Journal articles: 'ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER'

1

Kumar, B. Phanindra, S. Soumya Reddy, and R. Sudharshan P. Vamshi Krishna. "Fabrication of Electric Two Wheeler." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 1378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23377.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Nayak, Anish K., Babu Ganguli, and Pulickel M. Ajayan. "Advances in electric two-wheeler technologies." Energy Reports 9 (December 2023): 3508–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.02.008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Selvam, Christy, Jayakrishana Sai Kadali, Siddharth Bhosale, and Prof Sanjay Narayankar. "Development of Electric Vehicle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48183.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: India is the second largest producer of two wheels in the world. It is ranked third behind Japan and China in terms of production of two wheels and domestic sales. India's two-wheeler industry has grown rapidly over the years. The two-wheeler business is about to enter a new era as the automotive industry has undergone a radical change with the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies. In India's two- wheeler industry, electricity, not petrol, diesel, or any other petrol, has caused a revolution. Electric bicycles and scooters are popular ways of personal travel in developed countries like the United States, Japan, and China, and the Indian two-wheeler industry has embraced a new concept. As a result, electric bicycles and motor- cycles in the eld of personal travel have a promising future. This project looks at design and development, as well as comparing and comparing different components. Two-wheeled electrical components such as BLDC motor, battery, charger, controller, and dc-dc converter are also included in this article

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Surana, Anupam, and Sreshtha Roy. "Fabrication of Parallel Hybrid Electric Two Wheeler." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9, no. 10 (October 6, 2019): p9415. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.10.2019.p9415.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Krithika, V., and C. Subramani. "Fuel enhancement of parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 6180. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6180-6188.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, design and simulation of a parallel hybrid electric two-wheeler motorcycle (PHETM) by means of continuous variable transmission (CVT) is illustrated. For simulation, the parallel hybrid electric power train model type in MATLAB/ADVISOR is customized. The internal combustion engine (ICE) be supposed to drive at elevated efficiency areas, in order to attain enhanced fuel economy and a reduced amount of emission. Simultaneously, the ICE must not activate at values of low torque areas. For that reason, get better it whilst ICE is ON, a new energy control strategy is proposed. In the new strategy, the electrical machine absorbs the extra torque of the ICE. This article proposes a PHETM system to propel the vehicle efficiently with reduced amounts of emission on comparing witha conventional vehicle. This system includes two modes of operations for achieving the better results known as motoring mode and generating mode. The switching from one mode to other is based on the vehicle speed which is sensed in real time. A drive cycle is generated by running the vehicle in normal and slightly gradient condition and finally the results are compared.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Jose Thekkan, Meenu, Alkka PS, Ardra VS, Saji TM, and AwinShajan . "LOW POWER ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER WITH INTELLIGENT COOLING TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i03.041.

Full text

Abstract:

In the past decade, the electric two-wheelers have been popular in many of the southeast Asian countries for urban drives. Presence of electric twowheeler is fastly growing in India too. Environmental problems promote the development of new generation EVs for transportation. Electric scooters are plug-in electric vehicles that runs on battery and can be recharged from any external sources of electricity. The important parts of electric scooter include a motor, battery pack, controller etc. Since electric scooters are not using an engine, it becomes an effective way of road transport as it does not cause any pollution. In future, electric two-wheelers maybe a replacement product for the engine driven vehicles, provided that safety, drive performance and cost issues are similar to that of actual engine EVs. In this paper, we have proposed a low power electric twowheeler with an intelligent cooling technology. A custom build portable Li ion battery pack is developed which gives power to the electric scooter. An intelligent cooling technology is applied to the battery pack using a thermostat module to cool the battery while overheating. A gear mechanism is implemented to reduce gear strain on the motor. The advantage of the model is that it does not cause any pollution, more energy efficient, smooth operation and depends wholly on electricity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Bugaje, Aminu, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl, and Wilfried Zörner. "Electric Two-Wheeler Vehicle Integration into Rural Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in Kenya." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237956.

Full text

Abstract:

In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Javed, Syed Waqas, and Hafiz Muhammad Khurram. "Consumer Preferences for Adoption of Two Wheeler Electric Vehicles." European Journal of Technology 6, no. 3 (November 3, 2022): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejt.1270.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: This study provides important perceptions to the policy makers in Pakistan to introduce a new mode of transportation for the consumer. In this particular case, the consumers in Pakistan are still showing their interest in buying Internal combustion engine (ICE’s) over Electrical vehicles (EV’s) due to non-awareness of merits and demerits of EV’s. Methodology: Therefore to evaluate consumer’s preferences towards two wheeler electric vehicles a survey was conducted by distributing questionnaire among the people of country in different regions. About 317 respondents living in Pakistan participated. Eleven different factors related to consumer’s preference has been observed for the purchase of E-bikes. After analyzing these 11 factors, top three factors like awareness about E-bike, design and aesthetic and health and safety issues have found their preference. Similarly, three other bottom factors i.e. availability of charging facilities, mileage per charging and price factors has found main causes of low purchase of EV’s by consumers. Findings: After conducting survey it has revealed that awareness about electric vehicles should be developed among the students and other users, maximum dealership should be given to the experts, distribution network should be strong and also prices of E-bikes should be decreased in order to increase the sale. Recommendation: The study also had revealed that Govt. of Pakistan with the consultation/coordination of manufacturers within the country could prepare a policy for the installation of plants/factories of E-bikes wherein with the support of Govt. for the provision of necessary infrastructure and subsidy to the consumer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Jayasingh, Sudarsan, T. Girija, and Sivakumar Arunkumar. "Factors Influencing Consumers’ Purchase Intention towards Electric Two-Wheelers." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 12851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212851.

Full text

Abstract:

The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly increased in recent years, but it represents only a tiny percentage of the total new vehicles sold globally. In 2021, the total sales of electric two-wheelers were less than 1% only. Therefore, the adoption of an electric two-wheeler (E2W) needs to be studied. This research develops a behavioral electric two-wheelers adoption intention model. The present study aimed to identify the factors that influence consumers’ intentions to adopt electric two-wheelers. The questionnaire method was employed, and 182 valid responses were collected. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the research hypothesis. The empirical results indicate that environmental concern, perceived economic benefit, charging infrastructure, and social influence significantly impact consumers’ attitudes towards electric two-wheelers. Attitude also significantly affects the consumer’s intention to purchase an electric two-wheeler. Perceived economic benefits were found to be the main factor influencing consumers to purchase electric two-wheelers. The findings of this research also show that women are more inclined towards purchasing electric two-wheelers than men. These results offer useful information for governments and electric-two-wheelers companies to gain a better understanding of consumer behavior towards purchasing electric two-wheelers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Huu, D. N., and V. N. Ngoc. "A Two-Level Desired Load Profile Tracking Algorithm for Electric Two-Wheeler Charging Stations." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2021): 7814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4552.

Full text

Abstract:

In Vietnam and in other developing countries, two-wheeled electric vehicles are potential alternatives to gasoline-powered motorbikes. The growth in the number of Electric Two-Wheelers (E2Ws) requires a large power demand of charging load. In addition, the increasing spread in the appearance and penetration of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) power systems, with their intermittence and uncertain nature, poses technical challenges that need to be addressed. The coordination of PV rooftop operation and EV charging may be an effective solution to meet the emerging load demand from EVs, increasing solar power penetration while minimizing the cost of grid reinforcement or possible upgrades. In this paper, a two-level desired load profile tracking algorithm for PV integrated electric bicycles/electric motorcycle charging stations is proposed with the purposes of load leveling, valley filling, and peak shaving. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is an effective solution, significantly improving the load profile, especially when compared with uncontrolled charging and constant charging power scheme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Dikshit, Anil, and Yash Aryan. "Comparing Environmental Impacts Arising from the Use of Electric Two-Wheeler vis-a-vis Gasoline Two-Wheeler in India." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 04, no. 04 (November 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2204035.

Full text

Abstract:

Electric vehicles are becoming popular among consumers while BS-VI norms have been introduced and mandated for conventional vehicles in India. In the present study, the environmental impacts from the use phase of electric two-wheeler (EV) and gasoline two-wheeler (GV) have been evaluated and compared using the life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The functional unit adopted was 1000 km driven by one vehicle under Indian road and traffic conditions. CML 2001 and ReCiPe 2016 methods were used for the assessment using GaBi 10.6 software tool. The scope of the study was limited to the use phase of two-wheelers. The study considered a total of six impact categories viz. Abiotic Depletion (ADP) fossil, Acidification Potential (AP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP) and Fine Particulate Matter Formation (PMF). The study found that EV had higher environmental impacts on five impact categories while GV had a higher impact on just one (ADP fossil) impact category. The results demonstrated that the use phase of EVs is not as environmentally preferable as it appears, mainly due to the apportioned impacts of electricity obtained from the typical grid in India for EVs charging. In this study, two improvement scenarios (S-1 & S-2) for EV were also proposed for a possible reduction in impacts. Scenario S-1 constituted the use of 50% electricity generated from photovoltaics (solar panels) to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~47% in the overall environmental impacts. Similarly, scenario S-2 constituted the use of 50% electricity provided by a waste-to-energy plant to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~40% in the overall environmental impacts. It may be concluded that the use of renewable source(s) for generating electricity will make EVs more environmentally preferable. This study will help policymakers and concerned authorities to make transportation in India more sustainable by minimizing the impacts on the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Falai, Alessandro, Tiziano Alberto Giuliacci, Daniela Misul, Giacomo Paolieri, and Pier Giuseppe Anselma. "Modeling and On-Road Testing of an Electric Two-Wheeler towards Range Prediction and BMS Integration." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072431.

Full text

Abstract:

The automotive sector is currently shifting its focus from traditional fossil fuels to electrification. The deployment of a Battery Management System (BMS) unit is the key point to oversee the battery state of the electric vehicle (EV) to ensure safety and performances. The development and assessment of electric vehicle models in turn lays the groundwork of the BMS design as it provides a quick and cheap solution to test battery optimal control logics in a Software-in-the-Loop environment. Despite the various contribution to the literature in battery and vehicle modeling, electric scooters are mostly disregarded together with a reliable estimation of their performance and electric range. The present paper hence aims at filling the gap of knowledge through the development of a numerical model for considering a two-wheeler. The latter model relies on the conservation energy based-longitudinal dynamic approach and is coupled to a Li-Ion Battery second-order RC equivalent circuit model for the electric range prediction. More specifically, the presented work assesses the performance and electric range of a two-wheeler pure electric scooter in a real-world driving cycle. The e-powertrain system embeds an Electrical Energy Storage System (EESS) Li-Ion Battery pack. On-road tests were initially conducted to retrieve the main model parameters and to perform its validation. A global battery-to-wheels efficiency was also calibrated to account for the percentual amount of available net power for the vehicle onset. The model proved to properly match the experimental data in terms of total distance traveled over a validation driving mission.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Das, Kaushik, and Roushan Kumar. "Assessment of Electric Two-Wheeler Ecosystem Using Novel Pareto Optimality and TOPSIS Methods for an Ideal Design Solution." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080215.

Full text

Abstract:

The demand for electric two-wheelers as an efficient and environmentally friendly means of transportation has increased due to the rapid expansion in urbanization and growing environmental sustainability concerns. The electric two-wheeler ecosystem requires an ideal design solution that strikes a balance between numerous features, technologies, and specifications to meet these changing needs. In this study, we present an evaluation framework to find the best design for electric two-wheelers using novel Pareto optimality and TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) approaches. These solutions are then thoroughly assessed against predetermined criteria, such as energy efficiency, manufacturing viability, and market viability. Additionally, we incorporate the TOPSIS approach to order the non-dominated options according to how closely they resemble the best design solution. The design solution that best meets the required objectives while minimizing departures from the ideal state is identified using this procedure. Combining these approaches, our framework provides a more dependable and rigorous tool for evaluating the electric two-wheeler ecosystem, empowering producers and policymakers to choose the best design options. The findings show that the Pareto optimality and TOPSIS approaches efficiently identify the non-dominated options and make it easier to choose an ideal design solution that is in line with customer preferences and environmental sustainability. The results of this study support the development of electric two-wheeler technology and promote the use of environmentally friendly transportation options, thereby promoting a more sustainable future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Purnamasari, B. D., T. A. A. Jamaluddin, H. Halidah, and F. Armansyah. "Cost and benefit battery swapping business model for indonesian electric two-wheeler." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Government of Indonesia (GoI) plan to achieve Net Zero Carbon by 2060. One of implementation through Electric Vehicle in the transportation sector where it will drive the reduction of emission and accelerate the demand of global battery. Indonesia has strong position in terms of integrated battery industry. In order to support Electric Vehicle ecosystem, one of value chain related to charging station infrastructures. Nowadays, the charging method for electric vehicles commonly used are battery swapping, conductive and inductive charging. In this paper, we will consider battery charging of electric vehicles, especially electric two-wheeler. In this case, the problem of excessive battery charge time is the main consideration of the users. The development of Battery Swapping Station (BSS) may be an alternative to solving these problems. In the meantime, Battery Swapping Station (BSS) needs a high-level view from stakeholders to understand the cost-benefit ratio of this alternative technology. The objectives of this research are to identify, analyze, and evaluate the current Battery Swapping Station (BSS) technology in market. In this research, it is necessary to have results to establish the policy for manufacture considers large capacity batteries and the standards such as types and specification of batteries as well as swapping stations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Huang, Fei-Hui. "Understanding Users’ Experiences of Riding a Two-Wheeler Vehicle and their Intentions of Purchasing Electric Two-Wheelers." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 31, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v31i5.3014.

Full text

Abstract:

More than 13.7 million people in Taiwan are scooter users, which signifies the highest density of scooter users in the world. The aim of the present study is to use the user experience (UX) evaluation methods to investigate the factors that influence the users’ satisfaction, recommendation intention, and willingness to accommodate Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws). An online survey design has been used to recruit two-wheeler owners who live in Taiwan. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, based on a sample of 315 Taiwanese, indicate that the variables of satisfaction, positive emotions, and riding experience predicted whether users intended to recommend a two-wheeler. The results also reveal that external motivation is the core factor that influences a rider’s willingness to purchase an E2W. It highlights the importance of providing opportunities for people to experience the advantages of E2Ws and services. Having good hedonic and pragmatic experiences accumulated during two-wheeler usage may further positively influence the users’ satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. It is recommended that the government and the related industries consider the above issues when formulating related policies or developing E2W or battery technologies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Govindarajan, NM, VA Kashyap, S. Siluvaimuthu, PB Sethupathi, and J. Chandradass. "Design and evaluation of a Self-charging Battery electric two wheeler." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 912 (September 12, 2020): 062002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/912/6/062002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Gambhir, Jitin, and Shashi Sawhney. "GREEN FINANCING: ANALYSIS IN INDIAN ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2022.10052231.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Karike, Swathi, Sudha Rani Donepudi, and Kuthuri Narasimha Raju. "AC-DC UPF charging circuit for two-wheeler electric vehicle application." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp11-24.

Full text

Abstract:

<span lang="EN-US">Extinction and the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels led the field of energy studied took a revolutionary turn towards non-conventional natural sources achieving zero-pollution power. Electric vehicles (EVs) are trending in this new era to reduce the global warming. Due to limitations in storage systems, electric vehicles are not much popular but to reduce the pollution from vehicles, EVs are in must condition and recommended for (public/personal) transportation. EV (battery) is charged through a DC source (converting the available AC supply to DC). The conversion process diminishes the input source power factor and is a worrying factor. This paper addresses the power factor issue while charging the battery of EVs. The paper focuses on maintaining the unity power factor on the source side while charging the battery of the EV from AC-DC conversion. The model is developed and the results are discussed (for three different battery levels) using MATLAB/Simulink software.</span>

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Amjad, Shaik, R. Rudramoorthy, S. Neelakrishnan, K. Sri Raja Varman, and T. V. Arjunan. "Evaluation of energy requirements for all-electric range of plug-in hybrid electric two-wheeler." Energy 36, no. 3 (March 2011): 1623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.069.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Abraham, Melvin. "Frame Designing and Architecture of Electric dirt bike." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38000.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: A bike frame is also a non-standard structural component of a motorcycle linking various components of the vehicle systems and providing the vehicle rigidity and strength while running on various road conditions. This study is geared toward designing the frame of a two-wheeler, two-seater motorcycle for an electrical mobility purpose, while considering strength, safety and optimum performance of the vehicle. The said study has been allotted with a two-step approach. the first step includes modelling of the frame as per structural and ergonomic considerations, the design constraints governed by the front and rear suspension, steering and transmission systems and assemblies further because the determination of loads functioning on the frame. The second step is that the strain analysis using finite element analysis software and magnificence modifications for weight reduction without affecting structural strength. The main aim was to cut back the burden, centralize the load and lower the burden of the frame. Thus, the metal tubes were divided into primary, secondary and tertiary members supported the tube diameters and thicknesses so on reduce the final weight of the frame without affecting its strength. The centre of gravity of the frame is below the rider way thus ensuring an occasional and centralized frame weight. The trusses not only provide strength and rigidity but also safety of the actuation and essential vehicle components against impacts. The chassis is additionally a skeleton upon which parts like battery and motor are mounted. The two-wheeler chassis consists of a frame, suspension, wheels and brakes. The chassis is what truly sets the sort of the twowheeler. Commonly used material for two- wheeler chassis is steel which is heavy in weight or more accurately in density. There are various alternate materials like aluminium alloys, titanium, carbon fibre, magnesium, etc. which are lesser in weight and provide high strength and thus are often used for chassis. Keywords: Frame, Chassis, Finite element analysis, Analysis, Frequency Analysis, Swing arm.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Dubey, Manish Kumar, and Phaneendra Babu Bobba. "Variable Switch Regenerative Braking Technique for PM BLDC Motor Driven Electric Two-wheeler." E3S Web of Conferences 87 (2019): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198701029.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper PM BLDC motor driven electric two-wheeler is proposed. The operation of PMBLDC motor in all four quadrants along with various regenerative braking control strategies are simulated MATLAB/ SIMULINK. Three braking methods are proposed for electric vehicle application. Factors like recovered energy, braking time, maximum braking current are compared. Depending on the simulation results switching between different braking methods is proposed for efficient and reliable braking operation. Moreover, by using variable switch braking technique one can extract more braking energy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Patel, Amit Narayanbhai. "Optimization of Power Density of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.497.

Full text

Abstract:

The main objective of this work is to optimize the power density of axial flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor based on genetic algorithm (GA) technique for performance improvement of electric 2-wheeler. Power density is one of the important performance parameter of motor as it significantly influences overall performance of electric 2-wheeler. Firstly, the rating of electric motor is determined according to the application requirements and vehicular dynamics. Axial flux PMBLDC motor of 250 W, 150 rpm is designed to fit in to the rim of electric 2-wheeler based on assumption of various design variables. The salient contribution of this work is to suggest the best combination of design variables with the application of GA optimization technique for power density optimization. Comparative performance analysis is carried out between initially designed motor and optimized motor. Finally, 3 dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to verify the results obtained from design optimization. Results obtained from FEA fairly validates the initial design and optimized design. It is analyzed that the power density of motor is enhanced by 42.85 % with the proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique is implementable and complexity free. It may further be applied to the performance improvement of a non-linear design comprising different design variables. HIGHLIGHTS Axial flux permanent magnet motors are the most compatible in electric vehicle applications Power density is one of the important performance parameters of axial flux permanent magnet motors Optimization of power density improves drive range and overall performance of electric vehicle Influential design variables are identified based on parametric analysis and its optimization is carried out with an GA based optimization technique with an objective of power density optimization Proposed optimization technique is validated with finite element analysis GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Poultney, Leon. "Bolt from the Blue." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2020, no. 2 (November 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(23)60098-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

汤, 苏敏. "Optimization of AEB Key Parameters in Car to Electric-Two-Wheeler Accidents." OALib 05, no. 07 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104754.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Fan, Zhang, Ji Yanjie, Lv Huitao, Zhang Yuqian, Phil Blythe, and Fan Jialiang. "Travel satisfaction of delivery electric two-wheeler riders: Evidence from Nanjing, China." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 162 (August 2022): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.06.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Madan, Arhan. "ELECTRIC TWO WHEELERS GROWING FAST IN INDIA: A SUMMARY OF INDIA’S ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER MARKET TRENDS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES." International Journal of Social Science & Economic Research 08, no. 09 (2023): 2767–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i09.019.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hassan, Muhammad Hadi, Syazwana Sapee, Daing Mohamad Nafiz, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi, and Azri Hizami Rasid. "Chassis dynamometer for electric two wheelers." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503016.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, electric two-wheelers are emerging as one of the alternatives to improve the sustainability of transportation energy and air quality, especially in urban areas. Although electric two-wheeler motorcycles are environmentally friendly, they underperform compared with gasoline two-wheelers in many respects, particularly in speed and cruise distance between refuelling and recharging. Therefore, the engine development program can be done with a dynamometer. Variables such as the shape of torque and power curves can be analyzed. Hence, this project is aimed to develop a chassis dynamometer that can be used to measure mechanical power, speed and torque, and provide a controllable load to the electric motorcycle being tested. The prototype of chassis dynamometer for electric motorcycle had been developed and performance of the chassis dynamometer was tested by using an electric bicycle to emulate the basic performance requirements of an electric motorcycle which consist of maximum speed, driving range and acceleration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Bansal, Gourav, Shubham Chadha, Sheifali Gupta, and Rupesh Gupta. "Eco Hybrid Scooter." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.185.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper introduces the novice concept of “Eco-hybrid Two wheeler” which is a combination of two systems i.e. petrol and electric system. This hybrid vehicle will make use of both technologies. Petrol system will be used for rear wheel drive and the electric system for front wheel drive. The batteries will be automatically charged when the vehicle runs on petrol system and that stored power will further be used for running the vehicle on electric system and so running of vehicle on electric system will be free of cost and pollution free also. The most attractive thing is that the batteries can also be recharged from electric supply.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Balamurugan, P., Prakhar Agarwal, Devashish Khajuria, Devbrat Mahapatra, S. Angalaeswari, L. Natrayan, and Wubishet Degife Mammo. "State-Flow Control Based Multistage Constant-Current Battery Charger for Electric Two-Wheeler." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2023 (April 25, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4554582.

Full text

Abstract:

Battery charging is a greater challenge in the emerging electric vehicle domain. A newer multistage constant-current (MSCC) charging technique encompassing state-flow control tool-based design is implemented for charging the battery of an electric two-wheeler. MSCC method allows for faster charging and reduced battery degradation per charge. The designed controller incorporates line current power factor correction, thereby limiting the total harmonic distortion (THD) in line current and reactive power. The control strategy for battery charging has been developed using the state flow chart approach for implementing MSCC. The model has been formulated and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control monitors the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery, age, and thermal behavior due to the charging strategy. The results show that the proposed charging technique with a state flow control approach gives effective and efficient output with reduced THD. Simulation results disclose that the desired parameters are controllable, stable, and effective within the operational limits.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Amin, Al, Mohammad Shafenoor Amin, and Chongdu Cho. "An Application to Predict Range of Electric Two-Wheeler Using Machine Learning Techniques." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 9, 2023): 5840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13105840.

Full text

Abstract:

Electric two-wheelers are becoming increasingly popular across the world, particularly in cities where their small size and flexibility make them a viable option for navigating congested streets. One of the most challenging aspects of e-mobility on two-wheelers is precisely calculating their range. This might be an issue for riders who must go long distances or who have limited access to charging stations. Various factors can influence an electric two-wheeler range, making it challenging to predict how far it can travel on a single charge. To tackle this problem, most of the manufacturers offer range predictions based on both test data and real-world usage scenarios. However, these estimates are customized for specific vehicle models and testing parameters that may not apply in all circumstances. Additionally, it can be challenging to obtain comprehensive technical specifications for two-wheelers available in the market, as most manufacturers do not provide detailed technical information. Hence, it is crucial to address the challenge of range prediction for two-wheelers in general, which can be advantageous for riders. In this paper, we discuss the precise prediction of the remaining range of electric two-wheelers even without knowing detailed e-mobility technical information. An application is also developed only for this research purpose, which can provide navigation services. Our approach concentrates on user behavior, weather, road conditions, and the vehicle’s performance history, which is gathered through the application. The collected data are used to train the selected ML model on the cloud. We applied various machine learning algorithms before deploying in the cloud where the SVM algorithm demonstrated outstanding performance, with a mean absolute error of 150 m for an average distance of 7.46 km. Furthermore, the model’s performance was evaluated after deployment and tested having 130 m error on average.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Lokhande, Sachin B., and Satyajit R. Patil. "Experimental characterization and evaluation of magnetorheological clutch for an electric two-wheeler application." Measurement 175 (April 2021): 109150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109150.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Gudmundsson, Bjarni, and Esben Larsen. "Integration of a Folding Electric Two-wheeler Vehicle for a Future Commuting Transportation." World Electric Vehicle Journal 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2012): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj5020276.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Kumbhojkar, Neeraj, Aditya Paranjape, Mihir Kulkarni, and Amey Kulkarni. "Modelling and analysis of electric two-wheeler with novel planetary gear box transmission." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 15, no. 1 (2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2023.10054138.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Paranjape, Aditya, Amey Kulkarni, Mihir Kulkarni, and Neeraj Kumbhojkar. "Modelling and analysis of electric two-wheeler with novel planetary gear box transmission." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 15, no. 1 (2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2023.129072.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Krishna, Keerthan, Sriharsha Hegde, Mahesha G T, and Satish Shenoy B. "Whole body vibration and rider comfort determination of an electric two-wheeler test rig." F1000Research 12 (September 25, 2023): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.131105.2.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Two-wheeled vehicles are the major mode of transportation in India. Such vehicles are exposed to excessive vibration on the road when compared to four-wheeled vehicles. However, the research on the reduction of whole body vibration in the case of two-wheelers is not explored in detail. The present study predicts rider comfort in the case of an electric two-wheeler as per ISO 2631-1. Methods: An electric two-wheeler test rig is used in the study. The values of acceleration from the test rig in running conditions are obtained by using NI LabVIEW 2016. The drive cycle of the electric vehicle (EV) test rig is controlled by Sync sols’ EV lab software. Obtaining the root mean square (RMS) acceleration from running the test setup, it is compared with the ISO 2631 standard to obtain the rider comfort. Results: Loading area, traction motor, base mount, and suspension were found to be the strategic points of vibration. RMS acceleration of 0.2 g to 3.29 g obtained at these points are prone to cause discomfort for the rider. Vehicle speed, road profile, and duration of exposure were found to be important parameters affecting the rider’s comfort. A maximum of 3.28 g amplitude was observed at the loading area at no load condition. The loading area, which corresponds to a rider’s seat in actual vehicle, is important and reduction of these vibrations make the ride comfortable for the rider. Suspension and base mount of the test rig are found to be uncomfortable observing the RMS acceleration. Conclusions: A suitable damping technique design is very much essential in reducing these vibrations and improve the rider comfort, as many more non-deterministic vibrations are prone to cause dis-comfort in case of actual on road riding conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Mulla, Lalsaheb, Piyush Khuba, Apeksha Dhere, and Sakthivel Palanivelu. "Extraction of vibration behavior in conventional and electric drive two-wheeler using order analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 624 (October 7, 2019): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/624/1/012009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Amjad, Shaik, R. Rudramoorthy, P. Sadagopan, and S. Neelakrishnan. "Implementation and evaluation of change-over speed in plug-in hybrid electric two wheeler." Energy 109 (August 2016): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.05.025.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

J K, Ajhay Babu. "Design, Development and Computational Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of an Electric Two-Wheeler Frame." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 2168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48424.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract: The primary objective of this paper is to describe the complete design procedure for developing a frame of an electric two-wheeler. This chassis work concentrates more on the frame component and its functionalities. A complete and step-by-step approach is facilitated in the design. The process involves identification of the master layout of the vehicle with the determination of centre of gravity and dimensional constraints. Material selection for the frame is done by adopting Ashby’s approach and principles of mechanics of solids are utilized in tube dimension calculations. The paper centralizes effectively on the Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) by adopting computational Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The FEA includes static structural analysis of the frame under various loading conditions, modal analysis, harmonic analysis and impact analysis. The computational aid combined with the analytical methods help the efficient and effective design, development and optimization of the frame structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Kalyankar-Narwade, Supriya, Ramesh Kumar Chidambaram, and Sanjay Patil. "Neural Network- and Fuzzy Control-Based Energy Optimization for the Switching in Parallel Hybrid Two-Wheeler." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010035.

Full text

Abstract:

Optimization of a two-wheeler hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a typical challenge compared to that for four-wheeler HEVs. Some of the challenges which are particular to two-wheeler HEVs are throttle integration, smooth switching between power sources, add-on weight compensation, efficiency improvisation in traffic, and energy optimization. Two power sources need to be synchronized skillfully for optimum energy utilization. A prominent variant of HEV is that it easily converts conventional scooters into parallel hybrids by “Through-the-Road (TTR)” architecture. This paper focuses on three switching control strategies of HEVs based on the state of charge, fuzzy logic, and neural network. Further, to optimize energy usage, all these control strategies are compared. Energy management control for the TTR model is developed with vehicle parameters in the Simulink environment and simulated using the “World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle” (WMTC) drive cycle. The multivariable input model is presented with a fuzzy rule-based hybrid switching control. A similar system is also modeled with a neural network-based decision control and the observations are tabulated for the fuel economy and energy management. Simulation results show that the neural network-based optimization results in minimal energy consumption among all three hybrid operations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Jaya Shankar, R., J. Lakshmipathi, N. Raghukiran, P. Manickavasagam, YS Govardhan, and G. Sakthivel. "Design and Optimization of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Alternator for Onboard Power Generation in Two-Wheeler Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2601, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2601/1/012041.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The Main motive of this work is to develop an Axial flux Permanent magnet alternator for on board power generation source for an electric bike. An average electric bike having a range of 40KM to 60KM per full charge will take an average of 3 hours to charge. In the present work, an onboard power generator is modeled for an electric bike which has its very own power generation system. An axial flux permanent magnet alternator is coupled to pedal and whenever the pedaling action is performed, the alternator produces power to recharge battery or also run the hub motor of the electric bike depending upon the required output voltage with the help of relay Switch. The mathematical modelling and design of the axial flux permanent magnet alternator is done using Matlab and Solidworks. Axial flux alternators are increasingly being used for large-and small-scale applications because of innovation, new material research, and manufacturing techniques that save time. Depending on the needed output power, the axial flux alternator can be built with or without an iron core and with “n” numbers of stator and rotor. The surface mounted permanent magnet technique and several one side and both side topologies with and without iron cores were designed in this work. Small-scale E-bikes employ the AFPM alternator to generate power onboard. Depending on the application, the power generated may be supplied back to a BLDC motor or used to recharge batteries. The respective results were discussed in this paper.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Karike, Swathi, Sudha Rani Donepudi, and Narasimha Raju. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AC-DC ACTIVE-PFC BASED CHARGING DEVICE FOR TWO-WHEELER EV APPLICATION." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 010222(1–11). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-02-e02020.

Full text

Abstract:

Fossil fuels emit greenhouse gases during their usage process. The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming. Alternative energy resources with zero pollution are a viable option in these modern days to protect the environment. Vehicular pollution contributes more to global warming and Electric vehicles (EVs) driven from a battery source can control this condition. Due to limitations in the storage system, electric vehicles are not much popular but to reduce the pollution from vehicles, EVs are a must and is recommended for (public/personal) transportation. EV (battery) is charged through a DC source (converting the available AC supply to DC). The conversion process diminishes the input source power factor and is a worrying factor. This paper addresses the power factor issue while charging the battery of EVs. The paper focuses on maintaining the unity power factor on the source side while charging the battery of the EV from AC-DC conversion. The model is developed and the results are discussed (for three different battery levels) using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Nayak, Panugothu Srinivasa Rao, and Dharavath Kishan. "Development and analysis of S/S resonant wireless system for electric two wheeler battery charging." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 10, no. 3 (2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2018.097379.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Kishan, Dharavath, and Panugothu Srinivasa Rao Nayak. "Development and analysis of S/S resonant wireless system for electric two wheeler battery charging." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 10, no. 3 (2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2018.10018498.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Han, Yong, Wei He, Liangliang Shi, He Wu, Di Pan, and Hongwu Huang. "Helmet protective performance via reconstruction of electric two-wheeler rider’s head-to-ground impact accidents." International Journal of Crashworthiness 25, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2019.1616886.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Rajper, Sarmad Zaman, and Johan Albrecht. "Prospects of Electric Vehicles in the Developing Countries: A Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051906.

Full text

Abstract:

Electric mobility offers a low cost of travel along with energy and harmful emissions savings. Nevertheless, a comprehensive literature review is missing for the prospects of electric vehicles in developing countries. Such an overview would be instrumental for policymakers to understand the barriers and opportunities related to different types of electric vehicles (EVs). Considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was performed of the electronic databases Google Scholar and Web of Science for the years 2010–2020. The electric four-wheelers, hybrid electric vehicles and electric two-wheeler constituted the electric vehicles searched in the databases. Initially, 35 studies identified in the Web of Science that matched the criteria were studied. Later, 105 other relevant reports and articles related to barriers and opportunities were found by using Google Scholar and studied. Results reveal that electric four-wheelers are not a feasible option in developing countries due to their high purchase price. On the contrary, electric two-wheelers may be beneficial as they come with a lower purchase price.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Asghar, M., Aamir I. Bhatti, and Tahir Izhar. "Benchmark fuel economy for a parallel hybrid electric three-wheeler vehicle (rickshaw)." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 12 (December 2018): 168781401880865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018808657.

Full text

Abstract:

The core contribution to this work is the development of benchmark fuel economy for a three-wheeler hybrid electric rickshaw and its comparison with heuristics controllers designed with optimal and non-optimal rules. Dynamic programming is used as a feasible technique for powertrain benchmark analysis. A parallel hybrid electric three-wheeler vehicle is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink through forward facing simulator. The dynamic programming technique is employed through the backward facing simulator, ensuring optimal power sharing between two energy sources (engine and motor) while keeping the battery state of charge in the charge-sustaining mode. The extracted rules from dynamic programming forming near-optimal control strategies are playing a vital role in deciding overall fuel consumption. Unlike the dynamic programming control actions, these extracted rules are implementable through the forward facing simulator. From the simulation results, it can be concluded that a substantial improvement of fuel economy is achieved through the application of dynamic programming. Rule-based (near-optimal) strategy using dynamic programming results shows about 9% more fuel consumption as compared with the dynamic programming (benchmark solution), which is then compared with non-optimal rule-based heuristics controller. It is shown that non-optimal rule-based controller has 18% more fuel consumption than dynamic programming results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Shaheen Ayyoobi Kalliyath, Mohammad Zuber, Satish Shenoy B, and Anand Pai. "Drag and Lift Characteristics of Different Handlebars and Front-Fairing Combinations Used in Two-Wheelers: A CFD Approach." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 93, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.93.1.136147.

Full text

Abstract:

Two-wheelers with a total industrial volume of 50 million units over the past decade are one of the most popular modes of transport. Two-wheelers irrespective of the fueled engine or electric variant, are steered by means of the Handle-bar. The handlebar type and quality affects the operational characteristics of the two-wheeler as well as the physical fatigue of the rider. Handle-bar designs affect the parameters like ergonomics, maneuverability, rider comfort, and aerodynamics. The target of this study was to analyze the aerodynamic response of different handlebar types with and without the front fairings. To simulate the flow and optimize the streamline, Ansys-CFX® tool was used. In the study, focus was given to the frontal area of the two-wheeler without the rider. The key metrics considered for the aerodynamic analysis included the pressure distribution, velocity distribution, drag and lift coefficients. From the aerodynamic studies, the drag handlebar was found to offer the minimum drag while the clip-on handlebar offered the lowest lift.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Arulious, Jora A., D. Earlina, D. Harish, P. Sakthi Priya, A. Inba Rexy, and J. S. Nancy Mary. "Design of solar powered electric vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012105.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract With the increased trends of industrialization and global economic growth leading to the everchanging petrol prices and other price hikes, private transport system has become a costly affair. All these problems can be addressed with innovation. One of the most feasible solutions is turning towards renewable energies to solve the issues i.e., increasing the use of renewable energies like solar power in the place of fossil fuels. Everyone’s dream of owning a commercially viable solar vehicle is slowly becoming a reality. Electric vehicles are now available at an affordable price. This opportunity is taken towards the design of a Solar powered two-wheeler. Designing a solar vehicle is a multidisciplinary subject that covers the broad and complex aspects from various subjects. In the designed vehicle, solar panel is used as the power source and developed voltage, stored in the battery, is used to the drive the permanent magnet DC motor which drives the rear wheel of the vehicle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Deshpande, Yateendra B., Hamid A. Toliyat, Sreeju S. Nair, S. Jabez Dhinagar, Santhi Immadisetty, and Shamsuddeen Nalakath. "High-Torque-Density Single Tooth-Wound Bar Conductor Permanent-Magnet Motor for Electric Two Wheeler Application." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 3 (May 2015): 2123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2014.2369822.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Thakre, Sachin, G. K. Awari, and Achal Shahare. "Investigation of thermal and structural response of disc brake of electric two wheeler for optimum performance." International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing 16, no. 3 (2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijvsmt.2022.10054262.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELER'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles