Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electrical conductivity mechanism

Academic literature on the topic 'Electrical conductivity mechanism'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Paraskeva, C., A. Kazakopoulos, K. Chrissafis, and O. Kalogirou. "Study of LiMgVO4 electrical conductivity mechanism." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 489, no. 2 (January 2010): 714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.09.159.

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Orita, Masahiro, Hiroaki Tanji, Masataka Mizuno, Hirohiko Adachi, and Isao Tanaka. "Mechanism of electrical conductivity of transparentInGaZnO4." Physical Review B 61, no. 3 (January 15, 2000): 1811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.61.1811.

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Ehinger, K., S. Summerfield, and S. Roth. "Electrical conductivity of polyacetylene: nonsolitonic mechanism." Colloid & Polymer Science 263, no. 9 (September 1985): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01422852.

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Ragimov, S. S., A. A. Saddinova, and A. I. Aliyeva. "Mechanism of Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity in AgSbSe2." Russian Physics Journal 62, no. 6 (October 2019): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-019-01817-6.

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Gebru, Mulugeta Habte. "Electrical and thermal conductivity of heavily doped n-type silicon." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 90, no. 1 (April 2020): 10102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020190332.

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In this paper electrical and thermal conductivity coefficients of heavily doped n-Silicon have been derived based on parabolic and modified density of states having band tails. The derivation uses Boltzmann transport equation with relaxation time arising from ionized impurity scattering mechanism as a dominant scattering mechanism compared to the phonon scattering mechanism where the calculations are made at room temperature. Note that semi-classical and quantum mechanics treatments are employed during discussion of scattering mechanisms and calculation of transport coefficients for parabolic and modified density of states having band tails considerations. There is significant variation of electrical and thermal conductivity as well as Weidman-Franz ratio as much as 30%, 101.86%, and 0.66% respectively.
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Ragimov, S. S., A. A. Saddinova, and A. I. Aliyeva. "The mechanism of electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of AgSbSe2." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/62/6/139.

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Jaccard, C. "MECHANISM OF THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN ICE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 125, no. 2 (December 16, 2006): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb45405.x.

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Belousov, A. I., and E. M. Bushueva. "Mechanism of electrical conductivity of jet fuels." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 21, no. 7 (July 1985): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00723848.

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Ahmadov, G. M., H. B. Ibrahimov, and M. A. Jafarov. "Influence of external factors on the electrical conductivity of Bi2Te2.5Se0.5." Chalcogenide Letters 19, no. 1 (January 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/cl.2022.191.55.

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The mechanism of intrinsic and impurity electrical conductivity of semiconductors based on Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 has been elucidated. The nature and reasons for the dependence of electrical conductivity on various external influences are considered. In this case, the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, light absorption and photoconductivity of Bi2Te2.5Se0.5 were used as external influences. And also the influence of the electric field was studied and it was found that in this case the value of the critical energy is 107V/m.
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Казанин, М. М., В. В. Каминский, and М. А. Гревцев. "Эффект Пула-Френкеля в поликристаллическом сульфиде европия." Физика и техника полупроводников 53, no. 7 (2019): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.07.47862.9075.

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AbstractThe field and temperature dependences of the electrical conductivity of europium sulfide are studied in the temperature range 160–430 K. It is found that the electrical conductivity increases in strong electric fields of up to 2 × 10^4 V/cm by the Poole–Frenkel mechanism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Soloviova, A. E. "Modeling of the Mechanism of Influence of the Defect Structure in a Polycrystalline Scandi-um Oxide on the Properties of the Thermal and Electrical Effects in Vacuum." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35390.

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In the process of studying the mechanisms of influence of structural defects on properties in scandium oxide, the thermal and electrical effects in the temperature range 25 – 1800 C in a vacuum, in the struc-ture was of detected a gradual phase transition of the ordered cubic type C in a disordered type C1 in the temperature range of 400 – 1000 C. Phase transformation is accompanied by the difference of the conduc-tivity type of the charge carriers. Anion conductivity of charges in the structure of scandium oxide exist there is to 400 С, with the energy of conductivity charges 2.46 eV. In scandium oxide in the interval tem-peratures 400 – 1000 C in case there is a mixture of two types of conductivity anion and electronic. In the interval of temperatures 1600 – 1800 C in case there is a change of the chemical composition of the oxide on the content of oxygen. With the help of the mathematical model of calculation of the elements of the structure of the change in the size of the radii of oxygen and anionic vacancies, which coincides with the change of parameters of elementary cells in the transition of the structure of C in C1. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35390
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Котік, Оксана Олегівна. "Плазмова обробка оксиду графену." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/33814.

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Актуальність: оксид графену – це одношаровий графіен, у якому вуглецеві зв’язки на поверхні більшою мірою зв’язані з киснем. Такий матеріал просто отримати у водневому розчині і осадити на будь-яку підкладку. Відновлений оксид графену є двовимірним матеріалом, який перспективний для виготовлення на його основі різних типів сенсорів – від сенсорів інфрачервоного випромінювання до хімічних газових сенсорів. Тому отримання відновленого оксиду графена з високою електричною провідністю за низьких температур відпалу дозволяє мати базовий дешевий двовимірний матеріал для різних типів сенсорів на гнучких підкладках, що необхідно для медичної галузі, робототехніки і гнучкої мікро- та фотоелектроніки. Зв’язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами кафедри: тема роботи відповідає пріорітетному науковому напрямку кафедри загальної фізики та фізики твердого тіла – «Фундаментальні наукові дослідження з найбільш важливих проблем розвитку науково-технічного, соціально-економічного, людського потенціалу для забезпечення конкурентоспроможності України у світі та сталого розвитку суспільства і держави». Об’єкт дослідження: дослідження оптичних та електрофізичних властивостей плівок оксиду графену після різних низькотемпературних методів відпалу. Предмет дослідження: оксид графену, відновлений за низької температури в ВЧ плазмовому розряді. Мета роботи: дослідження впливу плазмової обробки на фізикохімічні і електрофізичні властивості оксиду графену, порівняння їх з низькотемпературним термічним відновлення. Отримання базового матеріалу для газових та температурних сенсорів. Методи дослідження: інфрачервона спектроскопія, XPS спектроскопія, вольт-амперні характеристики, температурна і частотна залежності електричної провідності. Відомості про обсяг звіту, кількість ілюстрацій, таблиць, додатків і літературних найменувань за переліком використаних: звіт складається з переліку умовних позначень, символів, скорочень і термінів, вступу, основної частини (три розділі), висновків, переліку джерел посилання (72); містить 30 рисунків та 10 таблиць. Повний обсяг звіту – 88 сторінок. Мета індивідуального завдання, використані методи та отримані результати: метою індивідуального завдання є дослідження хімічних зв’язків та електрофізичних властивостей у плівках оксиду графену відновленого у ВЧ плазмовому розряді в атмосфері водню: провідність на змінному струмі, температурні залежності оксиду графену, визначення механізму провідності, температурного коефіцієнту питомого опору. Було показано, що низькотемпературна плазмова обробка оксиду графена в суміші азота і водню терміном 5 секунд призводить до значного зменшення електричного опору двовимірної плівки (до 8 порядків величини) значно більшого (до 2 порядків) ніж термічний відпал при 350ºС в вакуумі терміном 15 хвилин, що свідчить про вплив на плівку нетермічних факторів, які мають місце під час ВЧ плазмової обробки. Було встановлено, що механізм провідності плівки може бути описаний механізмом Мотта (стрибковою провідністю по пасткам, локалізованим біля рівня Фермі) на двох ділянках частотної і температурної залежностях провідності з різними параметрами, що свідчать про неоднорідність отриманої плівки. Плівки відновленого оксиду графена демонструють значний температурний коефіцієнт опору, значно кращий ніж золото і срібло, що дозволяє його пропанувати в якості сенсора температури в діапазоні від -50 до +100С. Новизна: вперше показано, що плівки оксиду графена можуть бути значно відновлені за допомогою низькотемпературного прямого впливу ВЧ плазмового розряду в атмосфері азотно-водневої суміші. Значний температурний коефіцієнт опору свідчить, що плівки відновленого графену можуть бути використані, як температурний сенсор на гнучкій пластиковій підкладці. Висновок: дослідження хімічних зв’язків у плівках оксиду графену методом ІЧ спектроскопії показують ефективне введення водневих і азотних зв’язків в графенову структуру під час обробки ВЧ плазмовим розрядом у формінг газі. Відпал при плазмовій обробці проводився при нижчих значеннях температури і тривалості, ніж термічний відпал однак провідність зразків після плазмової обробки є вищою на порядок, що свідчить про значний вплив на параметри матеріалу нетермічних факторів, що мають місце при плазмовій обробці матеріалу. Температурний коефіцієнт опору плазмово-відновленного оксиду графена значно вище, ніж у плівок золота, срібла та вуглецевих нанотрубок. Представлені результати свідчать, що відновлений за низьких температур оксид графену є дуже перспективним матеріалом для створення сенсорів температури на гнучких підкладках.
Topicality: oxide graphene - a single layer of graphite where carbon bonds on the surface are more connected with oxygen. This material just get in the hydrogen solution and precipitate any substrate. Reduced graphene oxide is a two dimensional material that is promising for the manufacture of various types of sensors - from infrared sensors to chemical gas sensors. Therefore, obtaining reduced graphene oxide with high electrical conductivity at low annealing temperatures allows to have a basic cheap two-dimensional material for different types of sensors on flexible substrates, which is necessary for the medical industry, robotics and flexible micro- and photoelectronics. Relationship of work with scientific programs, plans, themes cathedra: оbject of research: The theme of the work corresponds to the priority scientific direction of the Department of General Physics and Solid State Physics - "Fundamental research of the most important issues of scientific, technical, socioeconomic, human potential to ensure Ukraine's competitiveness in the world and sustainable development of society and state." The goal of the work: research the effect of plasma treatment on the physicochemical and electrophysical properties of graphene oxide, comparing them with low-temperature thermal reduction. Obtaining basic material for gas and temperature sensors. Object of research: research optical and electrophysical properties of graphene oxide films after various low-temperature annealing methods. Subject of research: graphene oxide reduced at low temperatures in the RF plasma discharge. Research methods: infrared spectroscopy, XPS spectroscopy, volt-ampere characteristics, temperature and frequency dependence of electrical conductivity. Information about the volume of the report, the number of illustrations, tables, applications and literary names in the list of used ones: the report consists of a list of symbols, symbols, abbreviations and terms, introduction, main part (three sections), conclusions, list of reference sources (72); contains 29 figures and tables. Full report – 85 pages. The purpose of the individual task, the methods used and the results obtained: the purpose of the individual task is to study the chemical bonds and electrophysical properties in films of graphene oxide reduced in RF plasma discharge in a hydrogen atmosphere: conductivity on alternating current, temperature dependences of graphene oxide, determination of the conductivity mechanism, temperature resistivity. It was shown that low-temperature plasma treatment of graphene oxide in a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen for 5 seconds leads to a significant reduction in electrical resistance of the two-dimensional film (up to 8 orders of magnitude) much greater (up to 2 orders of magnitude) than thermal annealing at 350 ° C in vacuum for 15 minutes. indicates the effect on the film of non-thermal factors that occur during RF plasma treatment. It was found that the mechanism of film conductivity can be described by the Mott mechanism (hopping conductivity on traps located near the Fermi level) in two sections of frequency and temperature dependences of conductivity with different parameters indicating the heterogeneity of the obtained film. The reduced graphene oxide films show a significant temperature coefficient of resistance, much better than gold and silver, which allows it to be propagated as a temperature sensor in the range from - 50 to + 100C. Novelty: for the first time it was shown that graphene oxide films can be significantly reduced by low-temperature direct exposure to RF plasma discharge in an atmosphere of nitrogen-hydrogen mixture. The significant temperature coefficient of resistance indicates that the films of reduced graphene can be used as a temperature sensor on a flexible plastic substrate. Conclusion: research of chemical bonds in graphene oxide films by IR spectroscopy show the effective introduction of hydrogen and nitrogen bonds into the graphene structure during the treatment of RF plasma discharge in the forming gas. Annealing in plasma modification was performed at lower values of temperature and duration than thermal annealing, but the conductivity of the samples after plasma treatment is higher by an order of magnitude, indicating a significant effect on material parameters of non-thermal factors occurring in plasma modification of material. The temperature coefficient of resistance of plasma-reduced graphene oxide is much higher than that of gold, silver and carbon nanotube films. The presented results show that graphene oxide reduced at low temperatures is a very promising material for creating temperature sensors on flexible substrates.
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IGNATIOUS, FRANCIS-XAVIER. "Insertion de cations organiques dans le polyacetylene par voie chimique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR13035.

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Mecanisme du dopage par des cations organiques et cinetique d'insertion des cations dans le film. Pour un meme taux de dopage, la conductivite diminue lorsque la taille du cation insere augmente. La stabilite intrinseque des complexe (ch)::(x)/r::(4)n**(+), bonne a temperature ordinaire, est fortement activee a 100**(o)c (mecanisme de degradation du type hofman)
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Porz, Lukas [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Rödel, and Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Albe. "Mechanics and electrical conductivity of dislocation-tuned ceramics / Lukas Porz ; Jürgen Rödel, Karsten Albe." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234657694/34.

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Shrestha, Kiran (Engineer). "Electrical Conduction Mechanisms in the Disordered Material System P-type Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700106/.

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The electrical and optical properties of boron doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films (a-Si) were investigated to determine the effect of boron and hydrogen incorporation on carrier transport. The a-Si thin films were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at various boron concentrations, hydrogen dilutions, and at differing growth temperatures. The temperature dependent conductivity generally follows the hopping conduction model. Above a critical temperature, the dominant conduction mechanism is Mott variable range hopping conductivity (M-VRH), where p = ¼, and the carrier hopping depends on energy. However, at lower temperatures, the coulomb interaction between charge carriers becomes important and Efros-Shklosvkii variable hopping (ES-VRH) conduction, where p=1/2, must be included to describe the total conductivity. To correlate changes in electrical conductivity to changes in the local crystalline order, the transverse optical (TO) and transverse acoustic (TA) modes of the Raman spectra were studied to relate changes in short- and mid-range order to the effects of growth temperature, boron, and hydrogen incorporation. With an increase of hydrogen and/or growth temperature, both short and mid-range order improve, whereas the addition of boron results in the degradation of short range order. It is seen that there is a direct correlation between the electrical conductivity and changes in the short and mid-range order resulting from the passivation of defects by hydrogen and the creation of trap states by boron. This work was done under the ARO grant W911NF-10-1-0410, William W. Clark Program Manager. The samples were provided by L-3 Communications.
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Tchangai, Tchaa. "Caracterisation electrique des films de polyamide-imide et de leurs interfaces avec un substrat semiconducteur." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30101.

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Preparation de couches minces par pelliculage sur substrat de verre metallique ou semiconducteur. L'adherence se fait par des liaisons chimiques; les films resistent a la gravure par plasma fluore. Mecanisme de la conduction electrique
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Salhi, Fouad. "Les tétrathiapentalènes disubstitués : nouvelle classe d'hétérocycles soufrés pour l'obtention de polymères conducteurs à motifs TTF." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10034.

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L'elaboration d'une nouvelle classe d'heterocycles soufres 2 12, bases sur le motif tetrathiapentalenes (ttp) est decrite. La synthese des tetrathiapentalenes disubstitues se deroule en une seule etape par couplage de la thiapendione avec dix differents aldehydes (rcho, r = phenyle, thienyle, furyle, etc) dans le phosphite de triethyle. Les monomeres sont caracterises par leurs proprietes spectroscopiques : uv-visible, ir, rmn, rpe, spectroscopie de masse, et leur proprietes electrochimiques. Excepte pour le compose 10, l'oxydation electrochimique des composes 2 12 conduit a la formation de polymeres a hauts potentiels. Les composes 2 (r = ph) et 7 (r = th) ont ete plus particulierement etudies. Les polymeres correspondants ont ete obtenus, ici encore en une seule etape, soit par voie chimique soit par voie electrochimique. Ces polymeres sont conducteurs : le poly-2 a une conductivite de 10##5 s/cm et le poly-7 a une conductivite de 10##2 cm. L'ensemble des proprietes spectroscopiques (uv-visible, ir, rpe) indique que le poly-2 est un polymere base sur le motif ttf vinylogue. Le mecanisme d'electropolymerisation du poly-2 met en jeu la dimerisation du monomere et la formation a haut potentiel du radical trication du dimere. Des experiences de voltamperometrie cyclique couplees d'une part a la rpe et d'autre part a la conductivite ont montre que l'oxydation du poly-2 donne naissance a trois systemes polarons bipolarons et que l'etat conducteur correspond au polymere a demi-charge presentant le maximum de spins. En revanche, le poly-7, motif alterne ttp et bithienyle, a montre deux systemes polarons bipolarons. Enfin, les etudes saxs (source synchrotron esrf) ont mis en evidence la nature polymerique de ces materiaux.
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Meziane, Driss. "Etude de la polymérisation des alcynes amorcée par un dérivé alkylidène du tungstène." Paris 13, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA132002.

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Sixou, Bruno. "Proprietes de transport dans les polymeres conducteurs electroniques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10271.

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Ce travail est consacre a l'etude des proprietes de transport, conductivite et pouvoir thermoelectrique, de plusieurs polymeres conducteurs electroniques. Le suivi de l'evolution de ces proprietes en fonction d'un seul parametre de structure, a savoir: le desordre cree par le vieillissement dans le polypyrrole ou dans la polyaniline protonee a l'acide camphre sulfonique, le taux de reticulation dans des reseaux a base de polyoctylthiophene, ou la composition dans des composites polyaniline-nafion ou polyaniline-polyoxyde d'ethylene, nous a permis de preciser la nature du processus de conduction dans chacun de ces materiaux, et de degager des caracteristiques communes a ces systemes. Dans les polymeres conducteurs tres desordonnes, on observe un processus de sauts limite par l'energie de charge entre ilots conducteurs polaroniques separes par des barrieres isolantes. Nous montrons que la variation thermique de la conductivite observee experimentalement peut etre obtenue par des simulations numeriques a partir de methodes de milieu effectif. Dans les reseaux de polyoctylthiophene, une correlation est fortement suggeree entre ilots conducteurs et ilots cristallins. Dans les melanges a base de polyaniline, les ecarts observes par rapport a la theorie classique de la percolation sont attribues a ces processus de hopping. Pour des niveaux de conduction croissants, interviennent un effet tunnel entre gros ilots induit par les fluctuations thermiques puis des processus de conduction de type metallique, lies a la structure interne des grains conducteurs et de nature quasi-unidimensionnel. Les mesures de pouvoir thermoelectrique confirment cette image heterogene de la structure. De facon generale, a un terme lineaire en fonction de la temperature, de type metallique, se superpose, une contribution de type semi-conducteur amorphe. Dans les polymeres conducteurs, c'est la microstructure, les heterogeneites de dopage ou les zones plus ou moins cristallines qui determinent en premier lieu les proprietes de transport macroscopiques. La structure locale des chaines intervient dans les processus de conduction a l'interieur des ilots conducteurs et en filigrane dans les proprietes de transport macroscopiques. Dans cette perspective, le vieillissement peut etre decrit comme un grignotage d'ilots conducteurs au profit de barrieres isolantes
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Islam, Arnob. "BLACK PHOSPHORUS NANOSCALE DEVICES AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1568124549519621.

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Books on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Hubert, Burghardt, and Frauenheim Thomas, eds. Electrical conduction mechanisms in solids. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1988.

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Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories: Proceedings. Springer, 1988.

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International, Conference on Recent Progress in Many-Body Theories (5th 1987 Oulu Finland). Recent progress in many-body theories. Plenum Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Zheng, Liao Ying, Guo Rong Li, Wang Zhong Zhang, and Qing Rui Yin. "The Influence and Mechanism of the Electrical Conductivity of (Ca,Sr)Bi4Ti4O15 Piezoelectric Ceramics by Doping of CeO2." In High-Performance Ceramics III, 263–66. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-959-8.263.

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Vavouliotis, Antonios I., and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "On the Use of Electrical Conductivity for the Assessment of Damage in Carbon Nanotubes Enhanced Aerospace Composites." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 21–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4246-8_2.

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Akhbarifar, Sepideh. "Quantum Physical Interpretation of Thermoelectric Properties of Ruthenate Pyrochlores." In Thermoelectricity - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99260.

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Lead- and lead-yttrium ruthenate pyrochlores were synthesized and investigated for Seebeck coefficients, electrical- and thermal conductivity. Compounds A2B2O6.5+z with 0 ≤ z < 0.5 were defect pyrochlores and p-type conductors. The thermoelectric data were analyzed using quantum physical models to identify scattering mechanisms underlying electrical (σ) and thermal conductivity (κ) and to understand the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect (S). In the metal-like lead ruthenates with different Pb:Ru ratios, σ (T) and the electronic thermal conductivity κe (T) were governed by ‘electron impurity scattering’, the lattice thermal conductivity κL (T) by the 3-phonon resistive process (Umklapp scattering). In the lead-yttrium ruthenate solid solutions (Pb(2-x)YxRu2O(6.5±z)), a metal–insulator transition occurred at 0.2 moles of yttrium. On the metallic side (<0.2 moles Y) ‘electron impurity scattering’ prevailed. On the semiconductor/insulator side between x = 0.2 and x = 1.0 several mechanisms were equally likely. At x > 1.5 the Mott Variable Range Hopping mechanism was active. S (T) was discussed for Pb-Y-Ru pyrochlores in terms of the effect of minority carrier excitation at lower- and a broadening of the Fermi distribution at higher temperatures. The figures of merit of all of these pyrochlores were still small (≤7.3 × 10−3).
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Kumar Kambila, Vijaya. "Structural, Optical, and Electrical Studies of PAN-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Solid-State Battery Applications." In Management and Applications of Energy Storage Devices. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98825.

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Gel polymer electrolyte films (GPEs) based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) complexed with NaF salt and an Al2O3 nanofiller were prepared via solution cast method. Structural studies were performed to investigate the order of conductivity under the influence of salt and nanofillers. The prepared films were characterized using energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) to determine the chemical composition in wt%. EDS studies reveal that PAN–NaF with Al2O3 ceramic filler decreases the degree of crystallinity with increasing concentration of the nanofiller. The UV–Vis spectrum was recorded by a Hewlett-Packard HP8452A diode array spectrometer. The structural effect of salt and nanoparticles on the conductivity was also confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the prepared polymer electrolytes were determined using a Universal Tensile Machine (Instron Model 5565, Canada) with a constant crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. The addition of nanoparticles increased both the modulus and the strength of the polymer nanocomposites. Both the tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased with increasing functionalized nanoparticle loading. The change in transition temperature caused by the incorporation of the Al2O3 nanofiller and plasticizer into the PAN+NaF complex was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Additionally, DSC thermograms were recorded to measure the glass transition temperature and melting temperature of PAN-based electrolytes using a Mettler instrument. Conductivity studies were carried out for all the prepared polymer electrolytes to understand the conduction mechanism. The role of the ceramic phase is to reduce the melting temperature, which is ascertained from DSC. The sample containing PAN:NaF (70:30) exhibits the highest conductivity of 1.82 x 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature (303 K) and 2.96 x 10−3 S cm−1 at 378 K. The polymer electrolytes considered in the present study exhibited an Arrhenius type of conduction. The polymer electrolyte containing 3 wt% Al2O3 nanofiller showed an ionic conductivity of 5.96 × 10−3 S cm−1. To determine transfer numbers, Wagner’s polarization method can be used. From these studies, it is observed that the conduction mechanism is predominantly due to ions. Using this (PAN–NaF– Al2O3) (70:30:3) electrolyte, a solid-state electrochemical cell was fabricated, and its discharge profiles were studied under a constant load of 100 kΩ. Finally, several cell profiles associated with this cell were evaluated and reported.
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Thanigai Arul, Kumaravelu, Jayapalan Ramana Ramya, and Subbaraya Narayana Kalkura. "Impact of Dopants on the Electrical and Optical Properties of Hydroxyapatite." In Biomaterials. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93092.

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This chapter deals with the effect of alternating electrical current on hydroxyapatite [HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and doped HAp along with their optical response and the processes involved. The dielectric constant, permittivity and ac conductivity were analyzed to have an insight into the surface charge polarization phenomenon. Further, the magnitude and the polarity of the surface charges, microstructure, and phases also play significant role in the cell proliferation and growth on the implants. Besides, the mechanism behind the electrical properties and the healing of bone fracture are discussed. The influence of various dopants on the optical properties of HAp viz., absorbance, transmission, band gaps and defects energy levels are analyzed along with the photoluminescence and excitation independent emission. In the future outlook, the analysis of effect of doping is summarized and its impact on the next generation biomaterials are elucidated.
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Souier, Tewfik. "Conductive Probe Microscopy Investigation of Electrical and Charge Transport in Advanced Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers-Polymer Nanocomposites." In Handbook of Research on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Advanced Materials, 343–75. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5824-0.ch014.

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In this chapter, the main scanning probe microscopy-based methods to measure the transport properties in advanced polymer-Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites are presented. The two major approaches to investigate the electrical and charge transport (i.e., Electrostatic Force Microscopy [EFM] and Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy [CS-AFM]) are illustrated, starting from their basic principles. First, the authors show how the EFM-related techniques can be used to provide, at high spatial resolution, a three-dimensional representation CNT networks underneath the surface. This allows the studying of the role of nanoscopic features such as CNTs, CNT-CNT direct contact, and polymer-CNT junctions in determining the overall composite properties. Complementary, CS-AFM can bring insight into the transport mechanism by imaging the spatial distribution of currents percolation paths within the nanocomposite. Finally, the authors show how the CS-AFM can be used to quantify the surface/bulk percolation probability and the nanoscopic electrical conductivity, which allows one to predict the macroscopic percolation model.
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Dardouri, Sana, and Jalila Sghaier. "Tracer Transport in a Homogeneous Porous Medium: Experimental Study and Acquisition Data with LabVIEW." In Data Mining - Methods, Applications and Systems. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88328.

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This work represent the incorporation of information procurement (DAQ) equipment and programming to acquire information (LabVIEW) as well as real-time transport to show parameter appraises with regard to subsurface stream and transport issues. The main objective is to understand the mechanism of water and solute transfer in a sandy medium and to study the effect of some parameters on the transport of an inert tracer. In order to achieve this objective, a series of experiments were carried out on a soil column equipped with a tensiometer to monitor the state of saturation of the medium and by two four-electrode probes for measuring the electrical conductivity in the porous medium.
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Sridhar, Rapolu, D. Ravinder, J. Laxman Naik, K. Vijaya Kumar, N. Maramu, and S. Katlakunta. "Investigation of Structural, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Chromium Substituted Nickel Ceramic Nanopowders." In Advanced Ceramic Materials. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94941.

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Nano-ceramic of NiCrxFe2-xO4 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ferrites were synthesized by citrate-gel auto combustion method. The structural parameter such as lattice parameter, X-ray density, bulk density and porosity variations with Cr doping were studied. The average crystallite size is in the range 8.5–10.5 nm. The surface morphology and elemental analysis was studied with SEM (EDAX) spectrum and the structural information analyzed with FTIR spectra. Magnetic properties were discussed with Cr3+ion concentration. Electrical parameters like dc resistivity and drift mobility were reported with function of temperature and dopent concentration from room temperature to well beyond Curie temperature and explained with hopping mechanism between Fe2+↔Fe3+ ions. The activation energies in ferri and para magnetic regions were investigated. Dielectric parameters like dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity were investigated variation with frequency and composition.
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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, and Basudam Adhikari. "Cloisite 20A Based Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) Gas Sensors." In Polyaniline based Composite for Gas Sensors, 77–105. IOR PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ioriip2123.

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Compacted polyaniline (PANI)/Layered silicate nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by simple in situ, core-shell, and ex situ polymerization routes using AnHCl as a predecessor through chemical oxidation method. The structure, chemical groups, electronic transition and properties were investigated by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, UV Visible, DC electrical conductivity, TGA, and DSC. The XRD results reveals that HCl-treated Cloisite 20A, and PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites are delaminated. Flake-like morphologies were observed in Cloisite 20A and HCl-treated Cloisite 20A, whereas different rate of compacted fibrous morphologies of prepared PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites were observed as evident from SEM images. The Si-O FTIR band position does not change even after HCl treatment of Cloisite 20A, but different FTIR peaks positions of PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites were shifted from pure PANI-ES peaks after using Cloisite 20A nanoclays. UV-Visible spectra indicated the increment of charge carrier within the PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanocomposites compared to the pure one. The prepared nanohybrids showed significantly improved thermal property compared to pristine PANI-ES as clear from TGA and DSC analysis. The highest DC electronic conductivity of nanocomposite prepared by core-shell route is found to be 5.12 S/cm using linear four probe techniques. In addition, the charge transport mechanism was understood with and without loading Cloisite 20A in PANI-ES. The conductivity data supported the temperature-dependence relationship σ(T) = σ0.exp[-To/T)1/4] and followed characteristic of three-dimensional variable-range hopping (3D‒VRH) mechanism. In addition, we were discussed the response of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas with polyaniline based sensor materials.
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Qin, Zhenzhen. "Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties Based on Rashba Spin Splitting." In Thermoelectricity [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98788.

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In recent years, the application of thermoelectricity has become more and more widespread. Thermoelectric materials provide a simple and environmentally friendly solution for the direct conversion of heat to electricity. The development of higher performance thermoelectric materials and their performance optimization have become more important. Generally, to improve the ZT value, electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity must be globally optimized as a whole object. However, due to the strong coupling among ZT parameters in many cases, it is very challenging to break the bottleneck of ZT optimization currently. Beyond the traditional optimization methods (such as inducing defects, varying temperature), the Rashba effect is expected to effectively increase the S2σ and decrease the κ, thus enhancing thermoelectric performance, which provides a new strategy to develop new-generation thermoelectric materials. Although the Rashba effect has great potential in enhancing thermoelectric performance, the underlying mechanism of Rashba-type thermoelectric materials needs further research. In addition, how to introduce Rashba spin splitting into current thermoelectric materials is also of great significance to the optimization of thermoelectricity.
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Conference papers on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Rizwana, Syed Mahboob, and P. Sarah. "AC and DC conductivity due to hopping mechanism in double ion doped ceramics." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS, MATERIALS AND APPLIED SCIENCE. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5032042.

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Malamud, R. Y. "Stability of the electrical resistance and mechanism of conductivity of the composite semiconducting materials." In IEEE 1997 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.1997.634594.

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Singh, Sukhwinder, G. S. S. Saini, and S. K. Tripathi. "Vapor sensing mechanism of acid on copper phthalocyanine thin films studied by electrical conductivity." In PROCEEDING OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT TRENDS IN APPLIED PHYSICS AND MATERIAL SCIENCE: RAM 2013. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4810299.

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Chen, Hao-Tsung, Yang Kuo, Yu-Feng Yao, Yean-Woei Kiang, and Chih-Chung Yang. "Measurement mechanism of the electrical properties of extremely high-conductivity layered p-type structures (Conference Presentation)." In Gallium Nitride Materials and Devices XIII, edited by Jen-Inn Chyi, Hadis Morkoç, and Hiroshi Fujioka. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287340.

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Hossan, Mohammad Robiul, Matthew J. Benton, Prashanta Dutta, and Robert Dillon. "Parametric Study of Dielectrophoretic Interactive Motion of Particles." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48343.

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Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has become one of the most popular mechanisms for label free particle manipulations and transport in microfluidics. The efficacy of this mechanism is greatly dependent on the understanding and control of DEP interactive motion among particles. In this study, we performed a systematic investigation to understand the effect of particles size and electrical properties on DC DEP interactions among particles using in-house hybrid immersed boundary – immersed interface numerical method. Immersed boundary method is employed to predict flow field and immersed interface method is used to simulate electric field. The numerical model utilizes Maxwell’s stress tensor to obtain DEP forces, while solving transient Navier-Stokes equation it determines the hydrodynamic interaction between each of the particles and the fluid containing them. By varying the number of particles as well as the particles’ size, electrical properties and initial orientations, a number of possibilities were considered. Results indicate that the particles with similar electrical conductivities attract each other and tend to align themselves parallel to the external electric field regardless of sizes. If electrical conductivity of particles is lower than that of the fluid medium then the particle-particle interactions is caused by the negative DEP. If electrical conductivity of particles is higher than that of the fluid medium then the interactive motions of particle is attributed to the positive DEP. On the other hand, electrically dissimilar particles still attract each other but tend to align perpendicular to the electric field. Both negative and positive DEP contributes in interactions between electrically dissimilar particles. Numerical simulation also shows that the identical sized particles move at the same speed during interaction. In contrast, smaller particles moves faster than the larger particle during the interactions. This study explains the effect of size and electrical properties on DEP interactive motions of particles and can be utilized to design microfluidic devices for DEP particle manipulations.
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Devasenathipathy, Shankar, Juan G. Santiago, Takahiro Yamamoto, Yohei Sato, and Koichi Hishida. "Electrokinetic Particle Migration in Heterogeneous Electrolyte Systems." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43966.

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This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of an electrokinetic process for the buffer transfer and stacking of charged colloidal particles in solution. The mechanism exploits the effects of particle stacking across stacking across streamlines in a flow with electrical conductivity gradients transverse to the flow direction. Particle velocity fields and particle concentration measurements in a T-shaped microchannel system are presented. Upon application of an electric field, negatively charged particles are extracted from a low conductivity stream and stacked into a high conductivity stream. A simplified numerical model of the process with a commercial software code captures the generation of a transverse electric field.
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Vrublevsky, Igor, Nikita Lushpa, Katerina Chernyakova, Svetlana Nalimova, Ekaterina Muratova, and Vyacheslav Moshnikov. "Investigation of the Mechanism of Electronic Conductivity and Parameters of Localized States in Porous Anodic Alumina Films Obtained in Phosphoric Acid." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Photonics (EExPolytech). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eexpolytech50912.2020.9243857.

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Liu, Cuirong, Qingsen Meng, and Lifang Hu. "Joining Mechanism of Static Bonding Between β"-Al2O3 and L2-Aluminum." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21576.

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Electrostatic bonding, as a special method of solid-state diffusion bonding for the ceramics and the metals, can be performed at low temperature quickly and conveniently. And It’s suitable for making micro electromechanical system (MEMS), such as micro-devices, solar cell and micro-sensors. So Electrostatic bonding process mainly is used to bond the fast-ion conductivity materials and the metals. The bonding technique of functionally materials and metals had a significant role in the manufacture of MEMS. In this paper, the L2 aluminum film and β"-Al2O3 sheet were bonded by the electrostatic bonding process. SEM, EDX, XRD were applied to investigate the interfacial structure and composition of the samples, and the bonding mechanism and technical condition were characterized precisely. The experimental results showed that the electrolyte ceramics and aluminum can be bonded very well. The bonding area was composed of Al metal, transition area and aluminum oxide. The successful bonding was achieved due to the formation of the oxide in the interface. The main factors that influenced the bonding process were voltage, temperature and the electrical conductivity of the materials.
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Ju, Bing-Feng, Yang Ju, and Masumi Saka. "Development of a New Microscopic Four-Point AFM Probe for the Measurement of Local Electrical Conductivity." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73433.

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A microscopic four-point atomic force microscope (AFM) probe with concomitant experimental technique for local conductivity measurement is presented. A silicon nitride based AFM contact-mode probe with a V-shaped tip, which patterned by using the conventional photolithography method, is selected. The probe is then etched to four parallel isolated electrodes for the purpose of performing current input and electrical potential drop measurement. The new probe not only inherits the function of surface topography generating but also has the capability of characterizing the local conductivity simultaneously. The nanoresolution position control mechanism of AFM allows the probe scanning across micrometers sized area and creating high spatial resolution map of the in-plane conductivities. Experiments have shown the microscopic four-point probe to be mechanically flexible and robust. The repeatable conductivity measurements on the surface of aluminum and indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films indicate the technique has potential application for characterizing the devices and materials in microscale.
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CHAUDHARI, AMIT, SAGAR DOSHI, MADISON WEISS, DAE HAN SUNG, and ERIK THOSTESON. "CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE COATED TEXTILE-BASED SENSOR: SENSING MECHANISM AND DURABILITY." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35854.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films are deposited onto stretchable knit fabrics using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and dip-coating techniques, which are industrially scalable processes for producing future wearable sensors. The deposited CNTs create an electrically conductive nanocomposite film on the surface of the fibers. These nanocomposite coated fabrics exhibit piezoresistive properties; under mechanical deformation/stretching, a large change in the electrical resistance is observed. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized carbon nanotubes deposited using EPD create a uniform, extremely thin porous coating on the fiber. Initial results show ultrahigh sensitivity of the carbon nanotube coated fabric when tested on elbow/knee to detect range of motion. The sensitivity of these sensors is exceptionally high when compared to a typical carbon nanotube-based polymer nanocomposite. The nanocomposite coating does not affect fabric's breathability or flexibility, making the sensor comfortable to wear. Because of these unique properties, tremendous potential exists for their use in functional/smart garments. Changes in electrical resistance for these fabrics are influenced by a combination of electron tunneling between the carbon nanotubes and the microstructure of the fabric. To investigate and characterize the unique sensing mechanism, the nanotube coated knit fabric's electromechanical response is studied at different length scales, from individual yarns to fabric levels. For applications in wearable sensors, the durability of the nanotube coating on the fabric is critical for repeatable and reliable sensing response. Durability testing of the sensing fabric for washing loads was conducted to study the nanotube coating's robustness. CNT coating's adhesion quality is evaluated based on the weight loss in the specimen and loss in electrical conductivity in each wash cycle. This research addresses the potential of these sensors for functional/smart garments by examining the underlying mechanism of the sensor response and the durability of the carbon nanotube coating.
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Reports on the topic "Electrical conductivity mechanism"

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Connell-Madore, S., P. Hunt, and J. Li. Electrical conductivity mechanism of graphitic shale from the Astarte River formation, Piling Group, Baffin Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215380.

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Connell, S., and N. Scromeda-Perez. Electrical conductivity mechanism of sericite schist from Gold Lake area of the Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213168.

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Connell, S., P. Hunt, and T. J. Katsube. Electrical conductivity mechanism of sericitic schist samples from Giant and Con mine areas, Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/220190.

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Connell-Madore, S., and P. Hunt. Electrical conductivity mechanism and textures of mineralized sericite schist from the Gold Lake area of the Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/215381.

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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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