Journal articles on the topic 'Electric power systems – Economic aspects'
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1
Belyaev, N. A., A. E. Egorov, N. V. Korovkin, and V. S. Chudny. "Economic aspects of ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-1-4-9.
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The present report deals with economic issues of selecting means ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems. Cost analysis of various engineering measures ensuring the capacity adequacy has been performed, namely: construction of backup generating facilities, erection of new power transmission lines, or increase of transmission capacity of existing power lines. The cost-based analysis has been conducted based on investment programs and regulatory acts in place. Recommendations on developing computational models of power systems have been given based on the results obtained in order to assess the capacity adequacy parameters, with account made for the cost of various engineering measures to be taken for their improvement.In prevailing practice of calculation of capacity adequacy parameters, the structure of electric power systems transmission network is presented as a transport model which makes an aggregate of reliability zones and tie-lines between them of a given transmission capacity. The main objective of calculation of capacity adequacy parameters is to determine the required generating capacity redundancy level, i.e. the values of the capacity margin and its location within electric power systems to ensure a required level of capacity adequacy. With that in mind, when evaluating and accordingly when forming transport models, it should be useful to take into account the transmission constraints only for those power grid segments, whose cost of transmission capacity increase is comparable with that of construction of new generating facilities.On the basis of calculation data, one may state that for overhead electric lines of short or average length the cost of 1 kW of its transmission capacity will be considerably lower than that of installed capacity of a new generating facility, with the above costs comparable only with the length of the line close to its critical value. When forming transport models of electric power systems, it is useful to take into account not only the distance between electric power system nodes, but also their potential need of margin capacity. As far as remote nodes are concerned, if these are of low need in margin capacity, it should be reasonable to separate them as specifi c reliability areas.
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Belyaev, Nikolay, Andrey Egorov, Nikolay Korovkin, and Vladimir Chudny. "Economic aspects of ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems." E3S Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185801010.
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The present report deals with economic issues of selecting means ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems. Cost analysis of various engineering measures ensuring the capacity adequacy has been performed, they are as follows: construction of margin generating capacities, erection of new power transmission lines or increase of transmission capacity of existing power lines. The cost-based analysis has been conducted following investment programs and regulatory acts in place. Recommendations on developing computational models of power systems have been given based on the results obtained in order to assess the capacity adequacy indices with account made for the cost of various engineering measures to be taken for their improvement.
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Sarkisov, Ashot A., Sergey V. Antipov, Dmitry O. Smolentsev, Vyacheslav P. Bilashenko, Mikhail N. Kobrinsky, Vladimir A. Sotnikov, and Pavel A. Shvedov. "Low-power nuclear power plants in the context of electric power systems transformation." Nuclear Energy and Technology 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.65315.
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Increasing economic importance of the Arctic, further intensification of northern sea routes, and exceptional sensitivity of the arctic natural environment to anthropogenic impacts are fundamental factors for a comprehensive study of environmental aspects in the application of innovative technologies for the development of infrastructure in the Arctic. Despite the growing interest in low-power nuclear power plants as a distributed generation facility, their possible application in technologically isolated power systems does not lose relevance. The development of both the Arctic and Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation presents great opportunities and demand for the use of nuclear power sources. Also, development programs for the Russian arctic zone imply a significant increase in the role and number of nuclear power facilities, in other words of potential radiation-hazardous facilities. Large-scale use of nuclear-powered installations in the Arctic necessitates advanced development of a scientifically grounded and modern forecasting system as well as assessments of threats and risks in case of possible radiation emergencies at nuclear- and radiation-hazardous facilities. Also, the development of proposals for necessary measures to minimize negative consequences of such emergencies is required. This is especially true for the case of compact placement of industrial, infrastructure and residential facilities in the Arctic in the immediate vicinity of nuclear facilities. The paper demonstrates that the demand for low-power nuclear power plants and their competitiveness will grow steadily in the conditions of electric-power industry decentralization, further spread of distributed generation and the development of technologically isolated power systems. Approaches to the generation of a low nuclear-power system based on the philosophy of industrialization of production and centralized management are presented. Special features of the environmental impact assessment of low-power nuclear power plants for the development of a methodology to study the radio-ecological hazard related problems are provided.
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Suprianto. "The Implementation of ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) System Between Solar Power Plants and Grid Systems for the Household Electric Power Service to Maintain Sustainability and Save Electricity Costs." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9150.
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The continuity of electric power service is a major factor determining electrical customer satisfaction. Research on the implementation of the ATS system between solar cells and grid system as a supplier of electrical power to household electrical loads for continuity and savings in electricity consumption costs aims to design an ATS system for delivering electrical power to the load system that can maintain the continuity of the supply of electricity, reducing costs electricity consumption while reducing dependence on grid electricity supply. The specific target to be achieved in this research is to design an ATS system for the distribution of electric power between grid system and solar power system and find out the cost of savings while maintaining continuity of electricity services, so that electricity consumers can benefit from technical and economic aspects. The method used in this study is an experimental method that is designing an electrical power supply ATS system to get the results of a good design and as planned. The equipment used is solar panels, relays, timers, inverters, household electrical loads, contactors, electrical measuring devices, temperature gauges and light intensity, battery systems and control panels. The results showed that the automatic transfer switch must attention to the design of an accurate and meticulous to avoid damage to the inverter. So that continuity of service of electric power is maintained. Electric power service using a solar cell system with 2 units of 100 Ah batteries and 6 units of 100 Wp solar panels can serve household electrical loads for 1 day of battery charging and discharging, 1 day of battery charging and 1 day of battery discharging with average electric energy generated at 1485 W-hours. Costs can be saved in 1 month if the price of electricity is Rp. 1352/Kwh, is Rp. 20,104.-/month with an investment cost of Rp. 27,956,000.
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Widiyanto, Anugerah, Seizo Kato, and Naoki Maruyama. "Optimizing Selection of Appropriate Power Generation Systems in Indonesia By Using Distance Based Approach Method." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1649740.
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A deterministic quantitative model has been developed to compare the technical, economical and environmental feature of various electric power generating plants. The model, which is based on matrix operations, is used in evaluating the various aspects of energy sources available for electricity generation systems in a developing country. Several energy sources which could be considered for production of electricity to meet current and future electricity demands have been chosen. These will include fossil fuel fired, nuclear, and natural-renewable energy power plants. And, a set of criteria for optimized selection includes five area of concerns: energy economy, energy security, environmental protection, socio-economic development and technological aspects for the electric power generations. The model developed in this study is applied to the Indonesian’s electric power sector development. Most of the data required are obtained from various sources related to power industry in Indonesia, such as the electricity generating authority of Indonesia (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN), Government of Indonesia, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and other sources, both in published and public domains. The result of this study will be a ranking of energy sources for Indonesia power generation systems based on the Euclidean composite distance of each alternative to the designated optimal source of energy.
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Kharrich, Mohammed, Salah Kamel, Ali S. Alghamdi, Ahmad Eid, Mohamed I. Mosaad, Mohammed Akherraz, and Mamdouh Abdel-Akher. "Optimal Design of an Isolated Hybrid Microgrid for Enhanced Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094708.
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Hybrid microgrids are presented as a solution to many electrical energetic problems. These microgrids contain some renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), wind and biomass, or a hybrid of these sources, in addition to storage systems. Using these microgrids in electric power generation has many advantages such as clean energy, stability in supplying power, reduced grid congestion and a new investment field. Despite all these microgrids advantages, they are not widely used due to some economic aspects. These aspects are represented in the net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). To handle these economic aspects, the proper microgrids configuration according to the quantity, quality and availability of the sustainable source of energy in installing the microgrid as well as the optimal design of the microgrid components should be investigated. The objective of this paper is to design an economic microgrid system for the Yanbu region of Saudi Arabia. This design aims to select the best microgrid configuration while minimizing both NPC and LCOE considering some technical conditions, including loss of power supply probability and availability index. The optimization algorithm used is Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC). To prove the GPC algorithm’s effectiveness in solving the studied optimization problem, artificial electric field and grey wolf optimizer algorithms are used for comparison purposes. The obtained results demonstrate that the best configuration for the selected area is a PV/biomass hybrid microgrid with a minimum NPC and LCOE of $319,219 and $0.208/kWh, respectively.
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Zhu, Gui Ping, and Zong Xiang Lu. "Research of Impacts on Power Systems by Electric Vehicle Charging in China." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2643.
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Battery Electric vehicle (BEV) has been set as one of the most prominent sectors of automobile industry in China in the future due to its significant contribution to energy safety, low carbon emission and leading technology status in vehicle driven by new energy. High penetration of BEV will have obvious impacts on power systems, and its load characteristics are quite different from those traditional loads. Therefore with an eye on the safe, stable and economic operation of power system, this paper studied the impacts of EV on power systems from four aspects: total electricity demand, power rush in short period, power quality and vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. Total electricity demand by BEV charging in 2020 in China was firstly estimated in the paper, and it is sure that power system has the capability to meet this demand. However uncontrolled massive BEV charging will probably results in higher peak load and upgrading requirement of power systems, so orderly charging is required. EV battery is charged through rectifier, which will decrease power quality by harmonic current, therefore power electronic equipment is required to ensure power quality. Finally possibility of scheme of vehicle to grid (V2G) application is discussed when the scale of BEV is large enough and performance of EV battery is greatly improved.
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Ciapała, Bartłomiej, Jakub Jurasz, and Mirosław Janowski. "Ultra-low-temperature district heating systems – a way to maximise the ecological and economical effect of an investment?" E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400018.
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One of the most challenging aspects of a new district heating (DH) design is its general performance, which will determine the ecological and economic impacts of the investment. Choosing the lowest applicable temperatures which are distributed via ultra-low-temperature district heating (ULTDH) systems may yield the desired results. The article elaborates the economic and ecological aspects of the application of ULTDH. The results of the analysis indicate that the capacity factor may be significantly improved, while the overall ecological effects of the investment are strongly dependent on the previously used heat source and the source of electric power.
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Grabchak, E. P., E. L. Loginov, and A. K. Derkach. "RESTRUCTURING OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC AND THERMAL POWER ASSETS WITH THE USE OF INTELLIGENT CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 3(28) (December 25, 2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-3-95-99.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the problems of investment stimulation of economic growth in Russia during the implementation of the digitalization project for the management of electric and heat power assets using intelligent cyberphysical systems. The subject of the study isthe organizational and informational aspects of improving the management of the electric and heat energy sectors in the Russian energy sector. The necessity of “pushing” the Russian economy out of the crisis cycle due to investment stimulation of economic growth is substantiated. The electric and heat energy sector in the Russian energy sector has been proposed as a sectoral driver of eco-nomic growth and investment applications, since it is in this sector that competitive conditions for most Russian businesses are formed, which are energy-dependent and often energy-intensive. The main directions of digital restructuring of the entire system for managing electric and heat power assets are formulated. The basic principles of risk-based management based on intelligent cyber-physical systems are developed. The result is an automated control of each ruble along the chain of technological operations during operation and maintenance, which will ensure the receipt of investments from internal sources for the purpose of modernization.The article is aimed at managers and specialists of government and corporate management bod-ies, and may also be useful for researchers, postgraduates and students.
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Williams, M. C., N. T. Holcombe, and M. McMillian. "Environmental Aspects of Coal-Fueled Diesel Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240280.
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Conventional diesel engines are considered by some to be contributors to environmental problems since they emit NOx, a suspected acid rain precursor. Initial testing has shown that CWS-fueled diesels emit substantially reduced NOx emissions. While emissions of particulates and SOx may be potentially higher with coal fuels, assessment of the control technology indicates excellent potential for meeting existing and future standards for these emissions. As a result of activities managed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, the economic and technical feasibility of CWS-fueled diesel engines has been determined. Recently, both General Electric and A. D. Little/Cooper Bessemer were selected for 5-year contracts aimed at developing by 1993 the components and subsystems necessary for subsequent private sector demonstration and commercialization of coal-fueled diesel power systems. The development of these CWS-fueled systems will necessitate the application of hot gas cleanup contaminant control technology to ensure that the systems burn coal in an environmentally sound manner. The objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental concerns, emission goals, and the control methodologies, devices, and strategies that will be used to ensure CWS-fueled diesel engines will meet current and potential environmental standards.
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El-Bayeh, Claude Ziad, Khaled Alzaareer, Al-Motasem I. Aldaoudeyeh, Brahim Brahmi, and Mohamed Zellagui. "Charging and Discharging Strategies of Electric Vehicles: A Survey." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010011.
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The literature covering Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs) contains many charging/discharging strategies. However, none of the review papers covers such strategies in a complete fashion where all patterns of EVs charging/discharging are identified. Filling a gap in the literature, we clearly and systematically classify such strategies. After providing a clear definition for each strategy, we provide a detailed comparison between them by categorizing differences as follows: complexity; economics and power losses on the grid side; ability to provide ancillary services for integrity of the power grid; operation aspects (e.g., charging timing); and detrimental impact on the EV, the power grid, or the environment. Each one of these comparison categories is subdivided into even more detailed aspects. After we compare the EV charging/discharging strategies, we further provide recommendations on which strategies are suitable for which applications. Then, we provide ratings for each strategy by weighting all aspects of comparison together. Our review helps authors or aggregators explore likely choices that might suit the specific needs of their systems or test beds.
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El-Bayeh, Claude Ziad, Khaled Alzaareer, Al-Motasem I. Aldaoudeyeh, Brahim Brahmi, and Mohamed Zellagui. "Charging and Discharging Strategies of Electric Vehicles: A Survey." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010011.
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The literature covering Plug-in Electric Vehicles (EVs) contains many charging/discharging strategies. However, none of the review papers covers such strategies in a complete fashion where all patterns of EVs charging/discharging are identified. Filling a gap in the literature, we clearly and systematically classify such strategies. After providing a clear definition for each strategy, we provide a detailed comparison between them by categorizing differences as follows: complexity; economics and power losses on the grid side; ability to provide ancillary services for integrity of the power grid; operation aspects (e.g., charging timing); and detrimental impact on the EV, the power grid, or the environment. Each one of these comparison categories is subdivided into even more detailed aspects. After we compare the EV charging/discharging strategies, we further provide recommendations on which strategies are suitable for which applications. Then, we provide ratings for each strategy by weighting all aspects of comparison together. Our review helps authors or aggregators explore likely choices that might suit the specific needs of their systems or test beds.
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Castro-Santos, Laura, and Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso. "A Software for Calculating the Economic Aspects of Floating Offshore Renewable Energies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010218.
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The aim of this work is to develop a software to calculate the economic parameters so as to determine the feasibility of a floating offshore renewable farm in a selected location. The software can calculate the economic parameters of several types of offshore renewable energies, as follows: one renewable energy (floating offshore wind—WindFloat, tension leg platform (TLP), and spar; floating wave energy—Pelamis and AquaBuoy), hybrid offshore wind and wave systems (Wave Dragon and W2Power), and combined offshore wind and waves with different systems (independent arrays, peripherally distributed arrays, uniformly distributed arrays, and non-uniformly distributed arrays). The user can select several inputs, such as the location, configuration of the farm, type of floating offshore platform, type of power of the farm, life-cycle of the farm, electric tariff, capital cost, corporate tax, steel cost, percentage of financing, or interest and capacity of the shipyard. The case study is focused on the Galicia region (NW of Spain). The results indicate the economic feasibility of a farm of floating offshore renewable energy in a particular location in terms of its costs, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and discounted pay-back period. The tool allows for establishing conclusions about the dependence of the offshore wind resource parameters, the main distances (farm–shore, farm–shipyard, and farm–port), the parameters of the waves, and the bathymetry of the area selected.
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Benchouia, N., and M. Saaidia. "Optimization and reliability of the power supply systems of a compressor station." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.2.08.
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As gas pipeline systems become larger and more complex, the importance of optimally operating and planning these facilities has increased. The capital costs and operating expenses of pipeline systems are so large that even small improvements in the use of the system can involve large sums of money. Purpose. This article proposes a method to improve the reliability and optimization of power supply systems for compressor stations. The novelty of the proposed work is the development of a new mathematical model that allows the choice of the most appropriate maintenance policies in the best way to significantly reduce costs as well as to optimize useful key performance indicators – failure rate, average time between breakdowns, the average repair time for equipment in compressor station electrical supply systems. Applying graph theory to represent this mathematical model from the schematic diagram of the different energy sources with respect to the five compressor stations is adequate. Methods. The problem that arises for the future operator or operator is, among others, how to balance two main aspects: a technical aspect and an economic aspect. The proposed methodology introduces a research algorithm to calculate the optimal values of the operating parameters of the power supply systems of compressor stations by combining technical and economic aspects in order to reduce costs and increase performance indicators. The proposed algorithm can be implemented in FORTRAN code. Results. The algorithm developed is an efficient tool for calculating maintenance costs and allows by means of programming to define the most appropriate maintenance policy. On the other hand, this technique could be used as an essential economic evaluation indicator for other equipment in order to choose among all the technically possible solutions the one which allow obtaining the best economic result. Practical value. The proposed algorithm has been examined in this third variant of the supply system with two turbogenerators. The result of the optimization shows a clear preference for selecting station C for the pipeline as this presents the minimum cost which is the definition of the algorithm optimizer. Then, it is important to adopt the most recommended maintenance policies and practices in order to ensure the availability of the power supply systems and to avoid unplanned outages with the resulting loss of production.
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Karki, Abhisek, Sudip Phuyal, Daniel Tuladhar, Subarna Basnet, and Bim Prasad Shrestha. "Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3030035.
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Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more common mobility in the transportation sector in recent times. The dependence on oil as the source of energy for passenger vehicles has economic and political implications, and the crisis will take over as the oil reserves of the world diminish. As concerns of oil depletion and security of the oil supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from the tail pipes of vehicles, the world today is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. EVs are seen as a promising green technology which could lead to the decarbonization of the passenger vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as EVs have zero tail pipe emission and therefore are capable of curbing the pollution problems created by vehicle emission in an efficient way so they can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector as pure electric vehicles are the only vehicles with zero-emission potential. However, there are some major barriers for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles in the transportation sector and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological aspects of the different power train systems of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected by focusing on reviewing all the useful information and data available on EV architecture, electrical machines, optimization techniques, and its possibilities of future developments as green mobility. The challenges of different electric drive trains’ commercialization are discussed. The major objective is to provide an overall view of the current pure electric vehicle powertrain technology and possibilities of future green vehicle development to assist in future research in this sector.
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Basok, B. I., O. F. Butkevych, and S. V. Dubovskyi. "TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DECARBONISATION PROSPECTS ASSESSING OF THE INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEM OF UKRAINE." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2021, no. 5 (August 16, 2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2021.05.055.
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Shot analysis of power systems decarbonisation problem to ensure a net-zero greenhouse gas emissions is given. The mathematical model of the power system capacity balancing, generating capacities of which are renewables and nuclear power plants (NPP) is proposed. For capacity balancing storage power plants (SPP) with specified efficiency indicators are used. By using the indicators of the operational conditions of the IPS of Ukraine in 2019 and mathematical modeling for various options of the NPP installed capacity in the decarbonised IPS of Ukraine, the needs in the renewables installed capacity and in the capacity and energy of various types of the SPP were estimated. References 10, figures 4, tables 2.
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Yi, Xiangyu, Jinchao Li, Yunna Wu, and Wenjun Chen. "Power energy system sustainability performance evaluation and improving path of two regional economic circle in China." E3S Web of Conferences 122 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912203004.
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The power energy system is the foundation of the sustainable development of the human society and has an important impact on the economic, environmental and security of human society development. This paper first establishes the input and output evaluation index system of sustainable development capability of power energy system from the economic, social, environmental and security dimensions, and then uses the CCR-DEA model considering the undesired output and Malmquist index to dynamically measure the sustainable development efficiency of the power system in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2016 and decompose the corresponding items. The future development situation was analyzed through scenario analysis. The results show that: (1) Beijing and Shanghai is better than that in other provinces and cities in the same region, showing an upward trend; (2) The changes in the efficiency of sustainable development of power energy systems in Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces are mainly caused by technical efficiency changes. That in Tianjin, Hebei and Jiangsu are from two aspects: technical efficiency and scale efficiency; (3) The sustainable development capacity of the power system in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circle is higher than that of the Yangtze river delta power system, and this gap has the tendency of further widening according to the strategic development plan of the two regional power energy systems; (4) In the future, China's regional electric energy system development plans should draw on the energy development strategic plan of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, especially the Xiong'an National New District, so as to achieve coordinated and sustainable development of power energy systems in various regions.
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Konstantopoulos, George C., Antonio T. Alexandridis, and Panos C. Papageorgiou. "Towards the Integration of Modern Power Systems into a Cyber–Physical Framework." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092169.
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The cyber–physical system (CPS) architecture provides a novel framework for analyzing and expanding research and innovation results that are essential in managing, controlling and operating complex, large scale, industrial systems under a holistic insight. Power systems constitute such characteristically large industrial structures. The main challenge in deploying a power system as a CPS lies on how to combine and incorporate multi-disciplinary, core, and advanced technologies into the specific for this case, social, environmental, economic and engineering aspects. In order to substantially contribute towards this target, in this paper, a specific CPS scheme that clearly describes how a dedicated cyber layer is deployed to manage and interact with comprehensive multiple physical layers, like those found in a large-scale modern power system architecture, is proposed. In particular, the measurement, communication, computation, control mechanisms, and tools installed at different hierarchical frames that are required to consider and modulate the social/environmental necessities, as well as the electricity market management, the regulation of the electric grid, and the power injection/absorption of the controlled main devices and distributed energy resources, are all incorporated in a common CPS framework. Furthermore, a methodology for investigating and analyzing the dynamics of different levels of the CPS architecture (including physical devices, electricity and communication networks to market, and environmental and social mechanisms) is provided together with the necessary modelling tools and assumptions made in order to close the loop between the physical and the cyber layers. An example of a real-world industrial micro-grid that describes the main aspects of the proposed CPS-based design for modern electricity grids is also presented at the end of the paper to further explain and visualize the proposed framework.
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CARVALHO, FRANCISCO IVANHOEL AGUIAR DE, MÔNICA CAVALCANTI SÁ DE ABREU, and JOCILDO FIGUEIREDO CORREIA NETO. "FINANCIAL ALTERNATIVES TO ENABLE DISTRIBUTED MICROGENERATION PROJECTS WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER." RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie 18, no. 1 (February 2017): 120–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-69712017/administracao.v18n1p120-147.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To explore financial alternatives to implement PV power generation projects based on the provisions of Normative Resolution n. 482/2012 of the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (Aneel). This regulation sets forth the general conditions to the access of micro- and minigeneration granted to the electric energy distribution systems through the energy product offset method. Originality/gap/relevance/implications: This paper discusses the need for regulatory changes, greater government participation in the granting of financial and tax incentives so that PV solar power technology in distributed generation can be financially viable for residential consumers. Key methodological aspects: Investment analysis in PV systems used the Net Present Value (NPV) valuation method. The research assessed two scenarios for Grid-Connected PV Systems (GCPVSs), with different solar power usage levels for a residential consumer. Summary of key results: The results point to a low financial viability in the implementation of distributed microgeneration projects, suggesting the need to remove the tax burden and reduce financing costs. Key considerations/conclusions: The study shows the need of flexibilization of the Brazilian regulatory model, with changes that enable the expansion of renewable energy offers, with positive economic outcomes for tariff affordability. Tariff benefits from distributed microgeneration can positively reflect on captive customers, provided that investment risks are reduced.
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Navon, Aviad, Ram Machlev, David Carmon, Abiodun Emmanuel Onile, Juri Belikov, and Yoash Levron. "Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Energy Systems and Electric Power Grids—A Review of the Challenges Ahead." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041056.
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The COVID-19 pandemic represents not just a global health crisis, but may signal the beginning of a new era of economic activity, the potential consequences of which we currently do not fully understand. In this context, the mid-to-long-range impacts of the pandemic on the energy sector have been studied extensively in the last few months. Despite these efforts, the pandemic still raises many open questions concerning the long-term operation and planning of power systems. For instance, how will the pandemic affect the integration of renewable energy sources? Should current power system expansion plans change in light of the COVID-19 pandemic? What new tools should be provided to support system operators during global health crises? It is the purpose of this paper to better understand the many aspects of these open questions by reviewing the relevant recent literature and by analyzing measured data. We point out the main challenges that the pandemic introduced by presenting patterns of electricity generation and demand, frequency deviations, and load forecasting. Moreover, we suggest directions for future research that may assist in coping with the mentioned challenges. We hope that this paper will trigger fruitful discussions and encourage further research on these important emerging topics.
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Borshchevska, Olena, Eduard Kuznetsov, and Sergiy Stepanov. "WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF STATE IN THE MARINE ECONOMIC COMPLEX: ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-62-68.
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At present, issues of assessing the impact of economic activity on the environment as an integral part of the country’s economic development are becoming more and more relevant. Environmental problems of the development of a marine economy complex may restrain the development of the economic potential of the state. Moreover, the dynamic development of the state’s economy is possible only when economic entities adhere to the norms of an ecological nature. In this regard, the problem of assessing the impact on the environment, in particular, in the maritime complex in the projection of the economic component of development, as well as in this sense and the rational use of natural resources, is of paramount importance. The environmental tension is most often due to the placement of powerful chemical and petrochemical industries in the area of the maritime complex. In some areas, the level of environmental pollution is quite high due to the location of large facilities in the electric power industry (thermal and nuclear power plants). The economic component of the environmental impact assessment of the maritime complex is that one and the same natural resource is most often used by the economic entities of several countries. Therefore, the assessment of the impact on the environment and the achievement of a balanced distribution of ecological and economic benefits for the rational use of natural resources, especially in the maritime complex, are today of great relevance. The purpose of the article is to analyse the problems of ecological and economic orientation in the maritime complex and, on the basis of generalization of such problems, to provide recommendations on systematization of measures for the comprehensive rational development of economic relations, taking into account the features of the coastal zone and the marine economic complex. Methodology. Analytical market reviews, materials of periodicals, resources of the Internet are the informational and methodological basis of the investigation. To achieve the goal set, the following general scientific and special methods were used: economic and mathematical methods, structural-logical analysis, analogy, synthesis, comparison and integration, factor analysis. Result. The system of measures of an economic and legal nature, which should be taken into account for successful and rational use of the marine economic complex in economic activity, is substantiated. Problematic aspects and directions of their elimination are determined. The proposed model of the ecological and economic system of the maritime complex acquires a special significance in the context of the supranational task of developing measures for optimizing and rational use of natural resources on a global scale. The directions of the reform of the legal framework are considered. Practical value. The system of measures of economic and legal character and their individual types can be applied for optimization and rational use of marine (water) resources, taking into account the peculiarities of economic development and the state of the marine-economic complex in Ukraine and in other states. Value/originality. Most scientific works are devoted to the consideration of theoretical aspects of ecologicaleconomic systems, namely, the refinement of the essence of this instrument as a form of modern financial and economic dynamics. A part of the work is devoted to the consideration of the common features and national peculiarities of ecological and economic systems in individual countries and regions. The authors consider the issues of elaboration of measures for the optimization of economic activity, which combines the abovementioned aspects with the peculiarities of the formation of ecological-economic systems in the marine faring complex. It is also important to take into account the impact of planned legislative reforms on the development of economic activity in the marine faring complex of Ukraine. The account of the peculiarities of the maritime complex in the framework of the national economy allowed developing directions for its further development.
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Tan, Xiao Long, Jia Zhou, and Wen Bin Wang. "Research of Single Phase Short Fault in One-Generator Infinite Bus Power Systems." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1984–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1984.
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Electric power industry is related to people's livelihood, economic development, an important foundation for national construction industry. With the deepening of our country comprehensive construction, the demand has increased rapidly, at the same time also have higher requirements for quality of power supply. From the previous electricity use can be gradually increased to cannot accept a power outage, to the power grid voltage waveform, harmonic, frequency and so on each index has a clear requirement, countries have introduced related national standard specification. This aspect shows a gradually increase in the standardization of industrialization in China, on the other hand also puts forward higher demands on distribution power supply departments. One of the goals of the grid is to reduce the failure rate, improve the reliability of power supply. And power grid failure and is the highest percentage of short circuit fault, and the single-phase earth fault and occupy the vast majority of proportion, it is necessary to in-depth analysis of the formation mechanism of single-phase earth fault and damage, so as to find the related protection and remedial measures.
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Zareen, Naila, Mohd Wazir Mustafa, and Azriyenni. "Electrical Vehicles: A Blessing or Challenge for Smart Grid in Presence of Renewable Energy Resources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.331.
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Environment deterioration, energy shortage and ever rising fuel price makes green transportation a necessity. Being an alternative to fossil fuels vehicles, Electric Vehicles (EVs) exemplify the most popular approach of electrification to a substantial portion of the transportation sector. Recently, usage of renewable energy resources (RERs) is also increased because of its economic and environmental concerns over traditional resources in the new electric power systems. Variable reliability aspects of RERs increase the complexity of safe and stable operation of grid. Therefore, EV will further increase this uncertainty and variability when being connected randomly to the grid in large scale. This paper not only highlights the EV’s related challenges/issues and presents a brief comprehensive review of recent researches. But, also demonstrates a simulation methodology for analyzing the impact of EVs under various charging scenarios on an independent distribution grid in presence of RERs. The results show the creation of new peak loads which in some cases may exceed the grid capacity and threaten the stability and reliability.
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Nguyen, V. H. M., L. D. L. Nguyen, C. V. Vo, and B. T. T. Phan. "Green Scenarios for Power Generation in Vietnam by 2030." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 4019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2658.
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Energy for future sustainable economic development is considered one crucial issue in Vietnam. This article aims to investigate green scenarios for power generation in Vietnam by 2030. Four scenarios named as business as usual (BAU), low green (LG), high green (HG) and crisis have been proposed for power generation in Vietnam with projection to 2030. Three key factors have been selected for these scenarios, namely: (1) future fuel prices, (2) reduction of load demand caused by the penetration of LED technology and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, and (3) the introduction of power generation from renewable sources. The least costly structure of power generation system has been found. CO2 emission reduction of HG in comparison to the BAU scenario and its effect on generation cost reduction are computed. Results show that BAU is the worst scenario in terms of CO2 emissions because of the higher proportion of power generation from coal and fossil fuels. LG and HG scenarios show their positive impacts both on CO2 emissions and cost reduction. HG is defined as the greenest scenario by its maximum potential on CO2 emission reduction (~146.92Mt CO2) in 2030. Additionally, selling mitigated CO2can make green scenarios more competitive to BAU and Crisis in terms of cost. Two ranges of generation cost (4.3-5.5 and 6.0-7.7US$cent/kWh) have been calculated and released in correspondence with low and high fuel price scenarios in the future. Using LED lamps and increasing the installed capacity of rooftop PVs may help reduce electric load demand. Along with the high contribution of renewable sources will make the HG scenario become more attractive both in environmental and economic aspects when the Crisis scenario comes. Generation costs of all scenarios shall become cheap enough for promoting economic development in Vietnam by 2030.
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Illiashenko, Olena, and Natalia Kondratenko. "Economic assessment of sources of investment in the development of municipal electric transport enterprises." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 13(112) (August 31, 2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.239167.
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The organizational and economic foundations for the formation of an investment strategy for the development of urban electric transport enterprises have been developed. The economic content of the main stages of the investment process at these enterprises has been clarified. A list of basic principles for the effective formation of the investment process has been compiled. It is proved that the enterprises of urban electric transport in Ukraine are currently unprofitable and the problems of investment support for them are extremely relevant and important. The main directions of the development of investment activity of urban electric transport enterprises have been investigated and strategic, tactical and operational methods of its activation have been proposed. At the same time, there are three main aspects of enhancing investment activity: investment, innovation and technological. The main provisions of the strategy of attracting investment sources by urban electric transport enterprises have been developed, which allows ensuring the required level of investment flexibility of the enterprise and independence in obtaining investment resources from various sources. The main stages of this process have been identified and substantiated, which include: the time of action, the formation of strategic goals, the algorithm for selecting and justifying the sources of investment resources and the practical implementation of the investment strategy. The practical aspects of rating sources of investment resources have been investigated, taking into account risk factors, time of use, investment prices, the ability of an enterprise and the state to influence the formation and use of investment sources. An integral indicator has been determined for each of the possible sources of investment resources, according to which the most acceptable for urban electric transport enterprises in terms of the cost of attracting and the likelihood of risk occurrence are own funds (32 points), as well as state budget funds (22 points) and local budgets (21 points). Practical recommendations on the use of the developed provisions have been formed
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Barakhtenko, Evgeny, Dmitry Sokolov, and Veronica Tashlykova. "Modeling of a Prosumer in Optimal Design Energy Systems Problem." E3S Web of Conferences 102 (2019): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910202001.
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The conversion of existing energy systems to intelligent integrated energy systems can happen only if economic benefits due to introduction of the intelligent integrated energy systems will exceed required level of investments. Thus, it is necessary for every optimal design energy systems problem according to the purposes of the study to determine various aspects of equipment configuration, investment and a proposed unit commitment on a case-by-case basis. The studies, taking under consideration energy efficiency of renewable energy units, are particularly important as environmental safety standards are increasing. In the paper optimal design of prosumer energy supply system problem in the intelligent integrated energy system was investigated. For this purpose a super structure for an energy supply system includes different generating capacities with relevant power range. The superstructure for prosumer energy supply system consists of an electric boiler, a gas-fired boiler, a solar photo-voltaic, a solar heating system and a gas-fired CHP. An ability of district energy system to receive the excess generating energy is restricted by the constraints. The heat and electricity tariffs and the received to district energy supply system energy constraints are varying according to time period. As a result of this study, cost-effectiveness analysis of chosen equipment configuration was undertaken.
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Salameh, Khouloud, Mohammed Awad, Aisha Makarfi, Abdul-Halim Jallad, and Richard Chbeir. "Demand Side Management for Smart Houses: A Survey." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126768.
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Continuous advancements in Information and Communication Technology and the emergence of the Big Data era have altered how traditional power systems function. Such developments have led to increased reliability and efficiency, in turn contributing to operational, economic, and environmental improvements and leading to the development of a new technique known as Demand Side Management or DSM. In essence, DSM is a management activity that encourages users to optimize their electricity consumption by controlling the operation of their electrical appliances to reduce utility bills and their use during peak times. While users may save money on electricity costs by rescheduling their power consumption, they may also experience inconvenience due to the inflexibility of getting power on demand. Hence, several challenges must be considered to achieve a successful DSM. In this work, we analyze the power scheduling techniques in Smart Houses as proposed in most cited papers. We then examine the advantages and drawbacks of such methods and compare their contributions based on operational, economic, and environmental aspects.
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Chen, Yukai, Sara Vinco, Donkyu Baek, Stefano Quer, Enrico Macii, and Massimo Poncino. "Cost-Aware Design and Simulation of Electrical Energy Systems." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112949.
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One fundamental dimension in the design of an electrical energy system (EES) is the economic analysis of the possible design alternatives, in order to ensure not just the maximization of the energy output but also the return on the investment and the possible profits. Since the energy output and the economic figures of merit are intertwined, for an accurate analysis it is necessary to analyze these two aspects of the problem concurrently, in order to define effective energy management policies. This paper achieves that objective by tracking and measuring the energy efficiency and the cost effectiveness in a single modular framework. The two aspects are modeled separately, through the definition of dedicated simulation layers governed by dedicated virtual buses that elaborate and manage the information and energy flows. Both layers are simulated concurrently within the same simulation infrastructure based on SystemC-AMS, so as to recreate at runtime the mutual influence of the two aspects, while allowing the use of different discrete time scales for the two layers. Thanks to the tight coupling provided by the single simulation engine, our method enables a quick estimation of various cost metrics (net costs, annualized costs, and profits) of any configuration of EES under design, via an informed exploration of the alternatives. To prove the effectiveness of this approach, we apply the proposed strategy to two EES case studies, we explored various management strategies and the presence of different types and numbers of power sources and energy storage devices in the EES. The analysis proved to allow the identification of the optimal profitable solutions, thereby improving the standard design and simulation flow of EES.
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Mousavi, Yashar, Mohammad Hosein Atazadegan, and Arash Mousavi. "Multi-Objective Power Distribution Network Reconfiguration using Chaotic Fractional Particle Swarm Optimization." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021191.222330.
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Optimization of power distribution system reconfiguration is addressed as a multi-objective problem, which considers the system losses along with other objectives, and provides a viable solution for improvement of technical and economic aspects of distribution systems. A multi-objective chaotic fractional particle swarm optimization customized for power distribution network reconfiguration has been applied to reduce active power loss, improve the voltage profile, and increase the load balance in the system through deterministic and stochastic structures. In order to consider the prediction error of active and reactive loads in the network, it is assumed that the load behaviour follows the normal distribution function. An attempt is made to consider the load forecasting error on the network to reach the optimal point for the network in accordance with the reality. The efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method is studied through standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems. In comparison with other methods, the proposed method demonstrated superior performance by reducing the voltage deviation and power losses. It also achieved better load balancing.
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Dicorato, Maria, Michele Trovato, Chiara Vergine, Corrado Gadaleta, Benedetto Aluisio, and Giuseppe Forte. "Extended Flow-Based Security Assessment for Real-Sized Transmission Network Planning." Energies 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133363.
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The evolution of electric power systems involves several aspects, dealing with policy and economics as well as security issues. Moreover, due to the high variability of operating conditions, evolution scenarios have to be carefully defined. The aim of this paper is to propose a flow-based procedure for the preliminary security analysis of yearly network evolution scenarios at the real scale level. This procedure is based on hourly load and generation conditions given by market solutions, and exploits Power Transfer Distribution Factors and Line Outage Distribution Factors to determine N and N−1 conditions, properly accounting for possible islanding in the latter case. The analysis of overloads is carried out by dealing with big data analysis through statistic indicators, based on power system background, to draw out critical operating conditions and outages. The procedure is applied to a provisional model of a European high voltage network.
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Farhadzadeh, E. M., A. Z. Muradaliyev, Yu Z. Farzaliyev, T. K. Rafiyeva, and S. A. Abdullayeva. "MINIMIZATION OF RISK OF THE ERRONEOUS DECISION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICAL RELATIONS OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE OBJECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 3 (May 28, 2018): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-61-3-193-206.
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Improving the reliability of decisions taken in the organization of maintenance and repair of electric power systems is one of the most important and difficult problems. It is important because erroneous solutions lead, first of all, to an increase in operating costs. The difficulty in solving this problem is associated with the lack of appropriate methods to reduce the risk of erroneous decisions. The article presents one of the aspects of this problem, i.e. improving the reliability of the decision on the nature of the relationship of technical and economic indicators of electric power systems. Traditionally, increase of reliability of the decision is reached by reduction of a Type I error. Usually it is accepted to be equal to 5%, occasionally – to 1%, and at researches – even to 0.5 %. The corresponding critical values of correlation coefficients are given in mathematics reference books. This method implicitly assumes that the consequences of a Type I error significantly exceed the consequences of Type II errors, and the distribution of correlation coefficients corresponds to the normal law. Therefore, the risk of an erroneous decision concerning the absence of a significant statistical relation is not controlled. But even if there is a wish to estimate the Type II error, it is almost impossible to fulfill it, because there are no critical values for correlation coefficients of dependent samples. No less relevant is the problem of deciding on the statistical relationship between technical and economic indicators in conditions of equality of consequences of erroneous decisions, i.e. it is necessary to take into account both a Type I error and a Type II error. To overcome the mentioned difficulties a new method for estimating the critical values of correlation coefficients has been developed. The novelty consists in the application of fiducial approach; the calculation of critical values are fulfilled with the aid of computer technologies of simulation of possible realizations of the correlation coefficients for the two assumptions, viz. technical and economic indicators of the independent and dependent; simulation is fulfilled with the method of solving the “inverse problem”, which enables the possible implementation of the correlation coefficients for the really dependent and independent samples of random variables at a given sample size; the developed algorithms and programs for calculation made it possible to obtain the critical values of correlation coefficients for independent and dependent samples; in conditions of the sameness of the consequences of erroneous decisions it is proposed to make a decision not based on critical value but based on the boundary values of the correlation coefficients that correspond to the minimum total risk of erroneous decisions; the exemplification of the recommendations application was made on example of technical and economic parameters of boilers of power units of 300 MWt. The significant impact of the availability of interrelated technical and economic indicators on the result of the ranking of boiler plants by the reliability and efficiency of their work is demonstrated.
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Kharrich, Mohammed, Salah Kamel, Rachid Ellaia, Mohammed Akherraz, Ali S. Alghamdi, Mamdouh Abdel-Akher, Ahmad Eid, and Mohamed I. Mosaad. "Economic and Ecological Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Based on a Developed IWO/BSA Algorithm." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060687.
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In this paper, an optimal design of a microgrid including four houses in Dakhla city (Morocco) is proposed. To make this study comprehensive and applicable to any hybrid system, each house has a different configuration of renewable energies. The configurations of these four houses are PV/wind turbine (WT)/biomass/battery, PV/biomass, PV/diesel/battery, and WT/diesel/battery systems. The comparison factor among these configurations is the cost of energy (COE), comparative index, where the load is different in the four houses. Otherwise, the main objective function is the minimization of the net present cost (NPC), subject to several operating constraints, the power loss, the power generated by the renewable sources (renewable fraction), and the availability. This objective function is achieved using a developed optimization algorithm. The main contribution of this paper is to propose and apply a new optimization technique for the optimal design of a microgrid considering different economic and ecological aspects. The developed optimization algorithm is based on the hybridization of two metaheuristic algorithms, the invasive weed optimization (IWO) and backtracking search algorithm (BSA), with the aim of collecting the advantages of both. The proposed hybrid optimization algorithm (IWO/BSA) is compared with the original two optimization methods (IWO and BSA) as well as other well-known optimization methods. The results indicate that PV/biomass and PV/diesel/battery systems have the best energy cost using the proposed IWO/BSA algorithm with 0.1184 $/kWh and 0.1354 $/kWh, respectively. The best system based on its LCOE factor is the PV/biomass which represents an NPC of 124,689 $, the size of this system is 349.55 m2 of PV area and the capacity of the biomass is 18.99 ton/year. The PV/diesel/battery option has also good results, with a system NPC of 142,233 $, the size of this system is about 391.39 m2 of PV area, rated power of diesel generator about 0.55 kW, and a battery capacity of 12.97 kWh. Otherwise, the proposed IWO/BSA has the best convergence in all cases. It is observed that the wind turbine generates more dumped power, and the PV system is highly suitable for the studied area.
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Andrychowicz, Mateusz. "The Impact of Energy Storage along with the Allocation of RES on the Reduction of Energy Costs Using MILP." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133783.
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The paper shows a method of optimizing local initiatives in the energy sector, such as energy cooperatives and energy clusters. The aim of optimization is to determine the structure of generation sources and energy storage in order to minimize energy costs. The analysis is carried out for the time horizon of one year, with an hourly increment, taking into account various RES (wind turbines (WT), photovoltaic installations (PV), and biogas power plant (BG)) and loads (residential, commercial, and industrial). Generation sources and loads are characterized by generation/demand profiles in order to take into account their variability. The optimization was carried out taking into account the technical aspects of the operation of distribution systems, such as power flows and losses, voltage levels in nodes, and power exchange with the transmission system, and economic aspects, such as capital and fixed and variable operating costs. The method was calculated by sixteen simulation scenarios using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP).
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Saleh, Saber M., Khaled H. Ibrahiem, and Mahmoud B. Magdi Eiteba. "Economic aspects for multi-step LC compensator with uncertain load characteristics using genetic algorithm." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, no. 4 (March 10, 2016): 1075–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0996.
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Kozlovski, Eugene, and Umar Bawah. "A financial decision support framework for the appraisal of renewable energy infrastructures in developing economies." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 176–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-03-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The paper aims to report on an integrated techno-economic framework for the performance analysis of energy production based on the renewable energy resources (RERs). Whilst the majority of existing studies have focussed on technical aspects of RER modelling, the proposed framework incorporates financial assessment into the process of appraising the alternatives of hydropower, wind energy and solar energy infrastructures. An approach to the optimal choice of RER deployment for a specific developing region is formulated and applied to Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – A model comprising technical and economic parameters was developed for analysing the investment rankings of different RERs and comparing them to that of conventional energy sources such as the natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) electric plant. The analysis also included the carbon cost and power generation capacity. The total life cycle costing and levelised cost of energy generated from each resource were modelled for three corporate ownership structures: a public utility that is not tax-liable (no-tax case); organisational power generation for internal use, ultimately concerned with its after-tax costs (after-tax case); and an independent power producer for the market, with before-tax revenues covering all costs (before-tax case). Findings – Using the empirical data from Ghana together with the proposed framework, it is shown that when carbon incentives are provided, the hydroelectric and wind conversion infrastructures can effectively compete with the conventional NGCC in this country, whilst with no carbon credit, NGCC still appears to be the most viable option. Practical implications – Policy-related recommendations on carbon incentives and preferential power purchase prices, which are critical for widespread RER deployment, can be directly derived from this research. Originality/value – The study represents a comprehensive decision-making tool that can be used in regulatory and investment analysis on the expansion of RER systems in the developing countries.
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van der Roest, Els, Theo Fens, Martin Bloemendal, Stijn Beernink, Jan Peter van der Hoek, and Ad J. M. van Wijk. "The Impact of System Integration on System Costs of a Neighborhood Energy and Water System." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092616.
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The fossil-based energy system is transitioning towards a renewable energy system. One important aspect is the spatial and temporal mismatch between intermitted supply and continuous demand. To ensure a reliable and affordable energy system, we propose an integrated system approach that integrates electricity production, mobility, heating of buildings and water management with a major role for storage and conversion. The minimization of energy transport in such an integrated system indicates the need for local optimization. This study focuses on a comparison between different novel system designs for neighborhood energy and water systems with varying modes of system integration, including all-electric, power-to-heat and power-to-hydrogen. A simulation model is developed to determine the energy and water balance and carry out economic analysis to calculate the system costs of various scenarios. We show that system costs are the lowest in a scenario that combines a hydrogen boiler and heat pumps for household heating; or a power-to-X system that combines power-to-heat, seasonal heat storage, and power-to-hydrogen (2070 €/household/year). Scenarios with electricity as the main energy carrier have higher retrofitting costs for buildings (insulation + heat pump), which leads to higher system costs (2320–2370 €/household/year) than more integrated systems. We conclude that diversification in energy carriers can contribute to a smooth transition of existing residential areas.
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Srivastava, Manish, Prakhar Singh, Sandeep Verma, and Prince Singh. "Power Flow Control in Transmission Line by Using UPFC." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 4, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2021.670.
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The power transfer capacity of electrical transmission lines is typically constrained by the capacity of large signals. Economic considerations such as the high cost of long lines and the income from the supply of additional power make it possible to pursue both economically and technically viable ways to increase the stability cap intensively. On the other hand, the production of efficient ways to use the full thermal capacity of transmission systems. The power industry has already begun to be affected by fast development in the field of power electronics. This is one direct consequence of the idea of aspects of FACTS, which has become possible due to the progress realized in power electronic devices. In theory, the FACTS devices can provide rapid control of real and Var power through transmission line. The UPFC is a FACTS family member with very appealing characteristics. Many parameters can be independently controlled by this unit. An alternative means of minimizing transmission system oscillations is given by this unit. The choice of input signals and the adopted control strategy for this system in order to dampen power oscillations in an efficient and robust manner are an important issue. In order to achieve the maximum desire effect in solving the first swing stability problem, the UPFC parameters can be regulated. In bulky power transmission systems with long transmission lines, this problem arises. A MATLAB Simulink Model with UPFC to test the efficiency of the electrical transmission system is considered in this paper. The main purpose of this analysis paper is to research different studies performed in the past to minimize UPFC transmission line losses.
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Faranda, Roberto, Hossein Hafezi, Kishore Akkala, and Massimo Lazzaroni. "AC “Back to Back” Switching Device in Industrial Application." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143539.
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In industrial applications, among several varieties of semiconductor devices available, a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) is often used in managing and protecting various systems with different applications. Hence, it is of the utmost importance to design a control system which can operate over a range of electrical loads without any modifications in its hardware and/or software. This paper analyzes and investigates in detail the power circuit effects on conduction delay and SCR functioning. Moreover, two different commonly used driving systems for SCR application have been introduced, discussed, and evaluated. Concerning driving systems, here, three aspects have paramount importance and are consequently taken into consideration, namely the driver system losses, the conduction delay, and in particular, some power quality indices. The conduction delay is a parameter of great importance, as being able to control and reduce it to the minimum allowed by the application can bring significant practical advantages (both in terms of application and economic terms, as better summarized in the article). Theoretical analysis has been performed, followed and verified by simulation studies and, for some cases, laboratory experimental test results are presented which provide credibility to the study.
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JAIN, MADHU, and RITU GUPTA. "REDUNDANCY ISSUES IN SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 01 (February 2011): 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004093.
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The redundancy is a widely spread technology of building computing systems that continue to operate satisfactorily in the presence of faults occurring in hardware and software components. The principle objective of applying redundancy is achieve reliability goals subject to techno-economic constraints. Due to a plenty of applications arising virtually in both industrial and military organizations especially in embedded fault tolerance systems including telecommunication, distributed computer systems, automated manufacturing systems, etc., the reliability and its dependability measures of redundant computer-based systems have become attractive features for the systems designers and production engineers. However, even with the best design of redundant computer-based systems, software and hardware failures may still occur due to many failure mechanisms leading to serious consequences such as huge economic losses, risk to human life, etc. The objective of present survey article is to discuss various key aspects, failure consequences, methodologies of redundant systems along with software and hardware redundancy techniques which have been developed at the reliability engineering level. The methodological aspects which depict the required steps to build a block diagram composed of components in different configurations as well as Markov and non-Markov state transition diagram representing the structural system has been elaborated. Furthermore, we describe the reliability of a specific redundant system and its comparison with a non redundant system to demonstrate the tractability of proposed models and its performance analysis.
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Zahedi, Rafi, Parisa Ranjbaran, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Fazel Mohammadi, and Roya Ahmadiahangar. "Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072018.
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There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.
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Han, Dongsheng, Bing Zheng, and Zhixiong Chen. "Sleep Mechanism of Base Station Based on Minimum Energy Cost." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4202748.
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Deploying dense network is a promising technique of fifth-generation communication to meet the challenge of soaring demand from explosive growth of mobile users. However, this technique obviously increases the power consumption, thereby indirectly causing heavy financial burden on mobile network operators and CO2 emission, which is considered as a major threat to the environment. In consideration of energy storage device, self-discharge effect, and preventing repeated switch (PRS) mechanism, a comprehensive power management model for wireless communication system in smart grid is investigated in this study from the power consumption and economic cost aspects. Two base sleep mechanisms, namely, energy cost first (ECF) algorithm and power consumption first (PCF) algorithm, are proposed. The ECF algorithm focuses on the minimum cost of system operation by selecting the low-cost energy scheme. Meanwhile, the PCF algorithm considers the minimum power consumption first and then optimizes the cost. Compared with conventional scheme, simulation results show that the two proposed algorithms can decrease the energy cost of communication base system significantly. Setting an energy storage device can further stabilize the energy cost, while the switching frequency can be reduced to a large extent when combined with the PRS mechanism.
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Lancheros-Cuesta, Diana Janeth, Diego Perez Lara, Maximiliano Bueno Lopez, and Geovanny Marulanda García. "Monitoring platform for the consumption of electricity in a home." International Journal of Web Information Systems 13, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-02-2017-0008.
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Purpose Nowadays, an extra consumption of electric energy in the Colombian houses is generated due to electric or electronic elements plugged into the electric network. This fact produces a cost overrun in the user’s electricity bills. To reduce this extra cost, and also with a plus of reducing greenhouse gas emission, a monitoring system for the consumption of electric energy in a household will be designed and implemented to make electricity users realize how much money and energy is being wasted due to the unnecessary electric elements plugged into the network. This paper aims to show a monitoring system that allows the client to supervise the consumption of some appliances inside his/her home, remotely. It is also considered the HMI to be able to log in, choose the intervals of data and generate reports and graphics. The monitoring system is based on the integration of several technologies that are already used and implemented in houses and buildings, such as: measuring and treatment of data electronically using microcontrollers, Wi-Fi technology and dynamic graphic interface (website). Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of several tasks, starting from documentation of the variables, instrumentation and methods for getting to the solution; the first part of the methodology focuses on selecting the electric and/or electronic elements to be monitored, so the instrumentation is able to monitor. Then, the power stage was implemented in this stage to measure signals from the sensors while sensing the electric nodes are adjusted, so does the transmission and reception. In the third stage, the design information system was implemented; this is where the received data from the sensors are stored and managed for further organization and visualization. Activities included the following: Analysis of the model of use cases: Identification of actors and actions that are involved in the system. Server selection: Study of the different server to manage the database. Design of the database: The variables, tables, fields, profiles are determined for managing the information. Connection between sensors and database: Correct data transmission and managing to the database from the sensors. Finally, the system is validated in a rural house for a month. Findings The monitoring system satisfies the main objective of making a tracing of the behavior of some appliances inside a house, showing graphically the instant current generated while connected, the cumulated energy consumed and the cost in Colombian pesos of the energy consumed so far, in real time. Research limitations/implications The monitoring system requires the correct functioning of the sensors connected to each household appliance in the home. Practical implications The main approach in the monitoring platform is the real-time measurement of energy consumption by nodes (in each appliance) that allows the user to control the money. The innovative impact of the project will be based on the use of hardware and information systems in the measurement of electrical consumption. Social implications This research has a direct impact on the economic aspects of the low-income population by allowing them to manage their energy consumption through the proposed system. Originality/value The main approach in the monitoring platform is the real-time measurement of energy consumption by nodes (in each appliance) that allows the user to control the money.
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Ferrari, Giovanni, Federico Ioverno, Marco Sozzi, Francesco Marinello, and Andrea Pezzuolo. "Land-Use Change and Bioenergy Production: Soil Consumption and Characterization of Anaerobic Digestion Plants." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134001.
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The exploitation of bioenergy plays a key role in the process of decarbonising the economic system. Huge efforts have been made to develop bioenergy and other renewable energy systems, but it is necessary to investigate the costs and problems associated with these technologies. Soil consumption and, in particular, soil sealing are some of these aspects that should be carefully evaluated. Agricultural biogas plants (ABPs) often remove areas dedicated to agricultural activities and require broad paved areas for the associated facilities. This study aimed to (i) assess the surfaces destined to become facilities and buildings in ABPs, (ii) correlate these surfaces with each other and to the installed powers of the plants, and (iii) estimate the consumption of soil in bioenergy applications in Italy. Two hundred ABPs were sampled from an overall population of 1939, and the extents of the facilities were measured by aerial and satellite observations. An ABP with an installed power of 1000 kW covers an average surface area of up to 23,576 m2. Most of this surface, 97.9%, is obtained from previously cultivated areas. The ABP analysis proved that 24.7 m2 of surface area produces 1 kW of power by bioenergy. The obtained model estimated a total consumption of soil by ABPs in Italy of 31,761,235 m2. This research can support stakeholders in cost-benefit analyses to design energy systems based on renewable energy sources.
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Boban, Luka, Dino Miše, Stjepan Herceg, and Vladimir Soldo. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082134.
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With the constant increase in energy demand, using renewable energy has become a priority. Geothermal energy is a widely available, constant source of renewable energy that has shown great potential as an alternative source of energy in achieving global energy sustainability and environment protection. When exploiting geothermal energy, whether is for heating or cooling buildings or generating electricity, a ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the most important component, whose performance can be easily improved by following the latest design aspects. This article focuses on the application of different types of GHEs with attention directed to deep vertical borehole heat exchangers and direct expansion systems, which were not dealt with in detail in recent reviews. The article gives a review of the most recent advances in design aspects of GHE, namely pipe arrangement, materials, and working fluids. The influence of the main design parameters on the performance of horizontal, vertical, and shallow GHEs is discussed together with commonly used performance indicators for the evaluation of GHE. A survey of the available literature shows that thermal performance is mostly a point of interest, while hydraulic and/or economic performance is often not addressed, potentially resulting in non-optimal GHE design.
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Huckebrink, David, and Valentin Bertsch. "Integrating Behavioural Aspects in Energy System Modelling—A Review." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154579.
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Many countries worldwide have adopted policies to support the expansion of renewable energy sources aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, combating climate change, and, more generally, establishing a globally sustainable energy system. As a result, energy systems around the world are undergoing a process of fundamental change and transformation that goes far beyond the technological dimension. While energy system models have been developed and used for several decades to support decision makers in governments and companies, these models usually focus on the techno-economic dimension, whereas they fall short in addressing and considering behavioural and societal aspects of decisions related to technology acceptance, adoption, and use. In fact, it is often the societal dimension that comes with the greatest challenges and barriers when it comes to making such a socio-technical transformation happen in reality. This paper therefore provides an overview of state-of-the-art energy system models on the one hand and research studying behavioural aspects in the energy sector on the other hand. We find that these are two well-developed fields of research but that they have not yet been integrated sufficiently well to provide answers to the many questions arising in the context of complex socio-technical transformation processes of energy systems. While some promising approaches integrating these two fields can be identified, the total number is very limited. Based on our findings, research gaps and potentials for improvement of both energy system models and behavioural studies are derived. We conclude that a stronger collaboration across disciplines is required.
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Nedjalkov, Antonio, Jan Meyer, Heiko Göken, Maximilian V. Reimer, and Wolfgang Schade. "Blueprint and Implementation of Rural Stand-Alone Power Grids with Second-Life Lithium Ion Vehicle Traction Battery Systems for Resilient Energy Supply of Tropical or Remote Regions." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162642.
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Developed societies with advanced economic performance are undoubtedly coupled with the availability of electrical energy. Whilst industrialized nations already started to decrease associated carbon emissions in many business sectors, e.g., by substituting combustion engines with battery-powered vehicles, less developed countries still lack broad coverage of reliable electricity supply, particularly in rural regions. Progressive electrification leads to a need for storage capacity and thus to increasing availability of advanced battery systems. To achieve a high degree of sustainability, re-used batteries from the electromobility sector are appropriate, as they do not consume further primary resources and still have sufficient residual capacity for stationary electrical storage applications. In this article, a blueprint for the electrification of a remote region by utilizing second-life lithium ion traction batteries for an integrated energy system in a stand-alone grid is presented and the implementation by the example case of a Tanzanian island in Lake Victoria is demonstrated. First, economic potentials and expected trends in the disposability of second-life lithium ion batteries and their foreseeable costs are outlined. Subsequently, key decision variables are identified to evaluate logistic aspects and the feasibility of the implementation of an off-grid electrical system in remote areas for economically and geographically unfavorable environments. The practical realization is pictured in detail with a focus on technical performance and safety specificities associated with second-life applications. Therefore, a new type of battery management system is introduced, which meets the special requirements of climate compatibility, low maintenance, enhanced cell balancing capability and cell configuration flexibility, and combined with a fiber-optical sensor system, provides reliable status monitoring of the battery. By carrying out on-site measurements, the overall system efficiency is evaluated along with a sustainability analysis. Finally, the socioeconomic and humanitarian impact for the people on the island is debated.
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Gibadullin, Arthur, and Valentina Pulyaeva. "Obstacles to the formation of a common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911402002.
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The current state of the economy and society is influenced by the global integration processes taking place in Eurasia - the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, which should unite the markets for resources, goods and capital of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the aspects of this process is the creation of a unified electricity market, which ensures free flow of electrical energy, free pricing and competition in the power industry. The purpose of this study is to study the degree of readiness of national energy systems for integration and to identify problems that impede the formation of the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The methods used were statistical analysis tools, a graphical method, comparisons and descriptions. The study was carried out on the basis of the use of information provided in the open access of the Eurasian Economic Union, national statistical services and energy companies. The authors have identified the main goals and objectives, as well as the requirements and expected results of the creation of the Common Electricity Market. As a result of the analysis of national power systems, a number of problems were identified that impede their convergence, including inconsistencies in the scale of production, various pricing mechanisms and electricity price regulation, differences in the energy balance of the Eurasian Economic Union member states, different levels of electricity prices, and a particular opinion Of the Republic of Belarus to the concept of market formation and the lack of unified borders of Armenia with other participating countries Union. The findings of the study indicate that by the stated date, namely July 1, 2019, the Common Electricity Market will most likely not be created for the reasons stated. To solve the identified problems, the authors propose several tools, one of the most important among them is the mechanism of regulatory and legal regulation of electricity markets at the national and supranational levels. Also, according to the authors, in the integration processes in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union should consider the world experience of such political and economic associations.
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Srividhya, Subramanian, and Venkatakirthiga Murali. "Optimal siting and sizing of distributed generators to retain the existing protection setup along with their technical and economic aspects." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6648.
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Frivaldsky, Michal, and Jan Morgos. "DC-DC Converter Design Issues for High-Efficient DC Microgrid." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.1.35-41.
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In this article, the electrical properties, as well as the economic aspects of the modular and non-modular solution of the DC-DC photovoltaic converter for DC microgrid subsystem, are described. Principally a theoretical overview of the circuit configuration for the selected DC-DC stage of the DC microgrid system is shown. It is dealt with the comparison of the one non-modular high - voltage SiC-based dual - interleaved converter operating at the low switching frequency and with modular low voltage GaN-based DC-DC converters operating at high switching frequencies. The main focus is given to the research of the dependency that arises from the different module count, overall efficiency, costs, and power density (system volume). High efficiency, reduced overall volume, and maximum power density are important factors within modern and progressive solar systems. It is assumed that with the increase of switching frequency within the modular system the volume reduction of the passive components will be highly demanded, thus PCB dimensions and overall volume can be reduced. This dependency is investigated, while the total volume of the non-modular system is a unit of the measure. For these purposes, the design of variant solution was done, and consequently mutually compared in the way of simulations and experimental measurements.
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Kehl, Daniel, Torben Jennert, Frank Lienesch, and Michael Kurrat. "Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications." Batteries 7, no. 2 (May 13, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020032.
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The reuse and repurposing of lithium-ion batteries for transportation in stationary energy systems improve the economic value of batteries. A precise suitability test at the beginning of the second life is therefore necessary. Common methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and current interrupt (CI) analysis, as well as capacity analysis, can be used for testing. In this paper, these methods are studied from the aspects of test duration, sensitivity and acquisition costs of the measuring instruments. For this purpose, tests are carried out on battery modules, which were used for transportation. It is shown that subtle differences are better detected with EIS and less accurately with the CI method. The test duration is fastest with the CI method, followed by EIS and the capacity test. Strongly aged modules are reliably detected with all methods.