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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric power systems – Protection'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Pana, L. "Simulation of protection functions in LV shipboard electrical power systems." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXV, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-22-i1-001.

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The basic function of a shipboard electric power systems is to supply all consumers, both essential and non-essential, with electrical energy, as economically as possible and with an acceptable degree of quality. A shipboard electrical power system comprises three principal subsystems: generation (naval power plant-island mode plant), distribution and protection and automation. During operation all these subsystems may be affected by faults. In this aim all electrical installations on shipboards are to be protected against over-currents due to short- circuits or accidental overloads. The new ABB air circuit-breakers Emax 2 and Tmax T series can be used both as main circuit-breaker in low voltage generation and distribution systems. In addition to protection, the new air ABB circuit-breakers offer possibility of communication which are particularly suitable for automation, control, measurements, grid analysis, and energy savings. ABB Relays are high-performance electronic units for these circuit breakers. Their basic function is to monitor and protect the electric systems against fault current. The units also includes: measuring, data storage, communication, self-test, load control and zone selectivity functions for these circuit-breakers. This paper presents the analysis of protections and simulates how to trigger protections within shipboard power systems.
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2

Goh, Hui Hwang, Sy yi Sim, Dahir Khere Diblawe, Mortar Mohamed Ali, Chin Wan Ling, Qing Shi Chua, and Kai Chen Goh. "Energy Power Plant in Electric Power Distribution Systems Equipping With Distance Protection." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i1.pp192-198.

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<p>This paper suggests the theory of distance protection criteria in power distribution systems for power plant generation. Multi-developed countries have energy power plants that placed in remote areas which are far from the grid line. Hence, they should be coupled to the low power transportation systems necessarily. While higher-rating relays are adopted to preserve feeders at power substations, fuses are merely obtainable outside on feeder channel. The safe system process, space protection is dispatched to save feeders. In this review, feeders with distance relays are equipped, together with over-current protection relays and fuses. Energy power plant having distance protection system is designed the implemented system was a 6-MW unit of compressed power energy reproduction. The sample feeder was shortened to be equal four-bus experiment feeder for transmitting resolution. The fault currents have chances adopted to form protecting regions of distance relays. Protection of the power line through the designed power plants for distance relaying can decrease problem in relay location because of the impedance-based location of the distance relay. </p>
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3

Panteleev, V. I., I. S. Kuzmin, A. A. Zavalov, A. V. Tikhonov, and E. V. Umetskaia. "Power quality in power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises in Russia." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-3-356-368.

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This paper investigates the effect of the load factor of frequency converters and thyristor converters on electrical power quality. Recommendations for reducing the influence of higher harmonics and switching overvoltages on the characteristics of electrical power are provided. Higher harmonics were measured by a PKK57 complex device for controlling electrical parameters and a digital oscilloscope of the Tektronix TDS 2024V type. Impulse switching overvoltages were recorded by an active resistance divider of the DNEK-10 type and the above-mentioned oscilloscope. The obtained data were processed by the Loginom 6.4 software and the methods of mathematical statistics. The lower threshold level of the load factor of frequency converters and thyristor converters was set equal to 0.8, at which the sinusoidal distortion of voltage curves correspond to the RF standard of electrical power quality. The suppression degree of higher harmonics from the 5th to 17th frequency by power transformers with a capacity of 250–6,300 kV. A ranged from 95 to 45%. The use of the ‘transformer–converter–electric receiver’ system as applied to the power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises was substantiated. It was shown that electric motors with a capacity of up to 2,500 kW inclusively require protection against switching overvoltages. Conventional RC-absorbers based on RC-circuits connected to the terminals of electric motors are shown to be highly efficient for protecting electric motors against switching overvoltages. Thus, the quality of electrical power in power supply systems of mining and processing enterprises in Russia can be ensured by frequency converters and thyristor converters with a load factor of 0.8 or greater. Provided that the transformer capacity does not exceed 1,000 kV. A, a more efficient and less expensive ‘transformer–converter–electrical receiver’ system is recommended. Effective protection of electric motors of up to 2,500 kW inclusive can be provided using the proposed conventional RC absorber, which maintains the overvoltage rate at a level not exceeding 1.7.
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4

Shirokov, Nikolaj V. "PREVENTIVE PROTECTION OF AUTONOMOUS ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS FROM GENERATORS REVERSE POWER." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 12, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2020-12-4-789-800.

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5

Wang, Lin Yuan. "The Application Research of Current Protection Device in Low-Voltage Rural Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3675–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3675.

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Current protective device against direct and indirect electric shock as well as effective protection against electrical fires has been widely used in the rural power grid, but there is also a more prominent issue. Residual current protection device in use often appearing malfunction, tripping phenomenon has seriously affected the security and stability and reliability of power supply and low voltage distribution systems. In this paper, it should be from a low-voltage distribution systems and wiring protection devices, power grid maintenance operation, standardized management products, technical training and promotion of social workers and other aspects of a comprehensive solution to this problem; and presented on the remaining current protection device applications, some of the views.
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6

Rolim, Felipe B. B., Fernanda C. L. Trindade, and Marcos J. Rider. "Adaptive Protection Methodology for Modern Electric Power Distribution Systems." Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 32, no. 5 (August 3, 2021): 1377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40313-021-00774-1.

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7

Koniukhov, A. M., A. V. Khlebnov, and V. A. Timanov. "A method of testing relay protection and automation involving exposure to cascading effects for improved power supply reliability and electric power system stability." Dependability 21, no. 4 (December 28, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2021-21-4-47-52.

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The Aim of the paper is to show that improved power supply reliability and electric power system stability are achieved by applying new methods of testing relay protection and automation (RPaA). Major cascading failures in electric power systems are caused by cascading effects, i.e., effects involving several successive effects of various nature. Cascading effects allow extending the functionality while testing RP&A and taking into account the time factor in the context of effects of various nature. Method. A method is proposed for testing relay protection and automation taking into account the cascading effect that is used in the process of development, calibration and installation of protection devices for operation in predefined modes for the purpose of improved power supply reliability and unfailing stability of electric power systems. Result. Intermittent cascading effects do not allow the relay protection and automation recover the electric power system from the post-emergency mode, thus reducing the dynamic stability to the critical level. The diagram of relay protection and automation exposure allows taking into consideration the environmental effects in the process of testing the relay protection and automation. Conclusion. The proposed method of cascading exposure as part of testing relay protection and automation can be used in the process of development, calibration and installation of electric power systems protection and will enable improved stability of electric power systems and reliability of power supply.
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8

Gębura, Andrzej, and Tomasz Tokarski. "Selected Problems In Controlling On-Board Direct And Alternating Current Systems." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 36, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2015-0018.

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AbstractThe article addresses in a complex way the problem of cooperation between the on-board electric power sources of an aircraft with its on-board electric network. The authors paid special attention to conditions related to correct switching of the on-board electric power sources. Structural protection of the electric power sources against harmful impact of loads, and of the loads against incorrectly operating sources, as well as certain methods to counteract such phenomena, are discussed. Exploring these relations will enable the user to undertake actions which can reduce the failure rate of the on-board electrical power network, and ensure power supply to the electrical loads under all flight conditions. Their correct operation determines correct operation of the on-board electrical power network. The authors tried to discuss all the problems in the most universal way possible, so the deliberations presented here could be helpful in analyzing defects in various aircrafts.
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9

Moustafa, Moustafa Abdelrahman Mohamed Mohamed, and Choong-koo Chang. "Preventing cascading failure of electric power protection systems in nuclear power plant." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 53, no. 1 (January 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.06.010.

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10

Bordyug, Alexander Sergeevich. "Application of distributed optical control technology in ship power systems." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-75-81.

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The article considers the point sensor technology for onshore power systems, which has a significant potential in providing new and effective solutions for monitoring and protecting marine electrical systems. These technologies can reduce the risk levels associated with marine electrical systems by providing comprehensive monitoring and protection functions that benefit from the distributed nature of the metering system. There has been described a system that consists of a data collecting device with optical fiber to collect multiple readings from a distributed passive array of sensors connected along a fiber length up to 100 km (applicable for any marine systems). There have been illustrated the variants of distributed monitoring and protection system in marine electrical systems. It has been stated that in the advanced marine systems there are used all-electric propulsion systems that distribute electricity between the ship's propulsion plants and other consumers. The power distribution has been proved necessary to rise efficiency, controllability, flexibility and cost of the system. Application of the new DC systems with zoned architecture, the emergence of batteries and other forms of power storage, and studying the superconducting cables and machines add to the importance of having knowledge of system operability and timely and safe response to failures and damages of the system.
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11

Kisic, Emilija, Vera Petrovic, Miroslav Jakovljevic, and Zeljko Djurovic. "Fault detection in electric power systems based on control charts." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 10, no. 1 (2013): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1301073k.

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This paper analyzes the control system of the combustion process and protection from explosions in the boiler furnace of thermal power plant using the techniques of control charts. The data from old and newly introduced system for measuring under-pressure differences in boiler furnace at unit B2, TE Nikola Tesla (TENT) Obrenovac, were analyzed. The signal of undepressure difference is used for boiler protection function in thermal power plant TENT B. The results that confirm the advantages of the newly introduced system of measurements are presented. A detailed discussion about the benefits and the shortcomings of the control charts application in industrial processes are given in the paper.
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12

Wilches-Bernal, Felipe, Ali Bidram, Matthew J. Reno, Javier Hernandez-Alvidrez, Pedro Barba, Benjamin Reimer, Rudy Montoya, Christopher Carr, and Olga Lavrova. "A Survey of Traveling Wave Protection Schemes in Electric Power Systems." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 72949–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3080234.

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13

Zhao, Lianghong, Wensheng Hou, and Qinbo He. "Intelligent of Electric Vehicle Heat Pump Air Conditioning Control System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2143, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2143/1/012043.

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Abstract Traditional fuel vehicles consume a lot of fuel and cause serious environmental pollution. At present, when environmental protection is being paid more and more attention, Electric vehicles have received extensive attention from countries all over the world for their advantages in energy safety, environmental protection and long-term development. Electric vehicles have received extensive attention from countries all over the world for their advantages in energy safety, environmental protection and long-term development. With the rapid development of electric vehicles, as the main energy consumer, following the electrical system, the air-conditioning system has become an important factor restricting the power, economy and durability of electric buses. At the same time, compared with the current electric heating PTC method commonly used in electric vehicles, heat pump air conditioners can increase the working range of electric vehicles. Therefore, the application of large-scale energy-saving systems, high-efficiency energy-saving systems, and electric vehicle air-conditioning systems is developed, it is of great significance to the promotion of electric vehicles. This article aims to intelligently study the control system of the electric vehicle air-conditioning heat pump.
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14

Andrusca, Mihai, Maricel Adam, Alin Dragomir, and Eduard Lunca. "Innovative Integrated Solution for Monitoring and Protection of Power Supply System from Railway Infrastructure." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237858.

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This paper describes an innovative integrated solution for monitoring and protection of the power supply system of electric traction. The development of electronics devices, new possibilities to communicate (wireless), and new sensors makes it possible to design, develop and implement new hardware–software structures in various fields such as energy systems, transportation infrastructure, etc. This contributes to increasing developments in the monitoring and protection of railway infrastructure. A monitoring and protection system that uses sensors and devices to acquire electrical parameters from railway infrastructure has been developed and applied for fault detection and protection of power supply systems from electric traction. The solution of monitoring and protection presented are composed of a hardware–software structure with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) communication for monitoring of power supply installations from the electric traction and a central remote system composed of a device with GSM communication and a server that will allow, among others things, accurate detection of the block section (SC), in which an electrical fault (short circuit) has occurred, determination of the circuit breakers electro-erosion from the railway installations and an indication of the opportune moment for maintenance activity, respectively, as well as knowledge of the technical condition of some equipment from the return circuit. The proposed and developed method for monitoring devices has been validated in the railway laboratory to confirm its capability to detect defects and was tested in the field. Experimental results in the field and appropriate data analysis are included in this article.
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15

Borghetti, Alberto, and Shigeru Yokoyama. "Lightning protection of power systems." Electric Power Systems Research 85 (April 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2011.07.014.

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16

NASIROV, Shamsi. "Analysis of Innovative Methods for Ensuring Operational Reliability and Safety Used in the Energy Systems of Azerbaijan." Eurasia Proceedings of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics 20 (December 21, 2022): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epstem.1222691.

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The high rates of restoration work carried out in the territories of Azerbaijan recently liberated from the occupation and the technological requirements for the projected power plants and electric grids of modern design and high power require the use of reliable and effective methods of control and protection of these facilities from failures and damage, as well as possible cyberattacks. In this regard, the article analyses the actual questions of the use of modern technologies and developments for the protection of power systems, provides the best options for the management and protection of electrical networks, which are most suitable for long-term plans for the development of the region on the principle of smart cities.
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17

Shapovalov, O., and I. Kravets. "INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE ON THE RELIABILITY OF ELECTRICAL SUPPLY OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.16.

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A large number of natural and man-made emergencies occurring on the territory of Ukraine, and not only that cause deforestation of buildings, structures, objects and cities and whole districts, require the provision of fire protection systems for sources of electricity that are independent of Electricity supply of certain areas or cities and objects. Regardless of the control mode, elements of automatic fire protection systems are elements that take part in a single technological process (notifying people of danger, feeding, water, removing smoke, etc.). All systems of fire protection (SPPZ), as the main power source use a common grid (220 / 380V AC). In this unchanged form, the electric power is fed to supply power executive elements (asynchronous actuators of water pumps, fans, etc.). To control the operation of fire protection systems, 12-24V DC is used. This requires the use of additional transducers in fire control systems to form the voltage of the corresponding form. Simultaneous exhaustion of tens and hundreds of settlements, as evidenced by the reports of the DNS of Ukraine and other operational services, affects the provision of fire protection of objects and the safety of people [5]. Taking into account the unpredictability of the occurrence of events, it is necessary to apply methods of providing backup power supply independent of power supply and climatic conditions of operation of fire protection systems. The purpose of the work is to propose the optimal way of forming the supply voltage and adjusting its parameters for the backup power of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems powered by an autonomous power supply, which consists of a unit of battery and autonomous voltage inverters. Such a backup power scheme allows simultaneous control and regulation of the voltage, frequency, and the ability to determine the parameters of the autonomous source elements. In the process of reviewing and assessing the reliability of power supply of electric consumers of automatic fire protection systems, previously noted ways to increase the reliability of the operation of automatic fire protection systems by reserving power supply from autonomous sources with the use of accumulator batteries and autocompressor voltage inverters were taken into account. For comparison, from all known electricians of fire protection systems, the most common and most powerful electric consumer is used - an asynchronous motor. The probabilistic method for calculating the functioning of the backup power supply system for an internal fire-fighting water supply system using generator sets and accumulator batteries with autonomous inverters of voltage, taking into account the accidental nature of the disconnection of power lines, proved that the proposed reservation scheme, both with K2AIN-AD and with 2K2AIN-AD increases the reliability of functioning systems for fire protection. An increase in the number of similar items led to an improvement in the quality characteristics of the power supply, but had a negative impact on reliability, albeit slightly compared to the backup from the two-transformer substation.
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18

Schasny, V. P., and A. I. Zhukouski. "Electromagnetic Compatibility of Compensating Devices and Converters of an Adjustable Electric Drive in Electrical Networks of Industrial Enterprises." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 65, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2022-65-1-37-51.

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The problems of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in the power supply systems of industrial enterprises are inseparable. Their relevance is due to the widespread use of electric receivers that consume reactive power and distort the quality of electrical energy in the network, as well as the implementation of new technologies, systems and equipment into production that make increased demands on the quality of electrical energy consumed. An important characteristic of the quality of electrical energy rationed by GOST 32144–2013 is the non-sinusoidal voltage. The main reason for the non-sinusoidal voltage in the electrical networks of industrial enterprises is the use of electrical equipment with a nonlinear voltage characteristic, which is a source of conductive electromagnetic interference, in particular: adjustable DC and AC electric drives, uninterruptible power supplies of electric receivers, electric welding equipment, electric arc furnaces, induction heating installations, gas-discharge radiation sources. Due to the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics, the above devices consume a non-sinusoidal current from the network, which causes harmonic distortion of the supply voltage, including the fundamental harmonic component and higher harmonic components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Non-sinusoidal voltage, in turn, causes additional losses of power and energy in the elements of the electrical network, causes overheating and accelerated aging of the insulation of electrical equipment, reducing its operational reliability and reducing service life, worsens the accuracy of electrical measurements, causes malfunctions in automation systems, telemechanics, relay protection, electronic systems and communications. Non-sinusoidal voltage significantly complicates the compensation of reactive power in the electrical network. Compensating devices are made on the basis of capacitors, whose electrical parameters (resistance, power, current) depend on both the magnitude of the supply voltage and its harmonic composition. The present article identifies problems and proposes solutions in terms of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in electrical networks containing thyristor voltage converters and frequency converters used in adjustable electric drive installations of industrial enterprises.
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19

Kim, Sang Ho, Tsuneo Futami, Soon Heung Chang, and Yong Hoon Jeong. "Safety Enhancements for PHWRs Based on Macroscopic Losses of the Fukushima Accident." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/520756.

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The role of nuclear energy is to supply electric power on a stable basis to meet increasing demands, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and maintain stable electric power costs while ensuring safety. The Fukushima accident taught us many lessons for creating safer nuclear power plants. Considering the design of systems, the areas of weakness at the Fukushima nuclear power plants can be divided into three categories: plant protection, electricity supply, and cooling of the nuclear fuel. In this paper, focusing on these three areas, the lessons learned are proposed and applied for pressurized heavy water reactors. Firstly, hard protection against external risks ensures the integrity of components and systems such that they can perform their original functions. Secondly, additional emergency power supply systems for electrical redundancy and diversity can improve the response capabilities for an accident by increasing the availability of active components. Thirdly, cooling for removing decay heat can be augmented by adopting diverse safety systems derived from other types of reactors. This study is expected to contribute to the safety enhancement of pressurized heavy water reactors by applying design changes based on the lessons learned from the Fukushima accident.
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20

Thabet, Ahmed, and Youssef Mobarak. "Innovative earthing systems for electric power substations using conductive nanoparticles." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp1857-1864.

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The earthing system is very important to safe human’s lives and protect power system from normal and abnormal faults. High soil resistivity regions is the main problem of installation the earthing systems in electric power substations to pass the current through the earth's surface. This paper has been overcome on high soil resistivity regions by penetrating conductive nanoparticles to have extremely low grounding resistance. Moreover, it has been succeeded to examine the methodology of the proposed Nano-Tech earthing systems in case of single rods, multiple rods and grids. Also, it has been defined optimal types and concentrations of nanoparticles for Nano-Tech grounding system to provide excellence protection for electrical substations with respect to built beneath of soil where substation is located. A comparative study has been discussed and analyzed the results of traditional and nanotechnology grounding systems.
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21

Ukil, Abhisek. "Recent Patents in Power Systems Protection." Recent Patents on Electrical Engineeringe 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874476110801020164.

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22

Denisova, E. V., I. B. Guliaeva, and M. K. Marenich. "Specific features of electrical equipment grounding on a mine site to comply with the requirements for effective protection of personnel against electric-shock hazards." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2022 (August 25, 2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2022-4-110-118.

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The paper provides evidence that the existing standardized design concept of power supply systems for the mine sites inherently involves existence of an electrical shock hazard to humans when touching the phase of the network. This hazard is caused by the active and capacitive conductance of the insulation due to grounding of the central cores of the flexible shielded mining cables. The functional inefficiency of the ground fault protection used in the mining industry has been proved, including the cases of mine electric networks with high power consumption. An alternative concept was justified to design the power supply system for a mine section electric network, which excludes grounding of the central cores of the flexible cables. This approach implements the principle of selective shutoff protection of the electrical consumers in the mine section using local means to control the condition of insulation in the power connections.
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23

Rocha, Gabriel Vianna Soares, Raphael Pablo de Souza Barradas, João Rodrigo Silva Muniz, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, Igor Meireles de Araújo, Daniel de Souza Avelar da Costa, Abner Cardoso da Silva, Marcus Vinícius Alves Nunes, and Jucileno Silva e. Silva. "Optimized Surge Arrester Allocation Based on Genetic Algorithm and ATP Simulation in Electric Distribution Systems." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214110.

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The efficient protection of electric power distribution networks against lightning discharges is a crucial problem for distribution electric utilities. To solve this problem, the great challenge is to find a solution for the installation of surge arresters at specific points in the electrical grid and in a sufficient quantity that can ensure an adequate level of equipment protection and be within the utility’s budget. As a solution to this problem of using ATP (Alternative Transient Program), this paper presents a methodology for optimized surge arrester allocation based on genetic algorithm (GA), with a fitness function that maximizes the number of protected equipment according to the financial availability for investment in surge arresters. As ATP may demand too much processing time when running large distribution grids, an innovative procedure is implemented to obtain an overvoltage severity description of the grid and select only the most critical electric nodes for the incidence of lightning discharges, in the GA allocation procedure. The results obtained for the IEEE-123 bus electric feeder indicate a great reduction of flashover occurrence, thus increasing the equipment protection level.
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24

Kido, Mitsuyasu, Tomio Chiba, Hiroyuki Kudou, Junzou Kawakami, and Tadao Kawai. "Digital Input Filters for Measurement, Control and Protection in Electric Power Systems." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 111, no. 12 (1991): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.111.12_1319.

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25

Ogbuefi, Uche C., Cajetan M. Nwosu, and Cosmas U. Ogbuka. "Concept and Application of Lightning Arrester for 11kV Electric Power Systems Protection." Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research 02, no. 01 (2020): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajbsr.2020.2105.

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26

Guilherme Kaehler Guarda, Fernando, Ghendy Cardoso, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, and João Paulo Abreu Vieira. "Minimising direct-coupled distributed synchronous generators impact on electric power systems protection." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 4190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6757.

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27

WU, N. Eva, and Qiu QIN. "Secondary protective control for mitigation of protection misoperations in electric power systems." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 4, no. 3 (July 2016): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-016-0205-8.

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28

Kido, Mitsuyasu, Tomio Chiba, Hiroyuki Kudo, Junzou Kawakami, and Tadao Kawai. "Digital input filters for measurement, control and protection of electric power systems." Electrical Engineering in Japan 112, no. 5 (1992): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391120510.

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29

Kido, Mitsuyasu, Tomio Chiba, Hiroyuki Kudou, Junzou Kawakami, and Tadao Kawai. "Digital input filters for measurement, control and protection in electric power systems." Electrical Engineering in Japan 113, no. 2 (1993): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391130203.

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30

Leonowicz, Zbigniew, and Michal Jasinski. "Machine Learning and Data Mining Applications in Power Systems." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051676.

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This Special Issue was intended as a forum to advance research and apply machine-learning and data-mining methods in order to facilitate the development of modern electric power systems, grids and devices, smart grids and protection devices, as well as to develop tools for more accurate and efficient power system analysis [...]
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31

Derkachev, S. V. "Microprocessor protection of electrical motors against phase failure in external power supply network." Vestnik IGEU, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2022.1.046-053.

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Nonsymmetrical modes in the external power supply network during operation can be caused by several reasons: phase failure due to strong wind or glaciation of overhead power lines, wire burnout due to persistent short circuits, open phase automatic reclosing. In case of open phase condition, the external power supply network, synchronous and asynchronous electric motors are powered along the two phases that are in operation. It leads to the negative sequence current, which poses maximum danger for electric motors, since it causes additional heating and, as a result, premature damage. Therefore, the currently important goal of the project is to study transient processes of the motor load when an open phase mode occurs in the external power supply network and to design microprocessor protection of electrical motors against phase failure in the supply network. To achieve the goal, a computer simulation method is used, based on mathematical models of the elements of electrical network presented as the systems of differential equations in a three-phase coordinate system. The regularities of the flow of transient processes in synchronous and asynchronous electric motors in case of open phase modes in both the internal and external power supply networks have been established. Thus, it is possible to develop an algorithm of the operation of microprocessor protection of electrical motors against phase failure in the external power supply network. The proposed algorithm is based on monitoring the negative sequence current level and the absence of current in one of the phases at the section input. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm to protect electrical motors against open phase modes in an external power supply network has a high selectivity. Its use as a starting element of the fast-acting automatic transfer switch device allows you to provide uninterrupted power supply for enterprises with a continuous technological process.
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32

Krynova, Ekaterina, and Kamil Valiullin. "Assessment of the influence of power plants with renewable energy to work relay protection and automation in power system." Energy Systems 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2022.4.004.

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The article deals with the issue of the influence of solar power plants on the operation of relay protection and automation devices. The development of simulation models of electric power systems in the Simulink MATLAB environment has been carried out for three cases: power is supplied entirely from a solar power plant; power is supplied from the traditional source of the electric power system; the power is supplied partly from the solar power plant, partly from the traditional source of the electric power system. The description of the main parameters of the blocks of the simulation model is made. A study was also made of the influence of renewable energy sources on the sensitivity of relay protection, which directly depends on the level of short-circuit currents. Graphs of the dependence of the two-phase short circuit current on time are plotted. The conclusion is made about the decrease in the sensitivity of the relay protection in the presence of a solar power plant in the electric power system. The results obtained make it possible to calculate the parameters of various operating modes of the system, the results of which can be used to configure relay protection and automation devices.
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Gupta, Kapil. "Fault Detection System for GSS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2934–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44483.

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Abstract: The efficiency of power systems is largely determined by the effectiveness of the inbuilt power equipment. Monitoring transmission parameters for faults and quick isolation of the system from faults helps to improve the efficiency of the power systems reliability. Current conventional method has its own limitations due to the reliance on technical team to carrying out visual inspection in order to identify any fault. The functions of the protective systems are to detect, then classify and finally determine the location of the faulty. This project presents some techniques that helps to find, determine and diagnosing faults in GSS. This project will review the type of fault that possibly occurs in an electric power system, the type of fault detection and location technique that are available together with the protection device that can be utilized in the power system to protect the equipment from electric fault.
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34

Guerrero, Josep M., Luis Garcia De Vicuna, and Javier Uceda. "Uninterruptible power supply systems provide protection." IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 1, no. 1 (2007): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mie.2007.357184.

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35

Veleva, Sanja, and Danco Davcev. "Implementation Perspectives of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks in Smart Grid." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6737.

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Today’s scarcity of power generation and complex distribution through the electric power systems can not address the trend of increasing demand and consumption of electricity. The monitoring and control of the electric power systems through wired communications require expenses in material, staff, and usually fail in the effective communication for fault diagnostic and protection. In this article we discuss the possibility for the Wireless Sensors and Actuators to address this challenge and provide an optimization of the management for the electric power systems. By embedding the positive influence over the three major power systems: power generation, power delivery, and power utilization, Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs) emerge as an enhancing technology for the next generation of electric power systems, Smart Grids. In this paper, we present an overview of the functionalities of the WSANs in Smart Grids, their advantages over traditional networks, and their architectural characteristics in a way of supervision and control of the power system, by improving the balance between the power supply and demand, and therefore avoiding energy shortages.
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36

Marei, Marwa M., Manal H. Nawir, and Ali Abdul Razzaq Altahir. "An improved technique for power transformer protection using fuzzy logic protective relaying." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1754-1760.

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The three-phase power transformer in the transmission or distribution substations represents one of the essential devices on electric power networks. Losing this devise cause a disconnection of the power utility to a large number of electrical loads. The robust protection system must be designed to protect the device during abnormal operations. A complete protection system for a poly-phase power transformer for one of the Karbala transmission networks (East Karbala substation) is modeled and simulated, adopting a fuzzy logic protective relaying using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. This study discusses fuzzy logic-based relaying for a power transformer safety, as well as internal faults that are clearly identified. Two principles of operation are used to protect the transformer; differential relay and overcurrent relay. The differential relay is proposed as the unit protection, while the overcurrent is backup protection. The proposed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to detect abnormal operation; it is also modeled to organize the operation between unit and backup protection. The numerical results clarify that the proposed model can perform fast, rigorous, and authoritative protection for the transformer. Also, modeling of the protection mode decreases the complexity of designing various subsystem and combining them in one controller.
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37

Vadaszffy, Karl. "Protect and Serve." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2019, no. 1 (July 2019): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(22)60045-9.

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38

Novash, I. V. "MODELING OF POWER SYSTEMS AND TESTING OF RELAY PROTECTION DEVICES IN REAL AND MODEL TIME." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 60, no. 3 (May 17, 2017): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2017-60-3-198-210.

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The methods of modelling of power system modes and of testing of relay protection devices with the aid the simulation complexes in real time and with the help of computer software systems that enables the simulation of virtual time scale are considered. Information input protection signals in the simulation of the virtual model time are being obtained in the computational experiment, whereas the tests of protective devices are carried out with the help of hardware and software test systems with the use of estimated input signals. Study of power system stability when modes of generating and consuming electrical equipment and conditions of devices of relay protection are being changed requires testing with the use of digital simulators in a mode of a closed loop. Herewith feedbacks between a model of the power system operating in a real time and external devices or their models must be determined (modelled). Modelling in real time and the analysis of international experience in the use of digital simulation power systems for real-time simulation (RTDS simulator) have been fulfilled. Examples are given of the use of RTDS systems by foreign energy companies to test relay protection systems and control, to test the equipment and devices of automatic control, analysis of cyber security and evaluation of the operation of energy systems under different scenarios of occurrence of emergency situations. Some quantitative data on the distribution of RTDS in different countries and Russia are presented. It is noted that the leading energy universities of Russia use the real-time simulation not only to solve scientific and technical problems, but also to conduct training and laboratory classes on modelling of electric networks and anti-emergency automatic equipment with the students. In order to check serviceability of devices of relay protection without taking into account the reaction of the power system tests can be performed in an open loop mode with the use of hardware and software test systems. Testing methods for relay protection and their models in open-loop mode have been proposed.
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39

Jamaaluddin, Jamaaluddin, Izza Anshory, and Shazana Dhiya Ayuni. "Analysis of Overcurrent Safety in Miniature Circuit Breaker with Alternating Current." Journal of Electrical Technology UMY 5, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jet.v5i2.12508.

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In the utilization of solar energy, the equipment used includes Photovoltaic Cells, solar charging controls, batteries, protection devices, and other measuring devices. This solar power generation system is the name of a system that can convert solar energy into electric power. This solar power plant used in buildings is referred to as the Solar Building System (SBS). To perfect this solar power generation system, it is necessary to manage the electric power protection system. The protection system in this solar power plant includes the use of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB). This Miniature Circuit Breaker is a tool for overcurrent protection in alternating current systems and direct current systems. In order to obtain a good protection system for this solar power plant, a study was conducted on the use of a miniature circuit breaker that is effective for a certain type of current. The research method used is the use of alternating current and direct current miniature circuit breakers in alternating current circuits. Observations and recordings were carried out, so that the obtained results were quite significantly different in their use. From the results of the study, it was found that the Miniature alternating current circuit breaker has better characteristics in alternating current circuits, when compared to direct current miniature circuit breakers.
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40

Fares, Ahmed M., Matias Kippke, Mohamed Rashed, Christian Klumpner, and Serhiy Bozhko. "Development of a Smart Supercapacitor Energy Storage System for Aircraft Electric Power Systems." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 8056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238056.

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This paper presents the development of a supercapacitor energy storage system (ESS) aimed to minimize weight, which is very important for aerospace applications, whilst integrating smart functionalities like voltage monitoring, equalization, and overvoltage protection for the cells. The methodology for selecting the supercapacitor cells type/size is detailed to achieve the safest and most energy-dense ESS. Additionally, the development of the interface electronics for cells’ voltage monitoring and overvoltage protection is presented. The proposed design implements a modular distributed architecture coordinated using communication buses to minimize the wirings and associated complexity and to enable system reconfiguration and expansions, as well as fault diagnoses. Validating the proposed ESS functionalities has been done via experimental testing and the results are presented and discussed.
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41

Hou, Lei, Dezhi Chen, Tongfei Li, Ming Zhao, and Huaibo Ren. "Design and Research on DC Electric Leakage Protection Circuit Breaker." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 5605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155605.

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In recent years, DC power supply and distribution technology plays an increasingly significant role in power supply and distribution systems with a low loss and large power supply radius. However, the corresponding DC distribution network protection electric devices cannot satisfy the needs of the existing DC power supply and distribution network. Based on this, in this article, an intelligent/energy-efficient DC leakage protection circuit breaker based on two-phase magnetic nanomaterials and detection and control technology is proposed. Firstly, the core of an intelligent/energy-efficient DCCB is composed of two-phase magnetic nanomaterials, and the mathematical modeling process, preparation and processing method of two-phase magnetic nanomaterials are given. Secondly, the DC leakage detection technology is studied by fluxgate technology, and the design process of magnetic rings, winding and detection circuit is given. Thirdly, the simulation and experiment results of the detection system and actuator are given by the simulation and experiment of an intelligent/energy-efficient DCCB to verify the correctness of the proposed scheme.
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42

Tuyou, Si, Wu Jiekang, Yuan Weideng, and Du Anan. "Power supply risk assessment method for relay protection system faults." Archives of Electrical Engineering 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aee-2016-0056.

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Abstract The influence and the potential risk due to hidden faults of a relay protection system on power supply in distribution systems are paid more and more attention to. A probability analysis method is used to analyse fault characteristics and action mechanism of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems, and failure probability model of relay protection system is constructed and simplified. The effects of dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation of the relay protection systems on the reduced power supply load power are analysed, and a probabilistic model for reduced power supply load power is constructed by three parts corresponding to dominant faults, hidden misoperation and non-operation. A probability calculation method of power supply risk occurrence due to hidden faults of relay protecttion system is proposed considering the fault probability of the relay protection systems, the frequency of the hidden faults occurring in operation period, the reduced power supply load power or load power outage, and the connection mode of the in-lines, out-lines and transformers in a substation. The feasibility and applicability of the proposed method for estimation of risk value probability of the relay protection systems is verified by two studied examples.
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43

A.V. Neftisov, A.Zh Sarinova, O.M Talipov, L. N Kirichenko, and I. M. Kazambaev. "POSSIBILITY OF BUILDING MICROPROCESSOR RELAY PROTECTION DEVICES ON OPEN ARCHITECTURE." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Energetics series, no. 3.2022 (September 30, 2022): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/iklz1109.

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"The article analyzes the structure of relay protection devices of various designs. Based on the Unified Electric Power System of the Republic of Kazakhstan prediction on the electric energy balance the plan to increase the generation of electricity due to the commissioning of new capacities was revealed In addition, the international market of the energy sector and a preliminary forecast for the total demand for energy separeted into the declared scenarios and the scenario of sustainable development of electricity generation, cumulative average annual growth rate, electric capacity by countries, continents and regions were studied. It is determined that the type of power generation system and the fuel used affect the features of building and updating relay protection systems. The hypothesis of the study is the replacement of existing closed solutions on the market of relay protection systems with open hardware and software, which allow developing and applying then various power supply systems, including FPGAs. Within the framework of the study, solutions for building a microprocessor relay on an open architecture were proposed: a block diagram and a developed laboratory stand “relay protection microprocessor on an Arduino board”; «Relay protection microprocessor using FPGA». Comparative data on the characteristics of the boards are presented, where the FPGA board is more effective in all respects. The program was developed in the Quartus Prime 21.1 Lite Edition environment. Based on the results of the work, it can be noted that aim of the further research will be the expansion of the microprocessor relay protection devices based on an open architecture use. Keywords: relay protection, open architecture, FPGA, microprocessor protection, FPGA, automation, control"
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44

Gerasymenko, V. "Intelligent control and forecasting system the magnitudes of leakage current electrical equipment for heat treatment and drying installations of grain raw materials." Energy and automation, no. 6(52) (November 25, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2020.06.109.

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One of the effective technical methods of protection against electric shock for heat treatment and drying of grain raw materials is the use of protective switching devices. The use of more advanced devices, which include a leakage current analyzer, allows you to warn and warn service personnel against electric shock and clearly reflect changes in the insulation strength of electrical equipment. The aim of the study is to analyze the existing protective equipment that operates and provides protection by controlling the magnitude of leakage currents and proposing a technical solution that will provide, in addition to protection based on leakage current control, also early warning of the possibility of insulation thresholds. To provide automated real-time control, a technical solution based on the ATmega microcontroller has been developed. The device includes a zero-sequence current transformer to the terminals of the secondary winding which is connected to a protective unit with a leakage current analyzer. The use of a protective switching device, additionally equipped with a leakage current analyzer unit, will allow monitoring the amount of leakage current, warning and informing service personnel about the appearance of dangerous leakage current in 0.38 kV power supply systems for heat treatment and drying of grain.
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45

Kirui, Kemei Peter, David K. Murage, and Peter K. Kihato. "Fuse-Fuse Protection Scheme ETAP Model for IEEE 13 Node Radial Test Distribution Feeder." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 9 (September 29, 2019): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1549.

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According to NEC 240.101 regulations each and every component of a power system distribution network has to have an over-current protective device (OCPD) for its protection. The OCPDs must coordinate with other devices both upstream and downstream for a reliable operation and protection of the power systems distribution network. There are four equipment/components for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder each modelled in this paper to be protected by fuses. These components are namely the nodes, the underground cables, the overhead distribution lines and the transformers. Equipment protection is an important and necessary exercise of performing power systems protection coordination processes. The equipment and their over-current protective device’s time-current characteristic (TCC) curves are important tools used to show and to indicate the protection requirements, landmark points and damage curves for all power systems equipment. Individual equipment protection requirements and limitations are described and identified by use of their various landmarks and damage curves. These damage curves and the landmark points are all superimposed with the Time-Current Characteristic curves of the Over-Current Protective Devices used in protecting the equipment on one composite TCC graph. Equipment damage curves which fall to the right and above the Over-Current Protective Device’s TCC curves with sufficient margins are considered to be protected by the OCPDs. Equipment damage curves which fall to the left and below the OCPD’s TCC curves are considered not to be protected by the OCPDs. IEEE Standard 241 states that on all power systems, the OCPDs should be selected and set to open before the Ampacity mark, the short circuit damage curves, and both the thermal and the mechanical damage curves limits of the protected components are exceeded. This paper presents a detailed Fuse-Fuse protection scheme for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder as modeled on the Electrical Transients Analysis Program (ETAP).
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46

Kirui, Kemei Peter, David K. Murage, and Peter K. Kihato. "Fuse-Fuse Protection Scheme ETAP Model for IEEE 13 Node Radial Test Distribution Feeder." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 9 (September 29, 2019): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.9.1549.

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According to NEC 240.101 regulations each and every component of a power system distribution network has to have an over-current protective device (OCPD) for its protection. The OCPDs must coordinate with other devices both upstream and downstream for a reliable operation and protection of the power systems distribution network. There are four equipment/components for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder each modelled in this paper to be protected by fuses. These components are namely the nodes, the underground cables, the overhead distribution lines and the transformers. Equipment protection is an important and necessary exercise of performing power systems protection coordination processes. The equipment and their over-current protective device’s time-current characteristic (TCC) curves are important tools used to show and to indicate the protection requirements, landmark points and damage curves for all power systems equipment. Individual equipment protection requirements and limitations are described and identified by use of their various landmarks and damage curves. These damage curves and the landmark points are all superimposed with the Time-Current Characteristic curves of the Over-Current Protective Devices used in protecting the equipment on one composite TCC graph. Equipment damage curves which fall to the right and above the Over-Current Protective Device’s TCC curves with sufficient margins are considered to be protected by the OCPDs. Equipment damage curves which fall to the left and below the OCPD’s TCC curves are considered not to be protected by the OCPDs. IEEE Standard 241 states that on all power systems, the OCPDs should be selected and set to open before the Ampacity mark, the short circuit damage curves, and both the thermal and the mechanical damage curves limits of the protected components are exceeded. This paper presents a detailed Fuse-Fuse protection scheme for the IEEE 13 node radial test feeder as modeled on the Electrical Transients Analysis Program (ETAP).
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47

Kaliberda, I. V., S. S. Nefedov, and A. V. Pomerantsev. "Problems of Ensuring Seismic Resistance of Power Grid Facilities during Earthquakes." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-10-40-47.

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The electric grid system is the basis for functioning of the Unified electric power system of Russia and technologically isolated electric power systems. One of the most serious problems in the electric power industry is the aging of the fixed assets of already built and operating power grid facilities. The second problem is to clarify the seismic hazard of the territories of the Russian Federation in the direction of its growth. As a result, the number of power grid facilities fall into the zones of increased seismic hazard. In the zone of 7 points or more, approximately 30 % of the entire length of electric networks and transformer capacities are located. Information is provided about the characteristics of seismic load and how the objects respond to an earthquake. The experience of earthquakes testifies to the high vulnerability of the overhead power lines, cable power lines, substations, power transformers, relay protection equipment and automation under intense seismic loads. Information is provided about massive damage to the power grid during earthquakes in the territory of Russia, Armenia, and other countries of the world. Frequently occurring short circuits during earthquakes in electrical networks, at transformer substations, in electrical equipment elements of power grid facilities lead to fires. It is determined that power grid facilities have less seismic resistance than electric power generation facilities, than buildings and structures where electrical equipment is located. The problem of insufficiency of the current regulatory framework for ensuring seismic resistance of electric power facilities was also identified. Possible measures to prevent accident rate and increase the resistance, reliability, and seismic stability of power grid facilities in case of earthquakes are considered. The development of normative regulation will allow to take measures to ensure the seismic stability of power grid facilities in operation, and to ensure that control and supervision activities are carried out at a higher level.
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48

Thibodeau, Phillip. "Integrated Power Distribution Unit (IPDU): Point-of-Use Power Conversion, Management, Distribution, and Protection for Aircraft Electric Power Systems." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 5, no. 2 (October 22, 2012): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2222.

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49

Boron, Sergiusz. "The Effect of Power Protection Equipment on Explosion Hazards and on the Reliability of Power Supply to Longwall Systems." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0027.

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Abstract Operational safety of electrical machines and equipment depends, inter alia, on the hazards resulting from their use and on the scope of applied protective measures. The use of insufficient protection against existing hazards leads to reduced operational safety, particularly under fault conditions. On the other hand, excessive (in relation to existing hazards) level of protection may compromise the reliability of power supply. This paper analyses the explosion hazard created by earth faults in longwall power supply systems and evaluates existing protection equipment from the viewpoint of its protective performance, particularly in the context of explosion hazards, and also assesses its effect on the reliability of power supply.
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50

Djibo, Marounfa `., Paul Moses, and Ike Flory. "Fault Protection Considerations for MVDC Shipboard Power Systems Operating with Pulsed-Power Loads." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (August 2, 2021): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.14.

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Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) power distribution architectures are of immense interest for various shipboard power applications due to their advantages over classical MVAC distribution systems with respect to power quality, power density, and efficiency. However, MVDC are far away from maturity when compared to MVAC with respect to fault detection and isolation. Currently, there are no standards available for applying MVDC protection systems in shipboard applications. Furthermore, due to the absence of zero crossings in DC waveforms and unique transient fault signatures, it is challenging to design effective protection system schemes to isolate faults via conventional protection systems. This paper investigates and analyses various types of shipboard MVDC dynamic fault behaviours and signatures under different DC bus disturbances such as: bus to ground, bus to bus to ground, and impact of Pulsed-Power Load (PPL) with and without faults on a shipboard MVDC distribution system. Furthermore, a communication-based fault detection and isolation system controller that improves upon a directional ac overcurrent relay protection system is proposed offering additional protection discrimination between faults and PPLs in MVDC systems. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed protection controller, different bus current disturbances are simulated within a time-domain electromagnetic transient simulation of a shipboard power system including a PPL system operating with different ramp rate profiles, pulse widths, peak powers, and fault locations
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