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Ngan, Shing-kwong. "Comparison of electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles & LPG vehicles /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301384.
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Ngan, Shing-kwong, and 顔成廣. "Comparison of electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles & LPG vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254354.
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Ren, Qinglian. "Numerical analysis and modelling of transmission systems for hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2010. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3693/.
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Interest in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) has increased rapidly over recent years from both industrial and academic viewpoints due to increasing concerns about environmental pollution and global oil usage. In the automotive sector, huge efforts have been invested in vehicle technology to improve efficiency and reduce carbon emissions with, for example, hybrid and electric vehicles. This thesis focuses on one design area of these vehicles – the transmission – with the aim of investigating the potential benefits of improved transmissions for HEVs and EVs. For HEVs, a novel transmission developed by Nexxtdrive based on a twin epicyclic design is analysed using a matrix method and its performance is compared with the more common single epicyclic arrangement used successfully in the Toyota Prius. Simulation models are then used to compare the performance of a typical HEV passenger car fitted with these two transmissions over standard driving cycles. The conclusion is that the twin epicyclic offers substantial improvements of up to 20% reduction in energy consumption, though the benefits are sensitive to the driving cycle used. For EVs, most designs to date have used a single fixed ratio transmission, and surprisingly little research has explored whether multi-geared transmissions offer any benefits. The research challenge is whether it is possible to optimise the usage of the electric motor in its region of high efficiency by controlling the transmission. Simulation results of two EV examples confirm that energy consumption benefits are indeed achievable – of between 7 and 14% depending on the driving cycle. Overall, the original aspects of this work – the analysis and modelling the twin epicyclic gearbox; the analysis and modelling the twin epicyclic system in a vehicle and a comparison of the results with single epicyclic system; and the analysis and modelling of EVs with and without a transmission system of varying levels of complexity – have shown that there are worthwhile performance benefits from using improved transmission designs for low carbon vehicles.
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de, Fluiter Travis. "Design of lightweigh electric vehicles." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2438.
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The design and manufacture of lightweight electric vehicles is becoming increasingly important with the rising cost of petrol, and the effects emissions from petrol powered vehicles are having on our environment. The University of Waikato and HybridAuto's Ultracommuter electric vehicle was designed, manufactured, and tested. The vehicle has been driven over 1800km with only a small reliability issue, indicating that the Ultracommuter was well designed and could potentially be manufactured as a solution to ongoing transportation issues. The use of titanium aluminide components in the automotive industry was researched. While it only has half the density of alloy steel, titanium aluminides have the same strength and stiffness as steel, along with good corrosion resistance, making them suitable as a lightweight replacement for steel components. Automotive applications identified that could benefit from the use of TiAl include brake callipers, brake rotors and electric motor components.
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Nguyen, Nhan Quy. "Electric Vehicles Charging Scheduling Optimisation." Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0024.
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Notre travail de recherche traite de la problématique de l’ordonnancement de recharge des véhicules électriques (VE). La variation de la puissance totale disponible pour charger des véhicules, les contraintes de comportement des utilisateurs et l'incertitude des demandes énergétiques journalières demandent un ordonnancement efficace et sécurisé. Nous avons défini cinq configurations industrielles : ACPF (1,2) et ACPV (1a, 1b et 2) qui correspondent chacune à un ensemble de contraintes techniques. Les études sur les formulations, dont une conjonctive et une disjonctive, reposent sur l’analyse de la force de leurs relaxation-LP. La forme matricielle de la formule mathématique est composée d’une matrice partitionnée, qui est décomposable par le principe de Dantzig-Wolfe. Cette dernière nous permets de développer un algorithme de type Branch-and-Price pour la résolution exacte du problème. Une heuristique constructive déterministe a ensuite été conçue pour l’allocation de la ressource, qui se trouve très efficace : une résolution rapide (moins d’une seconde) pour un parking d’une trentaine VEs. Finalement, pour implémenter tous les algorithmes dans le microprocesseur, et pour établir un modèle prévisionnel et un ordonnancement en temps réel, nous avons créé un planificateur autonome, qui se base sur le réordonnancement prédictif-réactif. Les recherches effectuées font partie des problèmes de raisonnement énergétique. Elles possèdent donc la capacité de se combiner avec d’autres travaux, notamment le problème de smart gridOur research deals with the problem of the charging scheduling of electric vehicles (EV). The variation in the total power available to load vehicles, user the behaviour constraints and the uncertainties of daily energy demands require an efficient and secure scheduling. We defined five industrial configurations: ACPF (1,2) and ACPV (1a, 1b and 2), each of which corresponds to a set of technical constraints. Studies on formulations, including a conjunctive and a disjunctive, are based on the analysis of the strength of their LP-relaxation. The matrix form of the mathematical formula is composed of a partitioned matrix, which is decomposable by the Dantzig-Wolfe principles. The latter allows us to develop a Branch-and-Price Algorithm for the exact solution of the problem. A deterministic constructive heuristic was then designed for the allocation of the resource, which is very efficient: a quick resolution (less than a second) for a car park with about thirty EVs. Finally, to implement all algorithms in the microprocessor, and to establish a forecasting model and an online scheduling, we have created a stand-alone scheduler, based on the predictive-reactive rescheduling. The research carried out is part of the problems of energy reasoning. They, therefore, can combine with other works, including the smart grid problems
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de, Santiago Ochoa Juan. "FEM Analysis Applied to Electric Machines for Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157879.
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Electric vehicle technology is an interdisciplinary field in continuous development. It appears to be a margin for improvements. The Division for Electricity at Uppsala University is doing significant research in the field. The present thesis investigates electric machines for vehicular applications, both in the driveline and in the traction motor. Section 1 presents a driveline with two galvanically isolated voltage levels. A low power side is operated at the optimum voltage of the batteries, while a high power side is operated at a higher voltage leading to higher efficiencies in the traction motor. Both sides are coupled through a flywheel that stabilizes the power transients inherent to a drive cycle. A review of electric machine topologies for electric vehicles is presented in Section 2. The permanent magnet excited machine is the most suitable technology for an electric driveline. Section 3 is devoted to numerical models applied to electric machines. The equivalent circuit of a motor/generator with two sets of windings is first presented. This machine couples both sides of the driveline and drives the rotor of the flywheel. The electric parameters are calculated with custom FEM models. A discussion on slotless machines concludes with a simple model to analyze the magnetic field from one static 3D simulation. The tooth ripple losses in solid salient poles are also analyzed with a novel FEM approach. A complete description of the losses in electric machines gives a proper background for further discussion on efficiency. Section 4 presents the experimental work constructed to validate the theoretical models. The experiments include an axial flux, single wounded prototype, an axial flux, double wound prototype and a planed radial flux coreless prototype. Section 5 focuses on traction motors for electric vehicles. A simulated prototype illustrates a design and calculation process. The loss theory and the numerical methods presented in Section 3 are applied.
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Jin, Lebing. "Integrated Compact Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-196732.
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To develop more competitive solutions, one of the trends in the development of drive systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs/HEVs) is to integrate the power electronic converter and the electric motor. This thesis aims to investigate the performance and the operation of modular converters in integrated motor drive systems for EVs/HEVs. In the first part, the concept of integrated modular motor drive systems for EVs/HEVs is introduced. Three suitable modular converter topologies, namely, the stacked polyphase bridges (SPB) converter, the parallel-connected polyphase bridges (PPB) converter and the modular high frequency (MHF) converter, are evaluated and compared with conventional electric drives in terms of power losses, energy storage requirements, and semiconductor costs. In the second part of the thesis, the harmonic content of the dc-link current of the SPB converter is analyzed. By adopting an interleaving modulation the size of the dc-link capacitor can be reduced without increasing the switching frequency, which is beneficial for achieving a compact integrated system. This method allows for around 80% reduction of the dc-link capacitance for vehicle drives, resulting in a significant size reduction of the power converter and improved integration. Finally, a communication-based distributed control system for the SPB converter is presented. The communication delay arising from the serial communication is inevitable, thus a timing analysis is also presented. It has been found that stability is maintained even when the baud rate of the SPI communication is lower than 1 Mbps, indicating that other communication protocols with lower bandwidths can also be adopted for this topology. The analytical investigations provided in this thesis are validated by experiments on a four-submodule laboratory prototype. Experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis, as well as the dynamic performance of the distributed control system.QC 20161121
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Jaganathan, Sharanya. "Battery charging power electronics converter and control for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=2000377781&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1277474966&clientId=28564.
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Strömberg, Emma. "Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1845.
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Hybrid electric vehicles are considered to be an important part of the future vehicle industry, since they decrease fuel consumption without decreasing the performance compared to a conventional vehicle. They use two or more power sources to propel the vehicle, normally one combustion engine and one electric machine. These power sources can be arranged in different topologies and can cooporate in different ways. In this thesis, dynamic models of parallel and series hybrid powertrains are developed, and different strategies for how to control them are compared.An optimization algorithm for decreasing fuel consumption and utilize the battery storage capacity as much as possible is also developed, implemented and tested.
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Lamichhane, Chudamani. "Advanced Battery Diagnosis for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9753.
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Summary Literatures on battery technologies and diagnosis of its parameters were studied. The innovative battery technologies from basic knowledge to world standard testing procedures were analysed and discussed in the report. The established battery test station and flowchart was followed during the battery test preparation and testing. In order to understand and verify the battery performance, the well established test procedures developed by USABC (United States Advanced Battery Consortium) and FreedomCAR were reviewed. Based on the standard battery test flow diagram, battery test procedures are mainly categorised as below; 1. Test plan and pre-test readiness review 2. Core performance test charging, discharging, power, capacity and other special tests 3. Life cycle/ageing test accelerated ageing, calendar life, abuse and safety Commercial battery testers were used to carryout the core performance test but electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed for life cycle test and also to investigate the state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The standard test bench as shown below was used for the experiment under the scope of this thesis. Figure 1: Standard battery test station Study on impedance based modelling of battery and laboratory experiment to measure the impedance was carried out. Electrochemical impedance was measured by applying an AC potential to an electrochemical cell and measuring the current through the cell using the shunt in series where battery voltage was measured directly from the terminals as shown in figure 1.Commercially available battery sensors were used to measure the current, voltage and temperatures. Impedance was calculated internally and observed on computer through the battery test program and also observed on Nyquest plot where real part is plotted on the X-axis and imaginary part on Y-axis at one frequency. A typical impedance spectrum of a Li-ion battery tested in the laboratory at 250C is presented below. This figure shows the measured impedance for different state of charge (SOC) without dc excitation current. Figure 2: Impedance Spectra of a Li-ion battery At real impedance Re(Z) 42 m, the real axis intersection of the impedance spectra was observed in the figure 2. For lower frequencies, all spectra show two semicircles. The first semicircle is comparably small and slightly depressed, whereas the second one is larger, nearly non-depressed and grows remarkably with decreasing state of charge. Finally, at the low-frequency end of the depicted spectra, the diffusion impedance becomes visible. At high states of charge, the diffusion impedance shows a 45°-slope, which is typical of Warburg impedance (state of diffusion at certain frequency).
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Hoversten, Shanna. "Electric Vehicles: Market Opportunities in China." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) offer an exciting opportunity in China both in terms of the potential to build a domestic manufacturing base and the potential to create a strong domestic market for the product. The Chinese nation stands to benefit from both supply-side and demand-side promotion due to the economic stimulus from EV manufacturing and export, the environmental benefits of reduced air pollution and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and the energy security benefits of transitioning away from foreign oil dependence. The Chinese have several advantages when it comes to stimulating EV industry development and EV deployment, including: leadership in battery technology, great potential for cost competitiveness, an enormous and emerging number of new car buyers, and high level government support. Yet a number of challenges must be taken into account as well, including: shortfalls in overall automobile R&D spending, consumer concerns about Chinese cars’ safety and reliability, enhancing the appeal of the Chinese brand, and heavy national infrastructure demands. This paper will seek to examine the opportunities and challenges associated with EV deployment in China and identify industry actions and policy measures to facilitate the process.
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陳濤 and To Tony Chan. "Evaluation and simulation of electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210132.
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Chan, Tai-wai David, and 陳大偉. "System level simulation for electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222286.
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Tempest, Andrew S. "Extending the range of electric vehicles." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278061.
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The objective of the research project was to evaluate the effectiveness of auxiliary energy storage systems, used in addition to a battery, for extending the range of an electric vehicle. Initially, the work focused around the use of a high speed flywheel to complement the electric vehicle battery. The work was then extended to cover auxiliary energy storage in general. Practical work was carried out using a Bedford/Chloride CF Van, which was equipped with various sensors by Bristol Polytechnic. Using measurements carried out on milk rounds in the local area, a driving cycle was derived, and used to characterise the CF van. This was in turn used to create a pro-forma for a typical battery current demand profile experienced during the driving cycle. Laboratory testing was carried out by repeatedly putting the battery through this basic current cycle. Further cycles were then derived from the basic cycle. These were designed to show the effect of various amounts of auxiliary storage on battery current demand, and hence overall energy output. These were used with the battery in the same way as the basic cycle, allowing a comparison of the battery with and without energy storage. At the same time as the laboratory work was being done, a computer simulation of the Bedford CF was written. Having validated the model against both laboratory results and road test data, it was used to extend the results derived in the laboratory more generally. This was done by running simulated driving cycles for different battery conditions, by varying the performance of the simulated vehicle transmission, and by using different driving cycles. Flywheel auxiliary storage was also simulated, and its efficiency varied. Results from the project establish criteria by which auxiliary storage systems may be judged, by comparing them with the battery alone, and also for comparing regenerative and non-regenerative battery current cycles. This framework is then used to create general criteria which auxiliary energy storage systems must meet if they are to be effective. Possible avenues for future work are also put forward.
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Klass, Verena. "Battery Health Estimation in Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173544.
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For the broad commercial success of electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to deeply understand how batteries behave in this challenging application. This thesis has therefore been focused on studying automotive lithium-ion batteries in respect of their performance under EV operation. Particularly, the need for simple methods estimating the state-of-health (SOH) of batteries during EV operation has been addressed in order to ensure safe, reliable, and cost-effective EV operation. Within the scope of this thesis, a method has been developed that can estimate the SOH indicators capacity and internal resistance. The method is solely based on signals that are available on-board during ordinary EV operation such as the measured current, voltage, temperature, and the battery management system’s state-of-charge estimate. The approach is based on data-driven battery models (support vector machines (SVM) or system identification) and virtual tests in correspondence to standard performance tests as established in laboratory testing for capacity and resistance determination. The proposed method has been demonstrated for battery data collected in field tests and has also been verified in laboratory. After a first proof-of-concept of the method idea with battery pack data from a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) field test, the method was improved with the help of a laboratory study where battery electric vehicle (BEV) operation of a battery cell was emulated under controlled conditions providing a thorough validation possibility. Precise partial capacity and instantaneous resistance estimations could be derived and an accurate diffusion resistance estimation was achieved by including a current history variable in the SVM-based model. The dynamic system identification battery model gave precise total resistance estimates as well. The SOH estimation method was also applied to a data set from emulated hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) operation of a battery cell on board a heavy-duty vehicle, where on-board standard test validation revealed accurate dynamic voltage estimation performance of the applied model even during high-current situations. In order to exhibit the method’s intended implementation, up-to-date SOH indicators have been estimated from driving data during a one-year time period.QC 20150914
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Hamid, Qazi. "Energy demand management of electric vehicles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23900.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate novel recharging schemes for energy demand management (DM) of electric vehicles (EVs). While there has been a lot of work highlighting the importance of energy DM of EVs, most of the reported works do not expand on suggesting how such a DM system may be implemented. In this thesis the focus is on two aspects of DM system implementation. At the instantaneous control time scale, an alternative mechanism for frequency regulation with the aim of neutralising sudden changes in output power of electric generators is presented. At the recharge planning time scale, the aim is to avoid congestion and undesirable voltage drops in the distribution system, and a novel approach is presented that can improve voltage profiles. The problem of considering both voltage congestion and frequency regulation in a composite DM framework is also addressed. At the instantaneous control time scale, a novel distributed recharging rate controller is presented that is based on non-linear control and that yields a real time and distributed solution. This controller minimises communication overheads and allows EVs to join and leave at arbitrary times. From the perspective of recharging rate allocation, the controller achieves a Pareto efficient allocation which is also proportionally fair. The proposed controller is then applied to a system with a single, isolated, and unregulated synchronous machine and it is shown that the frequency can be used as proxy to the imbalance between produced and consumed electric power and hence communication overhead can be eliminated in such cases. A protocol is also discussed that can modify the controller and can implement the modified controller in a multi-machine system. Simulation is used to show the frequency regulation and fairness of recharging rates of EVs when the protocol and the modified controller are used. Subsequently, the integration of the recharging rate controller with the legacy protection system is also discussed. At the recharge planning time scale, the problem of congestion in the distribution system is addressed. Most of published literature on distribution system voltage issues deals with control of various network elements, for instance, on-load tap changers or banks of shunt capacitors on the distribution feeders. In this thesis, a complementary approach is presented that can also improve voltage profile by scheduling EV load in such a manner that undesirable voltage drops are avoided or their severity is diminished. In this context, a novel approach is presented for recharging EVs in the same geographic neighbourhood that share the same secondary circuits when recharging. The approach is based on a numerical method called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) that has been previously used by other researchers to solve the equations of fluid dynamics. The characteristics of the method used for the proposed approach as well as its performance in terms of improvement in the reduction of voltage drops and its adaptation to elastic and non-elastic loads is highlighted via simulation. Finally, the approach is extended to also provide a frequency control reserve service.
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Yang, Sichao. "In-wheel motors for electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4054.
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The in-wheel motor technology as the source of traction for electric vehicles has been researched recently because it is compact and ease-to-integrate. The motor is housed in the wheel. Since the room for the motor is tightly defined by the size of the wheel and there is no gearing system, the motor must have a high torque density to drive the vehicle directly and a high efficiency to keep cool. The existing motor uses a surface-mounted magnet topology. To make it more cost-competitive, the magnet material needs to be reduced while maintaining the torque performance at the rated operating condition. It is the motive of this Ph.D. research. The thesis starts with a brief introduction on the background of the electric vehicle. Then the major challenges of the in-wheel motor technology are summarised. With the derived specifications, an induction machine and a switched reluctance machine are then simulated and analysed. Still, the permanent magnet synchronous machine is proved to have the highest torque density. Change from surface-mounted to interior topology, six new magnet topologies are investigated. The V-shaped interior magnet topology shows superior torque-to-magnet-mass ratio and is easy-to-manufacture. It gives 96% torque while using 56% of the magnet mass compared to the existing motor due to the assist from the additional reluctance torque and the lower magnetic circuit reluctance. The key to use less magnet mass while avoiding the demagnetisation is the front iron shielding effect. The analytical explanation on the better resistance to demagnetisation in the V-shaped motor is provided. The magnet loss mechanism is discussed for proper segmentation. Detailed design adjustments are made to compromise between the torque-to-magnet-mass ratio and the manufactural practicality. Issues regarding to lower mechanical rigidity occurred in initial assembly of the prototype and solutions are proposed. Followed by successful assembly, experimental tests were conducted and results show good agreement with the simulation. A specific form of torque ripple is found in the V-shaped motor and occurs generally in all fractional-slot concentrated-winding machines with saliency. It is explained by an analytical model. This model is also extended to explain the generally lower reluctance torque in vi fractional-slot concentrated-winding machines. Potential design improvements are suggested and simulated for future versions.
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Sun, Zhifeng. "Energy Consumption Optimization of Electric Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302774.
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This master thesis report has studied several methods to improve the energy consumption of an electric vehicle equipped with two permanent magnet synchronous motors. Two driving torque distribution maps are developed based on efficiency map and load transfer, respectively. The drive torque distribution map based on the efficiency map shows up to 8.94% energy saving. Two regenerative braking strategies are designed and compared. Both strategies have pure regenerative brake at low decelerations and it is controlled by a modified acceleration pedal map. Strategy 1 does not add more regenerative braking when the brake pedal is pressed thus it is simpler while strategy 2 can blend in more motor torque. Rear axle steering is also studied in terms of contribution to energy consumption and an LQR controller is developed to control the vehicle with rear axle steering.Denna rapport avhandlar ett examensarbete där flera metoder har studerats för att förbättra energikonsumptionen för ett elektriskt fordon med två permanentmagnetsynkrona motorer. Två fördelningskartor för drivande moment är framtagna baserat på effektivitetskartor och lastöverföring. Fördelningskartorna för drivande moment som är baserat på effektivitet visar upp till 8,94% energiminskning. Två olika regenerativa bromsstrategier är framtagna och jämförda. Båda strategierna har ren regeneration vid låga decelerationer och är reglerat genom modifierat gaspedalsmappning. Strategi 1 ger inte mer regeneration när bromspedalen trycks ned och är då enklare medans strategi 2 kan blanda in mer vridmoment från elmotorn. Bakaxelstyrning är också studerat i termer av dess bidrag till energikonsumption samt en LQR regulator är utvecklad för reglering av fordonets bakaxelstyrning.
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Tempsch, Josefine, and Martin Granberg. "Future hood fixations for electric vehicles." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18813.
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As people strive to live more sustainable due to the change in climate, product developers need to adapt and create new and more sustainable solutions. In the car industry, companies work to minimize weight and adjust material selection in the cars to reduce emissions. The goal of this project was to find a new solution, in aspects of cost, weight and size, for fixating the hood on Lynk & Co's Model 01 on behalf of CEVT to create a more sustainable vehicle.By using proven and recognized product development tools throughout the product development process, a new concept for fixing the hood could be evolved. This concept was then analyzed with regard to the developed requirements specification to ensure a good result. In this part, the finite element method and hand calculations were mainly used to analyze stresses in the material.The result of the work was thus a proposal on how hoods for electric cars could be fixed in the future. The concept consists of a hood that is held in place with the help of four hooks and which, when serviced, is held parallel to the engine compartment with the help of two struts. The concept also includes suggestions on locking mechanisms to limit the access for unauthorized users. This to ensure that the engine is only handled by qualified personnel and therefore reduces wear. Throughout the whole project, focus has been on sustainable development. The results has been analyzed and compared to the existing model with this in mind.
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Sörme, Jacob. "Intelligent Charging Algorithm for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280808.
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Electric vehicles play an important role in creating a fossil free transport sector. Making the vehicles efficient involves many new areas outside the manufacturing process, such as chargers, power grids and electricity markets. This thesis models the charging of electric vehicles using a Markov Decision Process and uses Reinforcement Learning solution models to derive an intelligent charging algorithm. This algorithm can take concepts such as electricity price, battery degradation and electrical losses into account in order to minimise the overall operational costs, and add more value to the use of electric vehicles. Models of how voltage varies in a battery is used and data on causes of battery degradation are derived from modern papers within battery technology. The intelligent charging algorithm is compared to baseline charging algorithms, one of which correspond to how charging is regularly performed today. Vehicle-to Grid is a promising future technology where electric vehicles can discharge some of their energy back to the grid in order to alleviate the stress of a power grid constrained by increasing demand as well an increasing penetration of intermittent sustainable sources of electricity such as wind and solar. Simulations are performed over scenarios with different electricity prices and the implications of being able to utilise Vehicle-to-Grid is studied. Results from simulations show that the intelligent charging algorithm effectively can reduce costs by approximately 30% on average compared to regular charging when the charging sessions last for 7 hours. Vehicle-to-Grid was seen to only be able to reduce costs in simulations with inexpensive batteries on days when there was a large difference in electricity price. The intelligent charging was able to save as much as 500 SEK for long charging sessions with expensive batteries, and powerful chargers. Results show a promising future for an intelligent charging algorithm to be used in order to improve the efficiency of electric vehicle charging.Elektriska fordon spelar en viktig roll för målet att skapa en tranportindustri som inte förlitar sig på fossila bränslen. Utmaningen att göra elektriska fordon så effektiva som möjligt innefattar många nya områden som ligger utanför det faktiska tillverkandet, som laddinfrastruktur, elnät och marknader för elektricitetshandel. Detta examensarbete modellerar laddning av elektriska fordon med Markov-beslutsprocesser och använder algoritmer från förstärkt inlärning för att ta fram en intelligent laddalgoritm. Denna algoritm kan ta indata från koncept som elpris och batteridegradering samt räkna med elektriska förluster, allt för att minska driftkostnad och göra det mer värdefullt att använda elfordon. Modeller för hur spänning varierar används och data för hur batterier degraderas används från moderna rapporter inom batteriteknologi. Den intelligenta laddalgoritmen jämförs med andra tillvägagångssätt att ladda, bland annat ett som motsvarar hur laddning ofta utförs idag. Vehicle-to-Grid är en lovande framtida teknologi som innebär att elektriska fordon kan ladda ur energi ur sina batterier och sälja tillbaka till elnätet för att reducera belastningar i nätet, dels på grund av ökad efterfrågan men också på grund av att elnätet i framtiden kan bestå av mindre pålitliga men förnyelsebara energikällor som solceller och vindkraft. Simuleringar körs över situationer med olika elpris och effekterna av att kunna använda Vehicle-to-Grid studeras. Resultat visar på att intelligent laddning kan spara ungefär 30% av kostnaderna i snitt. Simuleringarna visar att Vehicle-to-Grid endast kan spara kostnader då batterierna är billiga och då elpriset uppvisar stora variationer. Den intelligenta laddningsalgoritmen kun de spara upp till 500 SEK vid laddsessioner som varade en lång tid, med dyra batterier och med kraftfulla laddare. Resultaten visar på en lovande framtid för intelligenta laddalgorimer att användas för att öka effektiviteten inom laddning av elektriska fordon.
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Chan, Tai-wai David. "System level simulation for electric vehicles /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2192952X.
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Chan, To Tony. "Evaluation and simulation of electric vehicles /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13183254.
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Juřík, Tomáš. "Optimal Route Planning for Electric Vehicles." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220184.
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In this work we present algorithms that are capable of calculating paths to destination for electric vehicles. These paths can be based on the simple metrics such as the distance, time or the paths can be based on more advanced metric such as the minimum energy demanding metric. This metric is parameterizable by the physical construction of the electrical vehicle. We also propose a new algorithm that computes energy optimal paths that are more acceptable by the driver, because it also takes into consideration the time metric while computing the path.
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Forato, Mattia. "Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425765.
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This thesis deals with the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for the dynamic charging of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Dynamic WPT is an emerging technology that can accelerate the transition from conventional to electrical mobility. Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Systems (WPTSs) exploit the principle of electromagnetic induction to power EVs during their motion without the need for a galvanic contact between the vehicles and a stationary supplying system. Since a portion of the power required by the EVs for the charging and for the propulsion is provided by an external grid, the size of the on-board batteries can be shrunk with the consequent benefits in terms of cost and weight of the EVs. An infrastructure of widespread public dynamic WPTSs can contribute to maintain the EVs always charged thus providing them with an ideal infinite range.
After a detailed introduction of the fundamental principles that govern the WPT technology and after a thorough description of a general WPTS, the focus of the thesis moves to dynamic WPTSs. The variations of the magnetic parameters caused by the EV movement make the study, the design, and the control of dynamic WPTSs very challenging. In the thesis, various dynamic WPTSs are studied under steady-state condition. This analysis shows that the LC compensation in the track side is particularly suited for such systems since it provides the track with the current source capability. This feature greatly simplifies the control and the power transfer regulation of dynamic WPTSs.
The attention of this thesis is focused mainly on the modeling and on the control of dynamic WPTSs. As regards the modeling, a novel method called Modulated Variable Laplace Transform (MVLT) is proposed. The method is used for the base band modeling of systems, such as dynamic WPTSs, where modulated quantities are involved. The accuracy of the MVLT is verified through the application of the method for the study of the dynamic of various circuits. In particular, MVLT method is adopted to find the dynamic model of an LC-compensated dynamic WPTS. With the aid of the obtained model the regulator that controls the track current of the system is designed. The performance of the regulator is tested by simulations, obtaining results in good agreement with the expected ones.
The thesis investigates also the dc/dc converter installed on-board the EVs responsible for the battery charging control. The operation of this converter is analyzed in conjunction with the type of compensating network used for the pickup. A novel topology for the pickup circuitry is proposed together with a new control strategy for the switch of the dc/dc converter. This topology allows for the pickup size reduction and it shows high performance in terms of efficiency.Questa tesi si occupa della tecnologia del trasferimento wireless di potenza (dall'inglese Wireless Power Transfer - WPT) per la ricarica dinamica dei Veicoli Elettrici (VE). Il trasferimento dinamico di potenza è una tecnologia innovativa che può accelerare la transizione da una mobilità convenzionale, basata su veicoli azionati da motore a combustione interna, verso una mobilità elettrica incentrata sui VE. I sistemi per il trasferimento wireless dinamico di potenza (dall'inglese Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer systems - DWPT systems) sfruttano il principio dell'induzione elettromagnetica per alimentare i VE mentre sono in movimento, senza la necessità di utilizzare un contatto galvanico tra i veicoli e un sistema di alimentazione stazionario. Poiché parte della potenza richiesta dai VE per la ricarica e per la propulsione è fornita da una rete elettrica esterna, le dimensioni delle batterie a bordo dei veicoli possono essere ridotte con i conseguenti benefici in termini di costo e peso dei VE. Una estesa infrastruttura di sistemi DWPT può contribuire a mantenere le batterie dei VE sempre cariche, consentendogli di avere un'autonomia idealmente illimitata. Dopo una dettagliata introduzione dei principi fondamentali che governano la tecnologia WPT e dopo un'accurata descrizione di un sistema WPT generico, il fulcro della tesi si sposta verso i sistemi DWPT. Le variazioni dei parametri magnetici causate dal movimento dei VE rendono lo studio, il dimensionamento e il controllo dei sistemi DWPT molto impegnativo. In questa tesi, vari sistemi DWPT sono studiati in condizione di regime stazionario. Questa analisi mostra che la compensazione del track fatta con una rete LC è particolarmente adatta per tali sistemi poiché essa conferisce al track la caratteristica di generatore di corrente. Questa proprietà semplifica di molto il controllo e la regolazione della potenza nei sistemi DWPT. L'attenzione di questa tesi è focalizzata principalmente sulla modellizzazione e sul controllo dei sistemi DWPT. Per quanto riguarda la modellizzazione, un nuovo metodo chiamato Modulated Variable Laplace Transform (MVLT) è presentato in questo lavoro. Questo metodo è usato per la modellizzazione dei sistemi, come ad esempio i sistemi DWPT, in cui sono coinvolte grandezze modulate. L'accuratezza del metodo MVLT è verificata attraverso la sua applicazione nello studio della dinamica di diversi circuiti. In particolare, il metodo MVLT è utilizzato per trovare il modello dinamico di un sistema DWPT in cui il track è compensato con una rete LC. Con l'ausilio del modello ottenuto viene progettato il regolatore che controlla la corrente del track del sistema. Le prestazioni di questo regolatore sono testate attraverso delle simulazioni, ottenendo risultati molto prossimi a quelli attesi. Nella tesi è studiato anche il convertitore dc/dc installato a bordo dei VE responsabile del controllo del processo di ricarica. Il funzionamento di questo convertitore è analizzato in modo congiunto con il tipo di compensazione del pickup. Una nuova topologia di circuito per il pickup è proposta assieme ad una nuova strategia di controllo per il convertitore dc/dc. Questa topologia permette una riduzione delle dimensioni del pickup e mostra elevate prestazioni in termini di efficienza.
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Wong, Yuk-sum. "System design and energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B3955885X.
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Wong, Yuk-sum. "Performance simulation and energy coordination for electric vehicles /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21326654.
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Chan, Sau-ha. "Tradeoff between internal combustion engined vehicles and electric vehicles in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17092267.
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Sousa, Ana Carolina Monteiro de. "Battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles : an economic and environmental evaluation." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10533.
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Mestrado em EconomiaA mobilidade elétrica pode ser um fator importante na promoção de um crescimento económico mais sustentável, mais inteligente e mais inclusivo. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a viabilidade económica e ambiental dos Veículos Elétricos e Híbridos, em Portugal. Para isso, são estimados os custos totais suportados durante a vida útil do veículo em três perspetivas: consumidor, sociedade e emissão de Dióxido de Carbono; para três tecnologias distintas: elétrica, híbrida e convencional. É também realizada uma análise de sensibilidade. Os resultados obtidos indicam que nem o veículo elétrico nem o veículo híbrido são competitivos no mercado automóvel português, por enquanto.
This paper aims to estimate the costs and the performance of an electrically powered and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in relation to a conventional internal combustion engine car in the consumer, society and the exhaust Well-to-Wheel (WtW) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, using portuguese data. This goal will be achieved by building a total ownership cost model. A sensibility analysis is also conducted to assess the impact of alterations on the values of the key parameters. The results of this study suggest that neither the hybrid electric vehicle neither the battery electric vehicle (BEV) are yet competitive with the internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) in the Portuguese market.
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Sanz, Desco Raul. "Life Length and Stress Tests of Electric Machines for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214554.
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Electrical machines have been widely used along the last decades with large life length under operating conditions. However, they will become more important in the upcoming years because of the emerging electric car industry. Thus, the maintenance cost of this technology can be reduced by extending the lifetime in the electrical machines. Despite the fact that existing numerous studies within the life length in these devices, only few study the effect of the thermomechanical stresses of insulation. The core of this master thesis is to study the influence of these stresses in the insulation material of a winding. The tested electrical machines were subjected to different test conditions, allowing to analyse multiple aging effects in the winding. To achieve these effects, power cycling tests were carried out on stators, where the windings were tested in cycles with different ΔT and two cooling methods: air cooling and oil cooling. The results showed large aging differences between the two cooling methods employed. The aging effect in the oil cooling method was higher than in the air cooling method for the same number of cycles. However, the aging effects regarding the same cooling process had not wide differences between the different test temperatures.
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Nennelli, Anjali Devi. "Simulation of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2259.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87).
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Shabbir, Wassif. "Control strategies for series hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/39791.
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This thesis deals with the energy management problem of series hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), where the objective is to maximize fuel economy for general driving. The work employs a high-fidelity model that has been refined to deliver appropriate level of dynamics (for the purposes of this research) at an acceptable computational burden. The model is then used to design, test and study established conventional control strategies, which then act as benchmarks and inspiration for proposed novel control strategies. A family of efficiency maximizing map strategies (EMMS) are developed based on a thorough and holistic analysis of the powertrain efficiencies. The real-time variants are found to deliver impressive fuel economy, and the global variant is found to outperform the conventional global benchmark. Two heuristic strategies are developed (exclusive operation strategy (XOS) and optimal primary source strategy (OPSS)) that are found to deliver significantly better fuel economy results, compared to conventional alternatives, and further desirable traits. This is found to be particularly related to the better use of modern start stop systems (SSSs) that has not been considered sufficiently in the past. A global heuristic strategy (GHS) is presented that successfully outperforms the conventional global benchmark without any particularly complex analysis. This exposes some of the limitations of optimization-based techniques that have been developed for simple vehicle models. Lastly, the sensitivity of the performance of the control strategies has been studied for variations in tuning accuracy, SSS efficiency, vehicle initial conditions, and general driving conditions. This allows a deeper insight into each control strategy, exposing strengths and limitations that have not been apparent from past work.
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Van, Schalkwyk Daniel Jacobus. "Dynamics and Energy Management of Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/725.
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Ozden, Burak Samil. "Modeling And Optimization Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615583/index.pdf.
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The main goal of this thesis study is the optimization of the basic design parameters of hybrid electric vehicle drivetrain components to minimize fuel consumption and emission objectives, together with constraints derived from performance requirements. In order to generate a user friendly and flexible platform to model, select drivetrain components, simulate performance, and optimize parameters of series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles, a MATLAB based graphical user interface is designed. A basic sizing procedure for the internal combustion engine, electric motor, and battery is developed. Pre-defined control strategies are implemented for both types of hybrid configurations. To achieve better fuel consumption and emission values, while satisfying nonlinear performance constraints, multi-objective gradient based optimization procedure is carried out with user defined upper and lower bounds of optimization parameters. The optimization process is applied to a number of case studies and the results are evaluated by comparison with similar cases found in literature.
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Papadopoulos, Panagiotis. "Integration of electric vehicles into distribution networks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/19539/.
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The objectives of this research were to investigate the impact of electric vehicle battery charging on grid demand at a national level and on the steady state parameters of distribution networks. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles according to electric vehicle owner preferences, distribution network technical limits and electricity prices was designed and developed and its operation was tested experimentally. The impact on grid demand peak increases at the national systems of Great Britain and Spain was evaluated using low and high electric vehicle uptake levels of 7% and 48.5% of the car fleet for the year 2030 with a deterministic method. It was found that a low uptake will not raise significantly the grid demand peaks in both countries under investigation. However, a high uptake will raise significantly the grid demand peaks. The impact from residential electric vehicle battery charging on steady state voltages, power line losses, transformers’ and cables’ loadings of distribution networks was evaluated using a deterministic and a probabilistic method. It was found that low and medium uptake levels of electric vehicles equivalent to 12.5% and 33% per residential area of 384 customers in 2030, can be safely accommodated by reinforcing the distribution network. A combination of reinforcements, installation of microgenerators and control of electric vehicle battery charging will be required to accommodate safely a high uptake of 71% with regards to the constraints studied. An agent-based control system that coordinates the battery charging of electric vehicles was designed and developed. Search techniques and neural networks were used for the decision making processes. The ability of the agent-based control system to operate successfully in both normal and abnormal conditions for the electrical network was proved with experimental validation in the laboratory of Tecnalia research institute in Spain.
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陳兆和 and Siu-wo Chan. "Coordination of group charging for electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122569X.
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Hexeberg, Line Fiskum. "Strategies for Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26583.
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The electrification of the transport sector is put on the agenda as an important means to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in Norway, EU and other parts of the world. Chargeable vehicles have the potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions both because they are four to five times more energy effective than today’s petrol-powered vehicles, and because the electricity they use can come from renewable production. Questions regarding sufficient access of conventional oil and increasing challenges with local emissions will also contribute in the electrification of the transport sector [1].The electrification of the transport sector brings with it some challenges. The charging of the electric vehicles leads to an increase in demand. If no sort of smart control of the charging is put in place, it could be safe to assume that many vehicle owners would plug-in their vehicles when they come home from their last journey of the day, leading to an increase in power demand at the time when there already might be a peak in demand. This charging regime is often referred to as “dumb charging”.This thesis focuses on “smart strategies” for charging of electric vehicles and presents two “smart strategies” for charging of the electric vehicles, the profit maximization scenario and the power factor control scenario. In these scenarios it is assumed that a control system is put in place so that specific chargers can be instructed to change the power factor and to begin and stop charging. The technical specifications of this control system has not been studied, it is simply assumed that such a control system is put in place. In the profit maximization scenario, it is assumed that technology facilitating the electric vehicles to discharge energy back to the grid is put in place. The electric vehicles are then instructed to charge when the electricity prices are low and discharge back to the grid when the electricity prices are high. Since the demand and electricity price pattern follows a similar pattern (high prices when the demand is high, and low prices when the demand is low), this procedure should have a smoothing effect on the demand pattern with the right choice of parameters.In the power factor control scenario, all electric vehicles are assumed to be plugged-in and start charging as soon as they return from the last journey of the day. When there are voltages in the grid below a certain value, electric vehicles charging at that time is instructed to reduce the charging power factor. By reducing the power factor, reactive power can be injected into the grid.To demonstrate the principles, algorithms have been developed and implemented in MATLAB for both the dumb charging scenario and the two smart charging scenarios. A model of the IEEE 13 node test feeder has been modelled in MATPOWER, and power flow simulations of the three charging scenarios have been run, assuming a vehicle adoption of 50%. The algorithms’ success has then been rated according to their capability to avoid low voltages on the demand nodes in this test case. For the purpose of this thesis it is assumed that the designed model is a distribution network in Norway. Therefore the base demand pattern used in the simulations follows the actual base demand pattern for a chosen 24-hour period in Norway.The results from the simulations showed that the when all vehicles were charged as soon as they return from their last journey of the day, it resulted in a major peak in demand, and thus a reduction of the voltage between 18:00 and 21:00.Both smart strategies presented in this thesis improved the voltage profile. While the lowest node voltage in the simulations of the dumb charging scenario was 0.915 pu, the lowest node voltage in the profit maximization scenario was 0.932, and the lowest voltage in the power factor control scenario was 0.934 pu.In the profit maximization scenario, the demand profile, and thus the voltage profile, did however not smooth out as much as expected. Since the electricity prices changes when there is a change in demand, the algorithm is designed to find the charging schedule for one vehicle at the time, changing the electricity prices in between. A further study on this scenario should focus on finding a better relationship between changes in demand and electricity prices.In the power factor control scenario, the minimum voltage allowed was not avoided at all nodes in the designed test case. The simulations showed that one of the nodes experienced a voltage violation. This scenario did however only assume that the vehicles were only available for grid services the first eight hours after the return of the last journey of the day. If the vehicles were available at other times too, this voltage violation could however been avoided.
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SANCHEZ, FERNANDO ZEGARRA. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF SERIES HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19553@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRONesta dissertação apresenta-se a avaliação da eficiência energética do Veículo Elétrico Híbrido em Série mediante o desenvolvimento teórico de dois protótipos de sistemas de propulsão elétrica e o estudo experimental do consumo de combustível do veículo original. A análise experimental foi feita mediante o desenvolvimento de uma bancada de teste, composta principalmente por um dinamômetro de chassis, um piloto automático e um medidor de vazão de combustível, acompanhado de toda a eletrônica que fez possível a aquisição de dados em cada teste. Neste estudo desenvolvem- se dois modelos teóricos de arquitetura para o sistema de propulsão do VEH, o primeiro composto de quatro motores, cada um embutido nas rodas do veículo, e o segundo composto por dois motores, cada um embutido nas rodas do eixo traseiro do veículo. Existem diversos procedimentos para poder embutir um motor na roda do veículo, o que se deve ter em conta é o peso, a potência e a eficiência na transmissão de potência. No desenvolvimento teórico do sistema de propulsão em cada roda, faz-se necessário o uso do redutor cicloidal, o qual permite uma redução de 3:1 até 119:1 em um só estágio com uma eficiência de transmissão de 93 por cento, conjuntamente com um motor de corrente contínua sem escovas, o qual tem uma alta densidade de potência. Os resultados da avaliação do sistema de propulsão elétrica dos protótipos mostram que o modelo de quatro motores nas rodas é mais eficiente em comparação com o modelo de dois motores embutidos nas rodas. Isto se deve ao fato do segundo modelo ser mais pesado, já que precisa uma maior quantidade de baterias e além disso de motores mais robustos. Na avaliação do consumo energético do VEH em comparação com o modelo original a gasolina, obtiveram-se resultados interessantes referentes à economia na utilização do recurso energético. O VEH teve um comportamento melhor em ciclos urbanos que em ciclos de estrada e a economia do recurso energético alcança 57,6 por cento quando se testa com ciclos urbanos e 11,4 por cento em ciclos de estrada.
This dissertation presents the evaluation of the energy efficiency of a series hybrid electric vehicle through the theoretical development of two electric propulsion systems and an experimental study of fuel consumption of the original vehicle. The experimental analysis was done by a test setting, consisting mainly by a chassis dynamometer, an autopilot system and a fuel flowmeter, all connected to the data acquisition system. In this study it was developed two theoretical models of propulsion systems for HEV. The first one consists of four in-wheel motors and the second one consists of two in-wheel motors on the rear axle. There are various methods for embedding a motor in the wheel. It is necessary to consider the weight, power and transmission efficiency. In the theoretical model it was considered a cycloidal reducer, which allows a reduction of 3:1 to 119:1 in one stage with an efficiency of 93 percent, together with a brushless DC motor, which has a high power density. The results of the evaluation of the electric propulsion systems show that the model with four in-wheel motors is more efficient than the model with two in-wheel motors. This is a consequence of the fact that the second model is heavier, because it needs a bigger amount of batteries and more robust motors. In the evaluation of the HEV energy consumption in comparison with the original gasoline model, it was observed interesting results regarding the energy savings. The HEV presents better performance in urban cycles that in road cycles, saving 57,6 per cent of the consumed energy in urban cycles and 11,4 per cent in road cycles.
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Marmaras, Charalampos. "Charging of electric vehicles at commercial buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/100406/.
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The objective of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of EV charging management for reducing the electricity cost of commercial buildings. A predictive model was developed to assist the commercial building manager reduce its energy bills by predicting the “triad” peak dates and the building’s energy demand. Real weather data were analysed and considered to increase the accuracy of the forecast. The model was evaluated using real “triad” peak, weather and energy consumption data from a commercial building facility in Manchester. To enable the building manager reduce the EV charging costs, a charging control algorithm was developed and its impact on the demand profile and daily electricity cost of a commercial building facility were studied. The predictive model and the charging control algorithm were integrated into a cloud-based Local Energy Management System (LEMS) for the aggregation and flexible demand management of buildings, energy storage units and EVs. The operation of the LEMS was demonstrated through simulation scenarios using real data from a commercial building facility in Manchester. To fully understand the EV integration consequences, the behaviour of the EV drivers and its impact on the road transport and electric power system has been studied. A multi-agent simulation model was developed to simulate the charging and routing behaviour of the EV drivers. The EV drivers were simulated as autonomous agents in a complex environment consisted of an electric power and road transport network. Different behavioural profiles were considered to describe the way an EV driver deals with the everyday challenges.
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Holmes, Alan Glen. "Electrically variable transmissions for hybrid electric vehicles." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1298491808.
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Glenn, Bradley C. "Intelligent Control of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391600950.
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Norstedt, Erik, and Olof Bräne. "Model Predictive Climate Control for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446435.
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This thesis explores the possibility of using an optimal control scheme called Model Predictive Control (MPC), to control climatization systems for electric vehicles. Some components of electric vehicles, for example the batteries and power electronics, are sensitive to temperature and for this reason it is important that their temperature is well regulated. Furthermore, like all vehicles, the cab also needs to be heated and cooled. One of the weaknesses of electric vehicles is their range, for this reason it is important that the temperature control is energy efficient. Once the range of electric vehicles is increased the down sides compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles decrease, which could lead to an increase in the usage of electric vehicles. This could in turn lead to a decrease of greenhouse gas emission in the transportation sector. With the help of MPC it is possible for the controller to take more factors into consideration when controlling the system than just temperature and in this thesis the power consumption and noise are also taken into consideration. A simple model where parts of the climate system’s circuits were seen as point masses was developed, with nonlinear heat transfers occurring between them, which in turn were controlled by actuators such as fans, pumps and valves. The model was created using Simulink and MATLAB, and the MPC toolbox was used to develop nonlinear MPC controllers to control the climate system. A standard nonlinear MPC, a nonlinear MPC with custom cost functions and a PI controller where all developed and compared in simulations of a cooling scenario. The controllers were designed to control the temperatures of the battery, power electronics and the cab of an electric vehicle. The results of the thesis indicate that MPC could reduce power consumption for the climate control system, it was however not possible to draw any final conclusions as the PI controller that the MPC controllers were compared to was not well optimized for the system. The MPC controllers could benefit from further work, most importantly by applying a more sophisticated tuning method to the controller weights. What was certain was that it is possible to apply this type of centralized controller to very complex systems and achieve robustness without external logic. Even with the controller keeping track of six different temperatures and controlling 15 actuators, the control loop runs much faster than real time on a modern computer which shows promise with regard to implementing it on an embedded system.
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Humbatova, Maya. "Green Marketing - a Case for Electric Vehicles." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194199.
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Afterwards the last 'Great Depression' of the years 2008-2009, and the deepening of the Euro-zone crisis more and more ideas evolve around the limited capacities of our development. Sustainable development as an approach to social, economic, and institutional realities is flourishing amongst the scholars. The master thesis investigates the paradigm called Green Marketing with its possibilities as well as the criticism, green consumer market, green segmentation, and green marketing strategies. In order to further elaborate on the application of Green Marketing theories, this research paper will focus on the automotive industry. Mobility as it is nowadays, presents an objective to reduce the CO2 emissions, and is already regulated by policies in tact. Electric vehicle as a green product of a very advanced technology needs a creative approach to marketing. The subsequent part of this paper will introduce the specificity of the Tesla Motors electric vehicle and how it influences consumer needs, wants, and perceptions by citing exciting findings within this field. It investigates how can electric vehicle compete with conventional mobility culture to successfully enter new markets.
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Al-Adsani, Ahmad Saad. "Hybrid permanent magnet machines for electric vehicles." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hybrid-permanent-magnet-machines-for-electric-vehicles(457bd49f-4e9c-4f9b-8436-589ab5e2d02d).html.
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In this research study, the feasibility of using one of the Hybrid Permanent Magnet (HPM) machine topologies acting as a generator with a passive rectification stage is considered. The primary application area is in the power-train of a series hybrid electric vehicle where the concept will be considered as an alternative to brushless PM machines interfacing to the vehicle power-train via active power electronic converters. The electro-magnetic design of the two main parts in the selected HPM generator topology and their individual system behaviour at normal and rated conditions will be studied. Prediction of the transient and steady state temperature in some of the HPM machine parts will be conducted based on commercial thermal analysis software. Two HPM machine stator winding configurations; 3-phase and 9-phase, with their relevant passive rectification stages will be analysed in terms of their terminal and DC-link output power along with the quality of the generated DC output voltage. An investigation of the operational characteristic of the HPM generator when delivering a fixed power at a fixed speed into a dynamic DC voltage source typical of a hybrid electric vehicle power-train subject to urban driving regimes will be presented. The research work will be a mixture of simulation studies using electro-magnetic finite element analysis (FEA), transient machine and system analysis via SimPower, a Matlab/Simulink toolbox set, along with test validation via a representative prototype HPM generator configuration and its interface to an experimental electrical system evaluation platform.
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Shukla, Amit. "Modelling and simulation of hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9761.
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Inclusion of real physics based dynamics instead of conventional charts and maps, while capturing the transient behavior of the overall powertrain is the primary objective of this research effort. The multi-body model of the longitudinal car is described in detail, including mathematical models of tyres, suspensions, aerodynamic behaviour and continuous variable transmission (CVT). The PMSM and PMSG along with DC/AC, AC/DC are modeled in the d - q frame. A novel frictional torque function, predicting all mechanical and electrical losses except resistance loss, is proposed. The results of the proposed frictional torque function compare well with the results obtained from empirical sources. Average models for AC/DC, DC/AC and DC/DC converters are used to ensure the simplicity and feasibility of the simulation in acceptable time scale. Bidirectional converters fed-back the recaptured mechanical energy during regeneration to the battery. A switching-frequency dependent average model for soft-switching isolated DC/DC converter is used in this research. A generic dynamic Li-ion battery model has been chosen which expresses the electrochemical parameters of the battery directly in terms of electrical parameters of the circuit. A control oriented, fast and simple 0D model of the turbocharged diesel engine, combining mean value model and filling and emptying models has been presented in this work. Inlet manifold and exhaust manifolds are modeled as filling and emptying model, engine cylinder dynamics with mean value model, engine torque as a three dimensional map of indicated torque (Teng = f (ωeng,λ)), engine speed ωeng and air-fuel ratio λ, and flow characteristics of the compressor and turbine are modelled with mean value model. A novel control mechanism is proposed to control the fuel mass flow rate and relative air-fuel ratio. Simulation results of the present engine model are validated against a high-fidelity commercial Ricardo-wave model of the same engine. A novel DC-link control mechanism is proposed to simulate the transient operation of the series HEV powertrain during different modes of operation. The supervisory control is implemented to meet the driver’s demand for the traction power, at the same time avoiding over-discharging of the battery below certain threshold level, and optimizing the drive train efficiency, fuel consumption and emissions. On the basis of thermostat control and power follower, a novel “load follower” supervisory control strategy is proposed in the present work. A PI controller based driver model is developed and performance seems satisfactory while tracking the standard NEDC cycle. Simulation results are validated by energy balance computations and available transient and steady state data points for individual components as well as the overall powertrain. The research has successfully achieved the goal of developing a complete model for a series hybrid powertrain while capturing the transient performance of the all the components involved in the powertrain with module based, control oriented and forward facing modelling approach.
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Chan, Siu-wo. "Coordination of group charging for electric vehicles /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24738645.
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Kumar, Deb Nath Uttam. "Electric vehicles in Smart Grids: Performance considerations." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1631.
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Distributed power system is the basic architecture of current power systems and demands close cooperation among the generation, transmission and distribution systems. Excessive greenhouse gas emissions over the last decade have driven a move to a more sustainable energy system. This has involved integrating renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into the distributed generation system. Renewable sources offer more opportunities for end users to participate in the power delivery system and to make this distribution system even more efficient, the novel "Smart Grid" concept has emerged. A Smart Grid: offers a two-way communication between the source and the load; integrates renewable sources into the generation system; and provides reliability and sustainability in the entire power system from generation through to ultimate power consumption. Unreliability in continuous production poses challenges for deploying renewable sources in a real-time power delivery system. Different storage options could address this unreliability issue, but they consume electrical energy and create signifcant costs and carbon emissions. An alternative is using electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles, with two-way power transfer capability (Grid-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Grid), as temporary distributed energy storage devices. A perfect fit can be charging the vehicle batteries from the renewable sources and discharging the batteries when the grid needs them the most. This will substantially reduce carbon emissions from both the energy and the transportation sector while enhancing the reliability of using renewables. However, participation of these vehicles into the grid discharge program is understandably limited by the concerns of vehicle owners over the battery lifetime and revenue outcomes. A major challenge is to find ways to make vehicle integration more effective and economic for both the vehicle owners and the utility grid. This research addresses problems such as how to increase the average lifetime of vehicles while discharging to the grid; how to make this two-way power transfer economically viable; how to increase the vehicle participation rate; and how to make the whole system more reliable and sustainable. Different methods and techniques are investigated to successfully integrate the electric vehicles into the power system. This research also investigates the economic benefits of using the vehicle batteries in their second life as energy storage units thus reducing storage energy costs for the grid operators, and creating revenue for the vehicle owners.
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Chan, Sau-ha, and 陳秀霞. "Tradeoff between internal combustion engined vehicles and electric vehicles in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253064.
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Tóth-Nagy, Csaba. "Investigation and simulation of the planetary combination hybrid electric vehicle." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1741.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-112).
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Taylor, Samuel P. "Design and simulation of high performance hybrid electric vehicle powertrains." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1839.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-93).
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Smith, Jonathan Burke. "Optimum hybrid vehicle configurations for heavy duty applications." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1985.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 109 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72).