Journal articles: 'Electric utilities – Spain – Costs'

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Khawaja, M. Sami. "Strategic staffing model for electric utilities." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912699000127.

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Historically, utilities have been granted a natural monopoly status through the regulatory process. Under such conditions, utilities need to prove to their regulators that their expenditures were necessary to comply with imposed “obligation to serve.” When these prudency arguments are successful, the utilities may recover their costs plus a rate of return.Some have argued that this structure has not created an environment that fosters productive efficiency. With deregulation on the horizon, the utility business is changing. To survive the 21st century, utilities need to find ways to improve their efficiency. One such avenue is strategic staffing.

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Blacconiere, Walter G., Marilyn F. Johnson, and Mark S. Johnson. "Stranded Costs and Competitive Forces in the Electric Utility Industry." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 12, no. 3 (July 1997): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9701200301.

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It is likely that deregulation of the electric utility industry will force high-cost electric utilities to write off the “stranded” cost of plant and equipment that would be rendered obsolete in a competitive marketplace. In this paper, we examine the financial statement analysis implications of ongoing deregulation. Based on 1993 data for a sample of 111 large investor-owned electric utilities, our analyses suggest that it is possible to use financial statement data to form estimates of these potentially stranded costs. In addition, we find that recent trends toward deregulation are associated with an increase in the significance of the firm's cost structure in explaining the relation between market values and book values of equity.

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Horne, Christine, Thomas Familia, and Emily Huddart Kennedy. "California Consumers’ Beliefs and Trust in Electric Utilities." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (January 2022): 237802312211057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221105708.

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The authors use survey and interview data from California homeowners to understand customers’ trust in their utility company. The authors find that customers’ beliefs about the reliability of electricity do not predict trust. Instead, what matters are beliefs that the utility company does a bad job managing customer service, costs, and wildfires. Distrust among survey respondents aligns with interview participants’ descriptions of utility companies as powerful, greedy monopolies that benefit themselves at the expense of helpless consumers. These results have implications for the energy transition and, more generally, understanding potential challenges experienced by technocratic institutions.

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Robles-Velasco, Alicia, María Rodríguez-Palero, Jesús Muñuzuri, and Luis Onieva. "Sustainable Development and Efficiency Analysis of the Major Urban Water Utilities in Spain." Water 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091519.

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In Spain, the water supply service is a municipal responsibility and in general is a sector without competitors. For this reason, an efficiency analysis attains greater significance. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of different urban water utilities. An extensive data search, where several variables such as the capital expenditure, the cost of material, or the labor have been recorded, has allowed evaluating the relative efficiency of the most important Spanish water distribution networks in using their resources. Furthermore, their sustainable efficiency has also been evaluated by including a variable representing the percentage of water losses. Results reveal the weaknesses of inefficient utilities and help to detect potential aspects that these companies should improve. For instance, there is an evident incorrect management of the costs of material by many urban water utilities, which does not happen with the labor. Additionally, the most efficient water utilities regarding the sustainable efficiency help to discover target percentages of water losses for the inefficient ones.

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Levinson, Arik, and Emilson Silva. "The Electric Gini: Income Redistribution through Energy Prices." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20200543.

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In theory, regulators concerned about inequality will deviate from efficient two-part tariffs, charging lower-than-efficient fixed monthly fees and higher-than-efficient per-kilowatt-hour prices. To quantify that relationship, we develop a measure of the redistributive extent of utility tariffs: the “electric Gini.” Utilities with higher electric Ginis shift more costs from households using relatively little electricity to households using more. In practice, US utilities whose ratepayers have more unequal incomes have higher electric Ginis. But electricity demand is only loosely correlated with income, which means that electricity prices are an indirect and ineffective policy for countering income inequality. (JEL D31, L11, L94, L98)

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White, Lawrence J. "Discussion: “Stranded Costs and Competitive Forces in the Electric Utility Industry”." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 12, no. 3 (July 1997): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9701200302.

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Stranded costs in the electric utility industry—the past costs incurred by incumbent utilities that could not be recovered in a competitive market environment—have been a troubling and troublesome policy issue for electricity deregulation. Although electricity deregulation surely would have proceeded slowly in any event,1 the stranded cost question— who (customers? shareholder-owners?) will absorb the losses in the forthcoming competitive environment?—has clearly slowed the process even further.

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Palmer, Karen, and Hadi Dowlatabadi. "Implementing Social Costing in the Electric Utility Industry1." Energy & Environment 4, no. 3 (September 1993): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9300400301.

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Social costing refers to the regulatory practice of requiring electric utilities to incorporate external costs into utility decision making. This practice is being adopted by a growing number of state public utility commissions (PUCs). The effectiveness of this new regulatory approach in reducing the social costs of supplying electricity will depend on the range of utility decisions covered. We use a utility planning model and illustrative estimtes of environmental costs to analyze the implications of different social costing regimes for generation technology choice, social and private costs of electricity supply and electricity price. Due to large differences in private costs across technologies and fuel types, social costing regulation has little or no effect on the utility's investment decisions, dispatch of generators or output price for many of the external cost estimates considered. Applying social costing exclusively to new generating units could result in increased use of existing units and higher social cost electricity production.

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Martin, Robert W. "The Natural Gas Perspective." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400206.

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Market responsive pricing is a fundamental requirement if natural gas is to play its full part in meeting Canada's energy needs. Regulation must be modified to enable flexibility in buying, transporting and selling natural gas in a market responsive manner. Taxes should be based on profits, not on revenues and, because utility costs, by definition, flow through to the customers, taxation of natural gas utilities should be equitable in relation to electric power utilities.

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Hughes, K. E. "The Value Relevance of Nonfinancial Measures of Air Pollution in the Electric Utility Industry." Accounting Review 75, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.2.209.

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This study examines the relation between the market value of equity and nonfinancial pollution measures (sulfur dioxide emissions) that capture firms' exposure to future environmental liabilities. I find that a nonfinancial pollution proxy is value-relevant for high-polluting electric utilities targeted for air pollution abatement by Phase One of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). On average, these utilities' exposure to (unbooked) future environmental liabilities decreased their mean 1990 share price by 16 percent. Moreover, the value relevance of the nonfinancial pollution proxy (1) increased in response to the passage of the stringent 1990 CAAA environmental legislation, and then (2) declined as the market subsequently reduced estimated compliance costs in response to changing economic and technological factors. Utilities not targeted by Phase One of the 1990 CAAA faced minimal exposure to future environmental liabilities and I find no significant relation between their pollution indicators and share prices. I also find that investors in the high-polluting rate-regulated utilities that were targeted by Phase One positively value a favorable regulatory climate.

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Fares, Robert L., and Carey W. King. "Trends in transmission, distribution, and administration costs for U.S. investor-owned electric utilities." Energy Policy 105 (June 2017): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.036.

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Hausman, William J., and John L. Neufeld. "The Market for Capital and the Origins of State Regulation of Electric Utilities in the United States." Journal of Economic History 62, no. 4 (December 2002): 1050–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070200164x.

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We provide evidence that the problem of raising capital in the early days of the U.S. electric-utility industry motivated industry leaders to embrace state rate-of-return regulation in return for a secure territorial monopoly. Utility executives anticipated that this would lead to a reduction in borrowing costs. Using firm-level bond data for 1910–1919, we estimate a model and find that state regulation led to lower borrowing costs but that the magnitude of the reduction was small. We also find evidence that output of electric utilities in states with regulation was higher than output in states without regulation.

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Martin, L. Ann, Chandra Subramaniam, and Robert L. Vigeland. "The Effects of SFAS No. 90 on Nuclear Electric Utilities." Accounting Horizons 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.191.

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We study the effect of SFAS No. 90 on electric utilities that were required to record substantial write-offs due to nuclear power plants that had been impaired by regulatory disallowances or abandonments. We identified 57 firms that recorded write-offs required under SFAS No. 90 totaling $17.7 billion. During the period surrounding the release of SFAS No. 90, many of the affected firms reduced their dividends and their common stock earned somewhat lower returns than similar firms that were not affected by the pronouncement. However, we do not attribute these differences directly to SFAS No. 90. We identify other factors that are more plausible explanations for the lower returns and dividend reductions: adverse regulatory rulings that disallowed the recovery of nuclear construction costs and lower quality earnings because of large noncash “allowance for funds used during construction” (AFUDC) accruals. We believe that follow-up studies comparing actual effects of controversial FASB pronouncements with those predicted during the board's deliberations are useful to both the board and those who lobby the board.

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Erickson, Larry, and Stephanie Ma. "Solar-Powered Charging Networks for Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040966.

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The cost of solar-generated electricity and battery costs have been decreasing significantly. These developments can be combined to introduce solar-powered charging networks with demand management prices (DMP) to enable electric vehicle (EV) customers to help utilities to manage renewable energy. As solar-generated electricity becomes the cheapest source of power, the need to increase demand for electricity during the day can be met by charging EVs at an attractive DMP in parking lots with solar panels and charging stations that are connected to the electrical grid. The demand for electricity can be managed and controlled by the utility with the goal of increasing demand for power as needed so that all electricity that is generated can be sold. The proposal is to introduce a new DMP rate that is only implemented when the utility wants to increase demand and sell power at this low rate in order to make full use of the supply. As utilities strive to reach 100% renewable electrical power to serve a society transported by EVs, cooperative plans to make good use of batteries in EVs for managing the electrical grid will become more important.

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Wu, Meng Jie, Qiang Qiang Liao, Guo Ding Zhou, Xiao Lin Liu, and Shen Yang Zhang. "Technical Economic Analysis on V2G Mode Shifting Peak Load." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1105.

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As the electric vehicles (EVs) such as hybrid, battery, and fuel cell cars have become common in market, there is an opportunity to apply vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power. This article introduces the concept of V2G and uses equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from defined electric drive vehicles. Further this paper evaluates the revenue and costs for V2G mode from selling electricity into market. The results show that developing V2G mode provides electric vehicles owners and electric utilities additional revenue, stability and reliability of the electric grid, lower-cost storage for intermittent power resources.

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Davidson, Innocent Ewean. "Evaluation and effective management of non-technical losses in power networks." SAIEE Africa Research Journal 94, no. 3 (2002): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/10321/3458.

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Market-driven economies and deregulated electricity industry environment have stimulated the minimization of technical and non-technical losses (NTL) even though they do not constitute major operational or quality of supply problems. Their impact is economic and utilities often passed down the costs to consumers. NTL need to be addressed to determine the overall performance of power networks, as these losses are expected to be more dominant at the sub-transmission (132kV-33kV) and reticulation (22kV and 11kV) levels of the electricity supply industry value chain. In some national grid operations, NTL are estimated to account for up to 30% in revenue losses to electric utilities, and overhead expenditure in added maintenance costs. This paper discusses a method for NTL evaluation and an effective management approach to loss minimization and revenue collection.

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Hite, Diane, D. Lynn Forster, and Jon Rausch. "Optimal Use of Smokestack Scrubber By-Product." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, no. 1 (April 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s008130520002882x.

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AbstractFederal legislation mandates substantial reduction of air pollution emissions from electric utilities. Utilities in Appalachia that use locally mined high-sulfur coal must choose among abatement options such as fuel mixing and smokestack scrubbing technologies. Wet scrubbers are the most frequently adopted abatement technology in Ohio. This paper investigates beneficial reuses of by-product from wet scrubbers. By-product is most often disposed of in landfills, resulting in large external costs. We combine social cost and benefit transfers with a linear optimization model to investigate potential benefits of by-product recycling. Results suggest that significant incentives exist to find beneficial uses for by-product.

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Karampampa, Korinna, Anders Gustavsson, Carolin Miltenburger, and Benjamin Eckert. "Treatment experience, burden and unmet needs (TRIBUNE) in MS study: results from five European countries." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 18, no. 2_suppl (May 23, 2012): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512441566.

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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common cause of neurological disability in young adults. The TRIBUNE study provides a detailed exploration of costs in relation to relapses and disease severity, and assesses the quality of life impact on MS patients in terms of utilities, fatigue and activities of daily living (ADL). Methods: Patients in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) completed a self-administered web-based questionnaire capturing information on demographics, disease characteristics and severity (EDSS), co-morbidities, relapses, resource consumption, utilities, fatigue, and activities of daily living. Results: In total, 1261 MS patients completed the questionnaire. More than half of the patients (68%) had the relapsing–remitting form of the disease; 87% of the sample reported receiving MS treatments. Costs were higher with advancing disease severity; for mild patients (EDSS score ≤ 3) the costs ranged between €13,534 and €22,461 across countries; for moderate (EDSS score 4 – 6.5) between €28,524 and €43,948; for severe (EDSS ≥ 7) between €39,592 and €65,395. Relapses were also associated with increasing costs; the difference in the cost per patient per year for relapsing–remitting patients with EDSS score ≤ 5 that did experience at least one relapse during the past 12 months and those who did not ranged between €3321 and €9430. The quality of life of patients decreased with disease progression and existence of relapses. Conclusion: The TRIBUNE study provides an important update on the economic burden of MS in an era of more widespread use of disease-modifying therapies. It explores the cost of MS linked to relapses and disease severity, and examines the impact of MS on additional health outcomes beyond utilities such as ADL and fatigue.

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Kuryło, Konrad, and Adam Ruciński. "A comparative study on electric and gas engine heat pump." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701050.

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The paper compares heat pumps driven by electric motors (EHP) with heat pumps driven by gas engines (GEHP). GEHPs are still a novelty on the Polish HVACR market - therefore, the subject of the study is to indicate whether in Polish climatic conditions their use is profitable. A thorough analysis of the energy consumption of selected devices was carried out due to the consumption of utilities needed for their propulsion and the related costs. This has been done by calculating seasonal efficiency coefficients and using an innovative method of comparative modifiers allowing for unification of the performance of EHP and GEHP pumps. The results obtained include average energy efficiency coefficients, operating costs and payback times. Discussion of the calculation results proved that under certain assumptions GEHP pumps may be competitive with EHP heat pumps due to the possibility of managing waste heat at high temperatures.

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Vilela Junior, Wagner A., Antonio P. Coimbra, Gabriel A. Wainer, Joao Caetano Neto, Jose A. G. Cararo, Marcio R. C. Reis, Paulo V. Santos, and Wesley P. Calixto. "Analysis and Adequacy Methodology for Voltage Violations in Distribution Power Grid." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144373.

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This paper proposes a computational process development capable of filling the electric power sector shortage regarding voltage non-conformities identification in electric distribution power grid accounting for loads dynamic behavior at medium and low voltages. Actual distribution power grid data are used, with georeferencing to signal voltage transgressions locations, generate a report with voltage transgression indices and financial reimbursement values provided by legislation. The methodology compares regulatory requirements and makes available in software some possible actions in an attempt to adjust voltage levels, avoiding inconvenience and penalties for energy utilities providers. The method involves a data extractor construction for electricity provider company’s databases, computer simulations and comparison of obtained results with values established in electricity quality control standards. Thus, finding non-conformity locations and determining network adjustments to correct tension indexes in permanent regulation. The proposal features a reduction in electricity utilities operating costs, increasing efficiency in operation and energy quality available to consumers.

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et al., Sultan. "A research framework for grid benefits from energy storage." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, no. 4 (April 2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.04.007.

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Grid reliability is one of the greatest challenges facing electric utilities. Energy storage will play an important role in meeting these challenges by enhancing the grid’s operating capabilities, lowering costs, ensuring high reliability, and deferring and reducing infrastructure investments. This paper offers a taxonomy of the advantages of energy storage to identify the main benefits offered to electrical utilities. In addition, it illustrates and discusses a detailed classification of energy-storage materials along with their characteristics. This paper provides a solid foundation to equip researchers with the most pertinent information to advance future research in the energy-informatics domain. The goal of creating this taxonomy and framework is to identify areas for future research endeavors and illustrate new research directions.

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Browning, D. Mark, and Harry Wiant. "The Economic Impacts of Deferring Electric Utility Tree Maintenance." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 23, no. 3 (May 1, 1997): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1997.017.

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A study was conducted to examine the economics of deferring line clearance tree pruning. The cost of pruning a tree was found to increase significantly as it grows closer to, and beyond, the conductors. The amount of biomass, and thus disposal cost, also increases with the length of time a tree is allowed to grow. Predictive models were developed for three utilities to provide a means of projecting the total impact of postponing line clearance work on crew time and costs associated with pruning trees. For every routine maintenance dollar deferred, substantially more than one dollar must be spent in subsequent years to re-establish the preferred cycle. The specific amount of this increase is utility dependent and is affected by production costs, tree growth rates, site characteristics (dbh and type of pruning), etc. An additional adjustment would be necessary to allow for an increase in disposal costs resulting from a larger amount of biomass removed. If funding reductions are not offset with larger expenditures in subsequent years, tree maintenance cycles are rapidly extended. Modeling a 20 percent annual funding decrease resulted in extending one utility's cycle from 5 years to 9 years over a 12-year period. These estimates do not take into account the impact that deferred line clearance work has on service reliability, service restoration costs, and the amount of time spent on hotspotting and responding to customer requests for unscheduled maintenance.

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Teera-achariyakul, Noppada, and Dulpichet Rerkpreedapong. "Optimal Preventive Maintenance Planning for Electric Power Distribution Systems Using Failure Rates and Game Theory." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 5172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145172.

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Current electric utilities must achieve reliability enhancement of considerable distribution feeders with an economical budget. Thus, optimal preventive maintenance planning is required to balance the benefits and costs of maintenance programs. In this research, the proposed method determines the time-varying failure rate of each feeder to evaluate the likelihood of future interruptions. Meanwhile, the consequences of feeder interruptions are estimated using interruption energy rates, customer-minutes of interruption, and total kVA of service areas. Then, the risk is assessed and later treated as an opportunity for mitigating the customer interruption costs by planned preventive maintenance tasks. Subsequently, cooperative game theory is exploited in the proposed method to locate a decent balance between the benefits of reliability enhancement and the costs required for preventive maintenance programs. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through case studies of large power distribution networks of 12 service regions, including 3558 medium-voltage distribution feeders. The preventive maintenance plans resulting from the proposed method present the best compromise of benefits and costs compared with the conventional approach that requires a pre-specified maintenance budget.

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Aguilar-Serra, Javier, Vicente Gimeno-Ballester, Alfonso Pastor-Clerigues, Javier Milara, Ezequiel Marti-Bonmati, Cristina Trigo-Vicente, and Julio Cortijo. "Dacomitinib in first-line treatment of advanced EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: a cost–effectiveness analysis." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 10, no. 4 (March 2021): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0233.

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Aim: To assess the cost–effectiveness of first-line treatment with dacomitinib compared with gefitinib in patients newly diagnosed with advanced NSCLC EGFR-positive in the context of Spain. Materials & methods: A partitioned survival model was developed including costs, utilities and disutilities to estimate quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and incremental cost–effectiveness ratio when treating with dacomitinib versus gefitinib. Results: Dacomitinib presented higher QALYs (0.51) compared with gefitinib (0.45). Dacomitinib costs were €33,061 in comparison with €26,692 for gefitinib arm. An incremental cost–effectiveness ratio of €111,048 was obtained for dacomitinib. Conclusion: Dacomitinib was more effective in terms of QALYs gained than gefitinib. However, to obtain a cost–effectiveness alternative, a discount greater than 25% in dacomitinib acquisition cost is required.

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Koh, Dong-Soo, Sanford V. Berg, and Lawrence W. Kenny. "A Comparison of Costs in Privately Owned and Publicly Owned Electric Utilities: The Role of Scale." Land Economics 72, no. 1 (February 1996): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3147157.

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Franklin, Remington, and Tracey Osborne. "Toward an urban political ecology of energy justice: the case of rooftop solar in Tucson, AZ." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.22003.

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The rapid deployment of rooftop solar panels in many US cities has raised new concerns about the fair distribution of electricity costs through rates. Electric utilities argue that existing rate structures shift costs from solar owners to lower-income ratepayers, while critics say rooftop solar benefits all ratepayers and helps address environmental injustice. In light of these competing justice claims, this article asks: what are the implications of rooftop solar for energy justice? Drawing on a case study from southern Arizona, we use urban political ecology (UPE) to analyze debates about rooftop solar that speak to three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and recognition. While dominant justice claims revolve around the distribution of costs through rates, competing claims emphasize procedural and recognition (in)justice. Focusing on political economy, power relations, and the materiality of the grid, we reframe the utility company's cost shift argument as a strategic narrative and explain why this understanding of justice is recognized as legitimate while others are not. We propose that UPE can further an energy justice analysis by understanding procedural and recognition injustice as systemic products of rate of return regulation, and the material configuration of the electric grid.Keywords: urban political ecology, energy justice, rooftop solar, decentralized energy, electric utility regulation

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Abito, Jose Miguel. "Measuring the Welfare Gains from Optimal Incentive Regulation." Review of Economic Studies 87, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 2019–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz050.

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Abstract I empirically measure the welfare gains from optimal incentive regulation in the context of electric utilities facing both emissions and rate of return regulation (RORR). I provide evidence that RORR induces lower fuel efficiency, leading to greater coal consumption and higher emissions abatement costs. Replacing RORR with the optimal mechanism of Laffont and Tirole (1986) yields annual welfare gains of $686 million or a 11% reduction in electricity prices. I construct a much simpler two-contract menu that can achieve more than 65% of these welfare gains.

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Sultan, Vivian, and Brian Hilton. "A Spatial Analytics Framework to Investigate Electric Power-Failure Events and Their Causes." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9010054.

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The U.S. electric-power infrastructure urgently needs renovation. Recent major power outages in California, New York, Texas, and Florida have highlighted U.S. electric-power unreliability. The media have discussed the U.S. aging power infrastructure and the Public Utilities Commission has demanded a comprehensive review of the causes of recent power outages. This paper explores geographic information systems (GIS) and a spatially enhanced predictive power-outage model to address: How may spatial analytics enhance our understanding of power outages? To answer this research question, we developed a spatial analysis framework that utilities can use to investigate power-failure events and their causes. Analysis revealed areas of statistically significant power outages due to multiple causes. This study’s GIS model can help to advance smart-grid reliability by, for example, elucidating power-failure root causes, defining a data-responsive blackout solution, or implementing a continuous monitoring and management solution. We unveil a novel use of spatial analytics to enhance power-outage understanding. Future work may involve connecting to virtually any type of streaming-data feed and transforming GIS applications into frontline decision applications, showing power-outage incidents as they occur. GIS can be a major resource for electronic-inspection systems to lower the duration of customer outages, improve crew response time, as well as reduce labor and overtime costs.

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Liu, Chuan, Zai Chao Huang, Peng Wu, Zhi Gang Wu, and Lei Chen. "Research of Reliable Design of Printed Circuit Board Suited for Smart Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1503.

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Electric utilities faced with the prospect of increasing customer rates are seeking solutions to challenges presented by rising global energy demand, aging infrastructure, increasing fuel costs and renewable portfolio standards in light of climate change. Many consider Smart Grid to be one such solution. The most two significant characteristics of Smart Grid are self-healing ability and high reliability. As the bottom stage of development of Smart Grid communication system, the signal quality and self reliability of PCB design directly influence the entire performance of the communication system. This article focuses on analyzing reliable PCB design suited for Smart Grid communication system from power supply, thermal dispersion and trace routing.

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Kayser, G., J. F. Loret, K. Setty, C. Blaudin De Thé, J. Martin, C. Puigdomenech, and J. Bartram. "Water safety plans for water supply utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain: costs, benefits, and enabling environment elements." Urban Water Journal 16, no. 4 (April 21, 2019): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2019.1669191.

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Sholdice, Mark. "“It is the finest piece of government work that I know of anywhere”: The Influence of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario on the Giant Power Survey of Pennsylvania, 1923-1927." Scientia Canadensis 37, no. 1-2 (May 20, 2015): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1030641ar.

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Since its foundation in 1906, the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario exerted a major influence on the politics of electricity in the United States. American supporters of publicly-owned utilities saw the Hydro as a model worth emulating south of the border. Reformers who sought lower electric prices for consumers also looked to the Hydro for evidence of the technically-feasible lowest cost of producing and transmitting this source of energy. This paper will examine a specific instance when American Progressives sought to use the Hydro as both a source of information and inspiration for electric policy reforms: the Giant Power Survey of 1923-1927, an attempt by Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot to bring about lower electricity costs for consumers and to extend access to rural areas, through a mix of greater regulation and government action. The individuals involved in Giant Power came into close contact with Hydro officials for the vital administrative and technical information with which to argue for their cause; the Ontarians, however, had their own reasons to be wary of getting involved in a controversial proposal.

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Gómez-Casares, María Teresa, Juan Carlos Hernández-Boluda, Antonio Jiménez-Velasco, Joaquin Martínez-López, María Giovanna Ferrario, Irmina Gozalbo, Joana Gostkorzewicz, and Rudi Subirá. "Cost-effectiveness of Ruxolitinib vs Best Available Therapy in the Treatment of Myelofibrosis in Spain." Journal of Health Economics and Outcomes Research 5, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36469/9808.

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Introduction: Primary myelofibrosis (MF) is a rare hematologic disease belonging to the group of Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Identification of the Janus Kinase (JAK) gene mutations inaugurated a new era in the targeted therapy of myeloproliferative diseases. Ruxolitinib is the first JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor specifically approved for the treatment of disease-related splenomegaly or symptoms in adult patients with primary myelofibrosis. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of ruxolitinib vs best available therapy (BAT) in MF patients in Spain. Methods: A decision-tree and Markov model were adapted to the Spanish setting to assess the cost-effectiveness of ruxolitinib vs. BAT on a lifetime horizon (≤15 years) from the societal perspective, while healthcare system perspective was included in the one-way sensitivity analysis. The population was assumed to be similar to that of the COMFORT-II clinical trial (CT), which was also the source of treatment efficacy data. BAT composition was derived from the same CT and validated with Spanish experts. Utilities were derived from the COMFORT-I CT. Costs included treatment, management, hospitalizations, emergency and outpatient visits, as well as adverse events and end-of-life costs. Additionally, costs associated to productivity loss were taken into account. Resource use was validated with experts and costs were extracted from Spanish sources. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was also performed to evaluate the consistency of the results under the uncertainty or variability of the input data. Results: Patients on ruxolitinib accumulated 6.1 life years gained (LYGs), resulting in 73% extra life-years compared to patients treated with BAT (3.5LYs gained). Ruxolitinib provided 4.4 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), with a 99% improvement compared to BAT (2.2 QALYs). This analysis gave an incremental cost of €47 199 per LYG and an incremental cost of €55 616 per QALY gained from the societal perspective. Conclusions: Ruxolitinib would be cost-effective in Spain according to the end-of-life criteria defined by the NICE and commonly referred for Spain (cost-effectiveness threshold of €61 500/QALY), in line with results published for other European countries.

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McPherson, E. Gregory, and Rowan Rowntree. "Energy Conservation Potential of Urban Tree Planting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 6 (November 1, 1993): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.051.

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Findings from monitoring and computer simulation studies indicate that trees can be a cost-effective energy conservation measure for some electric utilities. Our simulations suggest that a single 25-ft tall tree can reduce annual heating and cooling costs of a typical residence by 8 to 12 percent ($10-25). Assuming annual savings of $10 per household, a nationwide residential tree planting program could eventually save about $1 billion each year. A study of the potential for energy-conserving shade tree plantings within residential sections of San Diego found that over 40 percent of all houses surveyed had space available for a tree opposite their west wall. The 30-year net present value of proposed shade tree plantings for demand side management in Fresno was projected to be $22.3 million, with an overall benefit-cost ratio of 19. The largest benefits were attributed to property value enhancement, energy savings, avoided stormwater runoff, and atmospheric carbon removal, while greatest projected costs were from pruning, planting, and program administration.

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Kumar Kaushal, Rajanish, and Harpreet Kaur. "4-E (Energy-Emission-Environment-Economic) Dispatch Problem in Solar PV Energy Using Hybrid PSOTLBO Search Algorithm." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012061.

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Abstract Renewable energy sources have evolved into a technologically and economically feasible choice for use by electrical utilities. Furthermore, the widespread usage of renewable energy sources is driving policymakers and utilities to increase green energy’s role to ensure long-term economic growth. The most influential non-conventional energy source for generating power is solar energy. Electric power systems must be designed, built, and run in such a way that the majority of energy demand for loads is supplied reliably, cost-effectively, and in an environmentally responsible manner. In 4-E dispatch, the term “energy” refers to generated power in the scheduled period, the term “emission” refers to the amount of emission released in the scheduled period, and the term “environment” refers to health and environmental damage costs in the scheduled period and the term “economic” refers to power generating cost in the scheduled period. In this paper a hybrid of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO), named as PSOTLBO is proposed, developed, and effectively applied to attain the best or optimum solutions for the 4-E (Energy-Emission-Environment-Economic) dispatch problem for scenarios involving ten thermal power plants and thirteen solar photovoltaic (PV) plants.

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Imaz-Iglesia, Inaki, Montserrat Carmona, Esther E. García-Carpintero, Alejandro Martínez-Portillo, Enrique Alcalde-Cabero, Lidia García-Pérez, and Renata Linertová. "PP140 Economic Evaluation Of Several Vaccination Strategies Against Rotavirus In Spain." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 38, S1 (December 2022): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462322002549.

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IntroductionThe Spanish Ministry of Health asked us about the efficiency of extending the current rotavirus vaccination strategy to all newborns. The current strategy is to vaccinate only to high-risk newborns (premature and those qualified as high-risk by a pediatrician). The objective of this research was to compare three strategies: no-vaccination, vaccination of high-risk newborns and universal vaccination, considering the two vaccines available in Spain: RotaTeq® and Rotarix®.MethodsA cost-utility analysis, based on a de novo Markov model, was carried out both from a societal and a healthcare system perspective. The model follows a cohort of newborns during their life-course. The cycle length is annual and a half-cycle correction was applied. A discount rate of 3 percent was applied in the base case both to costs and utilities. Most of the incidence, probabilities and costs data were Spanish. The Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) data were taken from international literature. We assumed a willingness to pay threshold of EUR 25,000 per QALY gained. We performed deterministic one-way sensitivity analysis.ResultsCompared to no-vaccination, the high-risk vaccination strategy is cost-effective assuming the above- mentioned threshold only with Rotarix® from a societal perspective (RotaTeq® EUR 32,008 per QALY; Rotarix® EUR 23,368 per QALY). Universal vaccination is not cost-effective either compared to no-vaccination or compared to the high-risk vaccination strategy and with both perspectives. Vaccine prices and efficacy data are highly sensitive variables. We find that universal vaccination would be cost-effective with a discount of 44.6 and 36.9 percent of the current price of RotaTeq® and Rotarix®, respectively.ConclusionsUniversal vaccination would not be a cost-effective strategy for Spain with either of the two vaccines at current prices. Vaccination of high-risk newborns would be cost-effective at current prices and from a societal perspective only with Rotarix®. Substantial vaccines price reductions could make the universal vaccination a cost-effective option in Spain.

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Singh, Shweta. "Artificial Neural Network Based Load Forecasting." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40467.

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Abstract: In this report our point is to figure the power costs as precisely as conceivable by planning a half and half model and utilizing different blunder capacities to really take a look at the exactness of our outcome. Before liberation come to presence years and years back, the electric power enterprises have been overwhelmed by utilities that had full command over movements of every kind nearby. In any case, after its first endeavor in Latin America, the business has been on the move in many nations all over the planet. In a liberated market, end-use clients have the decision to choose their power provider. Keywords: Load Forecasting, ,Load forecasting models, Electricity pricing forecasting, AI Based Load forecasting, Neural network model

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Mocholi-Arce, Manuel, Trinidad Gómez, Maria Molinos-Senante, Ramon Sala-Garrido, and Rafael Caballero. "Evaluating the Eco-Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Comparison of Optimistic and Pessimistic Approaches." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 10580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410580.

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The assessment of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) performance has gained the interest of water utilities and water regulators. Eco-efficiency has been identified as a powerful indicator, as it integrates economic and environmental variables into a single index. Most previous studies have employed traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the evaluation of WWTP eco-efficiency. However, DEA allows the selection of input and output weights for individual WWTPs for the calculation of eco-efficiency scores. To overcome this limitation, we employed the double-frontier and common set of weights methods to evaluate the eco-efficiency of a sample of 30 WWTPs in Spain. The WWTPs were ranked based on eco-efficiency scores derived under several scenarios including best- and worst-case scenarios; this approach to performance assessment is reliable and robust. Twenty-six of the 30 WWTPs were not classified as eco-efficient, even under the most favorable scenario, indicating that these facilities have substantial room for the reduction of costs and greenhouse gas emissions. The ranking of WWTPs varied according to the scenario used for evaluation, which has notable consequences when eco-efficiency scores are used for regulatory purposes. The findings of this study are relevant for water regulators and water utilities, as they demonstrate the importance of weight allocation for eco-efficiency score estimation.

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Nienow, Sara, Kevin T. McNamara, Andrew R. Gillespie, and Paul V. Preckel. "A Model for the Economic Evaluation of Plantation Biomass Production for Co-firing with Coal in Electricity Production." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28, no. 1 (April 1999): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500001027.

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Public and private electric utilities are considering co-firing biomass with coal as a strategy to reduce the levels of CO2, SO2 and NOx in stack emissions, as well as a response to state legislative mandates requiring the use of renewable fuels. This analysis examines the conditions under which biomass co-firing is economically feasible for utilities and woody biomass producers and describes additional environmental and community benefits associated with biomass use. This paper presents a case study of woody biomass production and co-firing at the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO) Michigan City Unit No. 12 power plant. A Salix (willow) production budget was created to assess the feasibility of plantation tree production to supply biomass to the utility for fuel blending. A GAMS model was developed to examine the optimal co-firing blend of coal and biomass while minimizing variable cost, including the cost of ash disposal and material procurement costs. The model is constrained by the levels of pollution produced. This model is used to examine situations where coal is the primary fuel and waste wood, willow trees, or both are available for fuel blending. Capital costs for co-firing were estimated outside of the model and are incorporated into the total cost of co-firing. The results indicate that under certain circumstances it is cost-effective for the power plant to co-fire biomass. Sensitivity analysis is used to test biomass price sensitivity and explores the effects of potential public policies on co-firing.

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Fraile Ardanuy, Jesús, Roberto Alvaro-Hermana, Sandra Castano-Solis, and Julia Merino. "Carbon-Free Electricity Generation in Spain with PV–Storage Hybrid Systems." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134780.

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Climate change motivated by human activities constitutes one of the main challenges of this century. To cut carbon emissions in order to mitigate carbon’s dangerous effects, the current energy generation mix should be shifted to renewable sources. The main drawback of these technologies is their intermittency, which will require energy storage systems to be fully integrated into the generation mix, allowing them to be more controllable. In recent years, great progress to develop an effective and economically feasible energy storage systems, particularly motivated by the recent rise of demand for electric transportation, has been made. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery prices have fallen near 90% over the past decade, making possible the affordability of electric vehicles and transforming the economics of renewable energy. In this work, a study on storage capacity demand previously presented as conference paper is expanded, including a deep analysis of the Spanish generation mix, the evaluation of the energy storage requirements for different low-carbon and carbon-free scenarios in Mainland Spain, and the calculation of the CO2 emissions’ reduction and the associated storage costs.

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Jang, Moonjong, Ho-Jin Choi, Chae-Gyun Lim, Byoungwoong An, and Jungsub Sim. "Optimization of ESS Scheduling for Cost Reduction in Commercial and Industry Customers in Korea." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063605.

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Various attempts have been made to reduce carbon emissions in the energy sector as part of global net zero emissions trends. Among them, interest in the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) for energy efficiency is growing. Utilities intend to improve the efficiency of investment and operating costs by reducing the maximum peak and leveling the load. Many ESS-scheduling optimization techniques have been studied to reduce the peak demand, balance the load, or reduce the cost corresponding to these two purposes from the customer’s point of view. In this paper, a method for cost minimization that simultaneously considers both the peak demand and load balancing is proposed, and the results and analysis of a case study in Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Korea are presented. Through these results, we show that there is a priority among the objective functions of the ESS schedule, that demand charge is more important than energy charge, and that the ESS schedule problem for customers to reduce costs is also beneficial to power system operation by the utility’s rate policy.

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Brey, J. J., A. F. Carazo, and R. Brey. "Exploring the marketability of fuel cell electric vehicles in terms of infrastructure and hydrogen costs in Spain." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82 (February 2018): 2893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.042.

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Mingotti, Alessandro, Federica Costa, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli. "Characterization Procedure for Stand-Alone Merging Units Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 4, 2021): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071993.

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The digitalization of a medium voltage network requires huge efforts from distributed system operators and electric utilities. The main reason is attributed to the costs associated with the replacement or introduction of new intelligent electronic devices capable of collecting and digitalizing current and voltage measurements. To this purpose, this paper introduces a new idea of a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU), which features real-time and hardware-in-the-loop technology, completed with accurate voltage and current sensors. Furthermore, the characterization procedure that allows an evaluation of the metrological performance of a complex device, such as a SAMU, is fully described. From the results, it is highlighted that (i) the developed SAMU is capable of performing highly accurate voltage, current, and power measurements; (ii) the characterization procedure is simple and exploitable for all kinds of SAMUs and other synchronized measurement devices.

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Paffenbarger, J. A. "A GCC Power Plant With Methanol Storage for Intermediate-Load Duty." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906524.

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This paper describes the design and performance of a coal gasification combined-cycle power plant with an integrated facility for producing and storing methanol (GCC/methanol power plant). The methanol is produced at a steady rate and is burned in the combined cycle to generate additional power during periods of peak electrical demand. The GCC/methanol plant provides electricity generation and energy storage in one coal-based facility. It is of potential interest to electric utilities seeking to meet intermediate-load electrical demand on their systems. The plant configuration is determined by means of an innovative economic screening methodology considering capital and fuel costs over a range of cycling duties (capacity factors). Estimated levelized electricity production costs indicate that a GCC/methanol plant could be of economic interest as premium fuel prices increase relative to coal. The plant could potentially be of interest for meeting daily peak demands for periods of eight hours or less. The conceptual plant configuration employs a Texaco gasifier and a Lurgi methanol synthesis plant. Plant performance is estimated at peak and baseload output levels. No unusual design or operational problems were identified.

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Fochesato, Anna, Sara Sottile, Andrea Pugliese, Sergio Márquez-Peláez, Hector Toro-Diaz, Ray Gani, Piedad Alvarez, and Jesús Ruiz-Aragón. "An Economic Evaluation of the Adjuvanted Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Compared with Standard-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in the Spanish Older Adult Population." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081360.

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Standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIV) are designed to provide protection against all four influenza strains. Adjuvanted QIV (aQIV), indicated for individuals aged 65+ years, combines MF59® adjuvant (an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene oil) with a standard dose of antigen, and is designed to produce stronger and longer immune response, especially in the elderly where immunosenescence reduces vaccine effectiveness. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of aQIV vs. egg-based standard-dose QIV (QIVe) in the elderly population, from the payer and societal perspective in Spain. A dynamic transmission model, which accounts for herd protection, was used to predict the number of medically attended infections in Spain. A decision tree structure was used to forecast influenza-related costs and benefits. Influenza-related probabilities of outpatient visit, hospitalization, work absenteeism, mortality, and associated utilities and costs were extracted from Spanish and European published literature. Relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) was sourced from two different meta-analyses: the first meta-analysis was informed by laboratory-confirmed influenza studies only, resulting in a rVE = 34.6% (CI95% 2–66%) in favor of aQIV; the second meta-analysis included real world evidence influenza-related medical encounters outcomes, resulting in a rVE = 13.9% (CI95% 4.2–23.5%) in benefit of aQIV. All costs were expressed in 2021 euros. Results indicate that replacing QIVe with aQIV in the Spanish elderly population would prevent on average 43,664 influenza complicated cases, 1111 hospitalizations, and 569 deaths (with a rVE = 34.6%) or 19,104 influenza complicated cases, 486 hospitalizations, and 252 deaths (with a rVE = 13.9%). When the rVE of aQIV vs. QIVe is 34.6%, the incremental cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY) gained was €2240 from the payer; from the societal perspective, aQIV was cost saving compared with QIVe. If the rVE was 13.9%, the incremental cost per QALY was €6694 and €3936 from the payer and societal perspective, respectively. Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of these findings. Results indicate that replacing QIVe with aQIV in the Spanish elderly population is a cost-effective strategy for the Spanish healthcare system.

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Dharani, Rajavelu, Madasamy Balasubramonian, Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu, and Benedetto Nastasi. "Load Shifting and Peak Clipping for Reducing Energy Consumption in an Indian University Campus." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030558.

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This paper analyzes the intelligent use of time-varying electrical load via developing efficient energy utilization patterns using demand-side management (DSM) strategies. This approach helps distribution utilities decrease maximum demand and electrical energy billing costs. A case study of DSM implementation of electric energy utility for an educational building Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology (ACGCET) campus was simulated. The new optimum energy load model was established for peak and off-peak periods from the system’s existing load profile using peak clipping and load shifting DSM techniques. The result reflects a significant reduction in maximum demand from 189 kW to 170 kW and a reduction in annual electricity billing cost from $11,340 to $10,200 (approximately 10%) in the upgraded system. This work highlights the importance of time of day (TOD) tariff structure consumers that aid reduction in their distribution system’s maximum demand and demand charges.

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Morales-Rodríguez, Pablo Antonio, Eugenio Cano Cano, Jaime Villena, and Jesús Antonio López-Perales. "A Comparison between Conventional Sprayers and New UAV Sprayers: A Study Case of Vineyards and Olives in Extremadura (Spain)." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061307.

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Recently, technological development has become increasingly pronounced, with great advances in all production areas, including agriculture. In the agricultural sector, improvements in machinery and the study of new techniques have resulted in the increased efficiency and productivity of different crops. In particular, UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) are increasingly used in agriculture. Among the latest utilities is the application of phytosanitary products. The use of small UAVs retrofitted with spraying systems make it possible to treat large surfaces in short periods of time, achieving a reduction in inputs and time compared to conventionally used methods (trailed sprayers). The aim of this work was to compare conventional sprayers and UAV sprayers on a farm in Spain, with olive and vineyard crops. The determining factors in the choice of one or another alternative were studied, such as the economic requirements and efficiency of different alternatives. The results show that a large investment is required to acquire a UAV sprayer, while operating costs are higher for conventional sprayers versus UAV sprayers. Efficiency (ha/h) is much higher for UAV sprayers. In addition to these advantages, UAV sprayers require a lower cost of water and products. However, different factors could make conventional sprayers a better choice.

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Bardina, Mònica, Jordi Honey-Rosés, and Antoni Munné. "Implementation strategies and a cost/benefit comparison for compliance with an environmental flow regime in a Mediterranean river affected by hydropower." Water Policy 18, no. 1 (June 20, 2015): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.169.

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Compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union requires water managers to establish environmental flow regimes (EFR) in rivers across the continent. Few water agencies have examined the economic and social welfare impacts of implementing environmental flow requirements. We present the approach used by the Catalan Water Agency to calculate an EFR and estimate the economic implications of its implementation in the Ter River (Catalonia, NE Spain), altered by weirs for hydro-electric production. We analyze various implementation strategies and their associated economic costs and benefits, concluding that the restoration of environmental flows in the Ter River has reasonable costs and is likely to be a socially desirable policy with economic benefits exceeding costs. This paper provides an example of how a water agency can generate policy-relevant information on the social welfare impacts of implementing environmental flow policies as mandated by the WFD.

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García-Herola, Antonio, Raquel Domínguez-Hernández, and Miguel Ángel Casado. "Clinical and economic impact of an alert system in primary care for the detection of patients with chronic hepatitis C." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): e0260608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260608.

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Introduction Prevalence of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is higher in patients born between 1955–1975. The aim was to perform an economic evaluation of an age-based electronic health record (EHR) alert in primary care to detect patients with undiagnosed CHC and its treatment in comparison with non-use of the alert system, in Valencian Community, Spain. Materials and methods Decision trees and Markov model were used to evaluate the diagnosis and progression of the disease, respectively. CHC was diagnosed by serology and viral load in seropositive subjects. Epidemiological data and diagnostic costs were extracted from public sources of the Valencian Community. Probabilities, utilities and costs of model states were obtained from the literature. The impact on mortality and hepatic complications avoided by the implementation of the alert were estimated, and efficiency was measured as an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) based on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the costs of both alternatives. Results The EHR alert detected 269,548 patients, of whom 1,331 had CHC (vs. 23 patients with non-alert). Over the patients’ lifetime, the alert would prevent 93% of decompensated cirrhosis cases, 87% of hepatocellular carcinomas, 90% of liver transplants, and 89% of liver related deaths compared to non-use of the alert system. In addition, it would obtain an additional 3.3 QALY per patient, with an incremental cost of €10,880 and an ICUR of €3,321. Conclusions The implementation of an age-based EHR alert in primary care to detect patients with CHC reduces hepatic complications and mortality and is an efficient strategy.

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Harms, Jan C., James E. Johnson, Peter W. Johnson, Jeffrey C. Stier, and Raymond P. Guries. "Market Assessment and Economic Potential of the Red Pine Utility Pole Industry in Wisconsin." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/7.4.189.

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Abstract Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin electric and telephone utilities use an estimated 278,000 distribution poles annually, of which 180,000-245,000 are 35 or 40 ft long and in pole Class 1, 2 or 3. Most poles are southern pine, Douglas-fir or western red cedar. Red pine's current market share is only 7%. Most utilities surveyed expressed a willingness to use red pine poles if they could be purchased at the same or at a slightly lower price than they currently pay for southern pine poles. A local pole production facility would benefit from Wisconsin's lower stumpage prices and transportation costs relative to those in the Pacific Northwest and the South. Wages are somewhat higher in Wisconsin than in competing regions, but on balance Wisconsin producers should initially enjoy a net cost advantage of $18-$38 per pole. As pole production expands, some of this cost advantage is expected to be passed on to timber growers in the form of higher stumpage prices. A single pole-treatment facility could treat 10,000-15,000 poles annually, and retain an additional one to two million dollars per year in the state economy. The regional demand appears to be sufficient to support several such plants. Whether sufficient pole material supply would be forthcoming from Wisconsin forests to support such plants is a crucial question that remains to be addressed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:189-193, December 1990.

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Gupta, G. D., K. S. Ahluwalia, M. S. Rao, J. L. Blough, and J. Cocubinsky. "A Practical Strategy for Life Evaluation and Extension of Fossil-Fuel-Fired Boilers." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 107, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3264454.

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Facing escalating costs for new generating facilities and regulatory and economic uncertainties, electric utilities are increasingly postponing construction of new power plants and are instead exploring ways to extend the life of the older plants well beyond their intended design life. Much work has been performed on a worldwide basis in recent years to develop analytical and experimental methods to determine the remaining life of boiler components. The diversity of the methods developed and their relative merits leaves practicing engineers with an unclear definition of a practical approach to life evaluation, especially for high-temperature components. This paper presents a practical strategy for boiler life evaluation and extension using proven techniques. While not losing sight of recent developments, the emphasis is on using methods that are inexpensive, fast, and proven. The approach is currently in use on a commercial basis and is continually being updated to reflect new information as it becomes available.

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Gamarra, Ana R., Yolanda Lechón, Marta G. Vivanco, Mark Richard Theobald, Carmen Lago, Eugenio Sánchez, José Luis Santiago, et al. "Avoided Mortality Associated with Improved Air Quality from an Increase in Renewable Energy in the Spanish Transport Sector: Use of Biofuels and the Adoption of the Electric Car." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121603.

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This paper assesses the health impact, in terms of the reduction of premature deaths associated with changes in air pollutant exposure, resulting from double-aim strategies for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from the transport sector for the year 2030 in Spain. The impact on air quality of selected measures for reducing emissions from the transport sector (increased penetration of biofuel and electric car use) was assessed by air quality modeling. The estimation of population exposure to NO2, particulate matter (PM) and O3 allows for estimation of associated mortality and external costs in comparison with the baseline scenario with no measures. The results show that the penetration of the electric vehicle provided the largest benefits, even when the emissions due to the additional electricity demand were considered.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric utilities – Spain – Costs'

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