Journal articles: 'Electric Vehicles Architecture'

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Decius, Nikolaus, Hans Klein, Karl-Heinz Fortkort, Joachim Olk, Wolfgang Ruttor, and Matthias Schöllmann. "Modular vehicle electric system architecture for hybrid vehicles." ATZ worldwide 107, no. 12 (December 2005): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03224793.

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El-fedany, Ibrahim, Driss Kiouach, and Rachid Alaoui. "System architecture to select the charging station by optimizing the travel time considering the destination of electric vehicle drivers in smart cities." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i1.1564.

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The main limitations of electric vehicles are the limited scope of the battery and their relatively long charging times. This may cause discomfort to drivers of electric vehicles due to a long waiting period at the service of the charging station, during their trips. In this paper, we suggest a model system based on argorithms, allowing the management of charging plans of electric vehicles to travel on the road to their destination in order to minimize the duration of the drivers' journey. The proposed system decision to select the charging station, during advance reservation of electric vehicles, take into account the time of arrival of electric vehicles at charging stations, the expected charging time at charging stations, the local status of the charging stations in real time, and the amount of energy sufficient for the electric vehicle to arrive at the selected charging station. Furthermore, the system periodically updates the electric vehicule reservations to adjust their recharge plans, when they reach their selected earlier station compared to other vehicules requesting new reservations, or they may not arrive as they were forecast, due to traffic jams on the road or certain reluctance on the part of the driver.

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Wang, Xi Wei, Qi Dang, Jing Lin Guo, and Xue Song Tong. "Study on Electric Vehicles Social Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5381.

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This paper discussed the terminal application of vehicle networking and proposed software and hardware implementation of electric vehicles travel recorder. The structures and construction method were analyzed for electric vehicles networking. Finally, the scalable networked data processing architecture vehicle was made.

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Wang, Cheng, Tongtong Ji, Feng Mao, Zhenpo Wang, and Zhiheng Li. "Prognostics and Health Management System for Electric Vehicles with a Hierarchy Fusion Framework: Concepts, Architectures, and Methods." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 15, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6685900.

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The prognostics and health management (PHM) of electric vehicles is an important guarantee for their safety and long-term development. At present, there are few studies researching about life cycle PHM system of electric vehicles. In this paper, we first summarize the research progress and key methods of PHM. Then, we propose a three-level PHM system with a hierarchy fusion architecture for electric vehicles based on the structure, data source of them. In the PHM system, we introduce a database consisting of the factory data, real-time data, and detection data. The electric vehicle's factory parameters are used for determining the life curve of the electric vehicle and its components, the real-time data are used for predicting the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) of the electric vehicle and its components, and the detection data are used for fault diagnosis. This health management database is established to help make condition-based maintenance decisions for electric vehicles. In this way, a complete electric vehicle PHM system is formed, which can realize the whole-life-cycle life prediction and fault diagnosis of electric vehicles.

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Nicoletti, Lorenzo, Sebastian Mayer, Matthias Brönner, Ferdinand Schockenhoff, and Markus Lienkamp. "Design Parameters for the Early Development Phase of Battery Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11030047.

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The derivation of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) architecture represents a challenging task for car manufacturers. For the early development of combustion engine architectures, the required design parameters can be derived from the analysis of previously-built model series. Regarding BEV architectures, the manufacturers do not yet have a reference series of vehicles on the basis of which they can derive the essential design parameters. Therefore, these parameters are mainly estimated at high cost in the early development phase. To avoid cost-intensive changes in the further course of development it is crucial to choose the right set of design parameters. For this reason, the aim of this paper is the identification of a minimum set of design parameters, derived from the current state-of-the-art of vehicle development by a structured literature comparison. We group the results according to our definition of vehicle architecture and discuss each identified parameter to explain its relevance. The sum of all parameters presented in this paper builds a minimum set of design parameters, which can be employed as a guideline for the definition of BEV architectures in the early development stage.

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Gao, De Quan, Yi Ying Zhang, and Xiang Zhen Li. "The Internet of Things for Electric Vehicles: Wide Area Charging-Swap Information Perception, Transmission and Application." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1560.

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Electric vehicle (EV) is an emerging type of mobile intelligent power consumption device and energy storage terminal in Smart Grid. In order to solve automation and intelligence support problem for wide area electric vehicles charging-swap services, we make full use of technology. we analyze practical demands of electric vehicle charging-swap networks operation service scenarios and define the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for electric vehicles for wide area unified operations and monitoring management in this paper. Then, we design a perception integration model for battery packs real-time information collection in mobile scenes. We also present a multimode collaborative communications method to implement large scale interconnection and intercommunication among electric vehicles, charging-swap devices and operation center. Finally we develop operations and monitoring platform demo for cross-regional electric vehicle charging-swap networks management using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).

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Liang, Zhongchao, Yongfu Wang, and Gang Chen (Shen). "Control for four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles to improve steering performance using H∞ and Moore–Penrose theory." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (March 15, 2018): 1466–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018761724.

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Electric vehicles have the potential to reduce oil dependency and decrease emissions. Electric vehicles with four-wheel independent drive have become a promising vehicle architecture. The yaw moment control has been widely applied to improve the performance of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles. This study develops a new ideal vehicle model as a reference, which has a logarithmic functional relationship between wheel cornering stiffness and the controlled electric vehicles. A control method based on H∞ theory and Moore–Penrose inverses property is used to produce the optimal yaw moment to match the ideal vehicle model. The simulation results show that the yaw speed of the controlled electric vehicles increases with lower speed, and the yaw speed and slip angle decrease with a higher speed. The steering performance is efficiently improved when the four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles can accurately match the ideal vehicle model.

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Scheuch, Volker. "E/E architecture for battery-electric vehicles." ATZelektronik worldwide 6, no. 6 (December 2011): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s38314-011-0058-x.

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Ehsani, Mehrdad, Yimin Gao, and John M. Miller. "Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Architecture and Motor Drives." Proceedings of the IEEE 95, no. 4 (April 2007): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2007.892492.

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VAN DEN BOSSCHE, P. "SPECIFIC SAFETY ASPECTS OF ELECTRIC ROAD VEHICLE TRACTION SYSTEMS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, no. 01 (March 1995): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000102.

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Due to their beneficial effect on environment in urban traffic, electric vehicles are an important factor for the improvement of traffic and more particularly for a healthier living environment. Electric vehicles however represent a completely different technology compared with internal combustion engines. This means that new safety hazards, mainly related to the characteristics of high-power electric equipment, may be present. The electric vehicle system will be designed to operate safely in all conditions; a number of specific problems will be treated, concentrating on aspects of vehicle behaviour which are typical for electric vehicles. At this moment the standards and official regulations concerning electric road vehicles are not very clearly defined. The existing documents and standards are far from harmonised, and they cover a vehicle in full technological evolution. Another aspect is the psychological awareness of these "new" risks: the presence of high voltages or of battery chemicals may be used as an argument against electric vehicles; the fact that internal-combustion-engined vehicles present large risks too is often overlooked, since people get accustomed to the danger.

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Mahmoudi, Chokri, Flah Aymen, and Sbita Lassaad. "Smart database concept for Power Management in an electrical vehicle." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp160-169.

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As world population continues to grow and the limited amount of fossil fuels begin to diminish, it may not be possible to afford the needed amount of energy demanded by the world by only using fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the abundant nature of renewable energy sources brings new beginning for next generations. Greater penetration of electric vehicles will play an important role in building green and healthy world. The main remaining issue to make the switch from conventional to electric vehicle is performance cost; Efficient EVs that can drive for long distances, on single charge, are still expensive for ordinary consumer. To address this range problem, many attempts have been made during last decade. The goal was to conceive a power efficient electric vehicle, capable of managing its energy and reach longer distances. It depends on the electrical architectures and used algorithms.This paper adds new perspective for power Management in EVs; The proposed methodology introduces a new power management architecture based on communication and car learning. The conventional software level in EV has been replaced with self readjustable software. EVs are connected through a database, and can upload or download adjustment parameters while software is running.To take advantage of the new architecture, a new learning technique concept is introduced too, based on Cloud experience exchange between Electric Vehicles. This enhancement aims to build a better EV experience in power management through Cloud sharing and definitely cut with conventional architecture that may have reached its boundaries.

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Henkel, Jorg. "Managing Electric Vehicles." IEEE Design & Test 35, no. 6 (December 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2018.2874224.

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Ahmed, Mohamed, and Young-Chon Kim. "Energy Trading with Electric Vehicles in Smart Campus Parking Lots." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101749.

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Energy trading with electric vehicles provides opportunities to eliminate the high peak demand for electric vehicle charging while providing cost saving and profits for all participants. This work aims to design a framework for local energy trading with electric vehicles in smart parking lots where electric vehicles are able to exchange energy through buying and selling prices. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: the parking energy layer, data acquisition layer, communication network layer, and market layer. Electric vehicles are classified into three different types: seller electric vehicles (SEVs) with an excess of energy in the battery, buyer electric vehicles (BEVs) with lack of energy in the battery, and idle electric vehicles (IEVs). The parking lot control center (PLCC) plays a major role in collecting all available offer/demand information among parked electric vehicles. We propose a market mechanism based on the Knapsack Algorithm (KPA) to maximize the PLCC profit. Two cases are considered: electric vehicles as energy sellers and the PLCC as an energy buyer, and electric vehicles as energy buyers and the PLCC as an energy seller. A realistic parking pattern of a parking lot on a university campus is considered as a case study. Different scenarios are investigated with respect to the number of electric vehicles and amount of energy trading. The proposed market mechanism outperforms the conventional scheme in view of costs and profits.

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Sivakumar, P., Rajaseeli Reginald, G. Venkatesan, Hari Viswanath, and T. Selvathai. "Configuration Study of Hybrid Electric Power Pack for Tracked Combat Vehicles." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11454.

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In recent years, there is growing interest in hybridisation of military vehicles due to the features and advantages offered by the technology. Generally, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is propelled by a combination of electric motors and internal combustion engine (ICE). Hybrid electric combat vehicles, when compared with conventional vehicles, have the advantages of improved fuel efficiency and drivability due to optimal operation of ICE, regenerative braking and silent operation capability. Limitations related to key technologies such as compact electric motors/generators, power electronics and energy storage systems that are required to operate under extreme environmental conditions pose challenges to the development of hybrid electric power pack. Technical challenges of HEV technologies considering futuristic applications of combat vehicles is described. The configuration specification of hybrid electric power train architecture suited to deliver high automotive performance and power demands for infantry combat vehicles (ICV) is also discussed.

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Kadiri, El Khamis, Eric Fitterer, and Bertrand Delord Manson. "EE Cars Architecture & Linked ECU: Constraints and New Needs." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-ta2-paper4.

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The embedded EE systems complexity is still growing. During this decade, it is even going to accelerate with the deployment of Hybrids and Electrical Vehicles. To control the physical EE architecture complexity and ECU cost, car manufacturers must extend the functional perimeter of ECU and decrease the ECU number. This paper illustrates the needs and constraints on EE systems, notably linked to the Hybrids and Electric Vehicle. It is likely to foresee technological breakthrough in term of assembly and packaging for embedded EE systems over a 5 to 10 years period.

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Karki, Abhisek, Sudip Phuyal, Daniel Tuladhar, Subarna Basnet, and Bim Prasad Shrestha. "Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3030035.

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Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more common mobility in the transportation sector in recent times. The dependence on oil as the source of energy for passenger vehicles has economic and political implications, and the crisis will take over as the oil reserves of the world diminish. As concerns of oil depletion and security of the oil supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from the tail pipes of vehicles, the world today is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. EVs are seen as a promising green technology which could lead to the decarbonization of the passenger vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as EVs have zero tail pipe emission and therefore are capable of curbing the pollution problems created by vehicle emission in an efficient way so they can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector as pure electric vehicles are the only vehicles with zero-emission potential. However, there are some major barriers for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles in the transportation sector and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological aspects of the different power train systems of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected by focusing on reviewing all the useful information and data available on EV architecture, electrical machines, optimization techniques, and its possibilities of future developments as green mobility. The challenges of different electric drive trains’ commercialization are discussed. The major objective is to provide an overall view of the current pure electric vehicle powertrain technology and possibilities of future green vehicle development to assist in future research in this sector.

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El-Fedany, Ibrahim, Driss Kiouach, and Rachid Alaoui. "Application Design Aiming to Minimize Drivers’ Trip Duration through Intermediate Charging at Public Station Deployed in Smart Cities." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040067.

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Today, smart cities are turning to electric transport, carpooling and zero emission zones. The growing number of electric vehicles on the roads makes it increasingly necessary to have a public charging infrastructure. On the other hand, the main limitations of electric vehicles are the limited range of their batteries and their relatively long charging times. To avoid having problems to recharge, electric vehicle drivers must plan their journeys more thoroughly than others. At the goal of optimizing trip time, drivers need to automate their travel plans based on a smart charging solution, which will require the development of new Vehicle-to-Grid applications that will allow at the charging stations to dynamically interact with the vehicles. In this paper, we propose an architecture based on an algorithm allowing the management of charging plans for electric vehicles traveling on the road to their destination, in order to minimize the duration of the drivers’ journey including waiting and charging times. The decision taken by the algorithm based on the exploration of the data of each public supply station according to its location, number of vehicles in the queue, number of charging sockets, and rates of service.

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Leeks, Harry. "Smart Electric Vehicle Charging." ITNOW 61, no. 4 (2019): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwz092.

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Abstract What does IT have to do with the charging of electric vehicles? In this article, Harry Leeks, a graduate IT Analyst at National Grid, explains how IT plays a pivotal role in the electric vehicle charging market.

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Muhammad, Aisha, and Ibrahim Shanono Haruna. "Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A mini Overview." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v5i1.6055.

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The present greenhouse effect and its arrays of limitations on energy sources have made Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s) a current research focus due to its reduced amount of fuel usage. The ability to simultaneously deliver power to the wheels from the mo-tor/engine made HEVs to have greater advantages (less fuel consumption and reduced internal combustion engine size without compromising the power output) over the tradi-tional vehicles. Despite its low patronage in markets, there is still hope that its popularity in the market will rise due to the superior qualities associated with it. This paper presented an brief review of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, by focusing on history, architecture and energy sources.

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Nicoletti, Lorenzo, Peter Köhler, Adrian König, Maximilian Heinrich, and Markus Lienkamp. "PARAMETRIC MODELLING OF WEIGHT AND VOLUME EFFECTS IN BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES, WITH FOCUS ON THE GEARBOX." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 2389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.500.

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AbstractThe modeling of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) still represents a challenge for vehicle manufacturers. The installation of the new types of components needed for BEVs gives rise to uncertainties in the quantification of parameters like the vehicle's weight. Indeed, vehicle weight plays a key role, since it has a drastic effect on the vehicle's range, which is an important selling point for BEVs. Uncertainties in weight estimation create weight fluctuations during the early development phase and the need to resize components like the electric machine or battery. This in turn affects the components' volume and weight. However, such resizing can also lead to component collision and unfeasibility of the vehicle architecture. To solve this problem and to support concept engineers during the early development phase, an iterative approach is required that is capable of estimating weight and volume fluctuations in the relevant components. The approach should also consider the geometrical interdependencies of the components, to ensure that no collisions occur between them. Taking the gearbox as an example application, this paper presents a novel approach that satisfies these requirements.

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Hoshing, Vaidehi, Ashish Vora, Tridib Saha, Xing Jin, Gregory Shaver, Oleg Wasynczuk, R. Edwin García, and Subbarao Varigonda. "Comparison of economic viability of series and parallel PHEVs for medium-duty truck and transit bus applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (June 3, 2020): 2458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020919255.

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This article performs a novel comparison of the life-cycle costs of the series and parallel architectures for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Economic viability is defined as having a payback period less than 2 years and number of battery replacements less than or equal to three over a vehicle life of 12 years along-with drivability and gradability constraints. Economic viability is compared for two plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications (Medium-duty Truck and Transit Bus) using series and parallel architectures over multiple drivecycles, for three economic scenarios (viz. 2020, 2025 and 2030 where the fuel price, battery price and motor price are varied such that latter scenarios are more favorable for hybridization). One battery overnight recharge is assumed. The results demonstrate that by 2020 the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle transit buses are viable for the duty cycles Manhattan, Orange County, and China (Normal and Aggressive). By 2025, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle Class 6 trucks are viable for all duty cycles considered (Pick-up and delivery, Refuse and New York Composite). The parallel architectures generally require less than 50% of the initial cost of the series architecture, due to smaller motor sizes, driving earlier viability for parallel architectures. The transit bus scenarios generally achieve payback sooner than the medium-duty truck due to higher fuel cost savings, driving earlier viability for transit bus applications.

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Rizzo, Gianfranco, Shayesteh Naghinajad, Francesco Tiano, and Matteo Marino. "A Survey on Through-the-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050879.

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) can be divided into three categories according to how the two propulsion systems (the thermal and the electric ones) supply the driving torque to the vehicle. When the torque is supplied only by an electric propulsion system, while the heat engine takes care of generating the electricity needed to operate the system, it is called a hybrid-series. Conversely, when both propulsion systems provide torque, the vehicle is identified with parallel hybrid wording. Among the parallel hybrids there is a particular configuration called Through-the-Road (TTR). In this configuration, the two propulsion systems are not mechanically connected to each other, but it is precisely the road that allows hybrid propulsion. This architecture, dating back to the early twentieth century, is still used by several manufacturers and carries with it peculiar configurations and control methods. It is also a configuration that fits well with the transformation of conventional vehicles into a hybrid. The paper presents a survey of the TTR HEV solution, evidencing applications, potentialities and limits.

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Basmadjian, Robert, Benedikt Kirpes, Jan Mrkos, and Marek Cuchý. "A Reference Architecture for Interoperable Reservation Systems in Electric Vehicle Charging." Smart Cities 3, no. 4 (November 21, 2020): 1405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040067.

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The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces the challenges of insufficient capacity and long charging duration. These challenges decrease the electric vehicle users’ satisfaction and lower the profits of infrastructure providers. Reservation systems can mitigate these issues. We introduce a reference architecture for interoperable reservation systems. The advantages of the proposed architecture are: it (1) considers the needs of the most relevant electric mobility stakeholders, (2) satisfies the interoperability requirements of existing technological heterogeneity, and (3) provides a classification of reservation types based on a morphological methodology. We instantiate the reference architecture and verify its interoperability and fulfillment of stakeholder requirements. Further, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept by instantiating and implementing an ad-hoc reservation approach. Our validation was based on simulations of real-world case studies for various reservation deployments in the Netherlands. We conclude that, in certain high demand situations, reservations can save significant time for electric vehicle trips. The findings indicate that a reservation system does not directly increase the utilization of the charging infrastructure.

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Übermasser, Stefan, Raúl Rodríguez Sanchez, Carlos Madina, Stefan Böcker, Mark Glancy, Eoghan O’Callaghan, Luís Silvestre, et al. "Optimized and enhanced grid architecture for electric vehicles in Europe." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 134, no. 1 (December 5, 2016): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-016-0454-2.

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Trovao, Joao Pedro F., Victor D. N. Santos, Carlos Henggeler Antunes, Paulo G. Pereirinha, and Humberto M. Jorge. "A Real-Time Energy Management Architecture for Multisource Electric Vehicles." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62, no. 5 (May 2015): 3223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2014.2376883.

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Yaqub, Raziq, Sadiq Ahmad, Hassan Ali, and Azzam ul Asar. "AI and Blockchain Integrated Billing Architecture for Charging the Roaming Electric Vehicles." IoT 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iot1020022.

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Due to the proliferation of extended travel range electric vehicles (EVs), these will travel through different networks that might be served by different utility companies. Therefore, we propose an architecture capable of offering a charging service to roaming vehicles. Furthermore, although the energy internet supports both the flow of energy and information, it does not support seamless EV roaming service, because it is based on a centralized architecture. The blockchain technology that is based on a decentralized system has the potential to support a secure billing platform for charging the EVs roaming through different electrical jurisdictions. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) ensures that the participating players get a fair portion of the revenue. Thus, the objective of this paper is to develop an AI and blockchain integrated billing architecture that would offer a charging service to the “roaming” EVs and present a fair and unified billing solution.

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Silva, Felipe Condon, Mohamed A. Ahmed, José Manuel Martínez, and Young-Chon Kim. "Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Based Energy Trading Platform for Electric Vehicles in Smart Campus Parking Lots." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 4814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244814.

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This paper proposes a blockchain-based energy trading platform for electric vehicles in smart campus parking lots. Smart parking lots are smart places capable of supporting both parking and charging services for electric vehicles. The electric vehicle owner may want to charge energy at a low price and sell it during peak hours at a higher price. The proposed system architecture consists of two layers: the physical infrastructure layer and the cyber infrastructure layer. The physical infrastructure layer represents all of the physical components located in the campus distribution power system, such as electric vehicles charging stations, transformers, and electric feeders, while the cyber infrastructure layer supports the operation of the physical infrastructure layer and enables selling/buying energy among participants. Blockchain technology is a promising candidate to facilitate auditability and traceability of energy transactions among participants. A real case of a parking lot with a realistic parking pattern in a university campus is considered. The system consists of a university control center and various parking lot local controllers (PLLCs). The PLLC broadcasts the electricity demand and the grid price, and each electric vehicle owner decides whether to charge/discharge based on their benefits. The proposed system is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric. Participants, assets, transactions, and smart contracts are defined and discussed. Two scenarios are considered. The first scenario represents energy trading between electric vehicles as sellers and the PLLC as a buyer, while the second scenario involves energy trading between electric vehicles as buyers and the PLLC as a seller. The proposed platform provides profits for participants, as well as enables balancing for the university load demand locally.

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Alkheir, Ala Abu, Moayad Aloqaily, and Hussein T. Mouftah. "Connected and Autonomous Electric Vehicles (CAEVs)." IT Professional 20, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2018.2876977.

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Tramacere, Eugenio, Sara Luciani, Stefano Feraco, Angelo Bonfitto, and Nicola Amati. "Processor-in-the-Loop Architecture Design and Experimental Validation for an Autonomous Racing Vehicle." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 7225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167225.

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Self-driving vehicles have experienced an increase in research interest in the last decades. Nevertheless, fully autonomous vehicles are still far from being a common means of transport. This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a processor-in-the-loop (PIL) architecture for an autonomous sports car. The considered vehicle is an all-wheel drive full-electric single-seater prototype. The retained PIL architecture includes all the modules required for autonomous driving at system level: environment perception, trajectory planning, and control. Specifically, the perception pipeline exploits obstacle detection algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the trajectory planning is based on a modified Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm based on Dubins curves, while the vehicle is controlled via a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy. The considered PIL layout is implemented firstly using a low-cost card-sized computer for fast code verification purposes. Furthermore, the proposed PIL architecture is compared in terms of performance to an alternative PIL using high-performance real-time target computing machine. Both PIL architectures exploit User Datagram Protocol (UDP) protocol to properly communicate with a personal computer. The latter PIL architecture is validated in real-time using experimental data. Moreover, they are also validated with respect to the general autonomous pipeline that runs in parallel on the personal computer during numerical simulation.

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Yong, Wang, Bian Haihong, and Wang Chunning. "Research on Charging and Discharging Dispatching Strategy for Electric Vehicles." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 8, no. 1 (September 10, 2015): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01508010176.

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The popularity of electric vehicles may lead to negative effects on the power system if the charging procedures of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are uncoordinated. In order to solve the problem, the hierarchical and zonal dispatching architecture and a new bi-level optimization model are respectively presented for the charging/discharging schedules of the PEVs. The upper level model is devoted to minimizing the system load variance so as to implement peak load shifting by optimizing the dispatching plan of all periods for each electric vehicle aggregator (EVA), and the lower one is aimed at tracing the dispatching scheme determined by the upper decision-maker through presenting an optimal schedule of charging and discharging for electric vehicles in the charging areas. Two highly efficient commercial solvers, AMPL/IPOPT and AMPL/CPLEX respectively, are employed to solve the developed optimization problem. Finally, the testing IEEE system consisting of 5 agents and 30 nodes is adopted to illustrate the characteristics of the model and solving method presented in this paper.

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Nam, Inho, Jongseok Park, Seongjun Bae, Soomin Park, Young Geun Yoo, and Jongheop Yi. "Energy storage systems based on endoskeleton structuring." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 34 (2016): 13228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta03738k.

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The new energy storage technology proposed here includes an endoskeleton architecture similar to vertebrates, which (1) provides flexibility for future mobile/human integrated electrics, (2) ensures the scalability of devices for the storage of fluctuating energy sources and (3) solves safety issues associated with energy storage devices in electric vehicles.

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You, Pengcheng, Youxian Sun, John Pang, Steven Low, and Minghua Chen. "Battery Swapping Assignment for Electric Vehicles." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 45, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152042.3152068.

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Mantriota, Giacomo, and Giulio Reina. "Dual-Motor Planetary Transmission to Improve Efficiency in Electric Vehicles." Machines 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9030058.

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Electric cars are typically subject to highly variable operational conditions, especially when they drive in urban environments. Consequently, the efficiency of the electric motors may degrade significantly, possibly leading to lower autonomy and higher running costs. Latest advances in power electronics and motion control have paved the way to the development of novel architectures of full electric power transmissions. In this paper, a dual-motor solution is proposed where two smaller motors are coupled via a planetary gear, in contrast to the standard configuration that uses one larger motor directly connected to the drive wheels with a fixed ratio reducer. The dual-motor architecture guarantees that both motors operate in the vicinity of their optimal working range, resulting in a higher overall energy efficiency. The technical requirements and the control strategy of the dual-motor system are selected through a parametric optimization process. Results included were obtained from extensive simulations performed over different standard driving cycles, showing that the dual-motor power transmission generally outperforms the single-motor counterpart with an average efficiency improvement of about 9% that is reached in both the power delivery and regeneration stage.

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Arenas, Guillén, Francisco Jesús, José Fernández-Ramos, and Alfonso Gago-Calderón. "Photovoltaic charging multi-station with modular architecture for Light Electric Vehicles." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 17 (July 2019): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj17.347.

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Alvarez-Diazcomas, Alfredo, Adyr A. Estévez-Bén, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, Miguel-Angel Martínez-Prado, and Jorge D. Mendiola-Santíbañez. "A Novel RC-Based Architecture for Cell Equalization in Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092349.

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Nowadays, research on electric vehicles is increasing because they have the potential to decrease greenhouse-gas emissions dramatically in the transport sector. For these types of vehicles, the battery is one of the main components. The traction system needs a cell series connection to fulfill the energy requirements. Nevertheless, batteries differ from each other due to a normal dispersion in their capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge rate. This paper presents a novel battery equalizer circuit using an RC-based topology to equalize two adjacent cells of a battery pack. It has the advantage of merging a resistor-based equalizer, a capacitor-based equalizer, and an RC-based equalizer in one circuit. In this way, it is possible to limit the current stress in the components of the circuit. The proposed method increases the equalization time by 35% for a threshold current of 4 A. However, it is possible design the system for another threshold current. Finally, the complexity of the controller is not compromised in the proposed architecture. The operation, analysis, and design of the architecture are presented and compared to the classic schemes. The theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.

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M. Sabri, M. F., K. A. Danapalasingam, and M. F. Rahmat. "A review on hybrid electric vehicles architecture and energy management strategies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (January 2016): 1433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.036.

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Hong, Jinlong, Liangchun Zhao, Yulong Lei, and Bingzhao Gao. "Architecture Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Future High-Efficiency Engine." Energies 11, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11051148.

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Yilmaz, Unal, Omer Turksoy, and Ahmet Teke. "Improving a battery charger architecture for electric vehicles with photovoltaic system." International Journal of Energy Research 44, no. 6 (May 2020): 4376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.5211.

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Lipu, Molla S. Hossain, Mohammad Faisal, Shaheer Ansari, Mahammad A. Hannan, Tahia F. Karim, Afida Ayob, Aini Hussain, Md Sazal Miah, and Mohamad Hanif Md Saad. "Review of Electric Vehicle Converter Configurations, Control Schemes and Optimizations: Challenges and Suggestions." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040477.

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Electric vehicles are receiving widespread attention around the world due to their improved performance and zero carbon emissions. The effectiveness of electric vehicles depends on proper interfacing between energy storage systems and power electronics converters. However, the power delivered by energy storage systems illustrates unstable, unregulated and substantial voltage drops. To overcome these limitations, electric vehicle converters, controllers and modulation schemes are necessary to achieve a secured and reliable power transfer from energy storage systems to the electric motor. Nonetheless, electric vehicle converters and controllers have shortcomings including a large number of components, high current stress, high switching loss, slow dynamic response and computational complexity. Therefore, this review presents a detailed investigation of different electric vehicle converters highlighting topology, features, components, operation, strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, this review explores the various types of electric vehicle converter controllers and modulation techniques concerning functional capabilities, operation, benefits and drawbacks. Besides, the significance of optimization algorithms in electric vehicle converters is illustrated along with their objective functions, executions and various factors. Furthermore, this review explores the key issues and challenges of electric vehicle converters, controllers and optimizations to identify future research gaps. Finally, important and specific suggestions are delivered toward the development of an efficient converter for future sustainable electric vehicle applications.

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Chen, Po-Tuan, Ping-Hao Pai, Cheng-Jung Yang, and K. David Huang. "Development of Transmission Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081538.

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This study investigated the matching designs between a power integration mechanism (PIM) and transmission system for single-motor parallel hybrid electric vehicles. The optimal matching design may lead to optimal efficiency and performance in parallel hybrid vehicles. The Simulink/Simscape environment is used to model the powertrain system of parallel hybrid electric vehicles, which the characteristics of the PIM, location of the gearbox at the driveline, and design of the gear ratio of a gearbox influenced. The matching design principles for torque-coupled–type PIM (TC-PIM) parameters and the location of the gearbox are based on the speed range of the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. The parameters of the TC-PIM (i.e., k 1 and k 2 ) are based on the k ratio theory. Numerical simulations of an extra-urban driving cycle and acceleration tests reveal that a higher k r a t i o has greater improved power-assist ability under a pre-transmission architecture. For example, a k r a t i o of 1.6 can improve the power-assist ability by 8.5% when compared with a k r a t i o of 1. By using an appropriate gear ratio and k r a t i o , the top speed of a hybrid electric vehicle is enhanced by 9.3%.

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Rizzoni, Giorgio, and Huei Peng. "Hybrid and Electrified Vehicles." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 03 (March 1, 2013): S10—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-mar-5.

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This article reviews the past successes and future challenges of model-based approaches for the analysis, design, and control of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid and electrified vehicles have demonstrated significant fuel economy improvement, especially for city driving, and are gaining market acceptance. The success of hybrid vehicles in Japan demonstrates the potential for hybrid vehicles in other urban markets with high fuel prices, such as large cities in Europe and Asia. Hybrid vehicles are generally classified according to their powertrain architecture. The electric grid and the transportation system are the two largest sectors that produce greenhouse gas emissions. When large numbers of vehicles are electrified and draw power from the electric grid, it is important to aim for reduced overall greenhouse gas emissions, rather than just shifting emissions from tailpipes to power plant stacks. The article concludes that the design, modeling, and control of hybrid vehicles is a subject rich in research opportunities for the dynamic systems and control community.

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Savio Abraham, Dominic, Rajesh Verma, Lakshmikhandan Kanagaraj, Sundar Rajan Giri Thulasi Raman, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Bharatiraja Chokkalingam, Kamalesh Marimuthu Sekar, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Electric Vehicles Charging Stations’ Architectures, Criteria, Power Converters, and Control Strategies in Microgrids." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161895.

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The usage of electric vehicles (EV) has been increasing over the last few years due to a rise in fossil fuel prices and the rate of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. EV-charging stations are powered by existing utility power grid systems, increasing the stress on the utility grid and the load demand at the distribution side. DC grid-based EV charging is more efficient than AC distribution because of its higher reliability, power conversion efficiency, simple interfacing with renewable energy sources (RESs), and integration of energy storage units (ESU). RES-generated power storage in local ESU is an alternative solution for managing the utility grid demand. In addition, to maintain the EV charging demand at the microgrid levels, energy management and control strategies must carefully power the EV battery charging unit. In addition, charging stations require dedicated converter topologies, control strategies, and need to follow set levels and standards. Based on EV, ESU, and RES accessibility, different types of microgrid architecture and control strategies are used to ensure optimum operation at the EV-charging point. Based on the above said merits, this review paper presents different RES-connected architecture and control strategies used in EV-charging stations. It highlights the importance of different charging station architectures with current power converter topologies proposed in the literature. In addition, a comparison of microgrid-based charging station architecture with its energy management, control strategies, and charging converter controls are also presented. The different levels and types of charging stations used for EV charging, in addition to controls and connectors used, are also discussed. An experiment-based energy management strategy was developed to control power flow among the available sources and charging terminals for the effective utilization of generated renewable power. The main motive of the EMS and its control is to maximize the usage of RES consumption. This review also provides the challenges and opportunities in EV-charging, and parameters in selecting appropriate charging stations.

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Pathak, Aditya, Ganesh Sethuraman, Sebastian Krapf, Aybike Ongel, and Markus Lienkamp. "Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10030056.

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The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.

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Chen, Yan-song, I.-Ming Chen, and Tyng Liu. "A design approach for multi-configuration hybrid transmission mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (June 20, 2020): 2744–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020924981.

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Several hybrid architectures have been widely used in hybrid electric vehicles. For example, power-split architecture brings seamless operation, while parallel architecture makes the internal combustion engine directly drive the wheel. To combine the advantages of various architectures, this study aims to develop a design approach to create a transmission mechanism that has multiple configurations and uses these configurations to achieve several hybrid architectures. First, this study standardized hybrid transmission mechanisms using the Function Power Graph; this powerful and intuitive tool inspired several elements and an element layout for the new mechanisms. Then, several configurations with up to five elements were enumerated and organized into the databases. Next, the mechanisms with multiple configurations and a limited number of clutching units (clutches or brakes) were evaluated, 10 of which were identified as the best group that provided five parallel configurations, two 2-motor electric vehicle configurations, and a power-split configuration. At the end of this paper, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism was developed as a demonstration. It provides higher power and torque at the output but there is no need to use the larger internal combustion engine or motor-generators. This mechanism also enables the internal combustion engine to drive in overdrive parallel architectures to avoid the loss in energy conversion when the power-split architecture is not required. As a result, after a designer specifies the desired hybrid configurations, follows the procedure, and uses the configuration databases built in this study, a novel hybrid transmission mechanism will be created.

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Gan, Shiyu, Daniela Chrenko, Alan Kéromnès, and Luis Le Moyne. "Development of a Multi-Architecture and Multi-Application Hybrid Vehicle Design and Management Tool." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113185.

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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are very promising sustainable mobility solutions. Series, parallel and series-parallel (SP) seem to be three most promising architectures among the multitude of hybrid architectures, and it is possible to find them in a multi-applications such as the motorcycles, family-cars, hybrid city busses and sport cars. It is import to have a well configured model in order to develop the different control strategies (CsTs) for each application. Therefore, a multi-architecture/multi-application (MAMA) approach capable of identifying the most energy efficient hybrid architecture considering both the dimensions of key components: electric motor (EM), battery, internal combustion engine (ICE) and the optimal control is presented. Basis of the model is the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR), which has been combined with object oriented programming (OOP) in order to enhance its modularity and reuse capabilities. The obtained results show, that different hybrid architectures are most adapted for different applications. Moreover, the robustness of the results using real time control algorithms are studied, showing that CsT matters. The obtained results contribute to simplify and harmonize the design of hybrid solutions for multiple applications.

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Mantriota, Giacomo, Giulio Reina, and Angelo Ugenti. "Performance Evaluation of a Compound Power-Split CVT for Hybrid Powertrains." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 8749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188749.

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The Power-Split Continuously Variable Transmission is one of the most promising architectures for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. These systems have been introduced to improve vehicle global efficiency since they can maximize the efficiency in varying operating conditions. During the design stage, the availability of modeling tools would play a key role in achieving optimal design and control of these architectures. In this work, a compound power split device that combines an electric Continuously Variable Transmission with two planetary gear trains is analyzed. A comprehensive model is derived that allows the different power flow configurations to be evaluated given the properties of the single subcomponents of the system. The efficiency of the powertrain can be derived as well, and a numerical example is provided. The architecture studied has an efficiency that can be higher than that obtained using one single eCVT for most of the global transmission ratio range, showing that this solution could be suitable as a part of a more complex compound transmission that engages in a specific speed range.

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Elgarej, Mouhcine, Mansouri Khalifa, and Mohamed Youssfi. "Optimized Path Planning for Electric Vehicle Routing and Charging Station Navigation Systems." International Journal of Applied Metaheuristic Computing 11, no. 3 (July 2020): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamc.2020070103.

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With the increase in the number of electric vehicles (EV) on the street in the last years, the drivers of EVs are suffering from the problem of guiding themselves toward the nearest charging stations for recharging their batteries or finding the shortest routes toward their destinations. Although, the electric vehicle planning problem (EPP) is designed to achieve several transactions such as battery energy restrictions and the challenge of finding the nearest charging stations to the position of the electric vehicle. In this work, a new distributed system for electric vehicle routing is based on a novel driving strategy using a distributed Ant system algorithm (AS). The distributed architecture minimizes the total travelling path for the EV to attain the destination by proposing a set of the nearest charging stations that can be visited for recharging during his travels. Simulation result proved that our prototype is able to prepare optimal solutions within a reasonable time and forwarding EVs toward the nearest charging stations during their trips.

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Han, Shuai, Leping Sun, Xiaoxuan Guo, and Jianbin Lu. "Multi-objective Interval Optimization of Virtual Power Plant Considering the Uncertainty of Source and Load." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129901011.

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As the proportion of electric vehicles and distributed power sources connected to the power grid continues to increase, virtual power plants provide new ideas for effectively solving electric vehicles and distributed power sources connected to the grid. Considering that there are obvious uncertainties in the number of dispatchable electric vehicles and the output of distributed power sources, this paper focuses on the multi-objective interval optimization problem of virtual power plants considering the uncertainty of source load. Based on the analysis of the virtual power plant architecture, aiming at the uncertainty of the source load, a multi-objective interval optimization model of the virtual power plant was established using the interval number theory; in order to verify the validity of the established model, a virtual power plant in a certain area was selected as an example for analysis. The results show that the uncertainty of distributed power sources and electric vehicles can be better avoided in the interval optimization process, and the proposed scheme has strong robustness.

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Li, Ming, Shi Chun Yang, and Wei Liu. "Research and Development on Remote Calibration System for Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.91.

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this paper presents a solution of real-time remote calibration for electric vehicle. The development system integrates 3G(The 3rd Generation Telecommunication), CAN(Controller Area Network) technology, with calibration unit into a powerful real time remote calibration system. This paper introduces the overall architecture of the system and the design of the corresponding module. In the verification of the actual system, it can read and modify the content of the MCU (Microprogrammed Control Unit) flash, display the monitoring parameters dynamically, display the multi-foramt calibration parameters and pulse spectrum. And at the same time, the monitoring parameters can be automatically configured and upload.

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Novak, Thomas, A. J. Gregg, and H. L. Hartman. "Comparative performance study of diesel and electric face-haulage vehicles." International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering 5, no. 4 (December 1987): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01552754.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric Vehicles Architecture'

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