Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electrical anisotropy'

Magnetostriction is a source of vibration and acoustic noise of electrical machines and it can be highly anisotropic even in non-oriented electrical steel. Understanding of magnetostriction under magnetisation and stress conditions present in stator core laminations can help predict the core vibration and radiated noise. Anisotropy of magnetostriction of a 0.50 mm thick non-oriented steel investigated in Epstein strips cut at angles to the rolling direction was much higher than the anisotropy of its magnetic and elastic properties because magnetostriction arises directly from magnetic domain processes. Magnetostriction of a disc sample of the 0.50 mm thick steel was measured under ID and 2D magnetisation and compared with that of a 0.35 mm thick steel with different anisotropy level. A 2D magnetostriction model and an analytical simple domain model were used to explain the experimental results. 2D magnetostriction is dependent on the magnetostrictive anisotropy and the ratios of the transverse to longitudinal magnetostriction. AC magnetostriction measured in the disc samples was larger than in the Epstein strips due to the form effect. An induction motor model core was constructed from the 0.50 mm thick steel for measurements of localised flux density and deformation. Core deformation due to Maxwell forces was calculated. Magnetostriction and specific power loss of the core material under magnetisation conditions present in the core was measured. The localised loss in the stator teeth, tooth roots and back iron differed from their average value by 52%, 19% and 36% due to the magnetic anisotropy. Magnetostriction was estimated to be about 55% and 80% of the radial deformation at the tooth root and back iron regions respectively. Stator teeth deformed asymmetrically and the magnitude of the space harmonics increased due to the magnetostrictive anisotropy. The measurement results inferred that 2D magnetostriction can be predicted from the magnetostrictive anisotropy and vice versa. Also, core deformation and vibration of large machines, where segmented stator core laminations are used, can be estimated analytically with the knowledge of 2D magnetostriction of the core material.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-151).
Imagery formed from wide-angle synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements has fine cross-range resolution in principle. However, conventional SAR image formation techniques assume isotropic scattering, which is not valid with wide-angle apertures. Also, the spatial location of scattering centers may migrate as a function of viewing angle across the aperture. The problem of jointly forming images and characterizing anisotropy as well as characterizing scattering center migration in wide-angle SAR is considered in the thesis. The approach not only compensates for anisotropy and migration in the image formation process, but gives much more information, useful for scene interpretation, than a simple image would. A method based on a sparse representation of anisotropic scattering with an over-complete basis composed of basis vectors with varying levels of angular persistence is presented. Solved as an inverse problem, the result is a complex-valued, aspect-dependent response for each scatterer in a scene. The non-parametric approach jointly considers all scatterers within one system of equations.
(cont.) The choice of the overcomplete basis set incorporates prior knowledge of anisotropy, but the method is flexible enough to admit solutions that may not match a family of parametric functions. Sparsity is enforced through regularization based on the lp quasi-norm, p < 1, leading to a non-convex minimization problem. A quasi-Newton method is applied to the problem and a novel greedy graph-structured algorithm is developed and also applied. Results are demonstrated on synthetic examples and realistic examples with XPatch data, including the backhoe public release dataset.
by Kush R. Varshney.
S.M.

EIT is a method of imaging that exists for a century, initially in geophysics and in recent years in medical imaging. Even though the practical applications of EIT go back to the early 20th century the systematic study of the inverse conductivity problem started in the late 1970s, hence many aspects of the problem remain unexplored. In the study of the inverse conductivity problem usually Finite Element Models are used since they can be easily adapted for bodies of irregular shapes. In this work though we use an equivalent approximation, the electrical resistor network, for which many uniqueness results as well as reconstruction algorithms exist. Furthermore resistor networks are important for EIT since they are used to provide convenient stable test loads or phantoms for EIT systems. In this thesis we study the transfer resistance matrix of a resistor network that is derived from n-port theory and review necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix to be the transfer resistance of a planar network. The so called “paramountcy” condition may be useful for validation purposes since it provides the means to locate problematic electrodes. In the study of resistor networks in relation to inverse problems it is of a great importance to know which resistor networks correspond to some Finite Element Model. To give a partial answer to this we use the dual graph of a resistor network and we represent the voltage by the logarithm of the circle radius. This representation in combination with Duffin’s non-linear resistor network theory provides the means to show that a non-linear resistor network can be embedded uniquely in a Euclidean space under certain conditions. This is where the novelty of this work lies.

The anisotropy of the Biscayne Aquifer which serves as the source of potable water for Miami-Dade County was investigated by applying geophysical methods. Electrical resistivity imaging, self potential and ground penetration radar techniques were employed in both regional and site specific studies. In the regional study, electrical anisotropy and resistivity variation with depth were investigated with azimuthal square array measurements at 13 sites. The observed coefficient of electrical anisotropy ranged from 1.01 to 1.36. The general direction of measured anisotropy is uniform for most sites and trends W-E or SE-NW irrespective of depth. Measured electrical properties were used to estimate anisotropic component of the secondary porosity and hydraulic anisotropy which ranged from 1 to 11% and 1.18 to 2.83 respectively. 1-D sounding analysis was used to models the variation of formation resistivity with depth. Resistivities decreased from NW (close to the margins of the everglades) to SE on the shores of Biscayne Bay. Porosity calculated from Archie's law, ranged from 18 to 61% with higher values found along the ridge. Higher anisotropy, porosities and hydraulic conductivities were on the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and lower values at low lying areas west of the ridge. The cause of higher anisotropy and porosity is attributed to higher dissolution rates of the oolitic facies of the Miami Formation composing the ridge. The direction of minimum resistivity from this study is similar to the predevelopment groundwater flow direction indicated in published modeling studies. Detailed investigations were carried out to evaluate higher anisotropy at West Perrine Park located on the ridge and Snapper Creek Municipal well field where the anisotropy trend changes with depth. The higher anisotropy is attributed to the presence of solution cavities oriented in the E-SE direction on the ridge. Similarly, the change in hydraulic anisotropy at the well field might be related to solution cavities, the surface canal and groundwater extraction wells.

En la presente tesis, se estudió la influencia de la anisotropía y la humedad en las propiedades mecánicas a la tracción y la resistividad volumétrica de los compuestos de Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno reforzado con Nano Tubos de Carbono y Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno reforzado con Micro Fibras de Carbono impresos en 3D de por Deposición de Material Fundido. Para estudiar la influencia de la anisotropía, tres diferentes orientaciones de impresión de capa fueron comparadas (0°, 45° and 45°/-45°) esto para una altura de capa de 0.2 mm. Se concluyó que la influencia de la anisotropía es importante para el comportamiento mecánico de el Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno con Micro Fibras de Carbono esto debido a la relación que existe entre la resistencia que realiza el refuerzo y el alineamiento que presentan las fibras respecto a la dirección de tracción. Por otro lado, no se encontraron mayor influencia de la anisotropía en las propiedades mecánicas del Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno con Nano Tubos de Carbono. En la resistividad volumétrica para el Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno con Nano Tubos de Carbono no se encontró mayor variación en los resultados debido a la anisotropía de las capas. El Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno con Micro Fibras de Carbono no pudo ser ensayado debido a la alta resistividad que el material presentó. Para estudiar la influencia de la humedad, dos condiciones del filamento se compararon: seco y expuesto a la humedad. Se concluyó que la influencia de la humedad en el filamento es también importante en el comportamiento mecánico a la tracción del Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno con Micro Fibras de Carbono esto debido a que la humedad absorbida por el filamento se elimina a través de burbujas de vapor que explosionan durante la impresión 3D empobreciendo así la adherencia entre la fibra y la matriz polimérica. Por otro lado, no se encontró tampoco mayor influencia en el comportamiento mecánico a la tracción del Acrilonitrilo Butadieno Estireno reforzado con Nano Tubos de Carbono debido a la humedad. En la resistividad volumétrica, se encontró que la humedad influye más en los resultados que la anisotropía, pero no llega a ser una influencia considerable. Esta influencia se debe principalmente a estructura menos uniforme que presenta el sólido impreso debido a las alteraciones producto de las explosiones de burbujas de vapor para eliminar la humedad absorbida como se mencionó anteriormente.
In the present thesis, the influence of anisotropy and humidity in the tensile properties and electrical volume resistivity of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Carbon Nanotubes and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Micro Carbon Fibers manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing was studied. To study the influence of the anisotropy three different layer printing orientations were compared (0°, 45° and 45°/-45°) in a layer height of 0.2 mm. It was concluded that the influence of anisotropy is important on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Micro Carbon Fibers tensile behavior due to relation that exist between the performance/resistance and the alignment of the reinforcement. On the other hand, no significant influence was found on the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Carbon Nanotubes. On the electrical volume resistivity, no significant variation was found on the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Carbon Nanotubes by the anisotropy of the layers. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Micro Carbon Fibers could not be essayed because of the high resistance of the composite. To study the influence of the humidity, two conditions on the filaments of the materials in study were compared: dry and moisture exposed. It was concluded that the influence of humidity is also remarkable on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Micro Carbon Fibers tensile behavior because the humidity absorbed by the filaments is removed through vapor bubble blast during the 3D printing that impoverishes the adherence between the fibers and the matrix. On the other hand, no significant influence was again found on the Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Carbon Nanotubes. On the electrical volume resistivity, the humidity influences more this attributed to the less uniform structure the specimens printed with moisture exposed filaments have because of the steam explosions mentioned before.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Anisotropie und Feuchtigkeit in den Zugeigenschaften und dem elektrischen Volumenwiderstand von Acrylnitril- Butadien-Styrol/Kohlenstoffnanoröhren und Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol/Mikro Kohlefaser, hergestellt durch Schmelzschichtung Modellieren 3D-Druck, untersucht. Um den Einfluss der Anisotropie zu untersuchen, wurden drei unterschiedliche Schichtdruckorientierungen (0 °, 45 ° und 45 ° / -45 °) in einer Schichthöhe von 0,2 mm verglichen. Es wurde festgestellt, dass der Einfluss der Anisotropie bei Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol/Mikro Kohlefaser zugverhalten aufgrund der Beziehung zwischen der Leistung / dem Widerstand und der Ausrichtung der Bewehrung wichtig ist. Auf der anderen Seite wurde kein signifikanter Einfluss auf die Acrylnitril- Butadien-Styrol/Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gefunden. Bei dem elektrischen Volumenwiderstand wurde keine signifikante Variation auf der Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol/Kohlenstoffnanoröhren durch die Anisotropie der Schichten gefunden. Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol/Mikro Kohlefaser konnte wegen der hohen Beständigkeit des Verbundwerkstoffes nicht aufgeschrieben werden. Um den Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit zu untersuchen, wurden zwei Bedingungen auf den Filamenten der Materialien in der Studie verglichen: trocken und Feuchtigkeit ausgesetzt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass der Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit auch bei Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol/Mikro Kohlefaser-Zugverhalten bemerkenswert ist, da die von den Filamenten absorbierte Feuchtigkeit durch Dampfblasenblasen während des 3D-Druckens entfernt wird, was die Haftung zwischen den Fasern und der Matrix verarmt. Auf der anderen Seite wurde auf der Acrylnitril-Butadien- Styrol/Kohlenstoffnanoröhren kein signifikanter Einfluss gefunden. Bei dem elektrischen Volumenwiderstand beeinflusst die Feuchtigkeit mehr, was auf die weniger einheitliche Struktur zurückzuführen ist. Die mit feuchtigkeitsbelichteten Filamenten bedruckten Proben haben wegen der zuvor erwähnten Dampfexplosionen.
Tesis

Boundary value problems required for modelling plane wave propagation in electrically anisotropic and inhomogeneous media relevant to the surface impedance methods in electromagnetic geophysics are formally posed and treated. For a homogeneous TM-type wave propagating in a half space with both vertical and horizontal inhomogeneities where the TM-type wave is aligned with one of the elements of the conductivity tensor, it is shown using exact solutions that the shearing term in the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for inclined anisotropic media: [Equation 1], unequivocally vanishes and solutions need only be sought to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for biaxial media: [Equation 2]. This implies that those problems posed with an inclined uniaxial conductivity tensor can be identically stated with a fundamental biaxial conductivity tensor, provided that the conductivity values are the reciprocal of the diagonal terms from the Euler rotated resistivity tensor: [Equation 3], [Equation 4], [Equation 5]. The applications of this consequence for numerical methods of solving arbitrary two-dimensional problems for a homogeneous TM-type wave is that they need only to approximate the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and neglect the corresponding shearing term. The self-consistent impedance method, a two-dimensional finite-difference approximation based on a network analogy, is demonstrated to accurately solve for problems with inclined uniaxial anisotropy using the fundamental biaxial anisotropy equivalence. The problem of a homogeneous plane wave at skew incidence upon an inclined anisotropic half space is then formally treated. In the half space, both TM- and TE-type waves are coupled and the linearly polarised incident TM- and TE-type waves reflect TE- and TM-type components. Equations for all elements of the impedance tensor are derived for both TM- and TE-type incidence. This offers potential as a method of predicting the direction of anisotropic strike from tensor impedance measurements in sedimentary environments.

Boundary value problems required for modelling plane wave propagation in electrically anisotropic and inhomogeneous media relevant to the surface impedance methods in electromagnetic geophysics are formally posed and treated. For a homogeneous TM-type wave propagating in a half space with both vertical and horizontal inhomogeneities where the TM-type wave is aligned with one of the elements of the conductivity tensor, it is shown using exact solutions that the shearing term in the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for inclined anisotropic media: [Equation 1], unequivocally vanishes and solutions need only be sought to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for biaxial media: [Equation 2]. This implies that those problems posed with an inclined uniaxial conductivity tensor can be identically stated with a fundamental biaxial conductivity tensor, provided that the conductivity values are the reciprocal of the diagonal terms from the Euler rotated resistivity tensor: [Equation 3], [Equation 4], [Equation 5]. The applications of this consequence for numerical methods of solving arbitrary two-dimensional problems for a homogeneous TM-type wave is that they need only to approximate the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and neglect the corresponding shearing term. The self-consistent impedance method, a two-dimensional finite-difference approximation based on a network analogy, is demonstrated to accurately solve for problems with inclined uniaxial anisotropy using the fundamental biaxial anisotropy equivalence. The problem of a homogeneous plane wave at skew incidence upon an inclined anisotropic half space is then formally treated. In the half space, both TM- and TE-type waves are coupled and the linearly polarised incident TM- and TE-type waves reflect TE- and TM-type components. Equations for all elements of the impedance tensor are derived for both TM- and TE-type incidence. This offers potential as a method of predicting the direction of anisotropic strike from tensor impedance measurements in sedimentary environments.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Microelectronic Engineering
Full Text

Les résultats présentés dans ce document portent sur les anisotropies sismique et électrique d'un massif calcaire fracturé dans des galeries parallèles souterraines. Les fractures étant orientées verticalement, leurs propriétés sont approximées par isotropie transverse horizontale (HTI). Plusieurs méthodes d'inversion ont été étudié pour traiter les données sismiques (temps d'arrivée des ondes P et S); et pour traiter les données de résistivité électrique mesuré dans une configuration pôle-pôle (valeur de potentiel mesuré).Pour traiter les données sismiques (quatre campagnes), les méthodes étudiées dans ce document sont: une tomographie isotrope, une approximation de cosinus, une inversion anisotrope basée sur l'algorithme Monte-Carlo pour les paramètres de la matrice de rigidité (de l'isotropie transverse horizontale) et une tomographie anisotrope pour un milieu avec une isotropie transverse inclinée. Toutes les méthodes conduisent à la conclusion qu'il y a effectivement une anisotropie présente dans le massif rocheux et confirment la direction de la vélocité maximale parallèle à la direction de la fracturation. Une forte anisotropie de 15 % est présente dans la zone étudiée.Pour traiter les données électriques (deux campagnes), les méthodes étudiées sont une approximation de cosinus et une inversion anisotrope basée sur l'algorithme Monte-Carlo pour les paramètres de résistivité transversale ρT, de résistivité longitudinale ρL et de l'angle d'orientation du modèle par rapport au système de référence. La présence à 180° de deux maxima de résistivité apparente par rapport à l'azimut de mesure ne peuvent être modélisés par des approches conventionnelles. Une modélisation conceptuelle d'un maillage des fils conducteurs dans un milieu non conducteur a été développé et montre des résultats prometteurs, avec le succès de la modélisation des deux maxima.Des mesures répétées montrent de légères variations de résistivité apparentes et des variations des ondes P. Les variations des ondes S ne sont pas prononcés, ce qui reflète un changement de la saturation en eau. La porosité de 10-15% est estimé à partir des mesures sismiques.

Des films minces de W et de W-Cu ont été déposés par co-pulvérisation GLAD à partir de deux cibles opposées de W et Cu. Chaque cible a été focalisée sur le centre du substrat avec un angle d'inclinaison α = 80°. Plusieurs séries d’échantillons ont été réalisées en faisant varier différents paramètres expérimentaux : la pression de travail, l’épaisseur des films ainsi que les intensités du courant des cibles. La nature des films préparés et leurs propriétés ont été étudiées pour comprendre les corrélations entre les caractéristiques structurales et les comportements électriques des films. Les paramètres expérimentaux jouent un rôle fondamental sur la forme des colonnes, leur angle de croissance, et sur la composition élémentaire des films colonnaires de W-Cu. Une variation systématique de ces paramètres a permis de relier certaines caractéristiques morphologiques et structurales aux propriétés de transport électronique dans ces films colonnaires. Le cuivre a été dissout chimiquement afin d’obtenir une structure plus poreuse, ceci dans l’objectif d’améliorer l’anisotropie électrique. Parallèlement à cette approche expérimentale, un modèle théorique a été développé pour comprendre les propriétés de conduction dans les films en tenant compte de la géométrie anisotrope des colonnes. Ce modèle a été appliqué aux films de W et W-Cu bruts et gravés
W and W-Cu thin films were deposited by the GLAD co-sputtering technique from two opposite targets: W and Cu. Each target was focused on the center of the substrate with a tilt angle of α = 80 °. Several series were prepared changing some experimental parameters: the sputtering pressure, the film’s thickness as well as the target currents. The nature of as-deposited films and their morphological properties were studied in order to understand the correlations between some structural characteristics and electrical behaviors of these structured films. The experimental parameters play a key-role on the shape of the columns, their angle of inclination, and the elemental composition of these W-Cu films. The influence of these parameters on the films morphology was demonstrated and related to the electronic transport properties in these columnar films. The copper was chemically etched in order to obtain a more porous structure, with the aim of improving the electrical anisotropy. A theoretical model was also developed in order to understand the electrical conductivity mechanism in these columnar films taking into account the anisotropic structure of the columns. This model was applied to W, as-deposited W-Cu and etched W-Cu films

Yes
The main objective of this work is to investigate the combinatory effects of both uniaxial magnetic and electrical anisotropies on the input impedance, resonant length and the mutual coupling between two dipoles printed on an anisotropic grounded substrate. Three different configurations: broadside, collinear and echelon are considered for the coupling investigation. The study is based on the numerical solution of the integral equation using the method of moments through the mathematical derivation of the appropriate Green’s functions in the spectral domain. In order to validate the computing method and evaluated Matlab® calculation code, numerical results are compared with available literature treating particular cases of uniaxial electrical anisotropy; good agreements are observed. New results of dipole structures printed on uniaxial magnetic anisotropic substrates are presented and discussed, with the investigation of the combined electrical and magnetic anisotropies effect on the input impedance and mutual coupling for different geometrical configurations. The combined uniaxial (electric and magnetic) anisotropies provide additional degrees of freedom for the input impedance control and coupling reduction.
This work is part of the POSITION-II project funded by the ECSEL joint Undertaking under grant number Ecsel-7831132-Postitio-II-2017-IA,www. position-2.eu and partly funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020- UIDP/50008/2020. This work was also supported in part by the DGRSDT (General Directorate of Scientific Research and Technological Development) - MESRS (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research), Algeria, and RTI2018-095499-B-C31, Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE).

Yes
The main objective of this work is to investigate the combinatory effects of both uniaxial magnetic and electrical anisotropies on the input impedance, resonant length and the mutual coupling between two dipoles printed on an anisotropic grounded substrate. Three different configurations: broadside, collinear and echelon are considered for the coupling investigation. The study is based on the numerical solution of the integral equation using the method of moments through the mathematical derivation of the appropriate Green’s functions in the spectral domain. In order to validate the computing method and evaluated Matlab® calculation code, numerical results are compared with available literature treating particular cases of uniaxial electrical anisotropy; good agreements are observed. New results of dipole structures printed on uniaxial magnetic anisotropic substrates are presented and discussed, with the investigation of the combined electrical and magnetic anisotropies effect on the input impedance and mutual coupling for different geometrical configurations. The combined uniaxial (electric and magnetic) anisotropies provide additional degrees of freedom for the input impedance control and coupling reduction.
This work is part of the POSITION-II project funded by the ECSEL joint Undertaking under grant number Ecsel-7831132-Postitio-II-2017-IA,www. position-2.eu and partly funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable co-funded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020- UIDP/50008/2020. This work was also supported in part by the DGRSDT (General Directorate of Scientific Research and Technological Development) - MESRS (Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research), Algeria, and RTI2018-095499-B-C31, Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE).

Due to the multi-tasking and miniaturization of electronic devices, faster heat transfer is required from the device to avoid the thermal failure. Die-attached polymer adhesives are used to bond the chips in electronic packaging. These adhesives have to hold strong mechanical, thermal, dielectric, and moisture resistant properties. As polymers are insulators, heat conductive particles are inserted in it to enhance the thermal flow with an attention that there would be no electrical conductivity as well as no reduction in dielectric strength. This thesis focuses on the characterization of polymer nanocomposites for thermal and electrical properties with experimental and computational tools. Platelet geometry of hexagonal boron nitride offers highly anisotropic properties. Therefore, their alignment and degree of orientation offers tunable properties in polymer nanocomposites for thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. This thesis intends to model the anisotropic behavior of thermal and dielectric properties using finite element and molecular dynamics simulations as well as experimental validation.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre de l'analyse et la modélisation de la distribution du champ magnétique dans les machines électriques à circuit magnétique feuilleté avec des tôles à grains orientés. L'anisotropie des tôles magnétiques des transformateurs induit des phénomènes 3D complexes au niveau des joints magnétiques où les tôles se chevauchent. Concernant l'augmentation de l'efficacité énergétique des machines tournantes, de nouvelles structures à base de tôles à grains orientés font leur apparition. Néanmoins, simuler finement en 3D un paquet de tôles minces recouvertes d'un isolant de quelques microns d'épaisseur conduit à des temps de calculs très importants.Dans cette optique, nous présentons une méthode d'homogénéisation dont le but est de définir les caractéristiques magnétiques équivalentes d'un empilement quelconque de tôles et d'entrefers. Sa formulation est basée sur la minimisation de l'énergie et la conservation du flux magnétique. Les résultats de cette méthode appliquée à un joint magnétique de transformateur à joints step-lap sont confrontés à des mesures expérimentales et à un modèle élément fini 3D. Ce dernier requiert de connaître les caractéristiques magnétiques des tôles dans les directions de laminage, transverse et normale. La détermination de la perméabilité des tôles dans la direction normale est problématique et constitue un point original de notre étude. Deux méthodes, analytique et numérique, s'appuient sur les mesuresd'un banc de caractérisation en régime statique pour déterminer cette perméabilité normale
This thesis focuses on the analysis and the modeling the magnetic flux distribution in electrical machines with anisotropic laminated magnetic circuit. The anisotropy of magnetic sheets in transformers induces complex 3D phenomena in step-lap magnetic joints where the sheets are overlapped. Moreover, in order to increase the energy efficiency of rotating machines, new structures based on grain-oriented electrical steel are developed.However, an accurate 3D simulation of a laminated core with thin sheets and insulation of a few microns leads to very large computation time. In this context, we present a homogenization method, which purpose is to define the equivalent magnetic characteristics of any laminated core made of sheets and air gaps. Its formulation is based on the energy minimization and the magnetic flux conservation. The results of this method applied to a step-lap magnetic joint are compared with experimental measurements and a 3D finite element model. The latter requires to know the magnetic characteristics of the sheets in the rolling, transverse and normal directions. The determination of the sheets permeability in the normal direction is problematic and it constitutes an original point of our study.Two methods, analytical and numerical, based on measurements obtained with a static characterization bench makes possible the determination of the normale permeability

Radio magnetotellurics (RMT), crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR), and crosshole electrical resistance tomography (ERT) were applied in a range of hydrogeological applications where geophysical data could improve hydrogeological characterization. A profile of RMT data collected over highly resistive granite was used to map subhorizontal fracture zones below 300m depth, as well as a steeply dipping fracture zone, which was also observed on a coinciding seismic reflection profile. One-dimensional inverse modelling and 3D forward modelling with displacement currents included were necessary to test the reliability of features found in the 2D models, where the forward models did not include displacement currents and only lower frequencies were considered. An inversion code for RMT data was developed and applied to RMT data with azimuthal electrical anisotropy signature collected over a limestone formation. The results indicated that RMT is a faster and more reliable technique for studying electrical anisotropy than are azimuthal resistivity surveys. A new sequential inversion method to estimate hydraulic conductivity fields using crosshole GPR and tracer test data was applied to 2D synthetic examples. Given careful surveying, the results indicated that regularization of hydrogeological inverse problems using geophysical tomograms might improve models of hydraulic conductivity. A method to regularize geophysical inverse problems using geostatistical models was developed and applied to crosshole ERT and GPR data collected in unsaturated sandstone. The resulting models were geologically more reasonable than models where the regularization was based on traditional smoothness constraints. Electromagnetic geophysical techniques provide an inexpensive data source in estimating qualitative hydrogeological models, but hydrogeological data must be incorporated to make quantitative estimation of hydrogeological systems feasible.

Le but de notre étude est de prendre en compte le comportement bidimensionnel non linéaire et anisotrope des tôles magnétiques, utilisées en génie électrique, afin de pouvoir effectuer une modélisation par éléments finis aussi réaliste que possible. Nous avons développé un modèle original de loi de comportement de tôles magnétiques (à grains orientés, à grains non orientés, à texture cubique) fondé sur l'équivalence entre la relation vectorielle B(H) et une représentation magnétique 11. Les données expérimentales nécessaires sont les courbes B(H) suivant la direction de laminage (axe x) et striant la direction travers qui lui est orthogonale (axe y). Le comportement magnétique des tôles est pris en compte par une représentation adéquate des lignes isovaleurs de coénergie dans le plan HxHy. La relation B(H) est ensuite restituée à partir de la densité de coénergie. Une vérification expérimentale du modèle a été effectuée grâce à un cadre en champs tournants. Nous avons implanté le modèle dans un logiciel éléments finis avec une formulation en potentiel scalaire. Des exemples d'application ont été traités (alternateur et transformateur)

Ceramic-matrix composites of alumina and silicon carbide whiskers have recently found novel commercial application as electromagnetic absorbers. However, a detailed understanding of how materials issues influence the composite electrical response, which underpins this application, has been absent until now. In this project, such composites were electrically measured over a wide range of conditions and modeled in terms of various aspects of the microstructure in order to understand how they work. For this purpose, three types of composites were made by different methods from the same set of ceramic powder blends loaded with different volume fractions of whiskers. In doing so, the interfaces between whiskers, the preferred orientations of whiskers, and the structure of electrically-connected whisker clusters were varied; the whisker aspect-ratio distributions were the same for all methods. At the electrode interfaces, Schottky barriers at the junctions of the electrically-percolating wide-bandgap semiconductor whiskers on the surface were responsible for a significant portion of the total measured impedance. The associated electrical response was studied on the microscopic and macroscopic level, and the gap between these different scales was bridged. Also, a modeling approach was developed for the non-linear behavior of the composite which results from these barriers. In regards to the whiskers within the composite bulk, the effects of various factors on the wide-band frequency dependence of the dielectric response and dc conductivity were explained and contextualized for the electromagnetic absorber application. Such factors include whisker preferred orientation, electrical percolation and cluster structure, the interfaces between electrically-connected SiC whiskers, and porosity. A quantitative correlation between the anisotropy of the microstructure and that of the conductivity was found, and was understood in terms of the interfacial SiC-Al2O3-SiC conduction mechanism. This behavior was shown to differ from the behavior commonly observed for other disordered mixtures of relatively conductive particles dispersed inside insulating polymer hosts. A description of this new mechanism was developed based on an observed correlation between the temperature dependencies of the static and radio-frequency electrical responses. Also, the aforementioned non-linear response model was expanded upon to describe conduction through and across electrically-percolated clusters. The model demonstrates how loading and interface behavior influence the topology and the strength of the non-linear response of the clusters.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético.
In this work the structural and thermomagnetic properties of the pseudobinaries Ho1-yGdyAl2 have been studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental part included the preparation of five samples, with concentrations y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1, as well as magnetization, specific heat and adiabatic temperature change measurements. In the theoretical part we used a model Hamiltonian which includes the interaction of the ions with the applied magnetic field, the crystalline electrical field and exchange interactions with others magnetic ions. The lattice entropy has been considered within Debyes approach and the electronic entropy as that of a free electron gas. The spin reorientation influence, spontaneous and magnetic field induced ones, in magnetization and specific heat has been systematically investigated either from experimental data as well as theoretically. We have also obtained theoretical results for the isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change by modifying either the magnetic field strength or its direction.

Récemment, les gestionnaires de réseau et de système de transmission, comme le Réseau européen des gestionnaires de réseau de transport d'électricité (ENTSO-E), mettent en place des réglementations pour étendre la plage de fonctionnement des équipements connectés au réseau électrique. Les principaux objectifs de ces modifications sont : d'augmenter la flexibilité du réseau en le rendant capable de supporter des variations de fréquence et de tension (dues aux modifications de l'équilibre des puissances active et réactive) et de faciliter l'intégration et la production d'énergie renouvelable. Cependant, de nombreux équipements installés et raccordés au réseau n'ont pas été conçus pour être exploités dans ces plages de fonctionnement et leur utilisation dans ces conditions peut avoir un impact négatif sur le cycle de vie des équipements, en particulier dans les turbo-alternateurs.Les grands turbo-alternateurs, utilisés pour la production d'électricité dans les centrales nucléaires et hydroélectriques, sont impactés par ces nouvelles réglementations. Cet impact est particulièrement observé aux extrémités de ces machines électriques où les pertes fer sont susceptibles d'augmenter significativement. Ces pertes peuvent entraîner des échauffements, notamment des points chauds, qui peuvent conduire à la fusion de l’isolation entre les tôles du noyau du stator, provoquant ainsi des courts-circuits et des dommages irréversibles à l'équipement. Afin de pouvoir analyser et limiter l'impact des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu, la société EDF s’appuie sur des simulations numériques tridimensionnelles de la machine électrique pour calculer les pertes pour différents régimes de fonctionnement.Une partie de ce travail a déjà été réalisée au laboratoire L2EP, où le logiciel d'analyse par éléments finis code_Carmel a été adapté pour le calcul des pertes dans le noyau du stator et des pertes joule dans les modèles tridimensionnels. Cependant, la complexité physique des propriétés des circuits magnétiques aux extrémités des turbo-alternateurs doit être prise en compte pour obtenir des résultats fiables. En effet, compte tenu du schéma tridimensionnel du chemin du flux magnétique et des propriétés fortement anisotropes du circuit magnétique en acier électrique à grains orientés (GO), la description des pertes fer nécessite des modèles de matériaux magnétiques anisotropes précis combinés à une modélisation numérique efficace.Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, des modèles anisotropes dédiés aux aciers GO, notamment pour décrire la loi de comportement et les pertes fer, ont été étudiés puis implémentés dans un environnement de simulation par éléments finis (FEM) au sein du logiciel code_Carmel. La mise en œuvre a été validée par rapport à des données expérimentales obtenues sur un acier GO de qualité industrielle conventionnelle généralement utilisée dans les turbo-alternateurs. De plus, un démonstrateur expérimental a été développé pour étudier plus finement le comportement magnétique d'un empilement de tôles GO soumis à des excitations de flux magnétique 3D non conventionnelles. Un modèle numérique du démonstrateur expérimental a été développé et étudié, incluant les modèles de matériaux anisotropes, en comparant le comportement global du matériau GO ainsi que les pertes de fer dans l'échantillon d'intérêt.Les résultats montrent que, dans des configurations d'attaque de flux magnétique non conventionnelles, en particulier avec une attaque de flux magnétique normale au plan de laminage, les caractéristiques anisotropes de l’acier GO peuvent influencer la distribution du flux magnétique dans l'empilement de tôles étudié ainsi que les pertes de fer associées. Notamment, et comme attendu, les pertes par courants de Foucault classiques constituent la contribution majeure aux pertes fer dans l’empilement de tôles étudiées
Recently, network and transmission system operators like the European Network of Transmission System Operators of Electricity (ENTSO-E) have started to create regulations to extend the range of operation of the equipment connected to the electrical grid. The main purposes of these changes are: to increase the flexibility of the grid by making it able to withstand variations of frequency and voltage (due to alterations in the active and reactive power balance), and to ease the integration of renewable energy generation. However, many of the installed equipment connected to the grid have not been conceived to be exploited in these operating ranges and their use under these conditions will have a negative impact, especially on the turbo-generators life cycle.Large turbo-generators, used for the generation of electricity in nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, are affected by these new regulations. This impact is especially evident at end-regions of these electrical machines, where the iron losses are likely to increase significantly. These losses can lead to overheating, in particular hot points which can lead to the melting of the insulation layers between the lamination of the stator core, causing short-circuits and irreversible damage to the equipment. To be able to analyze and limit the impact of the involved physical mechanisms, the EDF Company works with tridimensional numerical simulations of the electrical machine to calculate the losses under different regimes of operation.Part of this work has already been realized in the L2EP laboratory, where the finite element analysis software code_Carmel have been adapted for the calculation of core losses and joule losses in tridimensional models. However, the physical complexity of the magnetic circuit properties at the end-regions of turbo-generators must be accounted for, in order to have reliable results. Indeed, considering the tridimensional pattern of the magnetic flux path and the strongly anisotropic properties of the magnetic circuit made from grain oriented electrical steel (GOES), the description of the iron losses requires accurate anisotropic magnetic material models combined with an efficient numerical modelling.In the framework of this PhD work, anisotropic GOES models, related to the behavior law and iron losses, have been studied and successfully implemented in a finite element method (FEM) simulation environment within the software code_Carmel. The implementation has been validated against experimental data achieved on an industrial conventional GO grade typically used in turbogenerators. Also, an experimental demonstrator has been developed to investigate more closely the magnetic behavior of a lamination stack made of GOES under non-conventional 3D magnetic flux excitations. A numerical model of the experimental demonstrator has been developed and studied with the implemented material models by comparing the global behavior of GOES as well as the iron losses in the sample of interest.The results show that under non-conventional magnetic flux attack configurations, especially with a magnetic flux attack normal to the lamination plane, the anisotropic characteristics of the GOES can influence the magnetic flux distribution within the lamination stack and the associated iron losses. In particular, the classical eddy current losses constitute, as expected, the most significant contribution of the total iron losses in the GOES laminations

This thesis presents research into the mechanical and electrical characterisation of Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive (ACA) particles and their behaviour within typical joints. A new technique has been developed for study of individual ACA particle mechanical and electrical performance when undergoing deformation. A study of the effects of planarity variations on individual electrical joints in real ACA assemblies is presented firstly, followed by the research on the mechanical deformation and electrical tests of individual ACA particles undergoing deformation. In the co-planarity research, experiments introducing deliberate rotation between a chip and substrate were designed and carried out to simulate planarity variations in ACA assemblies. There are two outputs from this part of the research. One is the planarity variation effects on individual electrical joints in ACA assemblies, and the other is the effect of bond thickness on the resistance of a real joint.

Piezoelectric materials in the forms of both bulk and thin-film have been widely used as actuators and sensors due to their electromechanical coupling. The characterization of piezoelectric materials plays an important role in determining device performance and reliability. Instrumented indentation is a promising method for probing mechanical as well as electrical properties of piezoelectric materials. The use of instrumented indentation to characterize the properties of piezoelectric materials requires analytical relations. Finite element methods are used to analyze the indentation of piezoelectric materials under different mechanical and electrical boundary conditions. For indentation of a piezoelectric half space, a three-dimensional finite element model is used due to the anisotropy and geometric nonlinearity. The analysis is focused on the effect of angle between poling direction and indentation-loading direction on indentation responses. For the indentation by a flat-ended cylindrical indenter, both insulating indenter and conducting indenter without a prescribed electric potential are considered. The results reveal that both the indentation load and the magnitude of the indentation-induced potential at the contact center increase linearly with the indentation depth. For the indentation by an insulating Berkovich indenter, both frictionless and frictional contact between the indenter and indented surface are considered. The results show the indentation load is proportional to the square of the indentation depth, while the indentation-induced potential at the contact center is proportional to the indentation depth. Spherical indentation of piezoelectric thin films is analyzed in an axisymmetric finite element model, in which the poling direction is anti-parallel to the indentation-loading direction. Six different combinations of electrical boundary conditions are considered for a thin film perfectly bonded to a rigid substrate under the condition of the contact radius being much larger than the film thickness. The indentation load is found to be proportional to the square of the indentation depth. To analyze the decohesion problem between a piezoelectric film and an elastic substrate, a traction-separation law is used to control the interfacial behavior between a thin film and an electrically grounded elastic substrate. The discontinuous responses at the initiation of interfacial decohesion are found to depend on interface and substrate properties.

The anisotropy of the direct magnetoelectric effect in textured nickel ferrite/lead zirconate titanate strain mediated bilayer composites has been studied. The magnetic layers of these samples have been crystallographically textured in planes of the form {100}, {110} and {111}. In this study, it is shown that the optimum bias field and the maximum magnetoelectric coupling signal can be controlled by changing the alignment of the applied magnetic field with respect to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy directions. It is also shown that the product of the optimum bias field and the maximum magnetoelectric coupling signal are proportional to the theoretical saturation magnetostriction. The samples have been magnetically characterised using a recommissioned and developed biaxial vibrating sample magnetometer, capable of detecting the component of a sample’s magnetic moment in 2 perpendicular directions and thus determining the net magnetic moment vector of the sample. Coupled with sample rotation this allows insight into the magnetic anisotropy of the sample, which has been compared with a micromagnetic model. A specialist magnetoelectric coupling rig has also been developed to allow application of DC and AC magnetic fields to a sample simultaneously. As part of the magnetic anisotropy study, a modified torque magnetometry method has been developed to enhance the identification of the anisotropy directions in magnetically soft samples, as well as a method by which torque magnetometry can be approximated using the in-field direction component of magnetisation as measured using a standard vibrating sample magnetometer.

Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA (US); 1 Sep 2003.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--55023" Li, Liang-shi. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Office of Basic Energy Sciences (US) 09/01/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-193).
Scattering from man-made objects in SAR imagery exhibits aspect and frequency dependencies which are not always well modeled by standard SAR imaging techniques based on the ideal point scattering model. This is particularly the case for highresolution wide-band and wide-aperture data where model deviations are even more pronounced. If ignored, these deviations will reduce recognition performance due to the model mismatch, but when appropriately accounted for, these deviations from the ideal point scattering model can be exploited as attributes to better distinguish scatterers and their respective targets. With this in mind, this thesis develops an efficient modeling framework based on a sub-aperture pyramid to utilize scatterer anisotropy for the purpose of target classification. Two approaches are presented to exploit scatterer anisotropy using the sub-aperture pyramid. The first is a nonparametric classifier that learns the azimuthal dependencies within an image and makes a classification decision based on the learned dependencies. The second approach is a parametric attribution of the observed anisotropy characterizing the azimuthal location and concentration of the scattering response. Working from the sub-aperture scattering model, we develop a hypothesis test to characterize anisotropy. We start with an isolated scatterer model which produces a test with an intuitive interpretation. We then address the problem of robustness to interfering scatterers by extending the model to account for neighboring scatterers which corrupt the anisotropy attribution.
(cont.) The development of the anisotropy attribution culminates with an iterative attribution approach that identifies and compensates for neighboring scatterers. In the course of the development of the anisotropy attribution, we also study the relationship between scatterer phenomenology and our anisotropy attribution. This analysis reveals the information provided by the anisotropy attribution for two common sources of anisotropy. Furthermore, the analysis explicitly demonstrates the benefit of using wide-aperture data to produce more stable and more descriptive characterizations of scatterer anisotropy.
y Andrew J. Kim.
Ph.D.

The anistropy of the orbital and spin properties of conduction electrons in InSb has been measured simultaneously using a cyclotron-resonance type experiment. This represents the first time that the anistropy of effective mass in InSb has been directly measured using an optical method.

In this thesis analyses of the optical wave propagation characteristics in uniaxial and weakly biaxial fibers are presented. Analytical closed form solutions are obtained for optical wave propagation in uniaxial fibers with field and modal power distributions investigated in detail for the first time. Optical dispersion characteristics in weakly biaxial fibers are studied by a perturbation method with the exact solution for the uniaxial fibers as the perturbation base. The analysis of optical second harmonic generation in LiNbO$ sb3$ fibers of practical interest is also carried out by a scalar coupled mode theory where the quasi-phase match grating design for cladded fiber geometry is obtained.
Pioneer work of fundamental value on the investigation of acoustic wave propagation properties in hexagonal, trigonal and cubic fibers has also been carried out. Exact analytical solutions are achieved for acoustic wave propagation in hexagonal fibers and simplified closed form formulas are deduced for the weakly guiding case. Acoustic wave propagation in a three-layer structure consisting of a hexagonal-core, a thin isotropic interface layer and an isotropic cladding is analyzed by a perturbation method based on the exact solutions for hexagonal and isotropic acoustic fibers. Based on the exact results for acoustic wave propagation in hexagonal and isotropic fibers respectively, coupled mode equations are applied to acoustic wave propagation analyses in trigonal and cubic fibers.

Electrical conductivity of biological tissues is a distinctive property which differs among tissues. It also varies according to the physiological and pathological state of tissues. Furthermore, in order to solve the bioelectric field problems accurately, electrical conductivity information is essential. Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) technique is proposed to image this information with high spatial resolution. However, almost all MREIT algorithms proposed to date assumes isotropic conductivity in order to simplify the underlying mathematics. But it is known that most of the tissues in human body have anisotropic conductivity values. The aim of this study is to reconstruct anisotropic conductivity images with MREIT. In the study, five novel anisotropic conductivity reconstruction algorithms are developed and implemented. Proposed algorithms are grouped into two: current density based reconstruction algorithms (Type-I) and magnetic flux density based algorithms (Type-II). Performances of the algorithms are evaluated in several aspects and compared with each other. The technique is experimentally realized using 0.15T METU &ndash
EE MRI System and anisotropic conductivity images of test phantoms are reconstructed using all proposed algorithms.

As interessantes propriedades eletrônicas, mecânicas e óticas dos materiais orgânicos conjugados fizeram emergir diversas aplicações tecnológicas e comerciais em dispositivos baseados nesses materiais, tais como sensores, memórias, células solares e diodos emissores de luz poliméricos (LEDs). Neste sentido, o tema central desta tese é o estudo das propriedades elétricas e morfológicas e os mecanismos de transporte eletrônico de cargas no PEDOT:PSS, uma blenda polimérica que consiste de um policátion condutivo, o poli(3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno) (PEDOT) e do poliânion poli(estirenosulfonado) (PSS). PEDOT:PSS é amplamente usado como material de eletrodo em aplicações na área de eletrônica plástica, como mencionado anteriormente. Apesar da condutividade elétrica dos filmes finos de PEDOT:PSS possa variar várias ordens de grandeza, dependendo do método pela qual é processado e transformado em filme fino, as razões para este comportamento é essencialmente desconhecido. Esta tese descreve um estudo detalhado do transporte eletrônico de cargas anisotrópico e sua correlação com a morfologia, as condições e as dimensões da separação de fase entre os dois materiais, PEDOT e PSS. Antes de abordar as propriedades do PEDOT:PSS, uma camada de filme fino inorgânica usada para aumentar o tempo de vida de dispositivos orgânicos é descrita no Capítulo 2. Um importante mecanismo de degradação em LEDs poliméricos é a fotooxidação da camada ativa. Assim, isolar a camada ativa da água, oxigênio e luz, torna-se crucial para o aumento do tempo de vida. Um sistema de deposição química a partir da fase de vapor estimulada por plasma (PECVD) é usado para depositar filmes finos de nitreto de carbono em baixas temperaturas, menores que 100 °C, sobre PLEDs com a intenção de aumentar o tempo de vida destes dipositivos e diminuir a fotodegradação do poli[2-metoxi-5- (2-etil-hexiloxi)-p-fenileno vinileno] (MEH-PPV) em ambiente atmosférico. O filme fino de nitreto de carbono possui as características de um material que pode bloquear a umidade e que tem espessura e flexibilidade adequados para a nova geração de PLEDs flexíveis. As características dos filmes finos de nitreto de carbono e MEH-PPV foram investigadas usando-se técnicas de espectroscopia ótica, com particular ênfase no processo de degradação do MEHPPV sob iluminação. Os resultados mostraram que o filme fino de nitreto de carbono protege o filme polimérico e diminui consideravelmente a fotooxidação. Para avaliar o efeito do encapsulamento em dispositivos reais, LEDs poliméricos foram fabricados e pelas curvas de corrente-tensão um aumento no tempo de vida é confirmado quando a camada de nitreto de carbono é presente. O tempo de vida desejado, maior que 10.000 horas, para aplicações comerciais não foi atingido, entretanto, o encapsulamento pode ser melhorado otimizando as propriedades da camada de nitreto de carbono e combinando-as com camadas de outros materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos. Os capítulos seguintes deste trabalho aborda os estudos realizados com o PEDOT:PSS, uma vez que é amplamente usado em eletrônica orgânica, mas relativamente tem recebido pouca atenção com respeito ao transporte eletrônico de cargas, bem como sua correlação com a morfologia. No Capítulo 3, experimentos com microscopia de varredura por sonda (SPM, Scanning Probe Microscopy) e medidas de condutividade macroscópica são utilizados para estudar e obter um modelo 3D morfológico completo que explica, qualitativamente, a condutividade anisotrópica observada nos filmes finos de PEDOT:PSS depositados pela técnica de spin coating. Imagens topográficas de microscopia de varredura por tunelamento (STM) e imagens da seção transversal observadas com o microscópio de forca atômica (X-AFM) revelaram que o filme fino polimérico é organizado em camadas horizontais de partículas planas ricas em PEDOT, separadas por lamelas quasi-contínuas de PSS. Na direção vertical, lamelas horizontais do isolante PSS reduzem a condutividade e impõe o transporte eletrônico a ser realizado por saltos em sítios vizinhos próximos (nn-H, nearest-neighbor hopping) nas lamellas de PSS. Na direção lateral, o transporte eletrônico via saltos 3D em sítios a longas distâncias (3D-VRH, variable range hopping) ocorre entre as ilhas ricas em PEDOT que são separadas por barreiras muito mais finas de PSS, causando um aumento da condutividade nesta direção. Esta discussão é estendida ao Capítulo 4 com uma descrição quantitativa do transporte eletrônico de cargas predominantes. Particularmente, é demonstrado que o transporte de cargas via saltos 3D em sítios a longas distâncias ocorre entre ilhas ricas em PEDOT e não entre segmentos isolados de PEDOT ou dopantes na direção lateral, enquanto que na direção vertical o transporte de cargas via saltos em sítios vizinhos próximos ocorre dentro das lamelas do quasi-isolante PSS. Em algumas aplicações, faz-se necessário usar PEDOT:PSS com alta condutividade elétrica. Isso pode ser feito adicionando-se sorbitol à solução aquosa de PEDOT:PSS. Após um tratamento térmico, e dependendo da quantidade de sorbitol adicionado, a condutividade aumenta várias ordens de grandeza e as causas e consequências de tal comportamento foram investigadas neste trabalho. O Capítulo 5 investiga as várias propriedades tecnológicas do PEDOT:PSS altamente condutivo tratado com sorbitol, tais como a própria condutividade, os efeitos dos tratamentos térmicos e exposição à umidade. É observado que o aumento da condutividade elétrica, devido à adição de sorbitol na solução aquosa, é acompanhado por uma melhoria na estabilidade da condutividade elétrica em condições atmosféricas. Surpreendentemente, a condutividade elétrica do PEDOT:PSS, sem tratamento com sorbitol (~ 10-3 S/cm), aumenta mais de uma ordem de grandeza sob ambiente úmido de 30-35 % umidade relativa. Este efeito é atribuido a uma contribuição iônica à condutividade total. Análise Temogravimetrica (TGA), espectrometria de massa com sonda de inserção direta (DIP-MS) e análise calorimétrica diferencialmodulada (MDSC) foram usadas como técnicas adicionais para o entendimento dos estudos deste Capítulo. No Capítulo 6, microscopia de varredura por sonda-Kelvin (SKPM) foi empregada para medir o potencial de superfície dos filmes finos de PEDOT:PSS tratados com diferentes concentrações de sorbitol. Mostra-se que a mudança no potencial de superfície é consistente com uma redução de PSS na superfície do filme fino. Para estudar o transporte eletrônico nos filmes finos de PEDOT:PSS altamente condutivos tratados com sorbitol, o Capítulo 7 usa medidas de temperatura e campo elétrico em função da conduvitidade correlacionados com analises morfológicas realizadas por STM. É observado que o transporte eletrônico por saltos, na direção lateral, muda de 3D-VRH para 1D-VRH quando o PEDOT:PSS é tratado com sorbitol. Esta transição é explicada por uma auto-organização das ilhas ricas em PEDOT em agregados 1D, devido ao tratamento com sorbitol, tornando-se alinhadas em domínios micrométricos, como observado pelas imagens de STM.
Employing the unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of the conjugated organic and polymer materials several technological and commercial applications have been developed, such as sensors, memories, solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this respect, the central theme of this thesis is the electrical conductivity and mechanisms of charge transport in PEDOT:PSS, a polymer blend that consists of a conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polycation (PEDOT) and a poly(styrenesulfonate) polyanion (PSS). PEDOT:PSS is omnipresent as electrode material in plastic electronics applications mentioned above. Although the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can vary by several orders of magnitude, depending on the method by which it is processed into a thin film, the reason for this behavior is essentially unknown. This thesis describes a detailed study of the anisotropic charge transport of PEDOT:PSS and its correlation with the morphology, the shape, and the dimension of the phase separation between the two components, PEDOT and PSS. Before addressing the properties of PEDOT:PSS, a new barrier layer is described in Chapter 2 that enhances the lifetime of organic devices. An important degradation mechanism in polymer LEDs is photo-oxidation of the active layer. Hence, isolating the active layer from water and oxygen is crucial to the lifetime. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is used to deposit a thin layer of carbon nitride at low deposition temperatures, below 100 °C, on a polymer LED that uses poly[2-methoxy-5-(2´-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4- phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) as active layer. A thin layer of carbon nitride acts as barrier for humidity, but is still sufficiently bendable to be used in flexible polymer LEDs. The characteristics of carbon nitride and MEH-PPV films have been investigated using optical spectroscopy, with particular emphasis on the degradation process of MEH-PPV under illumination. The measurements show that the carbon nitride coating indeed protects the polymer film and diminishes the photo-oxidation considerably. To study the effect of the encapsulation in real devices, polymer LEDs were made and their current-voltage characteristics confirm the enhanced lifetime in the presence of a carbon nitride barrier layer. However, the target, a lifetime of more than 10,000 hours for commercial applications, was not achieved. The remaining chapters of this thesis describe the investigations of PEDOT:PSS. PEDOT:PSS is widely used in organic electronics. So far, relatively little attention has, been paid to the mechanisms of charge transport in this material and the correlation of those properties to the morphology. In Chapter 3, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and macroscopic conductivity measurements are used to obtain a full 3D morphological model that explains, qualitatively, the observed anisotropic conductivity of spin coated PEDOT:PSS thin films. Topographic scanning probe microscopy (STM) and cross-sectional atomic force microscopy images (X-AFM) reveal that the thin film is organized in horizontal layers of flattened PEDOT-rich particles that are separated by quasi-continuous PSS lamella. In the vertical direction, the horizontal PSS insulator lamellas lead to a reduced conductivity and impose nearest-neighbor hopping (nn-H) transport. In the lateral direction, 3D variable-range hopping (3D-VRH) transport takes place between PEDOT-rich clusters which are separated by much thinner barriers, leading to an enhanced conductivity in this direction. This discussion is extended in Chapter 4, where a quantitative description of the length scales of the predominant transport is obtained. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the hopping process takes place between PEDOT-rich islands and not between single PEDOT segments or dopants in the lateral direction, whilst in the vertical direction the current limiting hopping transport occurs between dilute states inside the quasi-insulating PSS lamellas. By a post-treatment it is possible to modify PEDOT:PSS to raise its conductivity, by orders of magnitude. Typically, the addition of sorbitol to the aqueous dispersion of PEDOT:PSS that is used to deposit thin films via spin coating leads to an enhancement of the conductivity after thermal annealing. The causes and consequences of such behavior were investigated in detail. Chapter 5 describes the various properties of the highly conductive sorbitol-treated PEDOT:PSS, such as the conductivity itself, and the effects of thermal annealing and exposure to moisture. It is found that the conductivity enhancement upon addition of sorbitol is accompanied by a better environmental stability. Surprisingly, the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS thin films without sorbitol treatment is increased by more than one order of magnitude in an environment with more than 30-35 % relative humidity. This effect is attributed to an ionic contribution to the overall conductivity. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), direct insert probe-mass spectrometry (DIP-MS) and modulation differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) were used as additional tools to demonstrate that, after thermal treatment, the concentration of sorbitol in the final PEDOT:PSS layer is negligibly small. In Chapter 6, scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) is employed to measure the surface potential and work function of this PEDOT:PSS films that were deposited from water with different sorbitol concentrations. It is shown that work function of PEDOT:PSS is reduced with increasing sorbitol concentration. This shift can be explained by and is in agreement with- a reduction in the surface enrichment with PSS of the film. To study the charge transport properties of the highly conductive sorbitoltreated PEDOT:PSS films, temperature dependent and electric field dependent measurements are correlated with morphological analysis by STM in Chapter 7. It is found that by sorbitol treatment the hopping transport changes from 3DVRH to 1D-VRH. This transition is explained by a sorbitol-induced selforganization of the PEDOT-rich grains into 1D aggregates that are aligned within micrometer sized domains, as observed in STM images.

Orientadores: Peter Jurgen Tatsch, Stanislav A. Moshkalyov
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T01:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nobre_FranciscoDiegoMartins_M.pdf: 7000328 bytes, checksum: ea69e5992c8dcac9e0a9aeab6ccf2ca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de processos de corrosão de filmes de silício policristalino por plasmas contendo flúor e cloro, para aplicações em dispositivos MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems) e MOS (Metal Óxido Semicondutor). A corrosão foi feita em um reator RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) marca Applied Materials, modelo PE8300A. Para aplicação em MEMS foram feitas corrosões de silício policristalino, com perfis anisotrópicos e seletividade maior que 20 para óxido de silício. As misturas gasosas utilizadas na corrosão foram: Ar/SF6 e Ar/SF6/Cl2. Para avaliar melhor a evolução do perfil de corrosão, foram utilizadas amostras com filmes espessos de silício policristalino (>2 µm). Para aplicação em eletrodo de transistores MOS foi feito o afinamento de linhas de 2,5 µm para 500 nm de largura, com perfil vertical (A~0,95). Foi feita uma análise da rugosidade da superfície antes e depois dos processos de corrosão com plasma de Ar/SF6 e Ar/SF6/Cl2. Como máscara utilizaram-se linhas sub-micrométricas de platina, 300 nm de largura, depositas em equipamento FIB, sistema de feixe de íons focalizados. Foram ainda realizados processos de corrosão de dióxido de silício com plasma de misturas de Ar/SF6, objetivando altas taxas de corrosão, e de remoção de máscaras de fotorresiste com plasma de oxigênio. Os processos foram caracterizados com vários equipamentos. Um Perfilômetro foi utilizado para medir as profundidades das corrosões, para a determinação das taxas de corrosão. Um elipsômetro e um interferômetro foram utilizados nas medidas das espessuras e dos índices de refração dos filmes utilizados. Imagens SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) dos filmes corroídos foram feitas para analisar o perfil e determinar o mecanismo de corrosão para cada mistura, e imagens Focused Ion Beam (FIB) para analisar as estruturas sub-micrométricas.
Abstract: This work presents the results and the discussion about mechanisms of plasma etching of polysilicon and silicon films for applications in MEMS and MOS devices. The etching was performed in a conventional reactor of plasma etching, Applied Materials PE8300A model, in a RIE mode (Reactive Ion Etching). For application in MEMS, polysilicon etching with anisotropic profile and high selectivity (>20) for silicon oxide was obtained. The mixtures used in etching were SF6/Ar/Cl2 and SF6/Ar/Cl2. The evolution of the etching profile is better evaluated using polysilicon thick films (>2 µm). For application in MOS transistors electrode, 2,5 µm to 500 nm thinning was obtained with anisotropic profile (At~0,95). For surface routh analisys, before and after the etching processes in Ar/SF6 and Ar/SF6/Cl2 plasmas, sub-micrometric polysilicon lines, with platinum mask deposited by FIB, were etched. Next, silicon dioxide etching processes were executed using Ar/SF6 mixtures in order to obtain high etching rates. Finally, photoresist masks were removed without compromising the adjacent material by the use of oxygen. The films were characterized with the use of a variety of equipment. The Profiler was used to measure the etching depth, and therefore the etching rate was evaluated.
Mestrado
Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

This work reports the effect of oxygen doping on the anisotropic electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power of single crystal YBa₂Cu₃O_x and nominally 6%Ca-doped YBa₂Cu₃O_x. The a, b and c-axis thermopower of single crystal YBa₂Cu₃O_x has been measured over a wide doping range. The overdoped a-axis thermopower of single crystal YBa₂Cu₃O_x and nominally 6%Ca doped YBCO displays an unusual abrupt change in gradient at about 130K, which is independent of doping. This effect becomes more noticeable as the doping is increased. However it is not observed in any underdoped a-axis thermopower measurements. The a-axis thermopower an be scaled in terms of T*, in a similar way to polycrystalline YBCO. However the overdoped a-axis thermopower will not scale because of the abrupt gradient change and the negative value of the overdoped a-axis thermopower. At high dopings the b-axis single crystal thermopower of YBa₂Cu₃O_x shows markedly different behaviour to the a-axis thermopower, both in magnitude and temperature dependence. This is ascribed to a significant additional contribution from the chain conduction channel. However as the doping is progressively lowered the b-axis thermopower becomes more similar to the a-axis thermopower, reflecting the decreasing effect of the chain contribution on the b-axis thermopower. This can be observed in the in-plane thermopower anisotropy S_a(T)/S_b(T), which tends to unity as the doping decreases. The temperature dependence of the chain thermopower for several dopings has been determined from the measured in-plane thermopower and resistivity components, within the same model where the chains and planes conduct independently (ICPM). This temperature dependence is discussed within the usual Mott diffusion thermopower scenario. The c-axis thermopower has been measured for several dopings and is positive in magnitude and gradient, except at T*, where the gradient abruptly changes sign and the c-axis thermopower then becomes larger as the temperature is decreased.

In the present study the results of investigations on polycrystalline MgB2 and on single crystals of YNi2B2C and HoNi2B2C are presented. In particular, measurementes of specific electrical resistance, thermal conductivity, thermoelectric power, and of the linear thermal expansion coefficient were performed. Moreover, the specific heat of polycristalline borocarbide samples was evaluated. From the measured data, the temperature dependencies of the Lorenz number and of the Grueneisen parameter can be determined, also the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature using the Ehrenfest relation. At low temperatures a characteristic deviation of the resistivity from the Bloch-Grueneisen law in the normal state for all investigated substances was observed. A reentrant behaviour in resistivity and thermoelectric power occurs at the antiferromagnetic phase transition of HoNi2B2C. The thermal conductivity of MgB2 below 7 K is dominated by the scattering of phonons at grain boundaries. The absence of both, a maximum of thermal conductivity in the superconducting state, and the change of its slope at the superconducting transition temperature points to the validity of the two-band model that also describes the temperature dependence of specific heat. Measurements of thermoelectric power confirm the different normal-state character of the charge carriers of the investigated superconductors. Diffusion thermopower and phonon drag describe the measured data of all investigated compounds ov a wide range of temperature. The thermal expansion of HoNi2B2C below 10 K is dominated by the magnetic contribution. For all investigated substances the Grueneisen parameter features very large values in selected temperature ranges. In the case of MgB2, its temperature dependence is evidently connected with the properties of the relevant phonon mode. For the borocarbides, the electrical resistance depends very weakly on the crystallographic direction, but in contrast the thermal conductivity does in a quite strong manner. Despite of the antiferromagnetic phase transition in the case of HoNi2B2C, thermoelectric power and thermal expansion show minor anisotropy
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an polykristallinem MgB2 sowie an YNi2B2C- und HoNi2B2C-Einkristallen analysiert. Dafür erfolgten Messungen des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstands, der Wärmeleitfähigkeit, der Thermokraft und des linearen thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten. Zudem wurde die spezifische Wärmekapazität polykristalliner Borkarbide bestimmt und aus den erhaltenen Daten die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Lorenz-Zahl und des Grüneisen-Parameters sowie mittels der Ehrenfest-Relation die Druckabhängigkeit der Sprungtemperatur ermittelt. Bei tiefen Temperaturen findet man im normalleitenden Zustand für alle betrachteten Substanzen ein charakteristisches Abweichen des Widerstands vom Bloch-Grüneisen-Gesetz. Bei HoNi2B2C tritt beim antiferromagnetischen Phasenübergang im Widerstand und in der Thermokraft ein reentrant-Verhalten auf. Die thermische Leitfähigkeit von MgB2 wird unterhalb von 7 K durch die Streuung der Phononen an Korngrenzen bestimmt. Das Fehlen eines Maximums in der Wärmeleitfähigkeit im supraleitenden Zustand und einer Anstiegsänderung bei der Sprungtemperatur liefert einen Hinweis auf die Gültigkeit des Zweibandmodells, mit welchem auch der Temperaturverlauf der Wärmekapazität erklärt werden kann. Messungen der Thermokraft bestätigen den unterschiedlichen Charakter der Ladungsträger im normalleitenden Zustand der untersuchten Supraleiter, wobei Elektronendiffusion und Phonon Drag die Messdaten aller betrachteten Verbindungen in weiten Temperaturbereichen beschreiben. Für HoNi2B2C wird die thermische Ausdehnung unterhalb von 10 K durch den Beitrag der magnetischen Ordnung bestimmt. Der Grüneisen-Parameter weist für alle untersuchten Substanzen in Teilbereichen sehr große Beträge auf. Sein Temperaturverlauf hängt bei MgB2 offenbar mit Eigenschaften der maßgeblichen Phononenmode zusammen. Für die Borkarbide ist die Richtungsabhängigkeit des elektrischen Widerstandes sehr schwach, in der Wärmeleitfähigkeit hingegen recht stark ausgeprägt. Abgesehen vom antiferromagnetischen Phasenübergang bei HoNi2B2C weisen Thermokraft und Ausdehnungskoeffizient eine geringe Anisotropie auf

Recent advances in manufacturing of multifunctional materials have provided opportunities to develop structures that possess superior mechanical properties with other concurrent capabilities such as sensing, self-healing, electromagnetic and heat functionality. The idea is to fabricate components that can integrate multiple capabilities in order to develop lighter and more efficient structures. In this regard, due to their combined structural and electrical functionalities, electrically conductive carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites have been used in a wide variety of applications in most of which they are exposed to unwanted impact-like mechanical loads. Experimental data have suggested that the application of an electromagnetic field at the moment of the impact can significantly reduce the damage in CFRP composites. However, the observations still need to be investigated carefully for practical applications. Furthermore, as the nature of the interactions between the electro-magneto-thermo-mechanical fields is very complicated, no analytical solutions can be found in the literature for the problem. In the present thesis, the effects of coupling between the electromagnetic and mechanical fields in electrically conductive anisotropic composite plates are studied. In particular, carbon fiber polymer matrix (CFRP) composites subjected to an impact-like mechanical load, pulsed electric current, and immersed in the magnetic field of constant magnitude are considered. The analysis is based on simultaneous solving of the system of nonlinear partial differential equations, including equations of motion and Maxwell's equations. Physics-based hypotheses for electro-magneto-mechanical coupling in transversely isotropic composite plates and dimension reduction solution procedures for the nonlinear system of the governing equations have been used to reduce the three-dimensional system to a two-dimensional (2D) form. A numerical solution procedure for the resulting 2D nonlinear mixed system of hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equations has been developed, which consists of a sequential application of time and spatial integrations and quasilinearization. Extensive computational analysis of the response of the CFRP composite plates subjected to concurrent applications of different electromagnetic and mechanical loads has been conducted. The results of this work verify the results of the previous experimental studies on the subject and yield some suggestions for the characteristics of the electromagnetic load to create an optimum impact response of the composite.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-37). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

This thesis has evaluated how electrical surface resistance can be measured on conductive coated textiles using two different probes. The electrical surface resistance is a measurement for how difficult it is for current to flow through a material. For textiles, the surface resistance can be measured using four metallic plates, that measure the difference between current supply and voltage drop, this method is called a linear four-point probe.   There is no standard method for measuring the electrical surface resistance on conductive textiles. Therefore, it is not possible to compare textiles made by different producers. It is also not possible to decide what the true resistance is and as conductive textiles are becoming more popular to use, this has started to become a problem in the industry.   Two probes with electrodes of different dimensions were used to evaluate how different electrodes would affect the measured resistance. Measurements were conducted on conductive coated textiles with varying parameters, like coating thickness, sample size and textile construction, to show how the electrical resistance properties differ depending on what probe was used.   It was found that in contrast to other research on conductive textiles and collinear four-point probes, the probes used in this study could detect electrical anisotropic properties. The resistance was different depending on what angle it was measured in. This was found for both a thicker coating and a thinner one. It was also found that the probes could detect a correlation between the angular resistance and the textile construction used.   By measuring the resistance on small samples with the same dimension as the probes electrodes, the resistance was increased compared to when measurements were conducted on samples with dimensions significantly larger than the probes.   Furthermore, the results showed that increasing the distance between the inner electrodes of the probe decreased the measured resistance for both large and small samples. Additionally, it was found that by increasing the width of the outer electrodes the resistance was decreased, an increase in outer electrode width also made it easier to detect electrical anisotropic properties.