Journal articles on the topic 'Electric substations Automatic control'
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1
Ippolitov, V. A., A. B. Kononenko, A. A. Kosorotov, and O. V. Kryukov. "MONITORING AND NEW FUNCTIONALITY OF SWITCHGEARS OF TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS WITH LCD "CASCADE"." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 275 (May 2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2021.05.pp.032-039.
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The prospects for the development and implementation of new technologies for expanding the functionality and reliability of complete transformer substations are considered. It is shown that the main component of automation of switchgears of modern electrical substations is the system of automatic input of the reserve, and the main intellectual center of it becomes the controller, which is a specialized unit or system of freely programmable relay devices or programmable logic controllers. A new block diagram of the dispatching and diagnostics system of the digital substation switchgear with an element-by-element description of the functions and main operating modes is presented. A detailed description of the switchgear based on two bus sections, to which the circuit breakers of the outgoing lines are connected, is given. Innovative functions of monitoring and intelligent control of automated systems of various switchgears within the framework of the concept of digital substations are proposed. Examples of new unctions of the CTS “Cascade” system based on HMI controllers using web technologies are given.
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Kotenev, Viktor I., Alexander V. Kotenev, and Alexander D. Stulov. "Automatic control system of the reactive power factor of the power supply system of the industrial enterprise." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 29, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2021.4.7.
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Considered is the control of the reactive power factor of the power supply system of an industrial enterprise, which includes: electrical receivers with asynchronous load; workshop transformer substations with and without regulated capacitor units, as well as the main step-down substation with synchronous motors powered from it. It is proposed to consider electrical receivers with capacitor units and a transformer substation as an object of reactive power factor control, on the basis of which the corresponding automatic control system (ACS) is built. An ACS with an algorithm formed as a function of active and reactive power of electrical receivers is considered. The ACS was developed by the reactive power factor of the power supply system of the entire enterprise with shop combined loads. A method is given for calculating the capacity of capacitor units of shop substations. The use of this control system will allow meeting the regulatory requirements for ensuring the limiting values of the reactive power coefficients and thereby reducing losses during the transportation of electricity and increasing the throughput of the electrical network.
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Wang, Chenjie, Lu Yin, Qing Zhao, Wei Wang, Chengyuan Li, and Bin Luo. "An intelligent robot for indoor substation inspection." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 5 (August 3, 2020): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-09-2019-0193.
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Purpose To ensure the safety of electric power supply, it is necessary to inspect substation equipment. With the dramatic increase in the number of substations, especially indoor substations, intelligent robot inspection has become an important development direction. This paper aims to describe the design of a trackless robot with a robotic arm, which is capable of navigating autonomously and inspecting the equipment in a narrow and complex indoor substation. Design/methodology/approach A robust four-wheel platform powered by electric motors is used to carry the robot. By fusing multiple-sensor data and visual markers, the robot achieves autonomous movement based on simultaneous localization and mapping. In addition, to accurately obtain the reading of meters located at height or in a narrow space, the robot is equipped with a newly designed visual servo robotic arm. Findings In practical application, the robot satisfies the requirements of substation inspection, improves work efficiency, saves costs and achieves good results. The robot is also approved by the relevant departments of the State Grid Corporation of China. Practical implications After stable operation in a substation for a period of one year, the robot shows high efficiency and stability, meeting the requirements of indoor substation inspection. Meanwhile, the robot greatly promoted the realization of indoor and outdoor integrated substation automatic inspection, and is expected to be further applied in other industrial inspection sites, including mine, tunnel and nuclear power plant. Originality/value Due to the complex indoor environment, most of the existing inspection robots are only used outdoors, and there are no good trackless inspection robots for use indoors. The proposed robot is a trackless intelligent inspection robot for use in indoor substations. The robot features a number of important modules, including an autonomous localization and navigation module and a visual servo manipulator module, which can be used in narrow spaces or at height.
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Chandekar, Roshani. "Automation Supply Control of Substation during Disaster." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 2444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34819.
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Green and sustainable power is the need of the day. With widening supply and demand gap, power management has become one of the most critical areas of concern all over the world. India’s energy consumption is increasing at one of the fastest rates in the world. Hence, we require Substation Automation Systems in the present day substations to efficiently control and deliver power. The main objective is to create a SCADA system for the desired substation. Power automation serving electric supply locations often require special protection against the effects of fault-produced. Protection relays need to function immediately when a faulty condition occurs. This is why Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED’s) are brought in for safe operation of switchyard devices, which can prevent disasters to energy supply and help in human safety. With the introduction of IEC 61850, utility communication will be used for substation automation and also for protection purposes within a substation and between substations. A Substation Automation System (SAS) provides facility to control and monitor all the equipment in the substation locally as well as remotely. A Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) system provides users with a Human Machine Interface (HMI) which can be used for controlling, monitoring and protection of devices. This saves us cost and time.Substations are key components of the power grid, facilitating the efficient transmission and distribution of electricity Substation automation systems make their control and monitoring possible in real time and help maximize availability, efficiency, reliability, safety and data integration.
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Shatrov, A. F., T. B. Gaitova, N. A. Stushkina, O. V. Leshtayev, and N. A. Sergeeva. "Improving the reliability of power supply facilities in the agro-industrial sector." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1070, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012042.
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Abstract This article presents a system for monitoring and diagnosing the performance of operating equipment, in particular power transformers. Since power transformers are the main element of an electrical installation, the reliability of the power supply system depends on their technical state (TS). In our country one of the promising systems for monitoring and diagnostics is Transformer Diagnostics Monitor. The authors have considered the algorithm of this monitoring system and the possibility of its application in digital substations (DSs). Implementation of Transformer Diagnostics Monitor in the automatic control system of a substation prevents electrical equipment from failing, reducing the economic damage from power shortage.
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Ren, Jianxin, Tao Wu, Xiaohua Zhou, Congcong Yang, Jiahui Sun, Mingshuo Li, Huayang Jiang, and Anfeng Zhang. "SLAM, Path Planning Algorithm and Application Research of an Indoor Substation Wheeled Robot Navigation System." Electronics 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11121838.
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Staff safety is not assured due to the indoor substation’s high environmental risk factor. The Chinese State Grid Corporation has been engaged in the intelligentization of substations and the employment of robots for inspection tasks. The autonomous navigation and positioning system of the mobile chassis is the most important feature of this type of robot, as it allows the robot to perceive the surrounding environment information at the initial position using its own sensors and find a suitable path to move to the target point to complete the task. Automatic navigation is the basis for the intelligentization of indoor substation robots, which is of great significance to the efficient and safe inspection of indoor substations. Based on this, this paper formulates a new navigation system, and builds a chassis simulation environment in the Robot Operating System (ROS). To begin with, we develop a novel hardware and sensor-based chassis navigation system experimental platform. Secondly, to conduct the fusion of the odometer and inertial navigation data, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used. The map’s creation approach determines how the environmental map is created. The global path is scheduled with the A* algorithm, whereas the local path is scheduled with the Dynamic Window Method (DWA). Finally, the created robot navigation system is applied to an auxiliary operation robot chassis suited for power distribution cabinet switch and the navigation system’s experimental analysis is conducted using this platform, demonstrating the system’s efficacy and practicability.
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Karantaev, Vladimir, and Vladislav Karpenko. "Aspects of the concept of cyber-protected objects of a digital electrical network with elements of Zero Trust Architecture in Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801032.
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Modern trends in the development of the electric power industry declare the widespread use of information and communication technologies and digital services to improve the operation of relay protection and automation (RPA) subsystems, Industrial Control Systems (ICS), commercial electricity metering systems, etc. However, it is associated with an increase in the number of cyber threats and risks of disrupting the stable functioning of electric power facilities due to destructive information influences. The report presents aspects of a holistic concept of building cyber-protected digital substations with elements of Zero Trust Architecture. Based on the results of the theoretical investigation the authors assume the possibility of technical testing of the proposed approaches to build a cyber-protected digital substation as a part of the emerging Research and Development (R&D) programs for the practical implementation of the zero-trust policy.
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Astashev, Mikhail G., Artem S. Vanin, Vladimir M. Korolev, Dmitriy I. Panfilov, Pavel A. Rashitov, and Vladimir N. Tulskii. "Assessment of the Technical and Economic Effect from Using Automatic Voltage Control Devices on 10/0.4 kV Transformers in Power Distribution Networks." Vestnik MEI, no. 5 (2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-5-27-36.
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The article addresses the problem of ensuring permissible voltage levels in distribution electrical networks of various types: distribution networks of large cities, regional distribution electrical networks, and distribution electrical networks containing renewable energy sources. The most typical factors causing the voltage to go beyond the permissible limits specified by the relevant regulatory documents are pointed out. The negative factors conducive to the voltage at the consumer end deviating from the permissible limits, including a long length of network lines, high network load, low controllability of the network, load schedule nonuniformity, and poor observability of the network, are analyzed. The existing principles of voltage control in electrical distribution networks, namely, automatic and seasonal regulation, are studied. A distribution electrical network test model representing a real network fragment is developed. The model operation modes have been verified based on the data of measurements carried out in the original distribution electrical network. The voltage distributions in a medium voltage network during its operation under the conditions of the highest and lowest loads are demonstrated. It is shown, on the test model example, how the network voltage can be controlled by automatically regulating the voltage at the power supply center and selecting a fixed position of the NLTC at 10/0.4 kV transformer substations. It is shown that the use of power transformer OLTCs does not ensure sufficient means for adequately controlling the voltage in networks containing long power lines and featuring highly nonuniform seasonal and daily load schedules. The technical efficiency and economic feasibility of using automatic voltage regulation devices on 10/0.4 kV transformers for local voltage control are analyzed. The economic efficiency of applying automatic voltage regulation devices at 6--10/0.4 kV substations was evaluated in comparison with other means for improving the power distribution network voltage quality by upgrading the 10 kV feeder lines or installing a voltage booster at the inlet to the problematic 10 kV network section. The application field of automatic voltage regulators in the form of semiconductor devices for regulating the transformer output voltage at distribution transformer substations is shown.
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Pinto de Sa, J. L., and R. Cartaxo. "Implementing Substations Automatic Control Functions Designed With Petri Nets on IEC 61850." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 26, no. 2 (April 2011): 1119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2010.2090952.
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Tryapkin, Evgeny, Ivan Ignatenko, and Maxim Keino. "Development of “digital substation” technology for power supply of railways." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901051.
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The paper considers the application of the “Digital Railway” project at the traction substation. The “Digital Railway” project should become a centralized system uniting the programs for the control of railway elements. In the traction power supply system, the application of digital technologies is often understood as the application of data transfer protocols of the International Energy Commission “IEC 61850”. The substations that switched to this information protocol are usually called “digital”. An attempt to introduce the “digital substation” technology only by completing a set of corresponding equipment can give a negative result of its application. The efficiency achieved through the technical upgrading of equipment (reduction of losses for own needs, reduction of electromagnetic influence, reduction of analog signal input channels, reduction in the number of cable products used, and improvement of the measurement accuracy class) may not be sufficient to pay for the project. The qualitative integration of all involved services in a single information process of monitoring and controlling the digital substation will increase the efficiency of its application. As a positive experience when considering the use of digital technologies in traction power supply systems, one can cite the Automated system for monitoring the railway transport infrastructure developed and implemented by the staff of the Far Eastern State Transport University at a number of traction substations of the Far Eastern operating domain and at the 2ES5K “Ermak” electric locomotive. In addition, this system already has a support of IEC 61850 protocols.
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Yang, Zhao, Xiao Ping Xu, Chuan Li, Yan Chen, Jiang Chun Xu, Ying Na Li, Yun Shui Xu, Qing Hua Yan, and Shao Quan Zhan. "On-Line Monitoring of Charge Unit by Using Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1672.
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The charge unit supply power when the power is cut off. It has been the necessary components in every type of substations to ensure the continuous operations of electric relays, automatic devices and circuit breakers. By using contacting electrical insulating Fiber Bragg Grating temperature sensor, the monitored equipment can be measured and controlled under the safe temperature. The temperatures of three fans and environment have been surveyed since June 6, 2010, in the charge unit of Yanjin substation’s main control room. The real-time monitoring of 24-hours indicates that the temperature changes in the range of 1°C. At the long-term of 479 days, the average daily minimum temperature range of three fans is 12.48°C, and the maximum range is 23.07°C. The maximum temperature is 39.14°C on April 30, 2011, and the minimum temperature is 23.98°C on January 10, 2011. The daily average of ambient temperature range is 12.04 °C, the maximum temperature is 38.38 °C on July 16, 2010, and the minimum temperature is 26.34 °C on January 9, 2011. The maximum difference between the temperature of fan and the ambient temperature is 7.60 °C on October 23, 2010. According to the relevant standards and monitoring results, the maximum threshold of fan temperature is defined to 85°C, and the threshold of temperature rise is 20°C.
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Kaliberda, I. V., S. S. Nefedov, and A. V. Pomerantsev. "Problems of Ensuring Seismic Resistance of Power Grid Facilities during Earthquakes." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-10-40-47.
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The electric grid system is the basis for functioning of the Unified electric power system of Russia and technologically isolated electric power systems. One of the most serious problems in the electric power industry is the aging of the fixed assets of already built and operating power grid facilities. The second problem is to clarify the seismic hazard of the territories of the Russian Federation in the direction of its growth. As a result, the number of power grid facilities fall into the zones of increased seismic hazard. In the zone of 7 points or more, approximately 30 % of the entire length of electric networks and transformer capacities are located. Information is provided about the characteristics of seismic load and how the objects respond to an earthquake. The experience of earthquakes testifies to the high vulnerability of the overhead power lines, cable power lines, substations, power transformers, relay protection equipment and automation under intense seismic loads. Information is provided about massive damage to the power grid during earthquakes in the territory of Russia, Armenia, and other countries of the world. Frequently occurring short circuits during earthquakes in electrical networks, at transformer substations, in electrical equipment elements of power grid facilities lead to fires. It is determined that power grid facilities have less seismic resistance than electric power generation facilities, than buildings and structures where electrical equipment is located. The problem of insufficiency of the current regulatory framework for ensuring seismic resistance of electric power facilities was also identified. Possible measures to prevent accident rate and increase the resistance, reliability, and seismic stability of power grid facilities in case of earthquakes are considered. The development of normative regulation will allow to take measures to ensure the seismic stability of power grid facilities in operation, and to ensure that control and supervision activities are carried out at a higher level.
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Sergey, Shevchenko, Tsiupa Vladyslav, Danylchenko Dmytro, and Potryvai Andrii. "POSSIBILITY OF BUILDING A DATA-DRIVEN MODERN POWER SYSTEMS." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 27, no. 2 (November 28, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2022-2-5-9.
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In this research work, the issues of finding innovations for the electric power industry with the help of relevant information technologies are considered, which will speed up the work of electric power facilities (in particular, distribution points and substations). The focus is on databases. The paper considers the very concept of databases, their advantages, the possibility of integration into the considered electric power facilities. By analyzing existing scientific materials, it was determined that the existing digital substations are of considerable interest as a way to modernize and digitalize the power system, however, it is a local unit, with a number of its own problems. Such technologies suggest the idea of unified regional control centers for distribution points, however, they require verification of the ability to ensure sufficient speed of this system. For this purpose, the work carried out the calculation of the transmission rate of information taken at a 10 kV distribution point, based on current automation schemes, the response time was determined and the corresponding conclusions were drawn.
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Shcherbak, Yakiv, Yurii Semenenko, Olexandr Semenenko, Nadiia Karpenko, Olexandr Suprun, Oleksandr Plakhtii, and Volodymyr Nerubatskyi. "Synthesis of the transfer function of the voltage controller in an active filter-stabilizer converter." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 2 (110) (April 30, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.229827.
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It has been established that in order to ensure effective filtration and stabilization of the voltage of DC traction substations, it is advisable to use active filters-stabilizers. The dynamic characteristics of an active filter-stabilizer have been analyzed taking into consideration its discrete properties. It has been shown that the voltage converter in an active filter-stabilizer with bilateral pulse-width modulation for small values of control signal increment is an amplitude-pulse modulator of the second kind. In order to improve the efficiency of using an active filter-stabilizer, which is part of the DC traction substation converter, the task was set to synthesize the transfer function of its converter's voltage controller. When analyzing a closed automatic control system, it was established that the transfer function of the voltage controller, which ensures the implementation of processes of finite duration in the closed automatic control system, includes a proportional part, an integral part, and a differential part. To determine the time constants for the transfer function of the PID-controller, as well as its damping coefficient, a closed automatic control system of the active filter-stabilizer voltage converter was investigated using an apparatus of Z-transformation. The result of synthesizing the transfer function of the voltage controller has established the parameters for the controller's transfer function, which ensure that the process of finite duration is executed in a closed system of automatic control over the converter's output voltage. The transition process in the system with a stepwise input effect of the processes of finite duration has been calculated, which confirmed that the transition process in the system ends after three clock intervals of discreteness. Establishing a transition process that ends over the finite number of discrete intervals, which is determined by the order of the characteristic equation, means that the process has been optimized for performance
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Yao, Qi Gui, Hai Yu, Yue Yu, and Wei Wang. "The Method of Electric Power Communication Network Time Delay Control Based on T-MPLS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 5172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.5172.
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Based on the fabric of national electric power system, the types and causes of delay in the network is investigated. The evolution guideline is deeply discussed. Mechanism in T-MPLS such as packet switching, plastic limit, automatic protection switching and multi-service package adapter are utilized to improve the time delay of the power communication network. It is to lay the foundation for the next generation of Smart Substation.
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Hnatov, Andrii, Shchasiana Arhun, Ruslan Bagach, Andrii Nechaus, Valentina Tarasova, Oleksandr Ruchka, Alla Don, and Antons Patlins. "ELECTRICAL POWER UNIT OF THE TRANSFORMER OIL CENTRIFUGAL CLEANING UNIT." Automobile transport, no. 48 (May 29, 2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2021.48.0.101.
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Problem. Cleaning transformer oil is one of the important engineering tasks, whose solution is associated with significant material and energy expenditure. Due to the increase in electricity consumption at modern automobile companies (firms, organizations, service stations, etc.), the load on transformer substations increases and the requirements for reliability of electrical and electronic devices become more complicated. This, in turn, leads to the problem of cleaning and recycling of transformer oil. Goal. The goal is the research and development of an efficient unit for centrifugal cleaning of transformer oil with a drive control system that provides automation of the start and braking mode of the drive. Methodology. Analytical methods of research, methods of the theory of electric machines and electric drives are used, as well as the methods of calculating electric circuits. Also, methods of analysis of circuits and control of power electronics devices, principles of operation and methods of control of static converters are used. Results. The structural scheme of the unit for cleaning transformer oil is developed. The calculations of the main elements of the power block of the transformer oil cleaning unit are performed. The block diagram of the voltage converter with frequency f = 50 Hz to alternating voltage with frequency f = 400 Hz is developed. Control circuits of the electric drive of the centrifugal separator are chosen. The analysis of operation of electric drive control circuits is carried out and the principles of their work concerning two components are considered: the regulated rectifier and the inverter. Originality. The scheme of the converter of alternating three-phase current with voltage of 220 V and frequency of 50 Hz, into alternating three-phase current with voltage of 220 V and frequency of 400 Hz is developed. This frequency, in addition to providing the necessary characteristics of the oil separator, allows you to develop a converter device of a relatively small weight and volume, and also provides its high reliability. Practical value. Utilizing the used transformer oil in this way will solve several problems at once. It is possible to reduce the initial production of transformer oil. The issue of waste oil disposal is being resolved leading to the solution of the environmental aspect of this problem. All this will reduce the cost of oil poured into transformers and the operating cost of transformer substations.
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Sinchuk, Oleg, Yulii Filipp, Albert Somochkyn, Ryszard Strzelecki, and Mila Baranovska. "Methods of improving power indices of electric drive active rectifiers for mine hoists." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128005014.
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The research deals with analyzing peculiarities of using active rectifiers in frequency controlled electric drives of underground mine hoists. There are developed MATLAB models aimed at comparing two types of control systems – hysteresis-based and the one with pulse-width modulation. The research aims to analyze power modes and parameters of active rectifiers, quality of voltage control, current and power of active rectifiers and to determine ways of improving power indices of electric equipment of hoists as well as provide power compatibility of electric equipment and underground mines’ grids. Main attention is paid to analyzing circuitry of control systems of active rectifiers, parameters of power transformers and reactor equipment at underground mines’ substations, frequency converters and synchronous slow-speed motors. There are also analyzed statistic data on power consumption at underground mines equipped with automated systems of commercial and technical power meters and specific consumption of power. The research results reveal advantages of the pulse-width modulation control system as compared with the hysteresis one by using such indices as speed-performance, quality of control, potential of controlling reactive power and the power factor. Application of the research results will enable determining structures and methods of adjusting control over the active rectifier in the frequency-controlled drive of underground mine hoists.
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Lucchini, Francesco, Nicolò Marconato, and Paolo Bettini. "Automatic Optimization of Gas Insulated Components Based on the Streamer Inception Criterion." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182280.
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Gas insulated transmission lines (GILs) are used in electrical systems mainly for power transmission and High Voltage substation interconnection. In this paper, we focus on the development of complex numerical tools for the optimization of gas insulated HVDC components by the estimation of realistic electric field distribution and the voltage holding of the designed geometry. In particular, the paper aims at describing the correct modelling approach suitable to study high voltage components in DC, considering the nonlinear behaviour characterizing the electrical conductivity of solid and gas insulators. The simulated field distribution is then adopted to estimate the voltage holding of the dielectric gas, with a convenient engineering technique, based on the streamer criterion. These two tools are integrated in an automatic optimization package developed in COMSOL® and MATLAB®, with the purpose of adjusting the critical geometry features, suffering from excessive electrical stress and possibly giving rise to electrical breakdown, in order to guide the designer towards a robust solution.
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Yurov, Alexander, Alexander Voronov, Alexey Lukonin, and Vasiliy Yurov. "High-voltage smart electricity metering of 110 kV digital electric networks." E3S Web of Conferences 279 (2021): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127901029.
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Were considered the technical solutions sufficient for the development of smart systems for automatic information and measurement metering of electrical energy and monitoring of overhead power transmission lines of the 110-220 kV electrical grids, considering the integration of the data flow into Scada-systems of digital substation workplaces in all the accordance with the standard protocols of IEC 61850. The device allows you to control the quality of transmitted electricity, remotely monitor the condition of the line, thereby increasing the reliability of power supply and power flows in the power system, reducing the cost of operational teams for their inspection.
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Fursanov, M. I., and A. A. Zalotoy. "Improvement of the Method of Calculation of Steady-State Modes of Urban Electric Networks Taking into Account Consumer Energy Sources." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-6-514-527.
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The method of calculation of the steady-state mode of the open city distribution electric network with small generation sources is offered. It is shown that the city electric network consists of passive and active physical elements. Passive elements include power transformers and linear regulators, overhead and cable power lines, current-limiting reactors, etc. Active elements of networks are power sources (transformer inputs of low voltage of feeding substations and distributed small generation sources) and loads, mathematical models of which can be various. Power sources in urban distribution networks of 10 kV and below are classified by type and power and can be of two kinds, viz. power feeding centers of the network and small generation sources. Consumer loads are modeled by current sources connected to network nodes. The parameters of the current sources are usually graphs of the change of the module of the actual current value and the power factor in time. The values of these parameters in single-line substitution schemes of 6–10 kV distribution networks with isolated neutral are assumed to be average for three phases. The power centers are transformer inputs of low voltage power substations of the main electric networks of 35 kV and above, equipped with digital devices of the account of the electric power connected to the automated system of control and accounting of power resources. The developed technique allows receiving the refined balanced calculation model of the steady mode of the open city network for the set time of the daily schedule. It includes the sequential distribution of the specified power of each network power supply between its loads, followed by clarification of flows and power losses in the sections, as well as voltages and actual loads in the nodes of the scheme by the overlay method.
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Vasenko, V. "SYSTEM OF CONTROL OF OPERATING MODES OF ELECTRIC TRACTION NETWORKS ON THE BASIS OF FUZZY DESCRIPTION OF THEIR CONDITION." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 163 (June 29, 2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-117-125.
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Given the need to save energy and reduce the cost of passenger transport on urban electric transport, the greatest effect (from 5 to 15%) is achieved through the introduction of comprehensive information technologies based on rational modes of traction of electric rolling stock and traction and external power supply. The criterion for assessing the modes of operation of power supply systems of urban electric transport is the energy consumption of traction substations, which reflects most of the influencing factors, including the inseparable relationship of traction and external power supply systems. An approach to the implementation of energy-saving technologies of traction power supply of urban electric transport is proposed, which uses fuzzy models and methods of representation for analysis and selection of controls. It is proposed to implement the control of the power supply system operation modes and the selection of modes on the basis of a vague description of their states. When forming the rules, the following parameters are set: deviation of the daily number of transported passengers on the i-th interstation zone of the two-track section, for the characterization of which the values of fuzzy values "lag (strong, weak, absent)" and "advance (absent, weak, strong)" deviation of daily active energy losses for the substation zone and with the values "strong, absent, weak"; the difference between the daily energy consumption of the i-th substation zone, for the actual mode of operation of the power supply system and the reference mode of uniform loading of the power supply system. When constructing a control model in the form of fuzzy rules, each fuzzy characteristic is approximated by N fuzzy quantities with triangular membership functions. For the fuzzy characteristic the minimum and maximum values of an interval in which there are its admissible values are set. Approximate quantities have a triangular degree of belonging: the vertex lies in the center, it corresponds to the degree of belonging 1, and the other two vertices - on the sides of it with degrees of belonging 0. The fuzzy conclusion is based on the rule of fuzzy Mamdani implication. The constructed base of fuzzy rules, which replaces the model of modes of the power supply system, can be used as a guide to the energy dispatcher to select control for the next time period, taking into account the conditions of uncertainty. The principles of formation of algorithms and filling of databases and knowledge of expert systems are developed and problems of maintenance of modes of energy saving in systems of traction power supply of city electric transport are solved. The proposed algorithms for creating databases of expert systems can be implemented after the modernization of power supply control systems based on new integrated systems. Expert systems must be included in the software of the automated workplace of the energy dispatcher. Their inclusion is planned after introduction of new microprocessor systems of telemechanics of regional control points.
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Kousar, Shaheen, Nazir Ahmad Zafar, Tariq Ali, Eman H. Alkhammash, and Myriam Hadjouni. "Formal Modeling of IoT-Based Distribution Management System for Smart Grids." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084499.
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The smart grid is characterized as a power system that integrates real-time measurements, bi-directional communication, a two-way flow of electricity, and evolutionary computation. The power distribution system is a fundamental aspect of the electric power system in order to deliver safe, efficient, reliable, and resilient power to consumers. A distribution management system (DMS) begins with the extension of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system through a transmission network beyond the distribution network. These transmission networks oversee the distribution of energy generated at power plants to consumers via a complex system of transformers, substations, transmission lines, and distribution lines. The major challenges that existing distribution management systems are facing, maintaining constant power loads, user profiles, centralized communication, and the malfunctioning of system equipment and monitoring huge amounts of data of millions of micro-transactions, need to be addressed. Substation feeder protection abruptly shuts down power on the whole feeder in the event of a distribution network malfunction, causing service disruption to numerous end-user clients, including industrial, hospital, commercial, and residential users. Although there are already many traditional systems with the integration of smart things at present, there are few studies of those systems reporting runtime errors during their implementation and real-time use. This paper presents the systematic model of a distribution management system comprised of substations, distribution lines, and smart meters with the integration of Internet-of-Things (IoT), Nondeterministic Finite Automata (NFA), Unified Modeling Language (UML), and formal modeling approaches. Non-deterministic finite automata are used for automating the system procedures. UML is used to represent the actors involved in the distribution management system. Formal methods from the perspective of the Vienna Development Method-Specification Language (VDM-SL) are used for modeling the system. The model will be analyzed using the facilities available in the VDM-SL toolbox.
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TIUTIUNNYK, N., and G. SHEINA. "Analysis of voltage regulation devices." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 23, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2020-2-44-47.
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The paper considers an electrical substation with a voltage of 330/110/35 kV. Means of voltage regulation on the substation autotransformer are investigated. The paper considers the means of voltage regulation on autotransformers of the 330/110/35 kV substation to ensure uninterrupted power supply and the desired voltage level on the busbars of consumers. The choice of the optimal version of the on-load tap-changer of the autotransformer is shown. The electric network with voltage of 110 and 35 kV is considered. The power supply center is substation 330 kV. The connection between voltages is provided by three three-phase autotransformers of the ATDCTN200000/330/110 type. Autotransformers are used instead of three-winding transformers to reduce the cost of conductive material and increase transmission power, but unlike three-winding transformers, they have only one voltage control device - load control regulation. Steady-state and emergency modes are investigated. The PowerFactory program has created a network model, which is used to calculate the mode and evaluate the methods of voltage regulation. On the basis of calculations the point of economic flow distribution in which it is expedient to open a network in a normal mode, and on the switch to provide the device of automatic input of a reserve is defined. The principles of control of modes of operation of electrical systems are investigated: minimum costs for generation, transmission and consumption of electricity (technological losses), reliability of operation of electrical systems, quality of electricity. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the optimal operational scheme of the electrical network, the study of the modes of operation of the 330/110/35 kV network. The simulation of steady and emergency modes is performed in the work. The optimal operational scheme of the electric network is substantiated in order to improve the reliability of power supply and ensure the desired level of voltage on the busbars of consumers.
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Kovalenko, Viktor, Serhii Levchenko, Mykola Tryputen, Vitaliy Kuznetsov, Maksym Tryputen, Oleksiy Gorodny, Alisa Kuznetsova, and Yevheniia Kuznetsova. "CHARACTERISTIC LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WITH THE ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS AND EXPEDIENCY OF ITS CONTROL." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 3(17) (2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2019-3(17)-209-218.
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Urgency of the research. It is well-known that electric energy characteristics are the levels of electromagnetic compatibility of electric grid providing adequate performance of any electrical means connected to the grid if the electric energy characteristics do not exceed permitted values. In the context of general idea of electromagnetic compatibility of consumers within power supply grids, power quality is the topical problem of modern electric-power supply industry. Target setting. The issue of assessing the possibility of ensuring the quality of electricity in terms of voltage deviation by consumers is very important. The problem of voltage fluctuations is relevant, so that voltage deviation have a negative impact on functioning electrical equipment Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Papers [2-11] are devouted the effective management methods of electrical energy consumption. The articles [6-8] shows that under present conditions only system approach ensures accurate identification and prediction of electric power losses in distribution networks that are characterized by considerable ambiguity. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Generalized diagram of the voltage modes characterizes the state for the entire distribution network connected to the main substation; it consists of the branched 10 kV network, all the distribution transformers, and all the 0.4 kV networks connected to those transformers. Along with the generalized diagram, values of the available voltage losses have been obtained; those values occur within 10 kV and 0.4 kV networks in terms of the favourable conditions of voltage control and the initial values of the admissible voltage deviations of electrical receivers. Moreover, that is the basis to determine operating position of control tappings of distribution transformers. The research objective. Since one of the important characteristics of electrical energy is the deviation of the voltage in the network, it is advisable to carry out its analysis in the urban distribution networks in terms of Levanevska substation, town of Zaporizhzhia. To simplify practical representation of possible voltage modes on the main substation buses and within the whole distribution networks, it is expedient to use graphic representation – so-called generalized diagram of voltage modes. That diagram helps make the analysis of voltage modes more demonstrative than analytical calculation; besides, the diagram gives great possibilities for further study. The statement of basic materials. While analyzing voltage mode in the distribution networks and determining the required law of voltage control in the main substation (MS), one should take into consideration great amount of factors effecting and complicating that study. Those factors include the following: changes in the operating mode of the network, differences in the points of connections of electrical receivers (ER) to the distribution network, differences in possible operating positions of the control tappings in the distribution transformers (DT), differences in the points of DT connections to 10 kV network, available dead zones of automatic voltage controller etc. Owing to that fact, it is required to perform generalized analysis of the voltage mode and conditions of its control within 10 kV and 0.4 kV distribution networks and on main substation buses. To do that, one should apply probabilistic calculation methods. At the same time, it is expedient to use graphic depiction (so-called generalized diagram (GD) of the voltage modes) to simplify representation of possible voltage modes on MS buses and within the whole distribution network. That diagram will help make the analysis of the voltage modes more clearly arranged than analytic calculations; moreover, it gives great opportunities for further study. Conclusions. Voltage deviation in the distribution networks has been performed and expediency of the voltage deviation control for electrically closest and farthest consumers have been analyzed in terms of Levanevska substation, town of Zaporizhzhia. Expediency of practical application of generalized diagrams for that purpose has been demonstrated. It has been defined that in the modes of maximum and minimum loads, voltage exceeds the admissible deviation norms of ± 5 %. Conclusion has been made on the expediency of more careful voltage control. Generalized diagram for 0-1 and 9-10 hours with the maximum voltage deviations has been constructed. Graph of dependences has been developed; formula of voltage deviations in the main substation, due to the voltage passing along that line, has been defined. According to the voltage data before and after the implementation of control, graphs of voltage deviations on the distribution transformer and in terms of the farthest consumer have been constructed.
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Protosovitskii, I. V., E. P. Zabello, M. A. Prishchepov, and V. A. Daineko. "Ensuring the Reliability and Efficiency of the Power Industry in the Agricultural Sector of the Republic of Belarus in Modern Conditions." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 63, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2020-63-2-116-128.
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The necessity of improving the power supply system in the agricultural sector is substantiated by the growing share of first-category loads that require targeted reliability. Improving values of the technical and economic indicators of centralized energy generation and its transmission through main and distribution grids cannot ensure high reliability of consumers of the first category, the number of which is constantly growing in agriculture. It is noted that if the power system in outage of the generating source of the high power supply is provided by inputting the emergency reserve, then at emergency switching-off phase of the section of the mains, power supply of the consumers powered by the schemes for both radial and looped distribution network may be absent for a long period of time (several hours). The ways and methods of improving the power supply system, such as integration of a single power system with distributed generation sources, ensuring their parallel operation, load management using complex tariffs for electric energy that take into account the form of load schedules, modernization of technological processes taking into account their automation and improvement of technical and economic indicators, are considered. Taking into account the increase in electricity consumption for heating and hot water supply, we consider the option of eliminating cross-subsidization, which stimulates the interest of consumers in saving electricity and reducing the fee for electricity consumption by changing the operating modes of equipment and devices. The analysis of promising energy-saving measures in agricultural power engineering demonstrated that routine measures are being supplemented by other measures induced by the fact that power electronics and microprocessor technology have significantly advanced in their development in the agricultural energy sector over the past decades, for example, for frequency control of asynchronous motors equipped by a short-circuited rotor that has high values of energy and dynamic indicators. Since there are a number of technologies in agriculture where electric energy is used without the electric drive units application and each of the technological processes has its own requirements for the reliability and quality of electric energy, the scheme of mutual redundancy from adjacent substations using distributed generation sources and technical means of automated energy accounting, control and management of electrical loads, is considered.
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González-Aguilera, Diego, Susana del Pozo, Alberto Holgado, and Gemma López. "Spatial Information System for Management and Control of Electrical Substations." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 1686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.1686.
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This article proposes the development of a simple, flexible and portable system that will allow carrying out management, maintenance and inventory tasks in electrical substations. The Spatial Information System (SIS) permits to incorporate, through an immersive virtual environment, information about electrical substations, as well as progress in automation CAD/CAE design (Computer Aided Design/Engineering). The SIS provides an immediate knowledge of the substation spatial distribution through an interactive navigation, facilitating any type of technical question as consulting planes (sections, elevations, plants), database (files, queries) and the dimensional analysis of any object. To this end, the SIS developed can be applied to the management and complete control of a substation at the same time as a platform that encourages collaborative engineering or CAE engineering.
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Porcu, Daniele, Sonia Castro, Borja Otura, Paula Encinar, Ioannis Chochliouros, Irina Ciornei, Lenos Hadjidemetriou, et al. "Demonstration of 5G Solutions for Smart Energy Grids of the Future: A Perspective of the Smart5Grid Project." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030839.
Full textAbstract:
As the complexity of electric systems increases, so does the required effort for the monitoring and management of grid operations. To solve grid performance issues, smart grids require the exchange of higher volumes of data, high availability of the telecommunication infrastructure, and very low latency. The fifth generation (5G) mobile network seems to be the most promising technology to support such requirements, allowing utilities to have dedicated virtual slices of network resources to maximize the service availability in case of network congestions. Regarding this evolving scenario, this work presents the Smart5Grid project vision on how 5G can support the energy vertical industry for the fast deployment of innovative digital services. Specifically, this work introduces the concept of network applications (NetApps), a new paradigm of virtualization that are envisioned to facilitate the creation of a new market for information technology (IT), small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and startups. This concept, and the open architecture that facilitates its implementation, is showcased by four real-life 5G-enabled demonstrators: (1) automatic fault detection in a medium voltage (MV) grid in Italy, (2) real-time safety monitoring for operators in high voltage (HV) substations in Spain, (3) remote distributed energy resources (DER) monitoring in Bulgaria, and (4) wide area monitoring in a cross-border scenario between Greece and Bulgaria.
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Khvorost, М., I. Domanskiy, and V. Vasenko. "TECHNOLOGY OF OPERATION OF CITY ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH TRACTION LOADS BASED ON ENERGY AND RESOURCES SAVING." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-16-27.
Full textAbstract:
The scientifically substantiated principles of development of technology of operation of electric systems with traction loads by condition and minimum expenses during their life cycle for urban electric transport are developed. Saving quality criteria that determine resource conservation are generalized. It is proposed to expand the functions of tram wagon laboratories to measure the basic quality criteria. The scheme of expert system for analysis of the state of power supply devices and development of control effects in the analytical centers of control systems is developed. The scientifically grounded principles of the development of the technology of operation of electric systems with traction loads on the state and minimum expenses in the course of their life cycle, in particular the concept of maintenance of power supply devices on the basis of their diagnostics and monitoring, a complex automated system of diagnostics of the contact network and current collectors, means of improving quality scratching and reducing the wear of the contact wire, which collectively solves the problem of resource conservation and allows reducing operating costs 1.5–2 times. Generalized current quality criteria that determine resource conservation. It is established and experimentally confirmed that the basic criteria for the state of the contact network are contact pressing and the coefficients of reliability and economy of current flow. It is proposed to expand the functions in the field of measuring the basic criteria for servicing the contact network by state. The information technologies of an estimation of a condition of power supply devices during their operation on the basis of synthesis of two sources of information are offered: real-time diagnostics and simulation modeling. A generalized scheme of the expert system for analysis of the status of power supply devices and development of control effects in the analytical centers of control systems has been developed. Keywords: electric transport, traction substations, traction networks, diagnostics and operation, technologies, energy efficiency, resource saving.
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Shapovalov, O., and I. Kravets. "INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE ON THE RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.16.
Full textAbstract:
A large number of natural and man-made emergencies occurring on the territory of Ukraine, and not only that cause deforestation of buildings, structures, objects and cities and whole districts, require the provision of fire protection systems for sources of electricity that are independent of Electricity supply of certain areas or cities and objects.
Regardless of the control mode, elements of automatic fire protection systems are elements that take part in a single technological process (notifying people of danger, feeding, water, removing smoke, etc.).
All systems of fire protection (SPPZ), as the main power source use a common grid (220 / 380V AC). In this unchanged form, the electric power is fed to supply power executive elements (asynchronous actuators of water pumps, fans, etc.). To control the operation of fire protection systems, 12-24V DC is used. This requires the use of additional transducers in fire control systems to form the voltage of the corresponding form.
Simultaneous exhaustion of tens and hundreds of settlements, as evidenced by the reports of the DNS of Ukraine and other operational services, affects the provision of fire protection of objects and the safety of people [5]. Taking into account the unpredictability of the occurrence of events, it is necessary to apply methods of providing backup power supply independent of power supply and climatic conditions of operation of fire protection systems.
The purpose of the work is to propose the optimal way of forming the supply voltage and adjusting its parameters for the backup power of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems powered by an autonomous power supply, which consists of a unit of battery and autonomous voltage inverters. Such a backup power scheme allows simultaneous control and regulation of the voltage, frequency, and the ability to determine the parameters of the autonomous source elements.
In the process of reviewing and assessing the reliability of power supply of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems, previously noted ways to increase the reliability of the operation of automatic fire protection systems by reserving power supply from autonomous sources with the use of accumulator batteries and autocompressor voltage inverters were taken into account. For comparison, from all known electricians of fire protection systems, the most common and most powerful electric consumer is used - an asynchronous motor.
The probabilistic method for calculating the functioning of the backup power supply system for an internal fire-fighting water supply system using generator sets and accumulator batteries with autonomous inverters of voltage, taking into account the accidental nature of the disconnection of power lines, proved that the proposed reservation scheme, both with K2AIN-AD and with 2K2AIN-AD increases the reliability of functioning systems for fire protection. An increase in the number of similar items led to an improvement in the quality characteristics of the power supply, but had a negative impact on reliability, albeit slightly compared to the backup from the two-transformer substation.
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Romanchenko, N. A., N. P. Kundenko, V. N. Romanchenko, Yu K. Sanin, and M. Yu Sanin. "THE MICROCLIMATE OF PRODUCTION ROOMS WITH UNDERFLOOR HEATING." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Energy: Reliability and Energy Efficiency, no. 1 (1) (December 30, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2224-0349.2020.01.10.
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A system for the formation of a microclimate in industrial premises has been developed. The system of forming a microclimate of viral attachments and sporud has been broken up. There is also the possibility of securing the correct level of standardization in the thermal regime in the sporums of the sporiums for the storage of energy-saving and functional systems of the bagatory system and heating. Proposed constructive solutions, as they allow the temperature of the middling area to be very specific, as well as the formulation of the thermal regime in the heating systems and heat exchangers, so that the equal heating of the surface of the heating zones is not guaranteed. Taking into account the delay in the block diagram of the automatic control system of the electric heating device and the use of a proportional regulator leads to the fact that the transient process of floor heating is oscillating with an over-regulation of 9–11 %. To ensure reliable operation of the control system, it is proposed to use a proportional-differential controller. The use of multifunctional energy-saving automated systems for providing the microclimate of industrial premises with the use of electrically heated heat-storage installations of the resistor type when powered from renewable sources is proposed, which makes it possible to reduce specific energy consumption in production processes. At the same time, heated resistor-type devices are located below floor level, when their heaters are powered from traditional and non-traditional renewable energy sources. When connecting electric heating elements to the mains, the starting load current exceeds several times its nominal value, which causes additional loads on the power network and transformer substation, increasing operating and capital costs. To prevent this, it is advisable to install a system for limiting the starting currents of electric heating elements in the ATS.
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Khimich, S. A., Yu S. Kolesov, A. V. Gluhov, and T. R. Sharafeev. "Realization of the power-system protection functions for digital power stations and using of Elbrus computers." Radio industry 29, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2019-29-1-23-28.
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The relevance of this study is justified by the introduction of digital transformers to modern electrical substations and the need to create relevant digital systems for the automatics relay protection. The article discusses the basic principles of automatics relay protection of the digital electrical substations. The authors examine the problems of its implementation with the use of embedded systems based on domestic computing systems of the Elbrus family with the support of a protected mode of program execution. They suggest an architecture of the user program for managing the automatics relay protection system at a digital substation. Based on the architecture of user tasks and the requirements of the industrial standard, the authors form the restrictions imposed on the software and hardware of the computing systems used in embedded systems in the industry. This paper presents some results of the protected mode in real problems of automatics relay protection at digital substations. The study demonstrates the advantage of using protected mode in creating programs that control industrial facilities. The authors consider the effect of protected mode on the performance and fault tolerance of the target system.
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D., OSTRENKO, and KOLLAROV O. "Analysis of available methods of protection of the power grid with alternative sources from pre-emergency and emergency situations." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 26, no. 4 (May 24, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2022-1-57-62.
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When performing work [1], the system that controls the photovoltaic station and measures the parameters in it was considered. In particular, an interesting part is the shutdown of certain loads (asynchronous electric motors) at different values of the output power of the station. Factors in reducing this parameter can be caused not only by changes in external factors, such as changes in the level of solar insolation or changes in temperature or angle of the panels, but also electrical processes occurring in the network between leaving the photovoltaic plant and final consumption. In this experiment, these are asynchronous motors in the drive with frequency control. To ensure certain modes of photovoltaic, power plants and substations, they include devices and systems of control, monitoring and signaling, which is a separate part of the automated information management system. Control systems and devices have their advantages, for example, they are possible: - deploy and synchronize with the grid, as well as include parallel operation with power plant distribution generators; - turn on and off the elements of electrical systems; - to achieve switching in the electrical installation, regulating the operation of switches and disconnectors; - switch modes of operation in the electrical installation [2]. Therefore, the general system of diagnostics and monitoring of electrical networks to avoid accidents and pre-accidents is based on one topology, it includes three mandatory layers: - power management (top layer, which contains software, power quality control, etc.); - field level, where values measured from devices at the lower level are collected and converted from a non-electrical component (eg temperature values) to electrical for further transmission to the upper level; - level of sensors, here there is a direct measurement of the necessary values for their further processing at a higher level [3]. Power system management is reduced [4] to continuous control of parameters, which determines the modes of operation and sets the control effect on individual network elements through the use of special methods and technical electrical equipment. Forecasting of processes in the objects of control and monitoring, which makes early detection of potential damage to the elements, also allows you to generate warning messages about the possibility of an accident [3]. And this, in turn, will allow in case of violations to have enough time to conduct a detailed diagnosis and perform preventive measures that do not affect the object itself [4]. During such actions there is no emergency situation, and the localization of potential disturbances does not lead to sudden disturbances of the power grid [5].
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Fursanov, M. I., and A. A. Zоlotoy. "ON THE CHOICE OF THE OPTIMAL POINTS OF OPENING IN CITY POWER GRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SMART GRID." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 3 (May 28, 2018): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-61-3-207-219.
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One of the main tasks being solved for all electric networks with open topology, including city electric networks, viz. a task of the choice of optimum points of disconnection, has been improved. It is shown that saturation of urban networks with distributed sources of small-scale generation causes the fact that mode parameters being determined in the urban SMART GRID conditions become observable. Therefore, the majority of problems of mode control, typical for urban distribution electric networks of a traditional design, lose their relevance under the SMART GRID conditions. The main technological task is to improve the selection of optimal points of disconnection of networks. Urban electric networks of the Belarusian United Energy System are actively saturated with distributed sources of small-scale generation, which can be connected to high-voltage buses of consumer transformer substations, including the ones on the load side; and they are equipped with automation to ensure synchronous operation with the power system and maintain autonomous operation. Therefore, the accounting of such generating sources becomes necessary as one of the objectives of managing the modes of urban electric networks (both traditional ones and the ones in the SMART GRID conditions). In the article the technique and algorithm of choice of optimal points of disconnection of city electric networks are proposed taking into account various conditions of application of sources of small generation: when the source operates in parallel with an electric network and has constant active and reactive generation or energizes the load isolated from a network taking into account restrictions of the power generated by a source. The solution of this task makes it possible to reduce losses of power and the electricity in a network much more than because of implementation of any other operational action. The developed algorithm was tested through the example of optimization of the points of disconnection of the fragment of the urban distribution network of 10 kV. An effective solution to the problem of choosing the initial positions of the points of disconnection of urban networks based on the Dijkstra algorithm is also proposed, which significantly reduces the time of their optimization.
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Hong, Junho, Tai-Jin Song, Hyojong Lee, and Aydin Zaboli. "Automated Cybersecurity Tester for IEC61850-Based Digital Substations." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 7833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217833.
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Power substations are the crucial nodes of an interconnected grid, serving as the points where power is transferred from the transmission/distribution grids to the loads. However, interconnected cyberphysical systems and communication-based operations at substations lead to many cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Therefore, more sophisticated cybersecurity vulnerability analyses and threat modeling are required during productization phases, and system hardening is mandatory for the commercialization of products. This paper shows the design and methods to test the cybersecurity of multicast messages for digital substations. The proposed vulnerability assessment methods are based on the semantics of IEC61850 Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) and Sampled Value (SV), and cybersecurity features from IEC62351-6. Different case scenarios for cyberattacks are considered to check the vulnerabilities of the device under test (DUT) based on the IEC62351-6 standard. In order to discover security vulnerabilities in a digital substation, the proposed cybersecurity tester will generate malicious packets that compromise the regular functionality. The results show that the proposed cybersecurity testing module is able to detect potential vulnerabilities in multicast messages and the authentication methods (e.g., message authentication code) of multicast communications. Both commercial and simulated devices are used for the case studies.
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Mikheev, Georgi M., and Ayrat G. Ziganshin. "THE DIGITALIZATION OF SUBSTATIONS BY CREATING A 6-35 kV SWITCHING DEVICESCONTROL SYSTEM FROM THE AUTOMATED WORKPLACE." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-1-78-85.
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The control system of high-voltage switches at one of the substations of the branch of JSC «Grid Company» Buinskie Power Networks is presented in the work. The block control circuit of switching devices from the automated workplace is described. Its specific blocks with the help of which the whole process of switching of high-voltage switches in the switchgear – 10, 35 kV is performed are provided.
An explanation of the collection and transfer of information from intelligent electronic devices to the switchgear drive, transmission of control commands, protocol conversion and data exchange with higher levels of automated systems is given.
Advantages of the remote control system for 6-35 kV electrical apparatus are shown on the example of the 110/35/10 kV «Verkhny Uslon» substation of the Tatenergo system.
The system of remote control of switchgear during its repair and in case of other emergency situations is opened on the example of one of the substations 110/35/10 kV of the Republic of Tatarstan.
There are schemes KRUN-10, KRUN-35 kV with an illustration of the positions of electrical apparatus, combined with video surveillance of the state of the switch of a certain cell and the position of the earthing switch of a separate switching device.
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Chen, Linwei, Haiyu Li, Thomas Charton, and Ray Zhang. "Virtual Digital Substation Test System and Interoperability Assessments." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082337.
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Interoperability testing and analysis tools provide a means for achieving and assuring the integrity of multivendor intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) data exchanges. However, the testing and analysis are very time consuming and error prone, and these problems worsen when a substation becomes large and complex during the engineering process, commission, replacement, maintenance, and extension. To address this challenge, this paper presents a virtual digital substation test system (VDSTS) with interoperability analysis tools for assessing and identifying the engineering challenges for the multiple-vendors digital substation. This VDSTS consists of three parts: (i) A virtual digital substation modelling for generating real-time digital substation primary plant operation and fault conditions, (ii) a standard IEC 61850-based substation protection, automation, and control (PAC) system architecture with multivendor IEDs and bay solutions, and (iii) multivendor Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) tools and in-house built data visualisation tool. The study focuses on the interoperability testing of sampled values (SV), generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), and manufacturing message specification (MMS) communication services, as defined in IEC 61850. The main issues identified are compatibility issues of SCL tools, protocol implementation issues, different information models, and application limitations. The outcomes will help utilities to reduce the risks associated with the general rollout of digital substations.
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Pieters, Willem D., and Raynitchka Tzoneva. "Investigation of an IEC 61850 standard-based process bus implementation of a protection and control scheme for parallelly connected transformers." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 19, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 850–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-01-2020-0023.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the implementation of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850–9-2 standard based process bus with merging units (MUs) and sampled values (SV) to improve the protection and control systems. The digital process interface is important to be included on the process bus level. Design/methodology/approach The IEC 61850–9-2 process bus standard is not extensively used in regard to SV when the IEC 61850 standard is implemented by power utilities. Many protection and control intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are connected to a substation communication network, routers and switches using fibre-optic linked Ethernet. However, inductive current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) secondary circuits are still hardwired to the IEDs. The paper highlight issues with the copper wires for currents signals and how these issues can be eliminated by using the MUs and the SV protocol. The voltage regulator control IED of each transformer is required to regulate the voltage level of the secondary side bus bar it is connected to. All the regulating IEDs of parallel-connected transformers are required to communicate with each other to share information. They collectively control the bus bar voltage depending on the switching configuration of the parallel transformers. Findings It is shown that process bus information such as the high voltage switchgear status information of primary plant in the yard, can be used to improve the substation protection and control systems. The power transformer protection and voltage regulator control are focused on. Research limitations/implications The deliverables of the research work can be applied in: The Centre for Substation Automation and Energy Management systems of the Department of Electrical Engineering, power utilities and other establishments using power systems and digital substations in the electrical supply industry. The research work on the thesis led to the development of a laboratory test-bench where students can learn and understand the basics of the IEC 61850–9-2 SVs principles. The test-bench components such as the IEDs, real-time digital simulator, standalone MUs and Ethernet equipment can be used for future research applications. The test-bench can be used to demonstrate during course work for students at the University, the basics of digital substations using a process bus network with IEDs, MUs and Ethernet equipment. Practical implications The research work showed where lab equipment is getting outdated and future equipment will be required for research work in IEC 61850–9-2 process bus. Originality/value Power utilities can benefit from implementing the IEC 61850 part 9–2 of the standard and by using MUs and other process interface information in substations. A cost reduction in high voltage equipment, substation installation and commissioning costs and better performance of protection and control system can be achieved.
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Kumar, Shantanu, Ahmed Abu-Siada, Narottam Das, and Syed Islam. "Toward a Substation Automation System Based on IEC 61850." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030310.
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With the global trend to digitalize substation automation systems, International Electro technical Commission 61850, a communication protocol defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission, has been given much attention to ensure consistent communication and integration of substation high-voltage primary plant assets such as instrument transformers, circuit breakers and power transformers with various intelligent electronic devices into a hierarchical level. Along with this transition, equipment of primary plants in the switchyard, such as non-conventional instrument transformers, and a secondary system including merging units are expected to play critical roles due to their fast-transient response over a wide bandwidth. While a non-conventional instrument transformer has advantages when compared with the conventional one, extensive and detailed performance investigation and feasibility studies are still required for its full implementation at a large scale within utilities, industries, smart grids and digital substations. This paper is taking one step forward with respect to this aim by employing an optimized network engineering tool to evaluate the performance of an Ethernet-based network and to validate the overall process bus design requirement of a high-voltage non-conventional instrument transformer. Furthermore, the impact of communication delay on the substation automation system during peak traffic is investigated through a detailed simulation analysis.
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Alina, Gaukhar, Nurlan Tashatov, Galina Tatkeyeva, Madi Bauyrzhanuly, Dinara Kaibassova, and Margulan Nurtay. "Software prototype development for non-centralized objects of wind flow amplification." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 9 (120) (December 30, 2022): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.267892.
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This research is devoted to the development of software to increase the efficiency of autonomous wind-generating substations using panel structures, which will allow the use of wind energy to generate electricity with minimal losses and for the life support of buildings and structures. In the course of the work, a software and hardware system with a functional diagram for experimental measurements was developed. The paper also describes the process of modeling wind generation, collecting and transmitting real-time data to a web server via the HTTPS protocol. Due to the intensive development of wind energy in Kazakhstan, there is a need to apply methods to improve the energy generation process. In particular, the use of hardware and software to monitor and make decisions on optimizing the power generation process will help solve the problem of limited economic and labor resources. The results of the experiments revealed that the automatic control of the shield structures allows specialists to increase the effectiveness of the energy generation process by 25 % and, thus, a non-linear relationship between the power of the generated energy, the speed and direction of wind has been revealed. It should also be noted that the results obtained in the course of this research make it possible to solve the problem of saving electricity in the cities of Kazakhstan, since so far there are only large-scale wind farms, which is not always available in simple urban conditions. Moreover, the software developed during the study will allow autonomous control and analysis of the behavior of the wind farm, taking into account various weather conditions. In the future, the methods of data analysis will be applied to the data obtained via the process of modeling. A script for receiving and transmitting real-time data with wind speed and direction sensors has been developed
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Sivokobylenko, Vitaliy F., Andrey P. Nikiforov, and Ivan V. Zhuravlov. "Detecting development scenarios of dynamic events in electric power network smart-grids. Part two “Selective Protection”." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 4, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.04.2021.2.
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When implementing development concepts in the electric power industry (such as “Smart Grid”, “Digital substation” and “Outsourcing of services”), the task of ensuring stable relay protection operations and automation devices is urgent. The problem is solved according to the developed structural-information (SI) method. A method for selective search of the optimal amount of structured information for automatic decision-making is proposed. The article discusses an algorithm for recognising scenarios for the development of semantic events, which is included in the SP-method. The algorithm is applied uniformly for all hierarchical levels of recognition, based on the goals of decision making at the senior level. Control of the sequence of information events is performed in the dynamics of the passage of events along one path from all relationships according to the structural-information model. Part 1 shows a collaborative structural-information model consisting of a shaping tree in a dynamic object and a recognition tree in devices. A theoretical description of the algorithm is given using the amplitude and time (Ξ,Η) selectivity windows in the general structural scheme of S-detection. The application of the method for different hierarchical levels of recognition is shown. The decision-making results are presented in two forms, by means of a single semantic signal to indicate a group of results and filling in the table of the sequence of occurrence of the recognised elementary information components. Part 2 shows the application of the SPmethod at different hierarchical levels of recognition for the synthesis of a selective relay, which implements an algorithm for finding a damaged network section with single-phase ground faults in 6-35 kV distribution networks with a Petersen’s coil. The reasons for the unstable operation of algorithms of known selective relays are indicated, based on the concepts of scenario recognition. The improvement of the structure of a selective relay operating on the basis of the criterion for monitoring the coincidence of the first half-waves of the mid-frequency components in the signals of transient processes is considered. Examples of the synthesis of elementary detectors of absolute, relative and cumulative actions in relation to a selective relay are given, which make it possible to fill the amount of information for general S-detection. The simulation of the operation of the synthesised S-detector on the signals of real emergency files of the natural development of damage to the isolation of the network phase and simulation of artificial scenarios of events in the mathematical SI-model are carried out.
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Tan, Chengfei. "Application of Photoelectric Sensor Network in Substation Network Communication System." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 24 (December 27, 2022): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v24i.3929.
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Photoelectric sensor refers to the sensor based on photoelectric effect. In recent years, with the continuous development and stability of photoelectric sensor, more attention has been paid to its wide application and practicability in substation. The substation communication control system will be affected by the communication system structure and communication mode, so it is necessary to make a comprehensive analysis and concrete judgment to find the best control system method and application. Because of its good insulation, strong anti-interference ability, small size and light weight, photoelectric sensors are widely used in substation communication systems. The application of photoelectric sensors in substation communication system has changed the substation communication system and structure. This paper analyzes the principle and technical characteristics of photoelectric sensor, and discusses its influence on structural communication of substation communication control system. As a new type of electronic transformer, the application of electric sensor will have a profound impact on substation automation system.
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Mathebula, Vonani Clive, and Akshay Kumar Saha. "Mission Critical Safety Functions in IEC-61850 Based Substation Automation System - A Reliability Review." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 48 (May 2020): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.48.149.
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The use of Substation Communication Networks (SCN) in power distribution centres of thermal power plants for protection, control and monitoring is increasing as industry’s confidence grows in the application of the IEC-61850 based Substation Automation Systems (SAS). IEC-61508, which is the standard for functional safety, addresses Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic (E/E/PE) safety based technologies in so far as safety lifecycle as well as reliability and verification of safety related systems are concerned. It follows therefore, that Substation Communication Networks (SCN), as well as associated substation equipment that forms part of the overall safety system should satisfy the requirements of functional safety standard IEC-61508. In this paper, Substation Automation System standard (SAS) IEC-61850, Substation Communication Networks (SCNs) as well as dependability evaluation methods are reviewed and discussed.
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Reddy, K. Sreeshanth. "Real Time Monitoring and Control of Substation Parameters using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35466.
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This paper studies about real time monitoring and control of substation .automation of substation has become a need of companies. So, it is necessary to monitoring system that will be able to automatically sense, monitor, and classify the existing constraints on electrical loads. The main purpose of the project is to acquire the remote electrical parameters like voltage, current, temperature and frequency and send these real time values over network at power station. This project is also designed to protect the electrical equipments by operating relays .This relay gets activated whenever the electrical parameters exceed the predefined values.This system can automatically update the real time electrical parameters periodically. It has sensing capability to sense whether the system is in normal conditions or it exceeded the predefined values .If it exceeds predefined values then it gives buzzer to alert and relays automatically trips the circuit .
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Mohamed, Hassan S., M. Mehanna, and El-Saied Osman. "Enhancing the performance of distance protection relays using interactive control system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i1.pp411-419.
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Recently improvement of automation systems for electrical power system network became essential for increasing the realiability of power transmission during any disturbance. In a substations the setting of Distance Relays (DRs) are set manually which depends on human experience which may be led to undesirable operation. Any power transmission system may subjected to shortens and loss of adjusting its protection setting, DRs in protection systems are responsible for protected a High voltage transmission lines from short circuit, power swing, and load encroachment, A proposes automation system architecture is introduced to cover the setting and coordination of protection scheme based on DIgSILENT power factory, SIMATIC manger, and WinCC programs.
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Wang, Wen Xing, and Qing He Chu. "Study on Zhongmou 500kV High Voltage Substation Monitoring System Based on Bluetooth Technology." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 2167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.2167.
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The power structure of main electrical wiring diagram outgoing line in Zhongmu 500kV substation is analyzed firstly, and then the substation communication system based on Bluetooth technology was put forward in this paper. The power and critical loads are important, the connection lines and the connection modes in the substation are very complicated. Bluetooth technology can replace wired cable connection with the wireless interface in the short distance, prevent from complicated line in industry. This paper analyzes and designs model of the network in the substation, enhancing the automatic and intelligence level. Substation monitoring system was composed of meters, relays and other communication devices with Bluetooth components. The structure of the system can be divided into three layers, the bottom is monitor， the terminal in high-voltage chamber is the middle layer, the central processor in Control Building is the most top, bottom communicate with middle layer by Bluetooth technology.The system architecture, software, hardware and the necessary factions of this system are introduced.
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Mesvari, M., and R. Shah-Hosseini. "SEGMENTATION OF ELECTRICAL SUBSTATIONS USING DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences X-4/W1-2022 (January 14, 2023): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w1-2022-495-2023.
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Abstract. The location of electrical substations is one of the factors affecting the improvement of electrical energy distribution, as well as the management and control of this energy source. Less cost and manpower will be spent through automating the process of detection and segmentation of these features with the help of deep neural networks and the potential of existing high spatial resolution satellite images. In this study, a deep encoder-decoder neural network was used. This network is one of the most updated deep learning methods in image processing and segmentation. This network has been trained in three RGB bands with the help of high-resolution satellite images (∼1m) and eventually segmented the areas related to electrical substations with relatively high accuracy. As the results of this convolutional neural network, the IOU and Precision parameters were obtained, and their values were 88.2 and 93.7%, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the proposed deep learning method in the segmentation of existing satellite images.
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Pinto de Sa, J. L., and J. Damasio. "Coordination of automatic control functions in transmission substations, using Petri nets." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, no. 1 (1992): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.108916.
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Olczykowski, Zbigniew, and Jacek Kozyra. "Propagation of Disturbances Generated by DC Electric Traction." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186851.
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In Poland, rail transport is powered by the electric system with the use of traction substations that supply the electric traction with DC voltage of 3 kV. The necessity to change the alternating voltage to the constant and changing loads of the substation cause the electric traction to be a recipient, generating a number of disturbances to the network. These disturbances affect the quality of electricity in the power system from which traction substations are supplied, and the power quality in auxiliary and non-traction lines. This article analyzes the measurements of power quality indicators recorded at selected points of the traction substation system. The parameters characterizing the power quality were recorded, among others, in the main lines supplying traction substations, non-traction lines and auxiliary circuits. The presented article is the first in a series of publications related to the assessment of the impact of DC electric traction on the power system. The recorded data will be the basis for computer simulations defining, inter alia, the impact of power supply conditions for traction substations on the power system and to propose methods of reducing disturbances generated by a dynamically changing substation load.
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Oshnoei, Arman, Rahmat Khezri, S. M. Muyeen, Soroush Oshnoei, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Automatic Generation Control Incorporating Electric Vehicles." Electric Power Components and Systems 47, no. 8 (May 9, 2019): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2019.1579270.
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Tugay, Dmitry, Alina Trotsai, Olexandr Shkurpela, and Ivan Kostenko. "Reducing Power Losses by Voltage Stabilization at the DC Rolling Stock Current Collector." Lighting Engineering & Power Engineering 60, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x.2021.60.3.03.
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The invention relates to an energy-efficient method for voltage stabilization at the electric rolling stock current collector through traction substation control means which provide a nominal voltage value during the electric train movement by an interstation section. The dependence of potential distribution in the contact wire during the electric rolling stock movement by an interstation section was investigated. Also researched and developed are the new ways of voltage stabilization at the current collector of the electric rolling stock based on synchronous (the same for two adjacent traction substations) and asynchronous paths of voltage regulation at DC buses of traction substations related to one synchronous and two asynchronous ways of voltage stabilization in the contact network with obtaining the energy performance describing them. The energy performance of the investigated methods of voltage stabilization in the contact network is compared, and the energy efficiency of each of them is determined. It is proved that the use of modern types of semiconductor converters such as an active rectifier – voltage source in the power equipment of DC traction substations will enable to implement adaptive voltage stabilization systems at the rolling stock current collector, providing nominal voltage values of traction motors on the interstation section without using additional equipment on the rolling stock and, as a consequence, justification and application of these methods is suitable for upgrading the existing and designing new traction substations.