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Ostler, Jon N. "Flight Testing Small, Electric Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1223.pdf.
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Mearns, Howard Andrew. "Design and testing of the WVU Challenge X competition hybrid diesel electric vehicle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10310.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
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沈維祥 and Weixiang Shen. "Advanced battery capacity estimation approaches for electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31243575.
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Borén, Sven. "Sustainable Personal Road Transport : The Role of Electric Vehicles." Licentiate thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-11715.
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Electric vehicles can play an important role in a future sustainable road transport system and many Swedish politicians would like to see them implemented faster. This is likely desirable to reach the target of a fossil independent vehicle fleet in Sweden by 2030 and a greenhouse gas neutral Swedish society no later than 2050. However, to reach both these targets, and certainly to support the full scope of sustainability, it is important to consider the whole life-cycle of the vehicles and also the interaction between the transport sector and other sectors. So far, there are no plans for transitions towards a sustainable transport system applying a sufficiently wide systems perspective, in Sweden or elsewhere. This implies a great risk for sub-optimizations. The overall aim of this work is to elaborate methodological support for development of sustainable personal road transport systems that is informed by a strategic sustainable development perspective. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) is used as a foundation for the work to ensure a sufficiently wide systems perspective and coordinated collaboration across disciplines and sectors, both in the research and application. Maxwell’s Qualitative Research Design and the Design Research Methodology are used as overall guides for the research approach. Specific research methods and techniques include literature studies, action research seminars, interviews, and measurements of energy use, costs, and noise. Moreover, a case study on the conditions for a breakthrough for vehicles in southeast Sweden has been used as a test and development platform. Specific results include a preliminary vision for electrical vehicles in southeast Sweden, framed by the principled sustainability definition of the FSSD, an assessment of the current reality in relation to that vision, and proposed solutions to bridge the gap, organized into a preliminary roadmap. The studies show that electric vehicles have several sustainability advantages even when their whole life-cycle is considered, provided that they are charged with electricity from new renewable sources. Electrical vehicles also imply a low total cost of ownership and could promote new local ‘green jobs’ under certain conditions. Particularly promising results are seen for electric buses in public transport. As a general result, partly based on the experiences from the specific case, a generic community planning process model is proposed and its usefulness for sustainable transport system development is discussed. The strategic sustainable development perspective of this thesis broadens the analysis beyond the more common focus on climate change issues and reduces the risk of sub-optimizations in community and transport system development. The generic support for multi-stakeholder collaboration could potentially also promote a more participatory democratic approach to community development, grounded in a scientific foundation. Future research will explore specific decision support systems for sustainable transport development based on the generic planning process model.GreenCharge
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Doerffel, Dennis. "Testing and characterisation of large high-energy lithium-ion batteries for electric and hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/47951/.
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This thesis considers the drivetrain and battery system requirements of Hybrid Electric Vehicles. The data herein proves that a series hybrid electric drivetrain with Lithium-ion batteries and plug-in recharge promises to be viable and sustainable. However, for mass production of series HEVs comprehensive performance characteristics and prediction of ageing behaviour of Lithium-ion batteries is essential but currently not available. The main part of the thesis, following a graphical comparison of different energy storage solutions, is a detailed treatise on large Li-ion batteries. Construction and Li-ion working principles are summarised, together with several effects such as Peukert and memory effects, ageing of Li-ion cells, their temperature dependence and safety, and limits of charging/discharging. Preliminary performance tests on 50 and 100 Ah Li-ion cells showed the necessity for a careful investigation of suitable reference conditions in order to achieve reproducibly precise results from repeated discharge/charge cycles. Then the main tests result in detailed graphs and tables of the discharge and charge characteristics. These main tests include effects of rate of discharge, energy-efficiency, temperature, resting time between test-cycles, hysteresis, ageing, and degradation. A new testing method that is based on the step response technique is suggested and investigated to whether it gives a meaningful but rapid measure of open circuit voltage and equivalent circuit models of the battery. Statistically significant theoretical models, equations and graphs are included. The Appendix gives summaries of the author's seven main publications and presentations dealing with Systems Approach and five publications on Large Li-ion batteries, followed by most of these in full.
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Nikpouri, Jaber. "Strategies For Automated Validation Of Infotainment For Electric Vehicles." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23261/.
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Considering the intra-vehicle communication protocols and the performance while having an increased data load and security threats, the Controller Area Network- Flexible Data rate (CAN FD) protocol is becoming common for crucial functionalities according to its benefits. The industry demands an effort, which puts all the mentioned points together and provides an automated solution to validate the infotainment system to increase efficiency. The scope of the project is to make an internal automated test bench tool able to test the CAN FD network along with the CAN network used in the infotainment system of battery electric vehicles.
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Wager, Guido. "Efficiency and performance testing of electric vehicles and the potential energy recovery of their electrical regenerative braking systems." Thesis, Wager, Guido (2012) Efficiency and performance testing of electric vehicles and the potential energy recovery of their electrical regenerative braking systems. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13897/.
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Satra, Mahaveer Kantilal. "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Model Development and Design of Controls Testing Framework." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595432296730485.
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Rossouw, Claire Angela. "The accelerated life cycle testing and modelling of Li-ion cells used in electric vehicle applications." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012709.
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Li-ion batteries have become one of the chosen energy storage devices that are used in applications such as power tools, cellular phones and electric vehicles (EV). With the demand for portable high energy density devices, the rechargeable Li-ion battery has become one of the more viable energy storage systems for large scale commercial EVs because of their higher energy density to weight or volume ratio when compared to other current commercial battery energy storage systems. Various safety procedures for the use of Li-ion batteries in both consumer and EV applications have been developed by the international associations. The test procedures studied in this dissertation demonstrated the importance of determining the true capacity of a cell at various discharge rates. For this, the well known Peukert test was demonstrated. The study also showed that cells with different battery geometries and chemistries would demonstrate different thermal heating during discharge and slightly different Ragone results if different test methods were used as reported in the literature. Accelerated ageing tests were done on different cells at different Depth-of-Discharge (DoD) regions. The different DoD regions were determined according to expected stresses the electrode material in a cell would experience when discharged to specific DoD that follows the discharge voltage profile. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to measure various electrochemical changes within these cells. The EIS results showed that certain observed modelled parameters would change similarly to the ageing of the cell as it aged due to the accelerated testing. EIS was also done on cells at different State-of-Charge (SoC) and temperatures. The results showed that EIS can be used as an effective technique to observe changes within a Li-ion cell as the SoC or temperature changed. For automotive vehicles that are powered by a fuel cell or battery, a supercapacitor can be coupled to a battery in order to increase and optimize the energy and power densities of the drive systems. A test procedure in the literature that evaluated the use of capacitors with Pb-acid batteries was applied to Li-ion type cells in order to quantify the increased power due to the use of a supercapacitor with a Li-ion cell. Both a cylindrical LiCoO2 cell and a VRLA Pb-acid cell showed some additional charge acceptance and delivery when connected to the supercapacitors. A LiMn2O4 pouch cell showed significant charge acceptance and delivery when connected to supercapacitors. The amount of additional charge acceptance and delivery of the different combinations could be explained by EIS, in particular, the resistance and capacitance of the cell in comparison to the combination of the cell and supercapacitor. A large capacity LiCoO2 cell showed high charge acceptance and delivery without connection with a supercapacitor. The study proved that EIS can be used to model the changes within cells under the different conditions and using different test procedures.
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Azu, Nene Akunor. "A comparison of the operating envelopes of diesel-fueled truck engines and hybrid electric bus engines to the federal testing procedure cycle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2108.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 88 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-85).
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Svens, Pontus. "Methods for Testing and Analyzing Lithium-Ion Battery Cells intended for Heavy-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145166.
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Lithium-ion batteries designed for use in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles are continuously improved in terms of performance and longevity, but they still have limitations that need to be considered when developing new hybrid vehicles. The aim of this thesis has been to study and evaluate potential test and analysis methods suitable for being used in the design process when maximizing lifetime and utilization of batteries in heavy-duty hybrid vehicles. A concept for battery cell cycling on vehicles has been evaluated. The work included development of test equipment, verification of hardware and software as well as an extended period of validation on heavy-duty trucks. The work showed that the concept has great potential for evaluating strategies for battery usage in hybrid vehicles, but is less useful for accelerated aging of battery cells. Battery cells encapsulated in flexible packaging material have been investigated with respect to the durability of the encapsulation in a demanding heavy-duty hybrid truck environment. No effect on water intrusion was detected after vibration and temperature cycling of the battery cells. Aging of commercial battery cells of the type lithium manganese oxide - lithium cobalt oxide / lithium titanium oxide (LMO-LCO/LTO) was investigated with different electrochemical methods to gain a deeper understanding of the origin of performance deterioration, and to understand the consequences of aging from a vehicle manufacturer's perspective. The investigation revealed that both capacity loss and impedance rise were largely linked to the positive electrode for this type of battery chemistry. Postmortem analysis of material from cycle-aged and calendar-aged battery cells of the type LMO-LCO/LTO and LiFePO4/graphite was performed to reveal details about aging mechanisms for those cell chemistries. Analysis of cycle-aged LMO-LCO/LTO cells revealed traces of manganese in the negative electrode and that the positive electrode exhibited the most severe aging. Analysis of cycle-aged LFP/graphite cells revealed traces of iron in the negative electrode and that the negative electrode exhibited the most severe aging.Litiumjonbatterier anpassade för användning i tunga hybridfordon förbättras kontinuerligt med avseende på prestanda och livslängd men har fortfarande begränsningar som måste beaktas vid utveckling av nya hybridfordon. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att studera och utvärdera potentiella prov- och analysmetoder lämpliga för användning i arbetet med att maximera livslängd och utnyttjandegrad av batterier i tunga hybridfordon. Ett koncept för battericykling på fordon har utvärderats. Arbetet innefattade utveckling av testutrustning, verifiering av hårdvara och mjukvara samt en längre periods validering på lastbilar. Arbetet har visat att konceptet har stor potential för utvärdering av strategier för användandet av batterier i hybridfordon, men är mindre användbar för åldring av batterier. Batterier kapslade i flexibelt förpackningsmaterial har undersökts med avseende på kapslingens hållbarhet i en krävande hybridlastbilsmiljö. Ingen påverkan på fuktinträngning kunde påvisas efter vibration och temperaturcykling av de testade battericellerna. Åldring av kommersiella battericeller av typen litiummanganoxid - litiumkoboltoxid/litiumtitanoxid (LMO-LCO/LTO) undersöktes med olika elektrokemiska metoder för att få en djupare förståelse för prestandaförändringens ursprung och för att förstå konsekvenserna av åldrandet ur en fordonstillverkares användarperspektiv. Undersökningen visade att både kapacitetsförlust och impedanshöjning till största delen var kopplat till den positiva elektroden för denna batterityp. Post-mortem analys av material från cyklade och kalenderåldrade kommersiella battericeller av typen LMO-LCO/LTO och LiFePO4/grafit utfördes för att avslöja detaljer kring åldringsmekanismerna för dessa cellkemier. Vid analys av cyklade LMO-LCO/LTO celler påvisades mangan i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den positiva elektroden kraftigast åldring. Vid analys av cyklade LFP/grafit celler påvisades järn i den negativa elektroden samt uppvisade den negativa elektroden kraftigast åldring.
QC 20140520
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Gangadharan, Athul. "An Evaluation of Automatic Test Case Generation strategy from Requirements for Electric/Autonomous Vehicles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-419583.
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Software testing is becoming more prominent within the automotive industry due to more complex systems, and functions are implemented in the vehicles. The vehicles in the future will have the functionality to manage different levels of automation, which also means that vehicles driven by humans will have more supportive functionality to increase safety and avoid accidents. These functionalities result in a massive growth in the number of test scenarios to indicate that the vehicles are safe, and this makes it impossible to continue performing the tests in the same way as it has been done until today. The new conditions require that the test scenarios and Test Cases both be generated and executed automatically. In this thesis, an investigation and evaluation are performed to analyze the Automatic Test Case Generation methods available for inputs from Natural Language Requirements in an automotive industrial context at NEVS AB. This study aims to evaluate the NAT2TEST strategy by replacing the manual method and obtain a similar or better result. A comparative analysis is performed between the manual and automated approaches for various levels of requirements. The results show that utilizing this strategy in an industrial scenario can improve efficiency if the requirements to be tested are for well-documented lower-level requirements.
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Meyer, Mark J. "Understanding the challenges in HEV 5-cycle fuel economy calculations based on dynamometer test data." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35648.
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EPA testing methods for calculation of fuel economy label ratings, which were revised beginning in 2008, use equations that weight the contributions of fuel consumption results from multiple dynamometer tests to synthesize city and highway estimates that reflect average U.S. driving patterns. The equations incorporate effects with varying weightings into the final fuel consumption, which are explained in this thesis paper, including illustrations from testing. Some of the test results used in the computation come from individual phases within the certification driving cycles. This methodology causes additional complexities for hybrid electric vehicles, because although they are required to have charge-balanced batteries over the course of a full drive cycle, they may have net charge or discharge within the individual phases. The fundamentals of studying battery charge-balance are discussed in this paper, followed by a detailed investigation of the implications of per-phase charge correction that was undertaken through testing of a 2010 Toyota Prius at Argonne National Laboratoryâ s vehicle dynamometer test facility. Using the charge-correction curves obtained through testing shows that phase fuel economy can be significantly skewed by natural charge imbalance, although the end effect on the fuel economy label is not as large. Finally, the characteristics of the current 5-cycle fuel economy testing method are compared to previous methods through a vehicle simulation study which shows that the magnitude of impact from mass and aerodynamic parameters vary between labeling methods and vehicle types.Master of Science
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Lee, Jae Ryong. "Analysis and simulation of dynamics of spacecraft power systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53568.
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Comprehensive analyses, including dc, small-signal and large-signal analyses, of the dynamics of various spacecraft power systems are performed. Systems' dynamics are analyzed for various operating modes, such as the shunt, battery-charge and battery-discharge modes, as well as the transition mode. Computer models using the EASY5 program are developed for the Direct Energy Transfer (DET) system, solar array switching system and partial shunt system to facilitate design, analysis and performance verification.
Large-signal analyses are performed to identify stability conditions and to predict large-signal dynamic behavior for each mode of operation. The equivalent source and load characteristics of a solar array power system with a constant-power load, shunt regulator, battery charger and discharger, are identified to predict large-signal dynamic behavior. Employing the equivalent source and load, the state trajectories of shunt failure, battery discharger failure and solar array/battery lockup are predicted and verified through time-domain simulations.
Small-signal analyses of the DET system are performed for the three modes of operation. The system loop gain is defined. Design guidelines for the feedback control loop of the shunt regulator, battery charger and discharger are developed to shape the system loop gain for the optimum bus dynamic performance and stability of the system. Designed subsystems are simulated both in frequency-domain and time-domain to verify the design concept.
Various spacecraft power systems, such as solar array switching systems, a partial shunt system, a peak power tracking system and the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) power system are analyzed and simulated. Design guidelines of the power conditioning equipment for each system are provided.Ph. D.
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Danis, Reed. "Investigating Forward Flight Multirotor Wind Tunnel Testing in a 3-by 4-foot Wind Tunnel." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1909.
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Investigation of complex multirotor aerodynamic phenomena via wind tunnel experimentation is becoming extremely important with the rapid progress in advanced distributed propulsion VTOL concepts. Much of this experimentation is being performed in large, highly advanced tunnels. However, the proliferation of this class of vehicles extends to small aircraft used by small businesses, universities, and hobbyists without ready access to this level of test facility. Therefore, there is a need to investigate whether multirotor vehicles can be adequately tested in smaller wind tunnel facilities. A test rig for a 2.82-pound quadcopter was developed to perform powered testing in the Cal Poly Aerospace Department’s Low Speed Wind Tunnel, equipped with a 3-foot tall by 4-foot wide test section. The results were compared to data from similar tests performed in the U.S. Army 7-by 10-ft Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames. The two data sets did not show close agreement in absolute terms but demonstrated similar trends. Due to measurement uncertainties, the contribution of wind tunnel interference effects to this discrepancy in measurements was not able to be properly quantified, but is likely a major contributor. Flow visualization results demonstrated that tunnel interference effects can likely be minimized by testing at high tunnel speeds with the vehicle pitched 10-degrees or more downward. Suggestions towards avoiding the pitfalls inherent to multirotor wind tunnel testing are provided. Additionally, a modified form of the conventional lift-to-drag ratio is presented as a metric of electric multirotor aerodynamic efficiency.
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Cho, Bo Hyung. "Modeling and analysis of spacecraft power systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54741.
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A comprehensive large-scale power system modeling is developed to facilitate the design and analysis of present and future spacecraft power systems. A two-port coupling method is utilized to provide a modularity in model building and analysis of the system. The modular approach allows the model to be flexible, verifiable and computationally efficient. A methodology for the system level analysis is presented with the ability to focus on the performance characteristics of an arbitrary component or subsystem. The system performance parameters are derived explicitly in terms of the two-port hybrid g-parameter representation of the component or subsystem, and impedances of its terminating subsystems. From this, the stability of the system is analytically determined and the subsystem interaction criteria is observed. Also presented is a model development from the empirical data employing the complex curve fitting technique. The technique is especially powerful for large scale system modeling and analysis where certain components and subsystems are viewed as black boxes with measurable terminal characteristics. The technique can also be used to realize a reduced order model of a complex subsystem.
The Direct Energy Transfer (DET) spacecraft power system is modeled to demonstrate the versatility of the comprehensive system model by performing various DC, small-signal and large-signal analyses. Of particular interest is the analysis of the large-signal behavior of the nonlinear solar array system by employing the state-plane method. The analysis of the solar array system operation focused on the transition mode between the shunt mode and the battery discharging mode is presented. The subsystem interaction problems in the local component and global system are illustrated. A methodology for the design and trouble-shooting of a system dealing with the interaction problems using the g-parameters is described. Finally, a system level analysis of the DET system using an empirical data modeling technique is performed.Ph. D.
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Wu, Billy. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle powertrain modelling and testing." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29949.
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In order to meet the 2050 targets of an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, electrification of transport is required. Of the zero-emission technologies relating to automotive applications hydrogen fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors have received the greatest attention. This thesis presents work on the development and implementation of lithium-ion battery, proton exchange membrane fuel cell and supercapacitor models with the aim of developing the tools and techniques required in assessing their feasibility in automotive applications. Experimental validation of each of these devices is provided with insight given into the physical performance limitations of each device. Analysis is then presented on overall powertrain configurations with a focus on the performance of passive hybridisation as a means of reducing the cost of a vehicle powertrain whilst retaining the advantages of hybridisation. Four main chapters of content relating to work on: lithium-ion batteries, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, supercapacitors and vehicle system level analysis is presented with distinct conclusions and novel work presented in each chapter. Lithium-ion batteries The mathematical framework on the development of a psuedo 2D thermally-coupled electrochemical battery model is presented. This was parameterised using a genetic algorithm based technique against pulsed discharge test data for a 4.8 Ah lithium-polymer cell. This physics-based model was used to develop a means of tracking stoichiometric drift of battery electrodes using a simulated slow rate cyclic voltammetry technique as well as the development of a novel differential thermal voltammetry technique for the extraction of the same information as slow rate cyclic voltammetry but at a much faster rate. The differential voltammetry technique was then used to infer stoichiometric drift in a battery. The lithium-ion battery model was also used to investigate the scale up effects from single cell to large automotive scale packs. It was found that interconnect resistances in highly parallel packs can cause significant load inhomogeneities due to the increased overpotential caused by the interconnects which can be on the same order as the battery impedance. Cells near to the pack load points were found to experience the highest loads, with highly transient load conditions amplifying the effect. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells The mathematical framework for the development of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell model which accounted for transient thermal, mass balance and water management effects and the associated balance-of-plant system was presented. This was validated against experimental data from an in-house developed 9.5 kW 75 cell fuel cell system. Inhomogeneities in the reactant delivery, and thus performance of cells, in large automotive stacks were investigated with a focus on localised flooding leading to failure through pin-hole formation. It was shown that low pressure systems suffer from the increased risk of ooding, with location of the cell relative to the inlet/ outlets of the reactants being a critical parameter. Flooding was then shown to lead to catastrophic failure of the fuel cell stack through pin-hole formation which lead to a cascading potential instability and decay due to the bipolar coupling of the cells and anode side hydrogen cross over, respectively.
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Hebib, Jasmina, and Sofie Dam. "Vehicle Dynamic Models for Virtual Testing of Autonomous Trucks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-155513.
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The simulator in a testing environment for trucks is dependent on accurate vehicle dynamic models. There are multiple models at Volvo, all developed to support the objectives of individual research. A selection of four, named Single Track model (STM), Global Simulation Platform (GSP), One-Track Model with linear slip (OTM) and Volvo Transport Model (VTM), are evaluated to examine the usage of them. Four different scenarios are therefore generated to emulate common situations in traffic. Depending on the results, the models and their corresponding limitsforusagearedescribed. Theevaluationismadebycomparingallmodelsto the best model for each scenario by measuring the normalized error distribution. It is shown that at certain thresholds, other models can perform close enough to the best model. In the end of the report, future improvements for the evaluated models and external models are suggested.
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Roebuck, C. A. "Testing and frequency response analysis of an electric vehicle traction drive." Thesis, Coventry University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384599.
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Marusiak, Jeffrey Alan. "Power train development and testing for a hydrogen fuel cell powered electric hybrid neighborhood electric vehicle." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24536.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains [64] p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Khanna, Arjun. "Full-Vehicle Model Development of a Hybrid Electric VehicleAnd Development of a Controls Testing Framework." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469102702.
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Galli, Federico. "Design of an innovative electric vehicle simulator for Charging Systems' End-of-Line Testing." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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The trend related to the turnover of internal combustion engine vehicles with EVs goes by the name of electrification. The push electrification experienced in the last decade is linked to the still ongoing evolution in power electronics technology for charging systems. This is the reason why an evolution in testing strategies and testing equipment is crucial too.
The project this dissertation is based on concerns the investigation of a new EV simulator design. that optimizes the structure of the testing equipment used by the company who commissioned this work. Project requirements can be summarized in the following two points: space occupation reduction and parallel charging implementation.
Some components were completely redesigned, and others were substituted with equivalent ones that could perform the same tasks. In this way it was possible to reduce the space occupation of the simulator, as well as to increase the efficiency of the testing device. Moreover, the possibility of conjugating different charging simulations could be investigated by parallelly launching two testing procedures on a unique machine, properly predisposed for supporting the two charging protocols used. On the back of the results achieved in the body of this dissertation, a new design for the EV simulator was proposed.
In this way, space reduction was obtained, and space occupation efficiency was improved with the proposed new design. The testing device thus resulted to be way more compact, enabling to gain in safety and productivity, along with a 25% cost reduction. Furthermore, parallel charging was implemented in the proposed new design since the conducted tests clearly showed the feasibility of parallel charging sessions.
The results presented in this work can thus be implemented to build the first prototype of the new EV simulator.
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Cooke, David William. "Powertrain Modeling, Design, and Integration for the World’s Fastest Electric Vehicle." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1431081117.
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Medisetti, Praveen. "REAL TIME SIMULATION AND HARDWARE-IN-LOOP TESTING OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEM." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1170439524.
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Bork, Carrington. "Development and testing of a PEM fuel cell system for an electric land speed vehicle." Connect to resource, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/36410.
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Cintura, Manuel. "An Embedded Data Logger for In-Vehicle Testing." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23841/.
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This thesis describes an embedded data logger project, composed of software part (in C++ language) and hardware part (Raspberry Pi). It is illustrated the whole procedure from the start of the project with requirements to the end with the experimental results and validation phase. The device is able to acquire, in a synchronous way, videos, CAN and Serial logs from the vehicle under test.
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Bergkvist, Johannes. "Testing degradation in a complex vehicle electrical system using Hardware-In-the-Loop." Thesis, Linköping University, Vehicular Systems, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16549.
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Functionality in the automotive industry is becoming more complex, withcomplex communication networks between control systems. Information isshared among many control systems and extensive testing ensures high quality.
Degradations testing, that has the objective to test functionality with some faultpresent, is performed on single control systems, but is not frequently performed on the entire electrical system. There is a wish for testing degradation automatically on the complete electrical system in a so called Hardware-In-the-Loop laboratory.
A technique is needed to perform these tests on a regular basis.Problems with testing degradation in complex communication systems will bedescribed. Methods and solutions to tackle these problems are suggested, thatfinally end up with two independent test strategies. One strategy is suited to test degradation on new functionality. The other strategy is to investigate effects in the entire electrical system. Both strategies have been implemented in a Hardware-In-the-Loop laboratory and evaluated.
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Groen, Benjamin Carson. "Investigation of DC Motors for Electric and Hybrid Electric Motor Vehicle Applications Using an Infinitely Variable Transmission." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2696.
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Since the early 1900's demand for fuel efficient vehicles has motivated the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, some components used in these vehicles are expensive and complex. AC motors, complex electronic controllers and complex battery management systems are currently used in electric (EV) and hybrid vehicles. This research examines various motors and speed control methods in an attempt to help designers identify which motors would be best suited for an EV powertrain application. The feasibility of using DC motors coupled with an Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT), to obtain an innovative new electric or hybrid electric powertrain is also presented. The results of this research include an extensive review of the many motor types including a comparison chart and motor hierarchy. An experiment was designed and built to test motorspeed control methods. Testing with two DC separately-excited motors and a differential as an IVT was also conducted. These tests revealed that field weakening appears to be a viable low-costspeed-control method. Testing of these motors, coupled with an IVT revealed that the output of a differential or planetary gear set can be controlled by varying the speed of the inputs. Combining this information in a product development mentality led to the concept of using one DC motor as a power or traction motor while another motor acts as a speed controller, with the method of speedcontrol on the speed control motor being field weakening. This concept allows most of the power to be delivered at an efficient rate with a simple form of speed control. This concept may also eliminate the need for expensive, complex electronic motor controllers. This approach could be used to improve the safety and reduce battery management requirements by lowering the operating voltage of the entire system.
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Haines, Sam P. "Design and application of a smart battery management system for a small electric vehicle." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228154/1/Sam_Haines_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis outlines the development and application of a battery management system for a small electric vehicle, and the hardware required to test and validate these systems. The project applies state-of-the-art methods for estimating the remaining charge of a battery pack in a real-world environment. In doing so, the limitations of existing estimation methods are identified and addressed.
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Frykman, Daniel, and Henrik Wemmersten. "Automation of Electrical Fault Induction for Safety Testing of the Power Train Software in Heavy Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-141656.
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En av de främsta prioriteringarna vid utveckling av mjukvara till tunga lastbilar på Scania är att verifiera att lastbilens beteende är säkert. Således spenderas mycket tid på säkerhetstester vars syfte är att verifiera att ny mjukvara inte medför säkerhetskritiska förändringar i fordonets beteende. De säkerhetstester som behandlas i rapporten testar beteendet av mjukvaran i motorns styrenhet när den utsätts för elektriska fel. Bakgrunden till varför säkerhetstesterna genomförs beskrivs i ett säkerhetskritiskt och juridiskt perspektiv samt vilken testmetodik som används. Dessutom tydliggörs vilken del av utvecklingsprocessen som testerna genomförs i. Slutligen utvecklas ett automatiskt testsystem för att effektivisera samt höja kvalitén av säkerhetstesterna som genomförs på Scania. De elektriska fel som kan induceras med det automatiska testsystemet är kortslutning avstyrenhetens kablage mot lastbilens batteri samt kabelbrott. Resultaten ifrån tester genomförda på det automatiska testsystemet visar att säkerhetstesterna utförda manuellt respektive automatiskt är ekvivalenta. Vidare så minskar exekveringstiden för ett testfall signifikant samt att valideringsmöjligheterna förbättras genom bättre dokumentation och ökad repeterbarhet.In the development of software for heavy-duty trucks at Scania one of the main priorities is to ensure that the behavior of the truck is safe. Hence, much time is spent on safety tests where the purpose is to verify that new software does not imply safety critical changes in the behavior of the vehicle. The safety tests treated in this thesis are about testing the reliability of thesoftware in the electronic control unit while it is exposed to electrical malfunctions.The background of why the safety tests are performed is describedin a legal and safety critical perspective and also what test methodology thatis used. Further the phase in which the safety tests are carried out in thedevelopment process is highlighted.Finally, an automated test system is developed for increasing the e-ciency as well as the quality of the safety tests performed at Scania. Theelectrical malfunctions that are possible to induce with the automated test system are short-circuiting to battery of the truck and disconnections. The results from the tests performed on the automated test system indicate that the safety tests that are performed manually respectively automatically are equivalent. Further, the results show that the time to perform the tests signicantly decreases and the possibility for validation is improved through better documentation and increased repeatability.
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Marquez, Brunal Eduardo De Jesus. "Model and Control System Development for a Plug-In Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71388.
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The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) of Virginia Tech is participating in the EcoCAR 3 Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Labs (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). EcoCAR 3 is a 4-year collegiate competition that challenges student with redesigning a 2016 Chevrolet Camaro into a hybrid. The five main goals of EcoCAR 3 are to reduce petroleum energy use (PEU) and green house gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining safety, consumer acceptability, and performance, with an increased focus on cost and innovation. HEVT selected a P3 Plug-in Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) to meet design goals and competition requirements. This study presents different stages of the vehicle development process (VDP) followed to integrate the HEVT Camaro. This work documents the control system development process up to Year 2 of EcoCAR 3.
The modeling process to select a powertrain is the first stage in this research. Several viable powertrains and the respective vehicle technical specifications (VTS) are evaluated. The P3 parallel configuration with a V8 engine is chosen because it generated the set of VTS that best meet design goals and EcoCAR 3 requirements. The V8 engine also preserves the heritage of the Camaro, which is attractive to the established target market. In addition, E85 is chosen as the fuel for the powertrain because of the increased impact it has on GHG emissions compared to E10 and gasoline. The use of advanced methods and techniques like model based design (MBD), and rapid control prototyping (RCP) allow for faster development of engineering products in industry. Using advanced engineering techniques has a tremendous educational value, and these techniques can assist the development of a functional and safe hybrid control system. HEVT has developed models of the selected hybrid powertrain to test the control code developed in software. The strategy developed is a Fuzzy controller for torque management in charge depleting (CD) and charge sustaining (CS) modes. The developed strategy proves to be functional without having a negative impact of the energy consumption characteristics of the hybrid powertrain. Bench testing activities with the V8 engine, a low voltage (LV) motor, and high voltage (HV) battery facilitated learning about communication, safety, and functionality requirements for the three components. Finally, the process for parallel development of models and control code is presented as a way to implement more effective team dynamics.Master of Science
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Lintern, Matthew A. "The energy consumption mechanisms of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle in real-world driving." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17959.
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With increasing costs of fossil fuels and intensified environmental awareness, low carbon vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), are becoming more popular for car buyers due to their lower running costs. HEVs are sensitive to the driving conditions under which they are used however, and real-world driving can be very different to the legislative test cycles. On the road there are higher speeds, faster accelerations and more changes in speed, plus additional factors that are not taken into account in laboratory tests, all leading to poorer fuel economy. Future trends in the automotive industry are predicted to include a large focus on increased hybridisation of passenger cars in the coming years, so this is an important current research area. The aims of this project were to determine the energy consumption of a HEV in real-world driving, and investigate the differences in this compared to other standard drive cycles, and also compared to testing in laboratory conditions. A second generation Toyota Prius equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) data logging system collected driving data while in use by Loughborough University Security over a period of 9 months. The journey data was used for the development of a drive cycle, the Loughborough University Urban Drive Cycle 2 (LUUDC2), representing urban driving around the university campus and local town roads. It will also have a likeness to other similar driving routines. Vehicle testing was carried out on a chassis dynamometer on the real-world LUUDC2 and other existing drive cycles for comparison, including ECE-15, UDDS (Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule) and Artemis Urban. Comparisons were made between real-world driving test results and chassis dynamometer real-world cycle test results. Comparison was also made with a pure electric vehicle (EV) that was tested in a similar way. To verify the test results and investigate the energy consumption inside the system, a Prius model in Autonomie vehicle simulation software was used. There were two main areas of results outcomes; the first of which was higher fuel consumption on the LUUDC2 compared to other cycles due to cycle effects, with the former having greater accelerations and a more transient speed profile. In a drive cycle acceleration effect study, for the cycle with 80% higher average acceleration than the other the difference in fuel consumption was about 32%, of which around half of this was discovered to be as a result of an increased average acceleration and deceleration rate. Compared to the standard ECE-15 urban drive cycle, fuel consumption was 20% higher on the LUUDC2. The second main area of outcomes is the factors that give greater energy consumption in real-world driving compared to in a laboratory and in simulations being determined and quantified. There was found to be a significant difference in fuel consumption for the HEV of over a third between on-road real-world driving and chassis dynamometer testing on the developed real-world cycle. Contributors to the difference were identified and explored further to quantify their impact. Firstly, validation of the drive cycle accuracy by statistical comparison to the original dataset using acceleration magnitude distributions highlighted that the cycle could be better matched. Chassis dynamometer testing of a new refined cycle showed that this had a significant impact, contributing approximately 16% of the difference to the real-world driving, bringing this gap down to 21%. This showed how important accurate cycle production from the data set is to give a representative and meaningful output. Road gradient was investigated as a possible contributor to the difference. The Prius was driven on repeated circuits of the campus to produce a simplified real-world driving cycle that could be directly linked with the corresponding gradients, which were obtained by surveying the land. This cycle was run on the chassis dynamometer and Autonomie was also used to simulate driving this cycle with and without its gradients. This study showed that gradient had a negligible contribution to fuel consumption of the HEV in the case of a circular route where returning to the start point. A main factor in the difference to real-world driving was found to be the use of climate control auxiliaries with associated ambient temperature. Investigation found this element is estimated to contribute over 15% to the difference in real-world fuel consumption, by running the heater in low temperatures and the air conditioning in high temperatures. This leaves a 6% remainder made up of a collection of other small real-world factors. Equivalent tests carried out in simulations to those carried out on the chassis dynamometer gave 20% lower fuel consumption. This is accounted for by degradation of the test vehicle at approximately 7%, and the other part by inaccuracy of the simulation model. Laboratory testing of the high voltage battery pack found it constituted around 2% of the vehicle degradation factor, plus an additional 5% due to imbalance of the battery cell voltages, on top of the 7% stated above. From this investigation it can be concluded that the driving cycle and environment have a substantial impact of the energy use of a HEV. Therefore they could be better designed by incorporating real-world driving into the development process, for example by basing control strategies on real-world drive cycles. Vehicles would also benefit from being developed for use in a particular application to improve their fuel consumption. Alternatively, factors for each of the contributing elements of real-world driving could be included in published fuel economy figures to give prospective users more representative values.
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Telford, Cody L. "An Investigation of the Ward Leonard System for Use in a Hybrid or Electric Passenger Vehicle." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3529.
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Since the early 1900's demand for fuel efficient vehicles has motivated the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, some components used in these vehicles are expensive and complex. Today's consumer electric vehicles use dangerously high voltage,expensive electronic controllers, complex battery management systems and AC motors. The goal of this research at BYU is to increase safety by lowering the operating voltage and decrease cost by eliminating expensive controllers and decrease the number of battery cells. This paper specifically examines the use of a Ward Leonard Motor Control system for use in a passenger vehicle. The theory of the Ward Leonard system as an Infinitely Variable Transmission (IVT) is presented along with its history and past uses. Analogous systems are presented and similarities made in an attempt to enlighten designers to a broader design approach to increase safety and decrease cost of an electric or hybrid electric vehicle. The results of this research include a characterization of the Ward Leonard system as an IVT for use in an electric or hybrid (EV or HEV) passenger vehicle. These results include a study of past uses of the Ward Leonard system and what method is now used as a replacement. The theory of the Ward Leonard system and it operation is explained to an extent that someone not familiar with electronics can understand its working principles. A Control Factor metric was developed as a result of this research to measure the Ward Leonard System's ability to reduce the size of the electronic controller for application in an EV or HEV. The potential cost reduction of the electronic controller that would be used to control the Ward Leonard System compared with current EV and HEV vehicles was also research and identified. A bench top model of the Ward Leonard system was tested validating the Control Factor metric. The Ward Leonard system is capable of reducing the controller size by 77% and potentially reducing its cost by 68% or more. This work also provides performance characteristics for automotive designers and offers several design alternatives for EV and HEV architectures allowing the reduction of high voltage, the use of AC inverters, AC motors, expensive controllers and high cell count battery packs.
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Vikgren, Mattias. "Development and testing of controller that introduces the functionality to lift the second front axle on a heavy vehicle." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301633.
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The transition to more environmentally sustainable transports, as well as rising fuel prices create a demand for efficient means of transportation. Liftable axles have shown potential to save fuel and reduces tire wear on heavy vehicles. This thesis proposes a simulation environment and a control method for the electronically controlled air suspension system on a four axle truck that enables axle lifting. The goal of the work is to propose a control method that fulfills certain safety criteria and is robust to disturbances introduced by an external un-modeled controller. A simulation environment is proposed, based upon two different physical models of the suspension system. The first model offers simplicity for the initial tuning of the controller and the second model serves as a platform for more realistic testing of the controller before the final vehicle test. The results from the vehicle tests show that the proposed controller is able to regulate the pressure in the suspension bellows to the desired load distribution between the axles of the vehicle, while the vehicle is maintaining a certain height above ground. The vehicle test showed that it was difficult to read the correct pressure in the suspension bellows when the valves controlling the airflow in and out of the suspension bellow were open. A method for compensating the error when the valves are open is proposed.Övergången till hållbara och miljövänliga transporter samt stigande bränslepriser skapar en efterfrågan av mer effektiva transportmedel. Lyftbara axlar har visats medföra minskad bränsleförbrukning och däckslitage. Denna uppsats föreslår en simuleringsmiljö samt en metod för reglering av det elektroniskt styrda luftfjädringssystemet på en fyraxlig lastbil som möjliggör lyftning av en axel. Målet med arbetet är att föreslå en metod för reglering av systemet som uppfyller en rad säkerhetskriterier och är robust för störningar introducerade av en extern, icke-modellerad styrenhet. Den föreslagna simuleringsmiljön är baserad på två olika fysiska modeller av fjädringssystemet. Den första modellen karakteriseras av dess enkelhet och används för inledande testning och justering av regulatorn. Den andra modellen används för mer realistisk testning av regulatorn innan det avslutande fordonstestet. Resultatet från fordonstesterna visar att den föreslagna regulatorn kan reglera trycket i luftbälgen till den önskade lastfördelningen mellan axlarna på fordonet medan dess höjd bibehålls. Under fordonstestet konstaterades att det inte gick att avläsa det korrekta trycket i luftbälgen när ventilerna som styr luftflödet till och från luftbälgen var öppna. En metod för att kompensera felet som uppstår när ventilerna är öppna föreslås.
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Brezina, Aron Jon. "Measurement of Static and Dynamic Performance Characteristics of Electric Propulsion Systems." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1340066274.
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Maniglia, Jeffrey J. Jr. "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an EMR Based Orbital Debris Impact Testing Platform." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/956.
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This paper describes the changes made from Cal Poly’s initial railgun system, the Mk. 1 railgun, to the Mk. 1.1 system, as well as the design, fabrication, and testing of a newer and larger Mk. 2 railgun system. The Mk. 1.1 system is developed as a more efficient alteration of the original Mk. 1 system, but is found to be defective due to hardware deficiencies and failure, as well as unforeseen efficiency losses. A Mk. 2 system is developed and built around donated hardware from the Naval Postgraduate School. The Mk. 2 system strove to implement an efficient, augmented, electromagnetic railgun and projectile system capable of firing an approximate 1g aluminum projectile to speeds exceeding 2 km/s. A novel three part projectile is proposed to mitigate rail and projectile degradation. Projectile and sabot system kinematic equations are derived and the projectile is designed and tested along with Mk. 2 barrel. A numerical electromechanical model is developed to predict the performance of the Mk. 2 system and projectile assembly, and predicts a final velocity for the fabricated system exceeding 3.5 km/s and an efficiency as high as 24%. Testing of the Mk. 2 system showed catastrophic failure of the projectile during initial acceleration, resulting in very short acceleration times and distance, low velocity projectiles, and low efficiencies. During further testing of various projectile configurations, the barrel structure failed due to a large internal arc. Future work for the Mk. 2 system is discussed, a revised external barrel structure suggested, and a solid, more conventional solid chevron projectile design suggested.
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Narasimhan, Ramakrishnan Akshra. "Design and Evaluation of Perception System Algorithms for Semi-Autonomous Vehicles." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595256912692618.
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Hosseinipour, Milad. "Electromechanical Design and Development of the Virginia Tech Roller Rig Testing Facility for Wheel-rail Contact Mechanics and Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82542.
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The electromechanical design and development of a sophisticated roller rig testing facility at the Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL) of Virginia Polytechnic and State University (VT) is presented. The VT Roller Rig is intended for studying the complex dynamics and mechanics at the wheel-rail interface of railway vehicles in a controlled laboratory environment. Such measurements require excellent powering and driving architecture, high-performance motion control, accurate measurements, and relatively noise-free data acquisition systems. It is critical to accurately control the relative dynamics and positioning of rotating bodies to emulate field conditions. To measure the contact forces and moments, special care must be taken to ensure any noise, such as mechanical vibration, electrical crosstalk, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) are kept to a minimum. This document describes the steps towards design and development of all electromechanical subsystems of the VT Roller Rig, including the powertrain, power electronics, motion control systems, sensors, data acquisition units, safety and monitoring circuits, and general practices followed for satisfying the local and international codes of practice.
The VT Roller Rig is comprised of a wheel and a roller in a vertical configuration that simulate the single-wheel/rail interaction in one-fourth scale. The roller is five times larger than the scaled wheel to keep the contact patch distortion that is inevitable with a roller rig to a minimum. This setup is driven by two independent AC servo motors that control the velocity of the wheel and roller using state-of-the-art motion control technologies. Six linear actuators allow for adjusting the simulated load, wheel angle of attack, rail cant, and lateral position of the wheel on the rail. All motion controls are performed using digital servo drives, manufactured by Kollmorgen, VA, USA.
A number of sensors measure the contact patch parameters including force, torque, displacement, rotation, speed, acceleration, and contact patch geometry. A unified communication protocol between the actuators and sensors minimizes data conversion time, which allows for servo update rates of up to 48kHz. This provides an unmatched bandwidth for performing various dynamics, vibrations, and transient tests, as well as static steady-state conditions.
The VT Roller Rig has been debugged and commissioned successfully. The hardware and software components are tested both individually and within the system. The VT Roller Rig can control the creepage within 0.3RPM of the commanded value, while actively controlling the relative position of the rotating bodies with an unprecedented level of accuracy, no more than 16nm of the target location. The contact force measurement dynamometers can dynamically capture the contact forces to within 13.6N accuracy, for up to 10kN. The instantaneous torque in each driveline can be measured with better than 6.1Nm resolution. The VT Roller Rig Motion Programming Interface (MPI) is highly flexible for both programmers and non-programmers. All common motion control algorithms in the servo motion industry have been successfully implemented on the Rig. The VT Roller Rig MPI accepts third party motion algorithms in C, C++, and any .Net language. It successfully communicates with other design and analytics software such as Matlab, Simulink, and LabVIEW for performing custom-designed routines. It also provides the infrastructure for linking the Rig's hardware with commercial multibody dynamics software such as Simpack, NUCARS, and Vampire, which is a milestone for hardware-in-the-loop testing of railroad systems.Ph. D.
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Riddell, Kevin Donald Alexander. "Design, testing and demonstration of a small unmanned aircraft system (SUAS) and payload for measuring wind speed and particulate matter in the atmospheric boundary layer." Thesis, Arts and Science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3416.
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The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the layer of air directly influenced by the Earth’s surface and is the layer of the atmosphere most important to humans as this is the air we live in. Methods for measuring the properties of the ABL include three general approaches: satellite-based, ground- based and airborne. A major research challenge is that many contemporary methods provide a restricted spatial resolution or coverage of variations of ABL properties such as how wind speed varies across a landscape with complex topography. To enhance our capacity to measure the properties of the ABL, this thesis presents a new technique that involves a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) equipped with a customized payload for measuring wind speed and particulate matter. The research presented herein outlines two key phases in establishing the proof-of-concept of the payload and its integration on the sUAS: (1) design and testing and (2) field demonstration. The first project focuses on measuring wind speed, which has been measured with fixed wing sUASs in previous research, but not with a helicopter sUAS. The second project focuses on the measurement of particulate matter, which is a major air pollutant typically measured with ground- based sensors. Results from both proof-of-concept projects suggest that ABL research could benefit from the proposed techniques.
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CASTRO, MARCOS R. de. "O efeito bake hardening na estampagem a quente e a estrutura veicular." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28028.
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Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:35:55Z
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Os projetos de carrocerias veiculares atuais procuram desenvolver estruturas leves, seja para reduzir o consumo de combustível, no caso dos motores de combustão interna, seja para maior autonomia de bateria, no caso dos veículos elétricos e híbridos. Redução no consumo de combustível significa redução na emissão de poluentes. As estruturas precisam ser leves, mas cada vez mais resistentes e rígidas a fim de proporcionar máximo conforto e segurança aos ocupantes. Estas premissas têm levado ao contínuo desenvolvimento dos materiais. No caso dos aços, um dos processos que tem permitido a melhora significativa das propriedades mecânicas é a estampagem a quente. Nos últimos anos, as peças estampadas a quente têm ocupado lugar de destaque na estrutura das carrocerias veiculares por estarem em sintonia com as demandas mencionadas. Há muitas pesquisas em curso para esta tecnologia, seja nos materiais, nos meios de produção, nos revestimentos e em aplicações. O aço mais utilizado neste processo, 22MnB5, também apresenta o chamado efeito bake hardening; a tensão de escoamento é aumentada após tratamento térmico realizado em temperaturas próximas a 200 °C. Neste trabalho, visando à melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas, amostras foram tratadas termicamente na faixa de temperatura supracitada. Após isso, dados obtidos de ensaios mecânicos foram inseridos em programas de simulação de impacto lateral cujo resultado foi a redução na intrusão na célula de sobrevivência. O efeito bake hardening também propiciou um aumento na absorção da energia de impacto em teste estático feito com barras de proteção lateral. O mecanismo metalúrgico envolvido no fenômeno, devido à difusão de intersticiais foi evidenciado no ensaio de atrito interno.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Bou, Nader Wissam. "Méthodologie de choix et d'optimisation de convertisseurs d'énergie pour les applications chaînes de traction automobile." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM047.
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D'importants efforts de recherche ont été investis dans l'industrie automobile sur les nouveaux carburants et les nouvelles chaînes de traction hybride électrique afin de réduire les émissions de carbone des véhicules. La consommation de carburant de ces groupes motopropulseurs hybrides dépend des performances du convertisseur d'énergie utilisé, des besoins énergétiques du véhicule, ainsi que de la stratégie de gestion énergétique déployée à bord. Cette thèse examine le potentiel de nouveaux convertisseurs d'énergie comme substitut du moteur thermique à combustion interne (ICE). Les systèmes de turbines à gaz sont considérés comme des convertisseurs d'énergie potentiel pour les chaînes de traction hybride série (SHEV), car ils offrent de nombreux avantages intrinsèques à l'automobile, tels que la capacité de fonctionner avec plusieurs carburants, la compacité, la réduction du nombre de pièces mobiles, la réduction du bruit et des vibrations. Une analyse exergo-technologique explicite est proposée pour identifier les configurations thermodynamiques réalistes. Une étude préconceptionnelle a été réalisée pour déterminer les rapports puissance/poids de ces systèmes. Un modèle SHEV est développé et les composants du groupe motopropulseur sont dimensionnés en fonction des critères de performance du véhicule. Des simulations de consommation sont effectuées sur le cycle d’homologation WLTC, en prenant en compte les besoins en énergie électrique et thermique du véhicule en plus des besoins en énergie mécanique, et en utilisant une méthode innovante d'optimisation comme stratégie de gestion de l'énergie. Le cycle turbine à gaz (avec compression refroidie, régénérateur et réchauffe durant la détente (IRReGT)) est priorisé car il offre un rendement et une densité de puissance plus élevés ainsi qu'une consommation de carburant réduite par rapport aux autres systèmes investigués. De plus, un modèle dynamique a été développé et des simulations ont été effectuées pour tenir compte de la surconsommation de carburant pendant les phases transitoires du démarrage. Des essais ont également été mis en œuvre sur certains sous-systèmes du cycle IRReGT identifié. Les résultats montrent une amélioration de la consommation de carburant avec l'IRReGT comme groupe auxiliaire de puissance par rapport à l'ICE. Par conséquent, le système IRReGT sélectionné présente un potentiel, non négligeable, qui remplacerait le moteur thermique à combustion interne dans les futures chaînes de traction hybride électriquesSignificant research efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on alternative fuels and new hybrid electric powertrain in attempt to reduce carbon emissions from passenger cars. Fuel consumption of these hybrid powertrains strongly relies on the energy converter performance, the vehicle energetic needs, as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on-board. This thesis investigates the potential of new energy converters as substitute of actual internal combustion engine in automotive powertrain applications. Gas turbine systems is identified as potential energy converter for series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV), as it offers many automotive intrinsic benefits such as multi-fuel capability, compactness, reduced number of moving parts, reduced noise and vibrations among others. An exergo-technological explicit analysis is conducted to identify the realistic GT-system thermodynamic configurations. A pre-design study have been carried out to identify the power to weight ratios of those systems. A SHEV model is developed and powertrain components are sized considering vehicle performance criteria. Energy consumption simulations are performed on the worldwide-harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC), which account for the vehicle electric and thermal energy needs in addition to mechanical energy needs, using an innovative bi-level optimization method as energy management strategy. The intercooled regenerative reheat gas turbine (IRReGT) cycle is prioritized, offering higher efficiency and power density as well as reduced fuel consumption compared to the other investigated GT-systems. Also a dynamic model was developed and simulations were performed to account for the over fuel consumption during start-up transitory phases. Tests were also performed on some subsystems of the identified IRReGT-system. Results show improved fuel consumption with the IRReGT as auxiliary power unit (APU) compared to ICE. Consequently, the selected IRReGT-system presents a potential for implementation on futur SHEVs
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Moshirvaziri, Andishe. "Lithium-Ion Battery Modeling for Electric Vehicles and Regenerative Cell Testing Platform." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43262.
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Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained acceptance as low or zero emission means of transportation. This thesis deals with the design of a battery cell testing platform and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery modeling for EVs. A novel regenerative cell testing platform is developed for cell cycling applications. A 300 W - 5 V cell cycler consisting of a buck and a boost converter is designed.
Furthermore, a novel battery modeling approach is proposed to accurately predict the battery performance by dynamically updating the model parameters based on the battery temperature and State of Charge (SOC). The comparison between the experimental and the model simulation results of an automotive cell under real-world drive-cycle illustrates 96.5% accuracy of the model. In addition, the model can be utilized to assess the long-term impact of battery impedance on performance of EVs under real-world drive-cycles.
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Tezcan, Sezer. "Development of a fuel cell hybrid low-speed electric vehicle testing facility." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/775.
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Marques, Gonçalo Pereira. "Development of a reduced-scale electric vehicle for testing driving aid systems." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29525.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this dissertation is the design and physical conception
of a reduced-scale vehicle, characterised by being electric and with
an in-wheel motor configuration, allowing All-Wheel Drive (AWD) traction
configuration and independent control of each wheel. The purpose of this
vehicle construction is to serve as a test platform for driving aid systems,
therefore being endowed with sensorial electronics. A requirement set is that
the developed prototype includes a suspension system, so that its dynamic
behaviour resembles as much of reality as possible.
The entire process of design and construction of the model is shown in detail
in the course of the document, serving as a guide that intends to justify all
decisions and steps taken.
At the end of this project, several test routines were carried out, allowing
to classify the use of this model for future implementation of driving aid
systems as viable, and making it possible to set all the initially stipulated
objectives as complete.Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo o desenho e a conceção física de um veículo a escala reduzida, caraterizado por ser elétrico e com um motor embutido em cada roda, permitindo que a tração seja feita às quatro rodas e de forma independente. O intuito da construção deste veículo resume-se a que sirva como plataforma de testes para sistemas de apoio a condução, sendo por isso dotado de eletrónica sensorial. É ainda um requisito que o protótipo desenvolvido inclua um sistema de suspensão para que o seu comportamento dinâmico se assemelhe o mais possível da realidade. No decorrer do documento é mostrado em detalhe todo o processo de desenho e construção do modelo, servindo como um guia que pretende justificar todas as decisões e passos tomados. No final deste projeto, foram realizadas rotinas de teste que permitem classificar como viável o uso deste modelo para futura implementação de sistemas de apoio à condução, tendo sido cumpridos todos os objetivos inicialmente estipulados.
Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações
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CAMPBELL, ROBERT. "Battery Characterization and Optimization for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Hardware-in-the-loop duty cycle testing." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6330.
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) with all-electric range (AER) combine battery driven electric motors with traditional internal combustion engines in order to reduce emissions emitted to the atmosphere, especially during short, repetitive driving cycles such as commuting to work. A PHEV utilizes grid energy to recharge the electrical energy storage device for use in the AER operation. This study focuses on battery systems as the electrical energy storage device and evaluates commercially available technologies for PHEV through scaled hardware-in-loop (HIL) testing. This project has three main goals: determine the state of technology for PHEV batteries through an extensive literature review, characterize commercially available batteries including simulated HIL response to a real-world PHEV simulation model, and finally, develop a tool to aid in choosing battery types for different vehicle styles (a battery decision matrix). The five different battery types tested are as follows: A123 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Li-Ion, Genesis Pure Lead-Tin lead acid, generic absorbed glass mat (AGM) valve regulated lead acid (VRLA), SAFT Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) and SAFT Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd). The batteries were characterized in terms of capacity and maximum power as well as tested on an individually scaled real-world duty cycle derived from a model developed by the University of Manitoba and the University of Winnipeg.
When comparing the results of the characterization testing with the literature review and manufacturers’ data it was found that there are discrepancies between the batteries tested and the manufacturers’ specifications for mass and capacity. Furthermore, the response to duty cycle testing shows that it is imperative that the internal resistance of the batteries and their conductors should be considered when designing a vehicle, although the literature suggest that this is not commonly done. The results from testing were incorporated into a simple decision matrix factoring in vehicle design constraints, battery performance and cost. Through the duty cycle testing, the dynamic resistance of each of the batteries was determined by measuring the voltage response of the battery to variations in current draw. This resistance figure is important to include in simulations as it effectively reduces available energy the battery can supply due to increasing current demands, as voltage drops in response to a load.Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-02-28 15:17:31.209
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Sener, Cansu. "Modeling and simulation of vehicle to grid communication using hybrid petri nets." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/7955.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)With the rapid growth of technology, scientists are trying to find ways to make the world a more efficient and eco-friendly place. The research and development of electric vehicles suddenly boomed since natural resource are becoming very scarce. The significance of an electric vehicle goes beyond using free energy, it is environ- mental friendly. The objective of this thesis is to understand what Vehicle to Grid Communication (V2G) for an electric vehicle is, and to implement a model of this highly efficient system into a Hybrid Petri Net. This thesis proposes a Hybrid Petri net modeling of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Communication topology. Initially, discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri net's are defined, familiarized, and exemplified. Secondly, the Vehicle and Grid side of the V2G communication system is introduced in detail. The modeling of individual Petri nets, as well as their combination is discussed thoroughly. Thirdly, in order to prove these systems, simulation and programming is used to validate the theoretical studies. A Matlab embedded simulation program known as SimHPN is used to simulate specific scenario's in the system, which uses Depth-first Search (DFS) Algorithm. In addition to SimHPN simulation program, Matlab program is made to output four levels of the reachability tree as well as specifying duplicate and terminate nodes. This code incorporates a technique known as Breadth-first Search (BFS) Algorithm.
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Shimoga, Muddappa Vinay Kumar. "Electrochemical model based condition monitoring of a Li-ion battery using fuzzy logic." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5588.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)There is a strong urge for advanced diagnosis method, especially in high power battery packs and high energy density cell design applications, such as electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle segment, due to safety concerns. Accurate and robust diagnosis methods are required in order to optimize battery charge utilization and improve EV range. Battery faults cause significant model parameter variation affecting battery internal states and output. This work is focused on developing diagnosis method to reliably detect various faults inside lithium-ion cell using electrochemical model based observer and fuzzy logic algorithm, which is implementable in real-time. The internal states and outputs from battery plant model were compared against those from the electrochemical model based observer to generate the residuals. These residuals and states were further used in a fuzzy logic based residual evaluation algorithm in order to detect the battery faults. Simulation results show that the proposed methodology is able to detect various fault types including overcharge, over-discharge and aged battery quickly and reliably, thus providing an effective and accurate way of diagnosing li-ion battery faults.
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Bettencourt, Ricardo Maria de Portugal. "Real-time distributed testing for electrical vehicle." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/129894.
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Bettencourt, Ricardo Maria de Portugal. "Real-time distributed testing for electrical vehicle." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/129894.
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Chang, Yu-I., and 張右宜. "Analysis the Fuel Economy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Urban Loop Testing Result." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ygq3n7.
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