Academic literature on the topic 'Electrical compartmentalization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electrical compartmentalization"
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Wybo, Willem A. M., Benjamin Torben-Nielsen, Thomas Nevian, and Marc-Oliver Gewaltig. "Electrical Compartmentalization in Neurons." Cell Reports 26, no. 7 (February 2019): 1759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.074.
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Yuste, Rafael. "Electrical Compartmentalization in Dendritic Spines." Annual Review of Neuroscience 36, no. 1 (July 8, 2013): 429–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150455.
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Cornejo, Victor Hugo, Netanel Ofer, and Rafael Yuste. "Voltage compartmentalization in dendritic spines in vivo." Science 375, no. 6576 (January 7, 2022): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0501.
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Dendritic spines’ electrical function? Dendritic spines are small protrusions that cover the dendrites of most neurons in the brain. Their electrical properties are still controversially discussed. Cornejo et al . used an array of techniques to investigate the degree of voltage attenuation by dendritic spine necks in pyramidal neurons of the mouse neocortex. Spines not only synchronously depolarized in response to backpropagating action potentials, but local and transient depolarization also occurred. Isolated depolarization in individual spines reflected localized synaptic activation. A significant voltage gradient between dendritic spine and dendrite indicated that spines may constitute elementary electric compartments. The spine neck resistance is thus not negligible and may substantially contribute to the regulation of synaptic efficacy in the central nervous system. —PRS
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Grunditz, A., N. Holbro, L. Tian, Y. Zuo, and T. G. Oertner. "Spine Neck Plasticity Controls Postsynaptic Calcium Signals through Electrical Compartmentalization." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 50 (December 10, 2008): 13457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2702-08.2008.
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Koch, C., and A. Zador. "The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical compartmentalization." Journal of Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.13-02-00413.1993.
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Roessler, Nick, and André DeHon. "SCALPEL: Exploring the Limits of Tag-enforced Compartmentalization." ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461673.
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We present Secure Compartments Automatically Learned and Protected by Execution using Lightweight metadata (SCALPEL), a tool for automatically deriving compartmentalization policies and lowering them to a tagged architecture for hardware-accelerated enforcement. SCALPEL allows a designer to explore high-quality points in the privilege-reduction vs. performance overhead tradeoff space using analysis tools and a detailed knowledge of the target architecture to make best use of the available hardware. SCALPEL automatically implements hundreds of compartmentalization strategies across the privilege-performance tradeoff space, all without manual tagging or code restructuring. SCALPEL uses two novel optimizations for achieving highly performant policies: the first is an algorithm for packing policies into working sets of rules for favorable rule cache characteristics, and the second is a rule prefetching system that allows it to exploit the highly predictable nature of compartmentalization rules. To create policies, SCALPEL introduces a quantitative privilege metric (the Overprivilege Ratio) that is used to drive its algorithmic compartment generation. We implement SCALPEL on a FreeRTOS stack and target a tag-extended RISC-V core. Our results show that SCALPEL-created policies can reduce overprivilege by orders of magnitude with hundreds of logical compartments while imposing low overheads (<5%).
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Lee, Kevin F. H., Cary Soares, and Jean-Claude Béïque. "Examining Form and Function of Dendritic Spines." Neural Plasticity 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/704103.
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The majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system takes place at protrusions along dendrites called spines. Dendritic spines are highly heterogeneous, both morphologically and functionally. Not surprisingly, there has been much speculation and debate on the relationship between spine structure and function. The advent of multi-photon laser-scanning microscopy has greatly improved our ability to investigate the dynamic interplay between spine form and function. Regulated structural changes occur at spines undergoing plasticity, offering a mechanism to account for the well-described correlation between spine size and synapse strength. In turn, spine structure can influence the degree of biochemical and perhaps electrical compartmentalization at individual synapses. Here, we review the relationship between dendritic spine morphology, features of spine compartmentalization and synaptic plasticity. We highlight emerging molecular mechanisms that link structural and functional changes in spines during plasticity, and also consider circumstances that underscore some divergence from a tight structure-function coupling. Because of the intricate influence of spine structure on biochemical and electrical signalling, activity-dependent changes in spine morphology alone may thus contribute to the metaplastic potential of synapses. This possibility asserts a role for structural dynamics in neuronal information storage and aligns well with current computational models.
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Rabinowitch, Ithai, and Idan Segev. "The Interplay Between Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity and Functional Dendritic Compartments." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (July 2006): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00074.2006.
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Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) is an important mechanism attributed with the slow regulation of the neuron's activity. Whenever activity is chronically enhanced, HSP weakens the weights of the synapses in the dendrites and vice versa. Because dendritic morphology and its electrical properties partition the dendritic tree into functional compartments, we set out to explore the interplay between HSP and dendritic compartmentalization. For this purpose, we used a detailed model of a CA1 pyramidal neuron receiving a large number of activity-dependent plastic synapses and developed a novel approach for specifying functional dendritic subunits. We found that the degree of dendritic compartmentalization and the location-specificity of HSP are strongly tied. A local HSP mechanism, operating at the level of the individual synapse, will regard the neuron as a multiunit distributed system, each unit consisting of many synapses, and will thus support dendritic compartmentalization, whereas a global HSP mechanism, modifying all synapses in unison, will treat the neuron as a single centralized unit. Both local and global HSP can successfully counterbalance persistent, cell-wide perturbations of dendritic activity. The spatial distribution of synaptic weights throughout the dendrites will markedly differ under the local versus global HSP mechanisms. We suggest an experimental paradigm to unravel which type of HSP mechanism operates in the dendritic tree. The answer to this question will have important implications to our understanding of the functional organization of the neuron.
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Verderio, C., S. Coco, G. Fumagalli, and M. Matteoli. "Spatial changes in calcium signaling during the establishment of neuronal polarity and synaptogenesis." Journal of Cell Biology 126, no. 6 (September 15, 1994): 1527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.126.6.1527.
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Calcium imaging techniques were used to obtain a clear although indirect evidence about the distribution of functional glutamate receptors of NMDA and non-NMDA type in cultured hippocampal neurons during establishment of polarity and synaptogenesis. Glutamate receptors were expressed and were already functional as early as one day after plating. At this stage NMDA and non-NMDA receptors were distributed in all plasmalemmal areas. During the establishment of neuronal polarity, responses to either types of glutamate receptors became restricted to the soma and dendrites. Compartmentalization of glutamate receptors occurred at stages of development when synaptic vesicles were already fully segregated to the axon. Formation of synapses was accompanied by a further redistribution of receptors, which segregated to synapse-enriched portions of dendrites. Receptor compartmentalization and dendritic redistribution as well as accumulation of synaptic vesicles at synaptic sites occurred also in neurons cultured in the presence of either the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin or glutamate receptor antagonists. These results indicate that signals generated by neuronal electrical activity or receptor activation are not involved in the establishment of neuronal polarity and synaptogenesis.
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Perrette, Guillaume, Sylvain Delagrange, and Christian Messier. "Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 432–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2020.031.
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Reduction pruning of the main stem is commonly used during the maintenance of power lines to encourage the establishment and development of scaffold limbs away from wires. Understanding the physiology of epicormic branch initiation and growth as well as wound compartmentalization following reduction pruning are important for optimizing the pruning cycle and maintaining healthy and safe trees. In this study, the influence of both intensity and time of year of pruning on epicormic branch response and wound compartmentalization was investigated on 56 11-year-old Pennsylvania ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) about 5 to 7 m in height within a controlled nursery environment. During the second growing season following reduction of the main stem, the number, height, and volume of epicormic branches, as well as tallest epicormic branches and the area of discolored wood, increased with pruning intensity. Pruning during the leaf-on season compared to the leaf-off season limited the establishment and development of epicormic branches without affecting wound-closure rate or the area of wood discoloration at the cutting point. Results are consistent with the known seasonal fluctuation of carbohydrates reserves. In the context of the electrical distribution network, where trees are subjected to pruning throughout the year, trees pruned in summer during a maintenance cycle could be pruned during the next cycle, in winter, and so on, to optimize the return interval of the pruning cycle.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electrical compartmentalization"
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Thomas, Arun Mammen 1974. "Compartmentalization evaluated to explain discrepancies calculating cartilage fixed charge density." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50516.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-87).
Recent studies on methods of detecting the early onset of arthritic cartilage degradation using NMR-based techniques have shown that such detection is possible. The use of sodium NMR observations, along with an ideal Donnan single compartment model of cartilage, has already been validated as a means of measuring cartilage fixed charge density - a known indicator of cartilage condition. Similar calculations of fixed charge density from proton (in the presence of gadopentetate) NMR observations and the same model were highly correlated with, but 50% below, values derived from sodium NMR. Maroudas had previously shown the water content of cartilage to be divided with a roughly 30:70 ratio between two physiologically distinct regions. The first of these regions, within cartilage collagen fibrils, is electroneutral, with most of the tissue fixed charge, in the form of chondroitin sulfate, being concentrated in the remainder of the tissue, the second region. The existence of two compartments, with different associated fixed charge densities, is shown, by spreadsheet computations and analysis of previously published data, to be a possible reason for the observed 50% discrepancy. High-concentration chondroitin sulfate solutions within dialysis tubing bags were equilibrated in solutions containing sodium and gadopentetate ions. This solution/tubing apparatus mimicked an ideal Donnan single compartment. MR measurements of the amounts of the two ions and calculations of fixed charge density in the solutions based on the measurements yielded the same 50% factor. Since this artificial model did not include any collagen, there were no compartmentalization effects due to structural factors. A similar single-compartment was done using a non-ionic contrast agent to test for steric exclusion based compartmentalization. Although MR measurements revealed a discrepancy in contrast agent distribution, the discrepancy was exactly opposite what should have been observed had steric exclusion been a factor. In summary, it seemed clear that compartmentalization of water (from either cartilage structure or from steric exclusion) was not primarily responsible for the observed 50% discrepancy. Another explanation must be found.
by Arun Mammen Thomas.
M.Eng.
Book chapters on the topic "Electrical compartmentalization"
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S., Sumathi, Rajkumar S., and Indumathi S. "Natural Language Processing-Based Information Extraction and Abstraction for Lease Documents." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 170–87. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1159-6.ch011.
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Lease abstraction is the method of compartmentalization of key data from a lease document. Lease document for a property contains key business, money, and legal data about a property. A lease abstract report contains details concerning the property location and basic lease details, price schedules, key events, terms and conditions, automobile parking arrangements, and landowner and tenant obligations. Abstracting a true estate contract into electronic type facilitates easy access to key data, exchanging the tedious method of reading the whole contents of the contract every time. Language process may be used for data extraction and abstraction of knowledge from lease documents.
Conference papers on the topic "Electrical compartmentalization"
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Nguyen, Mary-Anne, and Stephen A. Sarles. "Micro-Encapsulation and Tuning of Biomolecular Unit Cell Networks." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7583.
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The goal of our research is to fabricate an autonomic material system that provides compartmentalization and multi-bilayer networks for enabling collective biomolecular functionality, as is found in living cells and tissues. The material system is based on biomolecular unit cells, which consist of synthetic lipid bilayers formed at the interfaces of lipid-coated aqueous droplets submerged in oil and contained in a solid material. This paper focuses on microfluidic encapsulation of unit cells within a solid material and tuning the amount of contact between droplets, two approaches aimed at increasing the functional density of the droplet-based material system. Hydrodynamic traps within microfluidic platforms have shown to be a promising method to capture single droplets within microfluidic devices. Herein, we develop a resistive flow model to design hydrodynamic traps for collecting pairs of droplets in a direct trapping mode to form unit cells. We also compare to the model the results of droplet trapping in a prototype microfluidic device fabricated prior to model development. In addition to flow techniques for assembling unit cells in solid materials, we examine the use of mineral oil as the hydrophobic oil phase that surrounds the droplets to increase the area of the lipid membrane formed between neighboring droplets. Compared to hexadecane, mineral oil produces larger contact areas between droplets and more-tightly packed multi-bilayer networks. The total free energies of formation for droplet arrays in mineral oil and hexadecane indicate that connected droplets in mineral oil exhibit a greater decrease in free energy upon formation (i.e. they exist at a lower energy state compared to those in hexadecane) and that hexagonal packing provides the maximum amount of decrease in free energy per droplet for droplets in large arrays. Electrical measurements of unit cells formed in mineral oil initially show gigaohm resistances typical of unit cells, however these unit cells exhibit increasing values of conductance as the bilayer areas grow.
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Hermawanmanuab, Idabagusgede, Rayan Ghanim, Enrico Ferreira, and Mohamed Gouda. "Real-Time Integrated LWD Formation Evaluation to Maximize Injectivity." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205722-ms.
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Abstract The main objective was to drill a power water horizontal injector within the sweet spot of a thin fractured and heterogeneous reservoir to achieve pressure stabilization in this producing field and an optimized sweep at the bottom of reservoir to maximize and prolong production. A traditional triple-combo logging while drilling (LWD) portfolio cannot fulfill these challenging reservoir navigation and formation evaluation (FE) objectives simultaneously because of the limited number of measurements. Hence, a more holistic approach is required to optimize the well placement via the integration of real-time LWD FE measurements to maximize the injectivity. An integrated LWD assembly was utilized and offset well FE data were studied to select the best zone for well placement to provide the best injectivity and production of the remaining oil towards the base of the reservoir. Extensive pre-well modeling was performed, based on offset well data with multiple scenarios reviewed to cover all eventualities. Another challenge was to place the wellbore in a relatively low resistive zone (water wet) in contrast to normal development wells where the wellbore is navigated in high resistive hydrocarbon bearing zones, so conventional distance to bed boundary mapping methodology was not applicable. To overcome this challenge; advanced Multi Component (MC) While Drilling resistivity inversion was proposed in conjunction with deep azimuthal resistivity technology. The benefit of this technique is in providing the resistivity of each layer within the depth of detection along with thickness and dip of each layer. Resistivity inversion results were correlated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) porosity and volumetric data to identify the best zone for well placement. As MC inversion was able to map multiple layers within ~7 ft radius depth of detection, changing thicknesses and dip of each layer; the geosteering team was able to make proactive recommendations based on the inversion results. These proactive trajectory adjustments resulted in maintaining the wellbore within a thin target zone (1-3 ft in thickness) also confirmed by NMR and Formation Testing Service (FTS) in real-time, achieving excellent net-to-gross, which otherwise would not have been possible. The hexa-combo LWD assembly supported optimum well placement and provided valuable information about the geological structure through the analysis of high-resolution electrical images identifying the structural events which cause compartmentalization, confirmed by FTS results. This integrated LWD approach enabled proactive well trajectory adjustments to maintain the wellbore within the optimum porous, permeable and fractured target zone. This integrated methodology improved the contact within the water-injection target of the horizontal section, in a challenging thin reservoir and achieved 97.5 % exposure. Using an integrated LWD hexa-combo BHA and full real-time analysis the objective was achieved in one run with zero Non-Productive Time (NPT) and without any real-time or memory data quality issues.
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Garcia, Elias, and Kevin Robertson. "Advanced Reservoir Control Systems Paving the Way for Digital Offshore Operations and Analysis." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208898-ms.
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Abstract Digital offshore operations and analysis rely on the deployment of downhole completion technologies that can produce significant quantities of data. Historically, downhole monitoring technologies, such as fiber optics and permanent downhole gauges, have been a good source of wellbore data for modeling and analysis. Permanent downhole monitoring technologies have benefitted from the advancement of high temperature electronics, reducing overall power consumption, and directly affecting sensor and electronics reliability and longevity. Through the utilization of telemetry schemes for addressability, permanent downhole monitoring technologies have also helped to develop electro-hydraulic and all-electric downhole flow control technologies, by enabling increased wellbore compartmentalization and fast control of multiple wellbore intervals. Advanced reservoir control systems have the ability to integrate to smart and data driven systems. They can be subdivided into extrinsic and intrinsic systems. Intrinsic systems benefit from having integrated monitoring technologies that can be addressed through telemetry schemes, which are also used to control multiple wellbore intervals. Examples of intrinsic systems include intrinsic electro-hydraulic systems and all-electric systems. To date, plenty of testing has been done with these types of intrinsic systems, but this paper highlights the evaluation of an intrinsic electro-hydraulic system. Ultimately, the authors believe that a stepwise approach through the implementation of hybrid-electric digital systems is key to the overall acceptance of all-electric systems. The success and reliability of electro-hydraulic systems will play a significant role in mass acceptance of all-electric systems in the oilfield. Electro-hydraulic systems are a good segway into all electric systems and give operators the chance to utilize some of the existing infrastructure while benefiting from some of the optimizations brought on by the Digital Oilfield.
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Morrison, Angus, Campbell Kinnear, Saltanat Koishymanova, and Dave Clayton. "E-line Deployed Robotics and Stimulation Workflow for Pilot Horizontal Well." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212070-ms.
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Abstract This paper will outline the challenges faced and solutions employed to enable selective stimulation of a pilot horizontal well in the Tengiz field by mechanical manipulation of fracturing sleeves utilizing an electric line deployed tractor system. Specifically, how the robotic system enabled successful and selective stimulation of nine acid fracturing stages in a challenging operational environment. The scope reviews the planning and execution methodology utilized to enable selective stimulation and production along the lateral section. While evaluating the concept of drilling a horizontal well through a deeper, previously undeveloped reservoir horizon, it was identified that multiple acid fracturing stages would be required along a 1,000-meter lateral section. The well objectives were such that each of the acid fracturing zones required the ability to be selectively stimulated and produced (selective shut-off of zones post-production if required). This design utilized an open hole completion with compartmentalization via swell packers and fracturing sleeves. Due to the trajectory and horizontal nature of the well, electric line deployed robotics were selected to access the fracturing sleeves. The well was successfully drilled and completed in 2019 and stimulated in early 2021. All zones were effectively accessed utilizing the selected intervention and stimulation methodology. This was the first use of a robotics intervention technique in the Tengiz field. It was also the first horizontal well drilled and completed into the target reservoir horizon. Intervention challenges included high pressure/high temperature, H2S, well restrictions, drilling muds (with weighting agents), and of course the trajectory of the well with ~ 1,000m lateral section to traverse. The successful outcome was a result of the conceptual engineering, planning and execution of the intervention and stimulation work scope. Formal surface integration test (SIT) was required to identify the best sleeve shifting options, which supported the procedure for the intervention scope. Valued lessons learned and best practices specific to the completion design, tractor deployment and stimulation strategy were gained through the testing and implementation scopes that will be utilized for future similar projects.