Journal articles: 'Electric tractor'

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Shipilevskiy, G. B., and G. V. Novikov. "Structure and dynamic of control of tractor electric drive." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-1 (January 10, 2013): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68385.

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The authors consider the characteristics of operation regimes and control of tractors with electric drives taking into account dynamic properties of controlled objects and requirements to its quality. Objects are the traction drive, including a turn of a tracked tractor, drives of PTO and hydraulic system pumps, and the “engine-generator” system.

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Didmanidze, O. N., S. N. Devyanin, and Ye P. Parlyuk. "Past, present, future of agricultural tractors." Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 21, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2020.21.1.74-85.

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The development of tractor design is closely related to its technological updating, improving environmental performance and increasing usability. Study of this problem in a historical context shows the unity in approaches of various agricultural tractor manufacturers to tractor design aimed at increased productivity and reduced operation costs in accordance with the requirements for agronomic and environmental performance. The main task of the first-generation tractors was to develop traction for agricultural work with maximum productivity and cost-effectiveness. Solution of these problems required further development of the tractor theory and the idea of the processes quality, and ensured the optimization of design and performance. As a result, the designs of tractors from different manufacturers developed in the same direction. Modern tractors are equipped with electronically controlled turbocharged diesel engines and have systems reducing toxicity of the exhaust gases. Power transmission of the tractors is implemented either with a robotic gearbox without interrupting the power flow, or in a continuously variable format, which ensures a more optimized operating mode. While for small-traction-class tractors stepless power transmission is provided with a mechanical variable speed gear, the rest of the tractors require electronicallycontrolled hydromechanical transmissions. As the capacity of power stations grows and an extensive power grid based on renewable energy resources is developed, the demand for electric tractors is to be increased. Tractors with hybrid power plants are likely to be produced at the transitional stage of development. They have the advantages of controlling processes in the machine and tools, the ability to provide agricultural implements with electric power for carrying out their work processes and ensuring their active drive to develop traction as well.

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Bizhaev, A. V. "Research of Tractor Power Unit with Electric Drive Parameters." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-4-33-42.

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The author showed that it was possible to reduce the exhaust gases toxicity and increase tractors effi ciency using an electric power unit to implement traction. The effi ciency of modern electric motors was at its peak of 96 percent, compared to 45 for a diesel engine. He emphasized that this parameter for modern sources of electrical energy was 85-90 percent, which opened up opportunities for the implementation of an electric tractor.(Research purpose) To present the general concept of an electric drive power unit for a tractor of a small traction class and to evaluate its parameters as a fi rst approximation.(Materials and methods) For the tractor’s electric drive lithium-ion batteries were chosen as a source of electrical energy, showing the best characteristics of energy intensity – 432-864 kilojoule per kilogram with a unit cost of 4200-17400 rubles per kilogram. During the analyses of the power unit drive types, a D-120 diesel engine with a power of 20 kilowatt, a DC electric motor and an asynchronous motor with similar parameters were studied. The VTZ-2032 tractor with a nominal tractive eff ort of 600 Newtons when working on stubble was taken as the basis for the calculation.(Results and discussion) The author determined the best indicators of the electric drive by the power characteristics fullness in the gears with a decrease in unit costs per kWh from 24 to 15-16 rubles.(Conclusions) The most effi cient engine was determined – a brushless DC electric motor. The author calculated that the specifi c cost of its energy was 1.5-1.8 times less than that of a diesel engine, and amounted to 15-27 rubles per kilowatt-hour with a maximum effi ciency of 95 percent. It was found that lithium-ion batteries would be the optimal solution for powering the electric drive. They were distinguished by a high specifi c energy consumption – 432-864 kilojoule per kilogram – and a low price per energy unit, amounting to 5-45 rubles per kilojoule.

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Baek, Seung-Yun, Seung-Min Baek, Hyeon-Ho Jeon, Wan-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim, Tae-Yong Sim, Kyu-Hong Choi, Soon-Jung Hong, Hyunggun Kim, and Yong-Joo Kim. "Traction Performance Evaluation of the Electric All-Wheel-Drive Tractor." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030785.

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This study aims to design, develop, and evaluate the traction performance of an electric all-wheel-drive (AWD) tractor based on the power transmission and electric systems. The power transmission system includes the electric motor, helical gear reducer, planetary gear reducer, and tires. The electric system consists of a battery pack and charging system. An engine-generator and charger are installed to supply electric energy in emergency situations. The load measurement system consists of analog (current) and digital (battery voltage and rotational speed of the electric motor) components using a controller area network (CAN) bus. A traction test of the electric AWD tractor was performed towing a test vehicle. The output torques of the tractor motors during the traction test were calculated using the current and torque curves provided by the motor manufacturer. The agricultural work performance is verified by comparing the torque and rpm (T–N) curve of the motor with the reduction ratio applied. The traction is calculated using torque and specifications of the wheel, and traction performance is evaluated using tractive efficiency (TE) and dynamic ratio (DR). The results suggest a direction for the improvement of the electric drive system in agricultural research by comparison with the conventional tractor through the analysis of the agricultural performance and traction performance of the electric AWD tractor.

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Bekeev, A. Kh, A. Ya Aliev, and S. A. Aliev. "The power unit of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 with an integrated starter generator." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66357.

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The technical development of tractor designs is characterized by an increase in the power of consumers, the use of electric drive units. The load on the electric system of a modern tractor is constantly growing and exposes the existing 12-volt systems to excessive loading. To date, with the relatively low efficiency of traditional generators it is impossible to meet the growing needs of tractors and its systems. The solution of the problem of increasing the power simultaneously with increasing the efficiency (up to 85...90 %) could become an integrated starter-generator. Possessing sufficient power in the propulsion mode (up to 8 kW), the starter generator makes it possible to improve the starting and energy characteristics of the internal combustion engines of the tractor. The proposed design of electrical machines is located between the engine cylinder assembly and the tractor clutch. The adopted configuration allows to transfer considerable power in both directions, improves the starting qualities of diesel engines of tractors, and also realize the functions of damping the torsional oscillations of the crankshaft, which significantly reduces the noise and vibration of the engine. Based on the results of the study, the choice of a starter-generator device based on a valve motor is justified in connection with diesel engines of universal tractors of traction class 1,4 and a scheme for its placement in the clutch housing without changing its basic design has been developed. The advantage of the proposed design is the use of electric machines to start the engine, which in this case is switched to the electric motor mode and switches to the generator mode during operation, providing power to the on-board network. In addition, combining the starter and generator in a single unit simplifies the design, reduces the cost of manufacturing and assembly, which is an advantage in terms of production costs, replacing the starter and generator and on some tractors the starting piston engine.

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Shishkov, A. N., D. A. Sychev, A. E. Bychkov, and N. Yu Sidorenko. "The DET-400 tractor traction electric drive." Russian Electrical Engineering 85, no. 10 (October 2014): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371214100113.

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Deryabin, E. I., and L. A. Zhuravleva. "Electric traction drive of an agricultural tractor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 548 (September 2, 2020): 032037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/548/3/032037.

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8

Amelchenko, P. A., I. N. Zhukovskiy, A. G. Stasilevich, A. V. Klyuchnikov, and A. I. Zhukovskiy. "Electric traction and electric power take-off of agricultural tractor." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 9 (September 15, 2014): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65474.

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9

Solovyev, R., A. Kolomeichenko, S. Cheranev, M. Gerasimov, and I. Gribov. "Modular design of diesel-electric tracked tractor with high degree of automation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012051.

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Abstract The prospective diesel-electric tracked tractor shall have a modular design, integrating the power frame, auxiliary systems, and control system. The tractor will have the following basic modules: a track module comprising an electric motor, gearbox, brake system, electric motor power casing; a diesel generator module consisting of an internal combustion engine of the power corresponding to the tractor’s traction class and a power generator. The article substantiates the need for a diesel-electric tracked tractor with a high degree of automation and unmanned control capability, which will be in demand in modern Digital Agriculture. The stages of technological change in global agriculture are presented. The paper outlines the advantages of tracklaying system and electromechanical transmission; functional diagram and target indicators of some technical characteristics of a diesel-electric tracked tractor with the electromechanical transmission; capabilities and functions of information and control digital, intelligent systems that are to be implemented in a diesel-electric tracked tractor for digital agriculture production.

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10

Liu, Mengnan, Liyou Xu, and Zhili Zhou. "Design of a Load Torque Based Control Strategy for Improving Electric Tractor Motor Energy Conversion Efficiency." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2548967.

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In order to improve the electrical conversion efficiency of an electric tractor motor, a load torque based control strategy (LTCS) is designed in this paper by using a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). By mathematically modeling electric-mechanical performance and theoretical energy waste of the electric motor, as well as the transmission characteristics of the drivetrain, the objective function, control relationship, and analytical platform are established. Torque and rotation speed of the motor’s output shaft are defined as manipulated variables. LTCS searches the working points corresponding to the best energy conversion efficiency via PSO to control the running status of the electric motor and uses logic and fuzzy rules to fit the search initialization for load torque fluctuation. After using different plowing forces to imitate all the common tillage forces, the simulation of traction experiment is conducted, which proves that LTCS can make the tractor use electrical power efficiently and maintain agricultural applicability on farmland conditions. It provides a novel method of fabricating a more efficient electric motor used in the traction of an off-road vehicle.

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Dhond, R., U. Srivastav, B. T. Patil, and H. Vaishnav. "Comparative Study of Electric Tractor and Diesel Tractor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1168, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1168/1/012003.

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Matache, M. G., M. Cristea, I. Găgeanu, A. Zapciu, E. Tudor, E. Carpus, and L. D. Popa. "SMALL POWER ELECTRIC TRACTOR PERFORMANCE DURING PLOUGHING WORKS." INMATEH Agricultural Engineering 60, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-60-14.

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Taking into consideration the current trend to mitigate the agriculture’s negative impact on the environment, this implies using new technologies and equipment for performing agricultural works. Currently, the most used equipment in agriculture is the agricultural tractor with heat engine. One alternative is represented by electric motors, usually powered by batteries. The main advantage for the environment is that zero emissions are released into the atmosphere during agricultural works. Another advantage consists of the nominal torque which could be sustained from almost zero revolutions of the electric motors resulting in lower loads on the batteries with a proper mechanical transmission. Ploughing represents the agricultural work which exploits most of the performances of an agricultural tractor, in terms of fuel consumption and engine wear. Within this paper are presented the tests performed on an electric tractor during ploughing works, at different depths and with different working speeds, in order to assess its autonomy and efficiency with a single battery charge. The electrical parameters of the tractor were recorded during tests, as well as the tractor draft force. The results were used to establish the optimal working regime of the electric tractor during ploughing works.

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13

Halil, V., S. Zakurdai, V. Scurikhin, O. Donets, and D. Zubenko. "OVERVIEW OF DISTANCE ENERGY TRANSMISSION MEANS FOR POWERING AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN SAFETY." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 164 (October 1, 2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-4-164-10-13.

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This article discusses the issues of autonomous operation of electrical agricultural equipment based on the transmission of electricity over a distance. The main point of this article is that tractors that work in the field are driven by electric motors, with the need to use expensive batteries. The issues of the impact and safety of this technology on the environment and humans are considered. The main problem of the creation, maintenance and operation of transport equipment, including agricultural equipment, is the high cost of maintenance and fuel, which are constantly increasing. In addition, the environmental problem, which has become so acute in recent years, global warming, the fuel crisis and the need to transfer all transport equipment to electric traction, make us look for new ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution and save resources, especially non-renewable energy sources. The use of electrical energy for traction of agricultural machinery that work in the fields or in other industries has been used for a long time, and in the early stages of the development of transport, it was electric transport that occupied the main part, before the invention of the internal combustion engine. Including at the Kharkov Tractor Plant there were developments (and still are), a prototype of the use of electric motors as the main unit for movement. Based on the above, it is obvious that electric traction for transport is obviously environmentally friendly and safe, although there are a number of limitations in this matter as well, but the unresolved problems of the limited use of the storage battery force us to look for new sources of energy. This article proposes to consider the possibility of using electric traction for agricultural machinery with the supply of operating tractors in the fields with the help of a directed electromagnetic wave with its transformation into electrical energy, which will be supplied to the electric motor.

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Amelchenko, P. A., I. N. Zhukovskiy, N. N. Gurskiy, A. V. Klyuchnikov, and A. V. Vaschula. "Features of acceleration of agricultural machine-tractor unit with electric traction." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 82, no. 8 (August 15, 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66047.

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DASZKIEWICZ, Paweł, Maciej ANDRZEJEWSKI, Marian MEDWID, Patryk URBAŃSKI, Maksymilian CIERNIEWSKI, Aleksandra WOCH, and Natalia STEFAŃSKA. "Analysis of the selection of chosen technical parameters of the powertrain system for a diesel-electric rail-road tractor." Combustion Engines 186, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-140723.

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The article presents the results of a simplified analysis of the feasibility of designing a rail chassis of a two-way tractor with an internal combustion or electric drive. Basic traction and operating parameters have been assumed for which the road-rail tractor could operate in an effective manner. On their basis, strength calculations were carried out and mechanical elements of the drive system meeting the required assumptions were selected. All the calculations presented in the text were fulfilled. The technical feasibility of building the mechanical part of the rail running gear of a rail-road tractor driven by an internal combustion engine or electric motors has been demonstrated.

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Lagnelöv, Oscar, Gunnar Larsson, Anders Larsolle, and Per-Anders Hansson. "Life Cycle Assessment of Autonomous Electric Field Tractors in Swedish Agriculture." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011285.

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There is an increased interest for battery electric vehicles in multiple sectors, including agriculture. The potential for lowered environmental impact is one of the key factors, but there exists a knowledge gap between the environmental impact of on-road vehicles and agricultural work machinery. In this study, a life cycle assessment was performed on two smaller, self-driving battery electric tractors, and the results were compared to those of a conventional tractor for eleven midpoint characterisation factors, three damage categories and one weighted single score. The results showed that compared to the conventional tractor, the battery electric tractor had a higher impact in all categories during the production phase, with battery production being a majority contributor. However, over the entire life cycle, it had a lower impact in the weighted single score (−72%) and all three damage categories; human health (−74%), ecosystem impact (−47%) and resource scarcity (−67%). The global warming potential over the life cycle of the battery electric tractor was 102 kg CO2eq.ha−1 y−1 compared to 293 kg CO2eq.ha−1 y−1 for the conventional system. For the global warming potential category, the use phase was the most influential and the fuel used was the single most important factor.

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Liu, Jing, Changgao Xia, Donglin Jiang, Gaogao Shang, Jiangyi Han, and Yan Sun. "Determination and Application of Maximum Efficiency Curve of Crawler Electric Tractor Motors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (December 23, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1310926.

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With the excessive use of fossil fuels such as oil, the energy crisis and environmental pollution have become important problems related to people’s livelihoods. In agriculture, as a new type of green agricultural machinery, the electric tractor has the advantages of high energy utilization and no exhaust emission. The motor is the core component of an electric tractor’s drive system. Its characteristics and control directly affect a tractor’s operating efficiency, operating quality, and energy consumption. A motor drive control scheme based on a characteristic curve at the maximum efficiency of an electric motor was adopted to address the problems of low motor power utilization and short continuous operation time on a full charge in electric tractors. By leveraging methods to obtain characteristic curves at the lowest fuel consumption for gasoline engines, we determined the characteristic curve at the maximum efficiency for a motor in a crawler-type electric tractor. Plowing is the most basic form of tractor operation, and it represents the agricultural work that accounts for most of a tractor’s use. A field test was conducted on the drive control in plowing operation based on the curve, and the energy consumed to plow each m2, continuous plowing operation time on a full charge, and operating efficiency were tested. The test results showed plowing power consumption per m2 of about 8.40 × 10−3 kWh and work efficiency of 707.07 m2/h. Compared with the traditional tractor, the cost of plowing 1 m2 by the crawler-type electric tractor was reduced by 20.3%–32.5%. Because the control improves operating efficiency, battery energy consumption is reduced and continuous operation time is extended; hence, the control achieves its purpose.

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Liu, Jing, Changgao Xia, Donglin Jiang, and Yan Sun. "Development and Testing of the Power Transmission System of a Crawler Electric Tractor for Greenhouses." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, no. 5 (2020): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13360.

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HighlightsBuilt a functional electric drive system of a crawler tractor for greenhouses.Properly integrated the electric components into a traditional tractor.Performed field rotary tillage, field transport, and plowing energy consumption tests to verify the correctness of the matching of the core components of the power transmission system and some performance of the prototype crawler electric tractor.Abstract. Greenhouses are among the most rapidly developing sectors of the Chinese agricultural industry, and they require considerable mechanization. Currently, the machinery used in greenhouses mainly include micro cultivators powered by internal combustion engines. The micro cultivators have various problems such as small output power, low operating efficiency, and poor quality. Also, they harm the growth environment of crops and the working environment of farmers due to gas emissions and noise. In this study, a crawler electric tractor suitable for greenhouses is proposed. It can function in small working areas and narrow working spaces. The electric tractor is suitable for towing, transportation, lifting, and power output. A power transmission system scheme was designed for the electric tractor and a parameter matching method for the core components of the power transmission system is proposed. The prototype of the electric tractor was manufactured and underwent field rotary tillage, field transport, and plowing energy consumption tests. The results of rotary tillage and transportation testing showed that the operating parameters such as the depth and width of rotary tillage and transportation speed met the design requirements, which validated the matching of core components of the power transmission system and the operating performance of the prototype crawler electric tractor. The mean rotary tillage depths of the prototype on the left side and the right side are 11.0 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The mean width is 113 cm. The mean speed of rotary tillage is 4.99 km h-1. The measured speed of the prototype in the field is within the speed demand range at gears I, II, and III. According to the results of plowing energy consumption test, the mean electrical energy consumption of plowing one mu of land was 5.60 kW h mu-1, which showed that the prototype crawler electric tractor had good economic performance. To sum up, the prototype of the electric tractor for greenhouses manufactured is economic and practical. Keywords: Electric tractor, Facility agriculture, Field test, Power transmission.

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Sovin, K. G. "Identifying and analyzing John Deere tractor trouble codes based on CAN bus." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2006-06.

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The article discusses modern technologies for diagnosing the technical condition of agricultural automotive equipment on the example of a John Deere tractor. A description of the John Deere tractor and electronic systems is given. Modern tractors are equipped with microprocessor-based control systems with diagnostic capabilities. This makes it possible to timely inform the operator about possible malfunctions of the working systems of the tractor, for example, the engine or brake system. The system of digital communication and control of the electric devices of the vehicle — the CAN interface — allows you to collect data from all devices, exchange information between them, manage them.

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Li, Hao, Zheng He Song, and Bin Xie. "Plowing Performance Simulation and Analysis for Hybrid Electric Tractor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.505.

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According to plowing operation characteristics, a case study on a parallel HET (hybrid electric tractor) with the torque combinator is conducted to develop a plowing operation performance simulation system. The mathematical models of drive equilibrium, battery, power combinator and control system are established respectively. A simulation system for evaluating the tractive performance, fuel economy, battery characteristics and controller performance of HET is developed in the environment of MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results suggest that: in this HET, the output torque and traction vary in a large range with the variations in the operation modes and SOC level of the battery; in the common interval of SOC (0.4~0.7), compared with the traditional tractor, HET can achieve larger output torque with a fuel consumption reduction of 18% ~20% in discharge mode; with the capability of keeping the battery charge-discharge stage stable and guaranteeing the SOC variation in a small range, the controller meets with the requirements of plowing operation and benefits the stability of the tractor power and the extension of battery life cycle.

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Shutenko, Vladimir V., and Natalia V. Perevozchikova. "Mathematical Modeling and Evaluation of the Transport and Technological Module Drive Efficiency." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-87-92.

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The main reason for using heavy tractors is the high energy saturation of modern agricultural machinery. For the full engine power realization, the tractor must have high traction performance. Ballasting, the drive wheels doubling, transport and technological modules increase traction. (Research purpose) To determine the best way to increase traction. (Materials and methods) The authors calculated the propulsors pressure of the Terrion 3180 tractor loaded with ballast weights and aggregated by the MES-300 transport and technological module on the soil using mathematical modeling. It was noted that the pressure on the soil is 38 percent less when using the transport and technological module, with the same traction. (Results and discussion) The authors analyzed the design of the MES-300. It was revealed that to improve the transport and technological module operation, it was necessary to reduce weight. It was found that when using the transport and technological module to increase the tractor traction, fuel consumption increased by an average of 3 percent. The authors showed that it was possible to reduce consumption by improving the transmission, which was based on the drive axle from the T-150K tractor. They found out that the effective drive scheme was an individual drive of the drive wheels, which allowed to combine the positive sides of the differential and hard drive. They performed mathematical modeling of a transport and technological module with various types of transmission (mechanical, hydrostatic, electric). It was stated that hydrostatic transmission was the most efficient type of transmission in terms of fuel economy. (Conclusions) The authors determined that the modernization of the MES-300 through the use of a transmission with an individual drive on each wheel had positive results: a change in power and torque supplied to each wheel; reduction in kinematic mismatch and power circulation; increase fuel efficiency.

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Napiórkowski, Jerzy, and Jarosław Gonera. "Analysis of Failures and Reliability Model of Farm Tractors." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0020.

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AbstractFarm tractors due to the nature of their work are exposed to a substantial risk of failures. The issues of their reliability are unusually significant in the aspect of the time limit of realisation of agricultural works in agrotechnical seasons. Nowadays, tractors provided for agriculture have increasingly complex functional units. The aim of the paper was to analyse reliability of presently produced farm tractors. Three tractor makes were evaluated and the analysis of failures was carried out with regard to functional units. Based on the obtained results, the average time of correct functioning and refreshment times and availability of particular tractor makes were determined. It was stated that the obtained empirical data of the correct functioning time and refreshment time may be well described with exponential functions. Significant differences in the values that determine the average time of correct functioning and duration time of refreshment obtained by tractors of the investigated makes were found. From among particular functional units, electric and hydraulic systems were the most often damaged, regardless the tractor make.

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Hahn, Klaus. "High Voltage Electric Tractor-Implement Interface." SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2008): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2660.

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Amongo, R. M. C., E. P. Quilloy, M. A. F. Ranches, M. V. L. Larona, and M. S. Madlangbayan. "Development of an electric hand tractor (e-Tractor) for agricultural operations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 542 (August 7, 2020): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/542/1/012027.

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Chen, Yung-Chuan, Li-Wen Chen, and Ming-Yen Chang. "A Design of an Unmanned Electric Tractor Platform." Agriculture 12, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010112.

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The tractor is a vehicle often used in agriculture. It is mainly used to tow other unpowered agricultural machinery for farming, harvesting, and seeding. They consume a lot of fuel with emissions that often contain a large amount of toxic gases, which seriously jeopardize human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, the electrical tractor is bound to become a future trend. The objective of this study is to design and implement a lightweight, energy-saving, and less polluting electric tractor, which meets the requirements of existing smallholder farmers, equipped with unmanned technology and multi-functions to assist labor and to provide the potential for unmanned operation. We reduced the weight of the tractor body structure to 101 kg, and the bending rigidity and torsional rigidity reached 11,579 N/mm and 4923 Nm/deg, respectively. Two 7.5 kW induction motors driven by lithium batteries were applied, which allows at least 3.5 h of working time.

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Osman, Mr Mohammad Hakim. "Application of Electric Generators Driven by Tractor in Agriculture." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-5 (August 31, 2017): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2323.

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Plizga, Krzysztof. "Analysis of Energy Consumption by Electric Agricultural Tractor Model Under Operating Conditions." Agricultural Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2021-0001.

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Abstract The aim of the paper is analysis of consumption of electric energy which is necessary to drive a farm tractor with an electric motor as a drive unit under the conditions of a drive with varied loading of the power transmission system. The object of the research was a tractor model where a combustion engine was replaced with a dc electric motor. During the tests, a decrease of voltage and current strength collected from supplying batteries as a function of tractor drive time and in relation to the mass of a tractor with a trailer, temperature of the surrounding and resistance to motion were reported, which enabled determination of the collected power and energy. For the used set of batteries, also the maximum range of the tractor drive on the paved road was determined.

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Troncon, Diego, and Luigi Alberti. "Case of Study of the Electrification of a Tractor: Electric Motor Performance Requirements and Design." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092197.

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The focus of this paper is the potential electrification of specialized agricultural tractors involved in vineyards and orchards. This category of machinery has not received research attention to date; however, regulations are encouraging lower emissions and higher efficiency, requiring the adoption of new technologies. Traction makes up only a limited part of this application, and the working cycle is not trivial; therefore, the design of the system is not straightforward. This study takes advantage of experimental measurements carried out under real operating conditions on a traditional specialized tractor, which was chosen as performance target. The performance requirements of the hybrid powertrain components are investigated, with particular focus placed on the electric motor. According to the dimension constraints, the design of the electric motor is carried out considering the requirements in terms of its thermal-equivalent torque and overload capability. The results are validated through a detailed thermal simulation under real duty cycles.

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Kholodilin, I. Yu, A. V. Korzhov, M. A. Grigoriev, Yu I. Khokhlov, and N. V. Savosteenko. "Highly efficient electric drive with vision system for traction applications in heavy tracked vehicles." Omsk Scientific Bulletin, no. 180 (2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/1813-8225-2021-180-41-47.

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A new type of electric motor as a traction drive DET400 based on a field regulated reluctance machine (FRRM) provides high energy efficiency and high specific torque. A comparison is made between FRRM and various types of traction electric drives. The issues of designing the FRRM are considered, the geometric parameters of the electric machine are optimized to achieve the maximum specific indicators. To expand the functionality and ensure operational safety, it is proposed to introduce computer vision into the electronic control system. As a result, the FRRM is designed for traction applications based on the real requirements of a Russian-made crawler tractor.

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N. Latif and L. L. Christianson. "Electric Tractor: Controls and Displays in the Electric Choremaster I." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 9, no. 1 (1993): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25958.

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Mocera, Francesco, and Valerio Martini. "Numerical Performance Investigation of a Hybrid eCVT Specialized Agricultural Tractor." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052438.

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The need for highly efficient agricultural machineries is increasing the interest of the research community and of industrial manufacturers towards the use of integrated electric systems in combination with traditional powertrain elements. In this work, a hybrid electric tractor with electric continuously variable transmission (eCVT) capabilities was studied to investigate their performance in comparison with that of traditional diesel-powered tractor designs. This hybrid electric configuration can be classified as a power-split architecture that aims to combine the best characteristics of both the simpler parallel and the series hybrid layout while minimizing their main drawbacks. An eCVT configuration can allow for optimizing the diesel operating point with respect to the current working conditions, and achieving peak power performance and energy saving with relatively small electric machines. The proposed hybrid eCVT (HeCVT) tractor architecture was studied using a numerical model that allowed for developing two different control strategies: a charge depleting mode enabling the driver to use full power for the most power-intensive scenarios and a charge sustaining mode developed to optimize efficiency and battery use along an entire work day. To test the proposed architecture, several tasks derived from experimental field measurements on a specialized agricultural tractor were used. HeCVT results were compared with a numerical model of the traditional tractor validated by these experimental data. The HeCVT tractor showed good performance in terms of peak power capabilities using a downsized diesel engine, and consistent fuel savings were obtained according to typical daily working scenarios.

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Medwid, Marian, Paweł Daszkiewicz, Jarosław Czerwiński, Wojciech Jakuszko, and Emil Kazimierczak. "Rail-road tractor with diesel-electric drive." Rail Vehicles, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53502/rail-138536.

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W opracowaniu zaprezentowano wyniki wstępnych prac badawczych prowadzonych w Sieci Badawczej Łukasiewicz - Instytut Pojazdów Szynowych „TABOR” we współpracy z CLAAS Polska nad opracowaniem koncepcji ciągnika szynowo-drogowego do prowadzenia prac manewrowych z taborem kolejowym w terenie otwartym i pomieszczeniach zamkniętych (halach remontowo-naprawczych). W efekcie prowadzonych analiz teoretycznych i projektowych opracowano koncepcję dwunapędowego (spalinowo-elektrycznego) ciągnika szynowo-drogowego. Zaprezentowano ogólną koncepcję części mechanicznej ciągnika zaprojektowanego na bazie seryjnie produkowanego ciągnika CLAAS ARION 610. Przedstawiono wariantowe rozwiązania napędu elektrycznego osi szynowych oraz układów hamulcowych pojazdu.

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Maleev, R. A., and Y. M. Shmatkov. "Selection of electric starting system with capacitive energy storage and battery." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68215.

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The paper presents various ways and tasks for selection of electric starting systems with capacitive energy storage and battery for specific engines developed at the “Automotive and Tractor Electrical Equipment” Department of Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering and their analysis.

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Gusarov, V. A., and Z. A. Godzhaev. "Comparative characteristics of diesel engines and gas turbine power plants for mobile vehicles." Izvestia MGTU MAMI 1, no. 3 (2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2020-45-3-7-13.

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The paper considers the use of diesel-electric power plants on mobile vehicles, analyzes their use and application. Comparative power and mass characteristics of diesel and gas turbine power units are given; the positive and negative aspects of their use are shown. The efficiency of the introduc-tion of gas turbine engines on tractors of various traction classes for agricultural purposes has been determined and a new kinematic diagram of the power plant of a mobile vehicle has been devel-oped. An analysis was carried out and it was established that gas turbine agricultural equipment was never produced in Russia. There were carried out the individual experimental studies of not of a systemic nature, which were terminated for reasons independent of the result. The aim of the work is to develop an innovative kinematic diagram with an electric drive and a power unit based on a gas turbine engine for a mobile agricultural vehicle, using the latest advances in science and technology in terms of the development of gas turbine technologies. It has been established that the mass-energy characteristics of gas turbine plants are much better than diesel ones: the level of vibration is significantly lower, the torque of the power plant at low speeds is higher, the operation of the tractor is simpler. All these open up wide prospects for their use on mobile agricultural vehicles. Experimental studies on the processing of 1 hectare of area in terms of economic efficiency have shown the indisputable advantage of an almost laboratory model of a tractor with a gas turbine en-gine, relative to the same tractor with a diesel engine, which has been produced for many years, ex-pressed, despite a slightly higher fuel consumption, in the use of cheaper kerosene.

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Mocera, F., S. Martelli, and M. Costamagna. "Dynamic behaviour of a battery pack for agricultural applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1214, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1214/1/012032.

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Abstract Fight and contrast against climate change and global warming can be considered the most important challenge for the next decades. One of the most involved sectors is the one related to the carriage of passengers and goods, and, recently, also the work vehicles too. The agricultural machines and tractors are no exception to this. Indeed, agricultural industry is the second contributor in terms of pollutant emissions. So, research about agricultural machinery is focusing itself about the development of more sustainable propulsion systems such as hybrid or full-electric solutions. One of the most important components of a hybrid or full electric vehicle is the battery pack. The lack of adequate vibration isolation is the main cause of battery pack failure during operation. In the field of the agricultural vehicles, since the maximum speed is quite low and the weight of the various subsystems are high, combined with heavy working cycles, the dynamic analysis of the battery pack focuses on its low frequency behaviour. In this context, this paper focuses the attention on the dynamic behaviour of a battery pack, thought for a plug-in hybrid electric orchard tractor, through simulations obtained taking advantage of FEM and multibody software. In particular, it will be illustrated the dynamic behaviour of the battery pack while the tractor is moving on a bumpy road and when the tractor chassis is subjected to an impulsive load.

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Puzakov, Andrey. "Developing the model of normal operation of starter motor traction relays." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 05039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912405039.

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Malfunction of motor starter traction relays cause the impossibility of the reliable start of internal combustion engines which, if the worst comes to the worst, can create the risk of traffic accident occurrence. Electric resistances of traction relay coils are structural and diagnostic parameters at the same time. Emergence and development of failures causes the change of magnetomotive force generated by the traction relay coils. Critical values of electric resistances correspond to failures of traction relay coils, i.e., inability to perform the built-in functions. The developed mathematical model of traction relay normal operation includes the amount of effort generated and voltage loss on contacts as controlled values for the drive mechanism and the starter electric motor, respectively. The results obtained contribute to the development of the method of motor-and-tractor starter diagnostics without removing it from the engine.

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Tomaszewski, Sylwin, Marian Medwid, Maciej Andrzejewski, Maksymilian Cierniewski, and Wojciech Jakuszko. "New rail-road tractor with a combustion engine and an alternative electric drive." Combustion Engines 182, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-308.

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The paper presents the general concept of an innovative rail-road tractor solution. The innovation of the solution is characterized by equipping the combustion engine tractor with an additional electric drive for the wheels of the rail drive system. The options of using the tractor in operation along with rolling stock were presented. The results of preliminary conceptual work on the selection of electric propulsion and energy storage devices to power electric motors has been illustrated. Directions for further conceptual and design research were also determined. The aim of the paper is to popularize the results of the performed research work carried out at the Institute in the field of rail-road vehicle development.

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Zahidi, Yassine, Mohamed El Moufid, Siham Benhadou, and Hicham Medromi. "An Assessment of Low-Cost Tractor Motorization with Main Farming Implements." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040074.

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The objective of the present work is to evaluate the performance of a low-cost tractor equipped with a parallel hybrid engine, which was simulated using AMESim software. The tractor was evaluated with three different farming implements attached to the tractor, and each implement requires a different type of power. The first simulation was executed without any implements attached. The tractor was able to run for 170 s with the electric motor only, which resulted in fuel savings during this period. The first implement, a moldboard plow, was attached for the second round of evaluation, and the electric motor ran by itself for 150 s, which also led to fuel savings during operation. During the third simulation, the tractor was attached to a Bette Harvest, which has a very high-power demand. The obtained results show that both engines were engaged to provide the required energy. During the final round of evaluation, simulations were run for a straw tub grinder. In this simulation, the electric motor ran alone until the battery was fully discharged. Thereafter, the combustion engine was activated in order to facilitate operations and to charge the battery. The results show that the parallel hybrid architecture employed for the low-cost tractor significantly decreased the CO2 emissions and minimized the consumption of fuel.

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Rossi, Claudio, Davide Pontara, Carlo Falcomer, Marco Bertoldi, and Riccardo Mandrioli. "A Hybrid–Electric Driveline for Agricultural Tractors Based on an e-CVT Power-Split Transmission." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 6912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216912.

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This paper proposes a full-hybrid driveline based on an electric continuously variable transmission (e-CVT), which is inspired by the car industry’s most successful solution. The paper describes the operating principle, the system architecture, and the control scheme of the proposed driveline. An analysis of four possible operating modes shows that the e-CVT driveline leads to a performance similar to that of conventional tractors, as well as unusual features such as power boost, full-electric mode, optimized auxiliary drive and electric power delivery capability. The compact layout proposed for the e-CVT also makes it possible to simplify the overall layout of the tractor, particularly during the installation of both the thermal engine and the cooling system.

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Chen, Yanni, Bin Xie, and Enrong Mao. "Electric Tractor Motor Drive Control Based on FPGA." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 16 (2016): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.10.050.

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Ueka, Yuko, Jun Yamashita, Kazunobu Sato, and Yoshinori Doi. "Study on the Development of the Electric Tractor." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 6, no. 4 (2013): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1881-8366(13)80003-1.

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Goolak, Sergey, Viktor Tkachenko, Svitlana Sapronova, Vaidas Lukoševičius, Robertas Keršys, Rolandas Makaras, Artūras Keršys, and Borys Liubarskyi. "Synthesis of the Current Controller of the Vector Control System for Asynchronous Traction Drive of Electric Locomotives." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072374.

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This paper deals with the analysis of the operating conditions of traction drives of the electric locomotives with asynchronous traction motors. The process of change of the catenary system voltage was found to have a stochastic character. The method of current controller synthesis based on the Wiener–Hopf equation was proposed to enable efficient performance of the traction drive control system under the condition of the stochastic nature of the catenary system voltage and the presence of interferences, when measuring the stator current values of the tractor motor. Performance simulation of the proposed current controller and the current controller used in the existing vector control systems of the traction drives used in the electric locomotives was implemented. The results of the performance simulation of the proposed current controller were compared with the performance of the current controller in existing vector control systems of the traction drives. The results are applicable to the design of vector control systems of traction drives in electric locomotives and to the study of the influence of performance of electric traction drives in electric locomotives on the quality indicators of the power supplied by the traction power supply system under the actual operating conditions of the locomotive.

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Maleev, R. A., and Y. M. Shmatkov. "Method of calculation of the electric starting system with battery and capacitive energy storage." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68217.

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The paper presents the method for calculating of electric starting systems with combined current source developed at “Automotive and Tractor Electrical Equipment” Department. There are shown the initial data and the basic formulas and expressions for calculation of such systems and to identification of the main energy parameters.

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Du, Qiao Lian, and Xu Hui Chen. "Design on Control System for Electro-Hydraulic Hitch Equipment of Tractor." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 1513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.1513.

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The tractor hydraulic hitch system is an important subsystem of modern agricultural tractor work unit. Its main function is to hook and control agricultural machines working position. The hydraulic hitch system is an important part of modern agricultural tractor work unit. The research on the hydraulic hitch system control method, is the basis of ensuring that the tractor work unit reach the optimal performance .This paper analyzes the tractor hitch control function, introduces the principle of electro-hydraulic control of tractor ploughing depth, and the tractor mechanical hydraulic hitch equipment as the basis, using electric hydraulic control to replace the original mechanical hydraulic control, improved design of automatic control system. The novel electro-hydraulic hitch system having multiple parameter stability comprehensive regulation performance, can replace the traditional mechanical type regulating device, to achieve depth homogeneous, stable work.

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Mocera, Francesco, Valerio Martini, and Aurelio Somà. "Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Electric Architectures for Specialized Agricultural Tractors." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051944.

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In this work, a comparative numerical analysis between the performance of a conventional specialized orchard tractor and those of three different hybrid electric tractor configurations is presented. The aim was to compare several powertrain configurations in the same working scenarios derived from field measurements. Peak power capabilities and endurance were numerically tested with specific load scenarios involving both transportation mission profiles and field activities with external implements powered through the power take off of the tractor. The proposed hybrid architectures were configured with the same battery-based energy storage system to perform the comparison with the same energy storage capabilities. Two parallel, two series and one electro-hydraulic hybrid configuration were modeled and tested through simulations. The parallel ones excelled in peak power performance, whereas the series configurations had the highest fuel savings. The electro-hydraulic configuration was proposed as an alternative able to allow for a downsized engine but also for the introduction of the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) functionality, which is always an interesting feature for such working machines.

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Bin, Xie, Li Hao, Song Zheng-He, and Mao En-Rong. "Powertrain System Design of Medium-sized Hybrid Electric Tractor." Information Technology Journal 12, no. 23 (November 15, 2013): 7228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.7228.7233.

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Ding, Zhenglong, and Biao Li. "Design and Analysis of the Suspension for Electric Tractor." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 493 (March 22, 2019): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/493/1/012077.

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Bodria, L., and M. Fiala. "Design and Testing of an Electric-Powered Walking Tractor." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 60, no. 1 (January 1995): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1995.1097.

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Mocera, Francesco, and Aurelio Somà. "Analysis of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Tractor for Agricultural Applications." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123055.

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The field of Non-Road Mobile Machineries (NRMM) is now more than ever considering the adoption of electric systems to reduce the amount of pollutant emissions per unit of work. However, the intensity and complexity of the tasks performed by a working machine during its life is an obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric systems. Specific design solutions are required to properly split the power output of the hybrid powertrain among the different loads (wheel, power take off, hydraulic tools, etc.). In this work, a performance analysis between a traditional agricultural tractor and a proposed hybrid electric architecture of the same vehicle is shown. The comparison was performed on a set of tasks characterized on a real orchard tractor which were used to build the input signals of two different numerical models: one for the traditional diesel architecture and the other for the hybrid electric solution. The two models were tested with the same operating tasks to have a one to one comparison of the two architectures. Peak power capabilities of the hybrid solution and performance of the Load Observer energy management strategy were investigated to validate the feasibility of the proposed solution.

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Vlasyevnina, Elena A., and Oleg I. Osipov. "Energy Saving Electric Drive for the Tractor Tire Test Bench." Vestnik MEI 2, no. 2 (2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2019-2-73-79.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric tractor'

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