0.004), capability to maintain a sitting position (three studies, MD [95% CI] = 7.92 [1.01, 14.82]; P = 0.02) and work produced by the paretic leg during pedaling (2 studies, MD [95% CI] = 8.13 [1.03, 15.25]; P = 0.02). No significant between-group differences were found for muscular power, tone, standing balance, and activities of daily living. Conclusions: Cycling training with functional electrical stimulation cannot be recommended in terms of being better than usual care in subacute stroke survivors. Further investigations are required to confirm these results, to determine the optimal training parameters and to evaluate long-term effects.

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Backus, Deborah, Blake Burdett, Laura Hawkins, Christine Manella, Kevin K. McCully, and Mark Sweatman. "Outcomes After Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycle Training in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis Who Are Nonambulatory." International Journal of MS Care 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2015-036.

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Background: Exercise is safe and beneficial for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling offers people with significant weakness and mobility challenges an option for exercise. We sought to evaluate the safety of FES cycling and its potential to improve fatigue, pain, spasticity, and quality of life in people with moderate-to-severe MS. Methods: Sixteen participants with MS who were nonambulatory cycled for 30 minutes two to three times a week for 1 month. Outcomes assessed included MS Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI) subscales, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), and manual muscle test (MMT). Results: Fourteen participants (six women and eight men) with MS completed the training. All were able to maintain or increase their cycle time; half increased the resistance while cycling. Participants demonstrated a significant decrease in the Physical (P = .02) and Psychosocial (P < .01) subscales of the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale. There was no significant change in the other MSQLI subscale scores. There was no change in MAS and MMT scores. Type of MS and the use of antispasticity medications, disease-modifying therapies, or dalfampridine did not seem to influence response to training. There were no adverse events. Conclusions: Functional electrical stimulation cycling may be a viable and effective exercise option for people with moderate-to-severe MS. Further study is required to examine the parameters of FES cycling that are most effective for people with different MS symptoms and to fully explore the potential benefits of optimizing function and improving health in people with MS.

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Babicheva, R. I., I. Z. Sharipov, and K. J. Mulyukov. "Influence of Thermal Cycling on Dilatation and Electrical Resistance of Ti - 49.8 at. %Ni Alloy after Hot Rolling." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.985.

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The effect of thermal cycling of the Ti - 49.8 at. % Ni alloy deformed by rolling at 500 оС on dilatation of the material was investigated. It was shown that R → B2 and B19' → B2 phase transformations take place during heating due to retaining of R-phase at the lowest temperature of cycling. The evolution and subsequent stabilization of two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) upon thermal cycling are caused by decreasing of the residual B19'- martensitic phase formed during rolling. It was revealed that recoverable strain of the alloy doesn’t exceed 0.8 % even after forty cycles.

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Garakani, Behnam, K. Udara Sandakelum Somarathna, Darshana L. Weerawarne, Mark D. Poliks, and Azar Alizadeh. "Reliability of screen-printed conductors and resistors during fatigue cycling on flexible substrate." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000139.

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Abstract Scalable printing of conductor and resistor components has revolutionized the field of flexible electronics by enabling a myriad of low cost highly conformable devices. Flexible electronic devices need to exhibit reliable performance under strenuous mechanical deformations to be adopted in applications such as human and asset monitoring. The reliability of the devices is in turn affected by the microstructure of the materials, manufacturing processes, and conditions of use. In this research, the mechanical behavior and microstructural properties of stretchable silver conductor and stretchable carbon conductor inks on flexible substrate are studied. The test vehicles (such as 4- point probe structures are screen printed on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and cured in a convection oven. The quality of the printed traces including the resolution and thickness profile are measured by Confocal Laser Scanning microscope. The microstructure of the sample including particle/nanoparticles morphology is studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The electrical resistance is measured by 4-point probes method and the sheet resistance of the printed samples is calculated. The mechanical and electrical reliability of the samples are investigated by fatigue-cycling and in-situ measuring of the electrical resistance. In terms of electrical conductivity, the silver printed traces show different behavior compared to the carbon printed samples when exposed to fatigue cycling. The electrical resistance of the printed silver trace increases during the fatigue cycling. Higher extension rate along with higher strain magnitude accelerate the rate of increase in the electrical resistance. The relative electrical resistance of the carbon trace initially drops to 0.7 after 40 cycles and remains constant for the rest of the cycles. The extension rate does not considerably change the electrical resistance of carbon trace. The stability in electrical resistance is crucial in applications where electrical shielding is concerned.

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Koo, Bo-Kun, Soon-Jong Jeong, Dong-Hwan Lee, Dong-Jin Shin, Min-Soo Kim, In-Sung Kim, and Piyl-Whan Han. "Electrical cycling of Cu-PMNZT multilayer co-fired ceramic actuators." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 170 (November 2022): 110950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2022.110950.

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Aldrich, Jace B., and Christian A. Cousin. "Smoothly Switched Adaptive Torque Tracking for Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling." IEEE Control Systems Letters 6 (2022): 866–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3086772.

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Nash, M. S., R. Garcia-Morales, J. R. Hughes, M. A. Fletcher, and B. A. Green. "ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN ACTIVITY FOLLOWING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION CYCLING EXERCISE IN QUADRIPLEGICS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00387.

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OGAWA, Yohei, Takashi INOUE, Tomohisa INADA, and Yoshihiko TAGAWA. "F11 Control of leg cycling motion induced by electrical stimulation." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007.60 (2007): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.60.187.

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RAYMOND, JACQUI, KARIN SCHONEVELD, CATHELIJNE H. VAN KEMENADE, and GLEN M. DAVIS. "Onset of electrical stimulation leg cycling in individuals with paraplegia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 10 (October 2002): 1557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200210000-00005.

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Hendriksen, Ingrid J. M., Monique Simons, Eline M. van Es, and Willem van Mechelen. "Electrical Assisted Cycling: Energy Expenditure, Heart Rate and Power Output." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322309.48696.dc.

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43

Theisen, D., C. Fornusek, J. Raymond, and G. M. Davis. "External power output changes during prolonged cycling with electrical stimulation." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 34, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16501970213238.

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Fornusek, Ché, and Glen Davis. "Maximizing muscle force via low-cadence functional electrical stimulation cycling." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 36, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16501970410029843.

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Pihlatie, M. H., A. Kaiser, and M. B. Mogensen. "Electrical conductivity of Ni–YSZ composites: Variants and redox cycling." Solid State Ionics 222-223 (August 2012): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2012.06.021.

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Dolbow, D. R., A. S. Gorgey, D. X. Cifu, J. R. Moore, and D. R. Gater. "Feasibility of home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling: case report." Spinal Cord 50, no. 2 (October 18, 2011): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.115.

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Sinclair, PJ, GM Davis, RM Smith, BS Cheam, and JR Sutton. "Pedal forces produced during neuromuscular electrical stimulation cycling in paraplegics." Clinical Biomechanics 11, no. 1 (January 1996): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)00030-5.

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de Sousa, Ana Carolina Cardoso, and Josep M. Font-Llagunes. "Predictive Framework for Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Spinal Cord Injury." IFAC-PapersOnLine 58, no. 24 (2024): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.11.059.

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Coelho-Magalhães, Tiago, Emerson Fachin-Martins, Andressa Silva, Christine Azevedo Coste, and Henrique Resende-Martins. "Development of a High-Power Capacity Open Source Electrical Stimulation System to Enhance Research into FES-Assisted Devices: Validation of FES Cycling." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020531.

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Since the first Cybathlon 2016, when twelve teams competed in the FES bike race, we have witnessed a global effort towards the development of stimulation and control strategies to improve FES-assisted devices, particularly for cycling, as a means to practice a recreational physical activity. As a result, a set of technical notes and research paved the way for many other studies and the potential behind FES-assisted cycling has been consolidated. However, engineering research needs instrumented devices to support novel developments and enable precise assessment. Therefore, some researchers struggle to develop their own FES-assisted devices or find it challenging to implement their instrumentation using commercial devices, which often limits the implementation of advanced control strategies and the possibility to connect different types of sensor. In this regard, we hypothesize that it would be advantageous for some researchers in our community to enjoy access to an entire open-source FES platform that allows different control strategies to be implemented, offers greater adaptability and power capacity than commercial devices, and can be used to assist different functional activities in addition to cycling. Hence, it appears to be of interest to make our proprietary electrical stimulation system an open-source device and to prove its capabilities by addressing all the aspects necessary to implement a FES cycling system. The high-power capacity stimulation device is based on a constant current topology that allows the creation of biphasic electrical pulses with amplitude, width, and frequency up to 150 mA, 1000 µs, and 100 Hz, respectively. A mobile application (Android) was developed to set and modify the stimulation parameters of up to eight stimulation channels. A proportional-integral controller was implemented for cadence tracking with the aim to improve the overall cycling performance. A volunteer with complete paraplegia participated in the functional testing of the system. He was able to cycle indoors for 45 min, accomplish distances of more than 5 km using a passive cycling trainer, and pedal 2400 m overground in 32 min. The results evidenced the capacity of our FES cycling system to be employed as a cycling tool for individuals with spinal cord injury. The methodological strategies used to improve FES efficiency suggest the possibility of maximizing pedaling duration through more advanced control techniques.

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Casabona, Antonino, Maria Stella Valle, Claudio Dominante, Luca Laudani, Maria Pia Onesta, and Matteo Cioni. "Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling of Different Duration on Viscoelastic and Electromyographic Properties of the Knee in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010007.

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The benefits of functional electrical stimulation during cycling (FES-cycling) have been ascertained following spinal cord injury. The instrumented pendulum test was applied to chronic paraplegic patients to investigate the effects of FES-cycling of different duration (20-min vs. 40-min) on biomechanical and electromyographic characterization of knee mobility. Seven adults with post-traumatic paraplegia attended two FES-cycling sessions, a 20-min and a 40-min one, in a random order. Knee angular excursion, stiffness and viscosity were measured using the pendulum test before and after each session. Surface electromyographic activity was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. FES-cycling led to reduced excursion (p < 0.001) and increased stiffness (p = 0.005) of the knee, which was more evident after the 20-min than 40-min session. Noteworthy, biomechanical changes were associated with an increase of muscle activity and changes in latency of muscle activity only for 20-min, with anticipated response times for RF (p < 0.001) and delayed responses for BF (p = 0.033). These results indicate that significant functional changes in knee mobility can be achieved by FES-cycling for 20 min, as evaluated by the pendulum test in patients with chronic paraplegia. The observed muscle behaviour suggests modulatory effects of exercise on spinal network aimed to partially restore automatic neuronal processes.

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