Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electric power systems – Economic aspects'
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MacGregor, Paul R. "The net utility revenue impact of small power producing facilities operating under spot pricing policies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13845.
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Shaalan, Hesham Ezzat. "An interval mathematics approach to economic evaluation of power distribution systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40081.
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Su, Jifeng, and 宿吉鋒. "An analytical assessment of generation asset in the restructured electricity industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37116381.
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Chan, Chi-yiu, and 陳志銚. "The application of insurance theory to power system operating reserve market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124399X.
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Thai, Doan Hoang Cau Australian Graduate School of Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Analysing tacit collusion in oligopolistic electricity markets using a co-evolutionary approach." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Australian Graduate School of Management, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22478.
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Wholesale electricity markets now operate in many countries around the world. These markets determine a spot price for electricity as the clearing price when generators bid in energy at various prices. As the trading in a wholesale electricity market can be seen as a dynamic repeated game, it would be expected that profit maximising generators learn to engage in tacit collusion to profitably increase spot market prices. This thesis investigates this tacit collusion of generators in oligopolistic electricity markets. We do not follow the approach of previous work in game theory that presupposes firms' collusive strategies to enforce collusion in an oligopoly. Instead, we develop a co-evolutionary approach (extending previous work in this area) using a genetic algorithm (GA) to co-evolve strategies for all generators in some stylised models of an electricity market. The bidding strategy of each generator is modelled as a set of bidding actions, one for each possible discrete state of the state space observed by the generator. The market trading interactions are simulated to determine the fitness of a particular strategy. The tacitly collusive outcomes and strategies emerging from computational experiments are thus obtained from the learning or evolutionary process instead of from any pre-specification. Analysing many of those emergent collusive outcomes and strategies. we are able to specify the mechanism of tacit collusion and investigate how the market environment can affect it. We find that the learned collusive strategies are similar to the forgiving trigger strategies of classical supergame theory (Green and Porter, 1984). Also using computational experiments, we can determine which characteristics of the market environment encourage or hinder tacit collusion. The findings from this thesis provide insights on tacit collusion in an oligopoly and policy implications from a learning perspective. With modelling flexibility, our co-evolutionary approach can be extended to study strategic behaviour in an oligopoly considering many other market characteristics.
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Gonçalves, Richard Aderbal. "Algoritmos culturais para o problema do despacho de energia elétrica." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/902.
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CNPqNesta tese, os Sistemas Imunológicos Artificiais são aplicados a diferentes instâncias do despacho econômico e econômico/ambiental de energia elétrica. Os sistemas imunes considerados são baseados no princípio da seleção clonal e usam uma representação real com operador de \emph{aging} puro e operadores de hipermutação utilizando distribuições de probabilidade Gaussianas e de Cauchy. Algoritmos Culturais utilizando fontes de conhecimento normativo, situacional, histórico e topográfico são incorporados para melhorar a capacidade de otimização global dos sistemas imunes. Todas as abordagens propostas possuem vários pontos de auto-adaptação e a maioria utiliza um operador de busca local baseado na técnica quase-simplex. Uma sequência caótica também é considerada como uma potencial fonte de melhoria na variação cultural do algoritmo. Procedimentos de reparação constituem outra contribuição do trabalho e são aplicados para evitar lidar com soluções infactíveis em todos os problemas abordados. Na primeira parte dos experimentos, quatro instâncias do problema do despacho econômico de energia são consideradas. Em todos os casos, foi utilizada uma função não suave de custo de combustível levando em consideração os efeitos de ponto de válvula. Uma das instâncias também considera as perdas na transmissão de energia. Nos experimentos de comparação entre as abordagens propostas, as versões imuno-culturais superam a versão puramente imune. O método cultural proposto que apresenta melhor resultado é escolhido para ser comparado a outras técnicas modernas de otimização reportadas na literatura recente. Em todos os casos mono-objetivo considerados, a abordagem proposta é capaz de encontrar o menor custo de combustível. A segunda parte dos experimentos trata do problema do despacho econômico/ambiental. Esta é uma versão do problema do despacho econômico de energia onde a emissão de poluentes é adicionada como um novo objetivo, tornando este um problema de otimização multiobjetivo não-linear com restrições. Algoritmos imuno-culturais baseados em fatores de escalarização e dominância de Pareto são propostos para este caso. Várias instâncias do problema são utilizadas nos experimentos, algumas das quais consideram perdas na transmissão de energia. Os algoritmos propostos são favoravelmente comparados com um algoritmo do estado-da-arte para otimização multiobjetivo. O melhor algoritmo proposto também é comparado com métodos reportados na literatura recente. As comparações mostram o bom desempenho da melhor abordagem proposta e confirmam seu potencial para resolver o problema do despacho econômico/ambiental de energia.
In this thesis, Artificial Immune Systems are applied to solve different instances of the economic and environmental/economic load dispatch problems. The immune systems considered here are based on the clonal selection principle and use a real coded representation with pure aging operator and hypermutation operators utilizing Gaussian and Cauchy distributions. Cultural Algorithms using normative, situational, historical and topographical knowledge sources are incorporated to improve the global optimization capability of immune systems. All the proposed approaches have several points of self-adaptation and most of them use a local search operator that is based on a quasi-simplex technique. A chaotic sequence is also considered as a potential source of improvement to the cultural variation. Repair procedures represent another contribution of this work and are applied to avoid dealing with infeasible solutions in all the considered problems. In the first part of the experiments, four instances of the economic load dispatch problem are considered. In all the cases, a non-smooth fuel cost function which takes into account the valve-point loading effects is utilized. One of instances also considers energy transmission losses. In the experiments conducted to compare the proposed approaches, the immune-cultural based approaches outperformed the pure immune version. The proposed cultural method which presents the best performance is chosen to be compared with other modern optimization techniques reported in the recent literature. In all the mono-objective cases considered, the proposed approach is capable of finding the minimum fuel cost value. The second part of the experiments deals with the environmental/economic load dispatch problem. This is a multi-objective version of the economic load dispatch where pollution emission is added as an objective, it is formulated as a non-linear constrained multi-objective optimization problem. Cultural immune algorithms based on scalarizing factors and Pareto-dominance are proposed for this case. Several instances of the problem are considered, some dealing with energy transmission losses. The proposed algorithms are favorably compared with a state-of-art algorithm for multi-objective optimization (the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II - NSGA - II). The best proposed algorithm is also compared with methods reported in recent literature. The comparisons demonstrate the good performance of the best proposed approach and confirm its potential to solve the environmental/economic load dispatch problem.
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Gupta, Rajnish. "Economic impact of non-utility generation on electric power systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq23935.pdf.
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Shu, Chang. "Application of optimization methods for power system economic operation and transfer capability evaluation /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,163245.
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Li, Furong. "Optimal economic operation of electric power systems using genetic based algorithms." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1996. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5567/.
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The thesis explores the potential of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for optimising the operation of electric power systems. It discusses methods which have resulted in significant direct cost saving in operating an electric power system. In particular, the thesis demonstrates the simple search procedure and the powerful search ability of Gas in multi-modal, multi-objective problems, which are resisted by the most well known conventional techniques. Special emphasis has been given to the effectiveness of the enhanced genetic based algorithms and the importance of sophisticated problem structures. Finally, the feasibility and suitability of genetic based algorithms for power system optimisations are verified on a real power supply system. The basic requirement in operating a power system is to ensure that the whole system is run at the minimum possible cost, and the lowest possible pollution level, while reliability and security are maintained. These requirements have resulted in a wide range of power system optimisation problems. In this work, a selection of problems concerning operation economy, security and environmental impact have been dealt with by Genetic Algorithms. These problems are in order of increasing complexity as the project progresses: they range from static problems to dynamic problems, single objective to multi-objectives, softly constrained problems to harshly constrained problems, simple problem structure to more rigorous problem structure. Despite the diversity, GAs consistently produce solutions comparable to conventional techniques over the wide range of problem spectrum. It has been clearly demonstrated that a sophisticated problem structure can bring significant financial benefits in system operation, it has however added further complexity to the problem, where the best result may only be sought from the genetic based algorithms. The enhancements of Genetic Algorithms have been investigated with the aim of further improving the quality and speed of the solution. They have been enhanced in two levels: the first is to develop advanced genetic strategies, and this is subsequently refined by choosing optimal parameter values to further improve the strategies. The outcome of the study clearly indicates that genetic based algorithms are very attractive techniques for solving the ever more complicated optimisations of electric power systems. The basic requirement in operating a power system is to ensure that the whole system is run at the minimum possible cost, and the lowest possible pollution level, while reliability and security are maintained. These requirements have resulted in a wide range of power system optimisation problems. In this work, a selection of problems concerning operation economy, security and environmental impact have been dealt with by Genetic Algorithms. These problems are in order of increasing complexity as the project progresses: they range from static problems to dynamic problems, single objective to multi-objectives, softly constrained problems to harshly constrained problems, simple problem structure to more rigorous problem structure. Despite the diversity, GAs consistently produce solutions comparable to conventional techniques over the wide range of problem spectrum. It has been clearly demonstrated that a sophisticated problem structure can bring significant financial benefits in system operation, it has however added further complexity to the problem, where the best result may only be sought from the genetic based algorithms. The enhancements of Genetic Algorithms have been investigated with the aim of further improving the quality and speed of the solution. They have been enhanced in two levels: the first is to develop advanced genetic strategies, and this is subsequently refined by choosing optimal parameter values to further improve the strategies. The outcome of the study clearly indicates that genetic based algorithms are very attractive techniques for solving the ever more complicated optimisations of electric power systems.
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Ng, Kwok-kei Simon, and 吳國基. "A game-theoretic study of the strategic interaction between transmission and generation expansion planning in a restructuredelectricity market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39343534.
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MacRae, Angus Neil. "Economic and cost engineering aspects of wind energy conversion systems." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258961.
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Low, Yee Weng. "Techno-economic model for designing marine and offshore power generating systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15868.
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Al-Gobaisi, Darwish M. K. F. "Economic scheduling in electric power systems : a mathematical model for the U.A.E." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7288.
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Pagonis, Meletios. "Electrical power aspects of distributed propulsion systems in turbo-electric powered aircraft." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9873.
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The aerospace industry is currently looking at options for fulfilling the technological development targets set for the next aircraft generations. Conventional engines and aircraft architectures are now at a maturity level which makes the realisation of these targets extremely problematic. Radical solutions seem to be necessary and Electric Distributed Propulsion is the most promising concept for future aviation. Several studies showed that the viability of this novel concept depends on the implementation of a superconducting power network. The particularities of a superconducting power network are described in this study where novel components and new design conditions of these networks are highlighted. Simulink models to estimate the weight of fully superconducting machines have been developed in this research work producing a relatively conservative prediction model compared to the NASA figures which are the only reference available in the literature. A conceptual aircraft design architecture implementing a superconducting secondary electrical power system is also proposed. Depending on the size of the aircraft, and hence the electric load demand, the proposed superconducting architecture proved to be up to three times lighter than the current more electric configurations. The selection of such a configuration will also align with the general tendency towards a superconducting network for the proposed electric distributed propulsion concept. In addition, the hybrid nature of these configurations has also been explored and the potential enhanced role of energy storage mechanisms has been further investigated leading to almost weight neutral but far more flexible aircraft solutions. For the forecast timeframe battery technology seems the only viable choice in terms of energy storage options. The anticipated weight of the Lithium sulphur technology is the most promising for the proposed architectures and for the timeframe under investigation. The whole study is based on products and technologies which are expected to be available on the 2035 timeframe. However, future radical changes in energy storage technologies may be possible but the approach used in this study can be readily adapted to meet such changes.
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Johansson, Nicklas. "Aspects on Dynamic Power Flow Controllers and Related Devices for Increased Flexibility in Electric Power Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elektriska maskiner och effektelektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37823.
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This thesis studies different aspects of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices which are used to improve the power transfer capability and increase the controllability in electric power systems. In the thesis, different aspects on the usage and control of Dynamic Power Flow Controllers (DPFC) and related FACTS devices are studied. The DPFC is a combination of a Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) and a Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)/Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR). The thesis proposes and studies a new method, the Ideal Phase-Shifter (IPS) method, for selection and rating of Power Flow Controllers (PFC) in a power grid. The IPS method, which is based on steady-state calculations, is proposed as a first step in the design process for a PFC. The method uses the Power controller plane, introduced by Brochu et al in 1999. The IPS method extends the usage of decoupling methods in the Power controller plane to a power system of arbitrary size. The IPS method was in the thesis used to compare the ratings of different PFC:s required to improve the power transfer capability in two test systems. The studied devices were here the PST, the TSSC/TSSR and the DPFC. The thesis treats control of ideal Controlled Series Capacitors (CSC), TCSC, TSSC/TSSR, and DPFC. The goals of the FACTS controllers which are developed are Power Oscillation Damping (POD), fast power flow control, and transient stability improvement in the power system. New adaptive control strategies for POD and power flow control are proposed and studied in different models of power systems by time-domain simulations. A strategy for transient stability improvement is also proposed and studied. Additionally, different methods for study of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR), which is associated with series compensation in power systems, are investigated. Here, four of the most common methods for frequency scanning to determine the electrical damping of subsynchronous oscillations in a power grid are studied. The study reveals significant differences of the electrical damping estimates of the studied standard methods when applied to a four-machine test system.QC 20110819
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Liu, Xinghua, and 刘兴华. "Power system operation integrating clean energy and environmental considerations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085866.
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Tham, Poh Weng Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Managing market risks in the Australian national electricity market." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20834.
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The restructuring of many national and state electricity industries over the last two decades has created new sets of laws and regulations, market design and participants. Along with those changes, industry risks have also been transformed significantly. Prior to restructuring, government-owned or carefully regulated monopoly private utilities would manage most of these industry risks. With restructuring, however, both the government, through their market regulators, and industry participants need to manage a range of previous,, yet also now new, risks. While the government???s risk management strategy is focused on the industry as a whole, participants are naturally more concerned with their individual risks. The Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) is one of the many electricity markets that were formed through the restructuring process underway worldwide. It created a number of new types of market participants facing different sets of risks. The main objective of this thesis is to examine the management of market risk by these different NEM participants. The methodology used in the thesis involves developing a fundamental understanding of electricity restructuring, the NEM and the various risks faced by the different NEM participants. Data on NEM spot prices, ancillary costs and forward prices are analysed to gain a better understanding of its relationship with market activities. Different risk management strategies, both proactive and reactive, that can be taken by the participants are discussed This thesis has highlighted some of the complexities involved in managing risks in a restructured electricity industry. Risks are never static and changes in market conditions alter the risk exposure of the participants. Therefore, participants will need to constantly monitor their risk exposure and update their risk management strategies. The Cash-Flow-at-Risk methodology is introduced as a possible tool to measure risk and analyse risk management options for different NEM participants.
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Parail, Vladimir. "Evaluation of market-based investment in electricity transmission infrastructure." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610004.
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刑衛國 and Weiguo Xing. "Evaluation and scheduling of private power production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242522.
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Yan, Yonghe, and 嚴勇河. "A multi-agent based approach to transmission cost allocation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124256X.
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Ribeiro, Alexandre dos Santos. "Soluções para micro sistema elétrico eficiente abastecendo Centro Cirúrgico Móvel na Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-20102010-115650/.
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O auxílio a populações carentes de alguns benefícios modernos, alcançados pela humanidade, é uma prática de promoção da cidadania. Neste trabalho é abordado um estudo técnico sobre a execução de instalações elétricas temporárias em locais isolados que visa subsidiar a atividade desenvolvida por um grupo de médicos cirurgiões que levam atendimento às populações indígenas amazônicas. O grupo Expedicionários da Saúde realiza desde 2004 expedições às comunidades amazônicas que buscam levar atendimento cirúrgico especializado às populações indígenas locais permitindo seu retorno à vida social, com a recuperação da visão e de outras habilidades essenciais para suas atividades. Um diagnóstico das condições encontradas durante uma dessas expedições mostrou que muitas das falhas que normalmente atrapalham o bom andamento das atividades executadas podem ser corrigidas com ações simples e ao alcance da equipe. As estratégias apresentadas em detalhes, como a implantação de ações de Eficiência Energética que reduzem a demanda energética, reduzem a grande necessidade de combustível e as dificuldades logísticas envolvidas no transporte dos energéticos, os cuidados na execução das instalações elétricas e dimensionamento dos grupos geradores, propiciam o aumento da disponibilidade do sistema elétrico, sua segurança e dos seus usuários e colaboram com o sucesso da expedição médica realizada.The help to populations that need for some modern benefits, achievements of mankind, is a practice of promoting citizenship. This paper shows a technical study on the implementation of temporary electrical installations in isolated locations that is intended to subsidize the activity developed by a group of surgeons that take care of indigenous peoples of Amazonia. The group \"Expedicionários da Saúde\" held since 2004 expeditions to the Amazon communities seeking to bring specialized surgical care to indigenous populations by allowing their return to social life, with recovery of vision and other skills essential for their activities. A diagnosis of conditions found during one of these expeditions showed that many of the failures that often hinder the normal progress of activities can be corrected with simple actions that can be done by the team itself. The strategies presented in detail, as the implementation of energy efficiency actions that reduce energy demand, reduce the large need for fuel and the logistical difficulties involved in its transporting, the cares in carrying out electrical installations and optimal sizing of generators, provide increasing the availability of the electrical system, its security and its users and collaborate with the success of the expedition doctor performed.
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Endegnanew, Atsede Gualu. "Distributed generation in future distribution systems : Dynamic aspects." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11242.
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The objective of this thesis work was to study the stability of a distribution network with several distributed generators (DGs) considering different types of regulators in the DGs and loading conditions. The distribution network under study, Øie Kvinesdal, is a 57 km long radial feeder. It contains 8 distributed generators; seven synchronous and one induction generator. The largest generator has 10.3 MW rated power and the lowest has 0.25 MW rated power. The first and last generators are located 7.3 km and 45 km away from the 106/22 kV transformer respectively. Four of the synchronous generators are located on the same side branch.Four cases were studied with three different total active power production levels, two medium and one maximum production levels, and two different network loading conditions, high and low load.In each case, five different types of disturbances were created to analyse the dynamic response of the distribution network. The disturbances are synchronous generator disconnection, change in load, change in system voltage, short circuit fault, and disconnection of the 22 kV feeder from the HV network. Five different scenarios of synchronous generator disconnections were studied; disconnecting the largest four one by one and disconnecting the smallest three at the same time. Two different scenarios of load changes were studied. The first one is a step change in load either from high load to low load or from low load to high load depending on the initial loading condition of the network. The second type of change in load is disconnection of loads in one area which account to 66% of the total loads in the system. Change in system voltage was created by a 2.5 % step up on the swing bus voltage. The pre-disturbance linear analysis result showed that controllers connected to the smallest generators have strong relations with the least damped eigenvalues. The case with maximum generation and low loading had very low damped oscillations; as low as 6% damping ratios. Selecting appropriate regulator gain constants plays vital role in the distribution systems small signal stability. There are some eigenvalues with imaginary part as high as 11 Hz. This is due to the low inertia of the distributed generators.The generators in all cases were able to regain synchronism after disturbances caused by disconnection of synchronous generators, change in load and system voltage. This is because the distribution network is connected to a strong high voltage network. But not all studied scenarios had terminal voltage and power factor within the allowed range in their post-disturbance steady state. Depending on settings of reactive power and over voltage relays, and how quickly a new set point is calculated for the excitation system controllers, a cascade of faults may occur. This could lead to instability. Relays were not included in this study.The critical clearing time for the case with maximum production and low load was the shortest because the distribution network had high voltage and the DGs were operating with their rated capacity in the pre-disturbance steady state. The distribution network was not able to reach new steady state, and be able to operate in island mode after disconnection of the feeder from the HV network with the turbine and governor models used.
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Somayajula, Deepak. "Control aspects of a double-input buckboost power electronic converter." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Somayajula_2009_09007dcc8070c9e2.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).
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Scarsi, Gian Carlo. "Electricity distribution in Italy : microeconomic efficiency analysis of local distributing units with methodological cross-checking." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca322a0b-7fd0-4a02-a237-bb4b6f02eeda.
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This thesis analyses technical efficiency of local electricity distribution in Italy (1994, 1996) by using both econometric (deterministic frontier, stochastic frontier) and linear programming (Data Envelopment Analysis) tools. Cross-sectional data was examined with respect to (a) ENEL - the Italian electricity monopolist whose restructuring and privatisation is now under way - and its local distribution branches (Chapters 2, 3, and 5); (b) municipal authorities (MUNIs), i.e. town-based electric utilities which sometimes hold franchises for electricity distribution within city limits (Chapters 4 and 5). Estimation results from Chapters 2 and 3 highlighted non-exhaustion of scale economies at sample-mean values. Scope economies between medium and low-voltage distribution were also detected (Ch. 2). Efficiency score series stemming from both econometric and linear programming techniques in Chapters 3 and 5 showed that Southern distributors were relatively under-represented among top units even after allowing for several exogenous environmental variables. The external effects which proved to influence technical efficiency in electricity distribution were consumer density, the percentage of industrial customers, the geographical nature of areas served (metropolitan areas, mountains, etc.), and the interaction between ENEL's units and municipal utilities in those towns featuring ENEL and MUNIs bordering each other. Pooled ENEL-MUNI analysis from Chapter 4 failed to spot any systematic superiority of ENEL's units over municipalities. Generalisation on the ENEL-MUNI efficiency dispute was then discarded, in favour of case-by-case comparison. Paired-samples statistical testing (both parametric and non-parametric) from Chapter 5 showed limited agreement between Stochastic Frontier Estimation (SFE) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency outcomes. Statistical concordance was more often found when comparing SFE and DEA models sharing the same input-output specification. Again, no apparent superiority of ENEL over MUNIs was found out by DEA linear programs. One-to-one comparisons confirmed that the outcomes were mixed, with ENEL's local branches outperforming MUNIs in metropolitan and (sometimes) rural areas, and MUNIs faring better in medium-sized, Po Valley towns (Northern Italy). Results were not clear-cut for Alpine and rural distributors. The latter however - should be considered on a separate basis in that they will probably need permanent subsidies to meet universal service obligations, irrespective of the future structure of electricity distribution in Italy. Comparable (e.g., urban) units might - on the other hand - be subject to yardstick regulation based upon DEA's 'efficient peer' outcomes. Apart from the main empirical work, this thesis also features institutional and theoretical overviews (Chapters 2 to 5) with relevant literature surveys, a DEA Numerical Appendix (Chapter 5), and a regional map of the Italian territory (end of thesis).
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Black, Jason W. (Jason Wayne). "Integrating demand into the U.S. electric power system : technical, economic, and regulatory frameworks for responsive load." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/31168.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 311-316).
The electric power system in the US developed with the assumption of exogenous, inelastic demand. The resulting evolution of the power system reinforced this assumption as nearly all controls, monitors, and feedbacks were implemented on the supply side. Time invariant, averaged retail pricing was a natural extension of the assumption of exogenous demand and also reinforced this condition. As a result, the market designs and physical control of the system exclude active participation by consumers. Advances in information and communications technologies enable cost effective integration of demand response. Integrating demand into the US electricity system will allow the development of a more complete market and has the potential for large efficiency gains. Without feedbacks between supply and demand, attempts to develop competitive markets for electricity will suffer from a greater potential for market power and system failure. This thesis provides an analysis of the technical, regulatory, and market issues to determine a system structure that provides incentives for demand response. An integrated, dynamic simulation model is utilized to demonstrate the effects of large scale adoption of demand response technologies. The model includes distributed decision making by both consumers and investors in generation capacity, the effects of their decisions on market prices, and the feedbacks between them. Large scale adoption of demand response technology is simulated to quantify the potential benefits of responsive demand. The effects of technology improvement via learning, long term demand elasticity, and policies to promote adoption are considered.
(cont.) The simulations show that diminishing returns for adopters and free rider effects limit the attractiveness of individual adoption. A subsidy to alleviate the costs to adopters can be justified by the significant system level savings from widespread participation. Several pernicious effects can emerge from large scale demand response, however, including increased price volatility due to reductions in generation capacity reserve margin, increases in long term demand, and increased emissions from the substitution of peak generation capacity, such as natural gas and renewables by intermediate capacity. Significant rent transfers will also occur, and stakeholder analysis is conducted to determine interests and distributional effects of large scale demand response.
by Jason W. Black.
Ph.D.
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Lee, Kelvin. "A study of supply function equilibria in electricity markets /." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112573.
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Deregulation is a growing trend and the electricity industry has not escaped its reaches. With worldwide experiences spanning only thirty years, there is substantial interest in analyzing current and future market designs so that market power cannot be used to increase the price of electricity significantly.This thesis analyzes market power in electricity markets through the notion of Nash equilibrium (NE) and, more specifically, through Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE). We will examine how SFE can be modified to incorporate capacity constraints on generators and generating companies (gencos) controlling more than one generator for a Poolco electricity market with marginal pricing.
A genco's supply function is assumed to be of the form gi=l-aibi . Gaming is done either with ai or bi only, while keeping the other parameter at true cost. Gaming with both variables cannot be analyzed since the problem would have too many degrees of freedom. For each possible generator output level (minimum output, maximum output, or in between), analytical methods are employed to determine all candidate Nash equilibria. Then, simulations are performed over the range of possible genco offers to determine whether these candidates meet the complete set of Nash equilibrium criteria, specifically whether any genco can or cannot improve its profit by gaming.
For various inelastic demand levels, study cases indicate that there are either no Nash equilibria or only one. In the multi-unit genco case, the price of electricity is found to be higher than in the case where each genco owns only one generator, illustrating the effect of market concentration on the price. Whether capacity constraints are considered or not, the price of electricity appears to be higher if gencos are allowed to game with bi instead of ai.
The inclusion of capacity constraints on generators and the consideration of the multi-unit genco case will allow for better genco modeling in a Poolco market with marginal pricing. In turn, this will lead to more accurate analysis of the effects of current and possible rules and regulations on the price of electricity.
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Jones, Sophia Christina Acle. "Micro-cogeneration optimal design for service hot water thermal loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16016.
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Schneider, Bettina. "Economic feasibility study for the wave energy technology of Gaia Power Group Pty Ltd." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79331.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.Gaia Power is a South African start-up in the renewable energy industry. Among other products, they developed a wave energy converter, which is a device used to extract energy from ocean waves. This research deals with the economic feasibility study of the wave energy converter. Wave energy is a young field of research, especially in the South African context. Therefore sources for multiple angles of the project had to be found, analysed and brought into the Gaia Power context. Understanding the cost drivers of a wave energy plant was the foundation of the research itself. The Gaia Power specific levelised cost of electricity generation was calculated based on actual supplier quotes, reference costs found in the literature as well as assumptions. Still, such a calculation is actually more an estimation due to a high uncertainty level in all cost components. Especially the construction cost as well as the discount rate used have therefore been tested for sensitivity. Gaia Power‟s target production cost was R0.54 kWh, which equalled the Eskom tariff at the time of this research. Taking into account a R0.10/kWh fee payable to Eskom, the target cost sank to R0.44, which is about 25 percent lower than the minimum value for electricity generation cost found in the literature. This target was therefore expected to be and proved to be difficult to reach. The calculated levelised electricity cost was R0.99/kWh, with a possible range of R0.54/kWh to R1.60/kWh observed in the sensitivity analysis. These results show that the Gaia Power wave energy converter in the given specifications was not economically feasible. It was therefore recommended to rethink the specifications in order to reduce construction cost, which proved to be the largest cost driver. Besides the quantitative findings, this research also has a strong qualitative side. During the whole research it became obvious that there was an overall high risk level in the project due to the lack of experience with wave energy in general and in South Africa specifically, as well as the high impact of weather on the construction. Those risks were identified, analysed and recommended mitigation actions were derived.
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Craig, Michael T. "Economic and Environmental Costs, Benefits, and Trade-offs of Low-carbon Technologies in the Electric Power Sector." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1099.
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Motivated by the role of decarbonizing the electric power sector to mitigate climate change, I assess the economic and environmental merits of three key technologies for decarbonizing the electric power sector across four chapters in this thesis. These chapters explore how adding flexibility to power plants equipped with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) affects system costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, how grid-scale electricity storage affects system CO2 emissions as a power system decarbonizes, and how distributed solar photovoltaic (distributed PV) electricity generation suppresses wholesale electricity prices. In each chapter, I address these questions through a combination of power system optimization, statistics, and techno-economic analysis, and tie my findings to policy implications. In Chapter 2, I compare the cost-effectiveness of “flexible” CCS retrofits to other compliance strategies with the U.S. Clean Power Plan (CPP) and a hypothetical stronger CPP. Relative to “normal” CCS, “flexible” CCS retrofits include solvent storage that allows the generator to temporarily eliminate the CCS parasitic load and increase the generator’s net efficiency, capacity, and ramp rate. Using a unit commitment and economic dispatch (UCED) model, I find that flexible CCS achieves more cost-effective emissions reductions than normal CCS under the CPP and stronger CPP, but that flexible CCS is less cost-effective than other compliance strategies under both reduction targets. In Chapter 3, I conduct a detailed comparison of how flexible versus normal CCS retrofits affect total system costs and CO2 emissions under a moderate and strong CO2 emission limit. Given that a key benefit of flexible CCS relative to normal CCS is increased reserve provision, I break total system costs into generation, reserve, and CCS capital costs. Using a UCED model, I find that flexible CCS retrofits reduce total system costs relative to normal CCS retrofits under both emission limits. Furthermore, 40-80% of these cost reductions come from reserve cost reductions. Accounting for costs and CO2 emissions, though, flexible CCS poses a trade-off to policymakers under the moderate emission limit, as flexible CCS increases system CO2 emissions relative to normal CCS. No such trade-off exists under the stronger emission limit, as flexible CCS reduces system CO2 emissions and costs relative to normal CCS. In Chapter 4, I quantify how storage affects operational CO2 emissions as a power system decarbonizes under a moderate and strong CO2 emission limit through 2045. In so doing, I aim to better understand how storage transitions from increasing CO2 emissions in historic U.S. systems to enabling deeply decarbonized systems. Additionally, under each target I compare how storage affects CO2 emissions when participating in only energy, only reserve, and energy and reserve markets. Using a capacity expansion (CE) model to forecast fleet changes through 2045 and a UCED model to quantify how storage affects system CO2 emissions, I find that storage quickly transitions from increasing to decreasing CO2 emissions under the moderate and strong emission limits. Whether storage provides only energy, only reserves, or energy and reserves drives large differences in the magnitude, but not the direction, of the effect of storage on CO2 emissions. In Chapter 5, I quantify a benefit of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation often overlooked by value of solar studies, namely the market price response. By displacing high-cost marginal generators, distributed PV generation reduces wholesale electricity prices, which in turn reduces utilities’ energy procurement costs. Using 2013 through 2015 data from California including a database of all distributed PV systems in the three California investor owned utilities, we estimate historic hourly distributed PV generation in California, then link that generation to reduced wholesale electricity prices via linear regression. From 2013 through 2015, we find that distributed PV suppressed historic median hourly LMPs by up to $2.7-3.1/MWh, yielding avoided costs of up to $650-730 million. These avoided costs are smaller than but on the order of other avoided costs commonly included in value of solar studies, so merit inclusion in future studies to properly value distributed PV.
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Ishaque, Mohammed. "A new method for calculating the economic benefits of varying degrees of power factor correction for industrial plant loads." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4322.
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A comparative study of the economic benefits that can be obtained from different degrees of power factor correction for medium and small scale industrial installations is shown. A new approach for precise calculation of kws and kvars required at different power factors is presented. These calculated values are used to find the return on investments for the capacitors needed for power factor correction. The developed method is easy to use, cost effective, accurate and will help electrical engineers with minimum knowledge of power systems to precisely determine the savings available by improving the power factor of an industrial load.
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Bukula, Mvuleni Joseph. "The influence of the electricity distribution restructuring on the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/928.
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The objective of this research is to assess the impact to the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality due to ongoing Electricity Distribution Industry Restructuring in South Africa as directed by the Electricity Distribution Industry Holdings on behalf of the Department of Minerals and Energy’s adopted Electricity Distribution Blue Print Report of 2001. Literature review of scholarly literature was conducted on privatisation of public utilities that offered an international perspective on experiences of other countries that has undergone similar experiences of restructuring of public assets, the state of Electricity Supply Industry in South Africa with the demonstration of structural financial and physical flows and historical background of the restructuring, proposed future model and strategic plans to achieve the future goals. Research methodology and design was done through combination of the four-research types classification in their order of sophistication except the predictive research, namely exploratory, descriptive, and analytical or explanatory researches with a further inclusion of deductive research. The compilation of data through questionnaires was also employed. Perceptions on internal impact to the NMBM due to electricity services restructuring were solicited from the sample of the top management of the NMBM, the intention was to ensure the economies of scale, greater transparency and competition in terms of service delivery were sustained during and beyond Regional Electricity Distributor establishment. Financial position of NMBM as a critical instrument for its progress has to be protected to ensure it fulfils its constitutional development mandate. The findings of the research were in strong support of ensuring operational financial viability; to meet the legitimate employment, economic and social interest of all employees; development and implementation of change management strategies; and NMBM assuming leading role in the process.
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Nguyen, Duy Huu Manh. "Analysing electricity markets with evolutionary computation." University of Western Australia. School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2002. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0018.
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The use of electricity in 21st century living has been firmly established throughout most of the world, correspondingly the infrastructure for production and delivery of electricity to consumers has matured and stabilised. However, due to recent technical and environmental–political developments, the electricity infrastructure worldwide is undergoing major restructuring. The forces driving this reorganisation are a complex interplay of technical, environmental, economic and political factors. The general trend of the reorganisation is a dis–aggregation of the previously integrated functions of generation, transmission and distribution, together with the establishment of competitive markets, primarily in generation, to replace previous regulated monopolistic utilities. To ensure reliable and cost effective electricity supply to consumers it is necessary to have an accurate picture of the expected generation in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of prices and volumes. Previously this information was obtained by the regulated utility using technical studies such as centrally planned unit–commitment and economic–dispatch. However, in the new deregulated market environment such studies have diminished applicability and limited accuracy since generation assets are generally autonomous and subject to market forces. With generation outcomes governed by market mechanisms, to have an accurate picture of expected generation in the new electricity supply industry, it is necessary to complement traditional studies with new studies of market equilibrium and stability. Models and solution methods have been developed and refined for many markets, however they cannot be directly applied to the generation market due to the unique nature of electricity, having high inelastic demand, low storage capability and distinct transportation requirements. Intensive effort is underway to formulate solutions and models that specifically reflect the unique characteristics of the generation market. Various models have been proposed including game theory, stochastic and agent–based systems. Similarly there is a diverse range of solution methods including, Monte–Carlo simulations, linear–complimentary and quadratic programming. These approaches have varying degrees of generality, robustness and accuracy, some being better in certain aspects but weaker in others. This thesis formulates a new general model for the generation market based on the Cournot game, it makes no conjectures about producers’ behaviour and assumes that all electricity produced is immediately consumed. The new formulation characterises producers purely by their cost curves, which is only required to be piece–wise differentiable, and allows consumers’ characteristics to remain unspecified. The formulation can determine dynamic equilibrium and multiple equilibria of markets with single and multiple consumers and producers. Additionally stability concepts for the new market equilibrium is also developed to provide discrimination for dynamic equilibrium and to enable the structural stability of the market to be assessed. Solutions of the new formulation are evaluated by the use of evolutionary computation, which is a guided stochastic search paradigm that mimics the operation of biological evolution to iteratively produce a population of solutions. Evolutionary computation is employed as it is adept at finding multiple solutions for underconstrained systems, such as that of the new market formulation. Various enhancements to significantly improve the performance of the algorithms and simplify its application are developed. The concept of convergence potential of a population is introduced together with a system for the controlled extraction of such potential to accelerate the algorithm’s convergence and improve its accuracy and robustness. A new constraint handling technique for linear constraints that preserves the solution’s diversity is also presented together with a coevolutionary solution method for the multiple consumers and producers market. To illustrate the new electricity market formulation and its evolutionary computation solution methods, the equilibrium and stability of a test market with one consumer and thirteen thermal generators with valve point losses is examined. The case of a multiple consumer market is not simulated, though the formulation and solution methods for this case is included. The market solutions obtained not only confirms previous findings thus validating the new approach, but also includes new results yet to be verified by future studies. Techniques for market designers, regulators and other system planners in utilising the new market solutions are also given. In summary, the market formulation and solution method developed shows great promise in determining expected generation in a deregulated environment.
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Mutluer, Bilge Halas. "Design, Implementation And Engineering Aspects Of Tcr For Industrial Svc Systems." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609424/index.pdf.
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Design and implementation of TCR (Thyristor Controlled Reactor) for industrial SVC (Static VAr Compensator) systems require special design. Both power stage and control system design and implementation are thoroughly investigated in this thesis. Engineering aspects of TCR design are emphasized and supported with case studies. As the first case studya novel, unified and relocatable SVC for open cast lignite mining in Turkey is designed, implemented and commissioned. The second case study is the first 12 pulse TCR design and implementation for ladle furnace compensation in the world. The SVC simulation results are verified by data acquired in the field. Real time data are also simulated in EMTDC/PSCAD program to verify the control system responses of the commissioned systems.
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Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
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The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.
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Tomiyama, Elias Kento 1981. "Estudo do aspecto locacional da alocação de custos da transmissão = Study of the locational aspect in the transmission cost allocation problem." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/262018.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tomiyama_EliasKento_M.pdf: 3080864 bytes, checksum: 7293fe7b3271c5c27e9b967c48a4e245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta quatro metodologias de alocação de custos da transmissão: Pro rata (PR), Divisão Proporcional (PS), Zbus-médio (Zbus_AVG) e Nodal. Enquanto a primeira desconsidera o aspecto locacional e aloca os custos baseado apenas na quantidade de potência produzida pelos geradores e consumida pelas cargas, as últimas três levam em conta este aspecto, ou seja, as tarifas pagas por geradores e cargas dependem do seu ponto de conexão na rede elétrica. Através de simulações computacionais são levantadas várias situações de operação no sentido de avaliar a influência e as possíveis implicações de ordem regulatória, política, econômica e social de um país provocadas pela inclusão do aspecto locacional na definição das tarifas de uso do sistema de transmissão. Por fim, mostra-se a possibilidade de se considerar as tarifas pagas pelos agentes do sistema como um critério de decisão a mais no problema do planejamento da expansão da transmissão
Abstract: This dissertation describes four transmission cost allocation methodologies: Pro rata (PR), Proportional sharing (PS), Zbus-average (Zbus_AVG) and Nodal. While the first one disregards the locational aspect and allocates costs based only on the amount of power delivered by generators and consumed by loads, the last three ones take this aspect into account, i.e. charges are dependent on where generators and demands are connected in the network. Several computer simulations were made in order to assess the influence of the locational aspect into transmission pricing scheme and the results were used for a critical analysis, including political, regulatory, economic and social aspects. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using the fees paid by transmission system agents as an additional criterion for the Transmission Expansion Planning problem
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Krishnamurthy, Senthil. "Development of decomposition methods for solution of a multiarea power dispatch optimisation problem." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1193.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2013The objective of the economic dispatch problem of electrical power generation is to schedule the committed generating unit outputs to meet the required load demand while satisfying the system equality and inequality constraints. The thesis formulates single area and multi-area Combined Economic Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem as single criterion, bi-criterion and multi-criteria optimisation problems based on fuel cost and emission criterion functions, constraints over the operational limits of the generator and the tie-lines, and requirements for a balance between the produced power and the system demand and power loss. Various methods, algorithms and softwares are developed to find solution of the formulated problems in single area and multi-area power systems. The developed methods are based on the classical Lagrange's and on the meta-heuristic Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) techniques for a single criterion function. Transformation of the bi-criteria or multi-criteria dispatch problem to a single criterion one is done by some existing and two proposed in the thesis penalty factors. The solution of the CEED problems is obtained through implementation of the developed software in a sequential way using a single computer, or in a data-parallel way in a Matlab Cluster of Computers (CC). The capabilities of the developed Lagrange's and PSO algorithms are compared on the basis of the obtained results. The conclusion is that the Lagrange's method and algorithm allows to receive better solution for less computation time. Data-parallel implementation of the developed software allows a lot of results to be obtained for the same problem using different values of some of the problem parameters. According to the literature papers, there are many algorithms available to solve the CEED problem for the single area power systems using sequential methods of optimisation, but they consume more computation time to solve this problem. The thesis aim is to develop a decomposition-coordinating algorithm for solution of the Multi Area Economic Emission Dispatch (MAEED) problem of power systems. The MAEED problem deals with the optimal power dispatch inside and between the multiple areas and addresses the environmental issue during the economic dispatch. To ensure the system security, tie-line transfer limits between different areas are incorporated as a set of constraints in the optimisation problem. A decomposition coordinating method based on the Lagrange's algorithm is developed to derive a set of optimal solutions to minimize the fuel cost and emissions of the multi-area power systems. An augmented function of Lagrange is applied and its decomposition in interconnected sub problems is done using a new coordinating-vector. Task-parallel computing in a Matlab Cluster is used to solve the multi-area dispatch problem. The calculations and tasks allocation to the Cluster workers are based on a shared memory architecture. Implementation of the calculation algorithm using a Cluster of Computers allows quick and simpler solutions to the multi-area CEED problem. The thesis applied the developed algorithms for the various problem formulation scenarios, i.e. fuel cost and emission function with and without valve point loading effect, quadratic and cubic fuel cost and emission functions. The various IEEE benchmark models are used to test the developed Lagrange's and PSO algorithms in the sequential, data-parallel, and task-parallel implementations. Developed methods, algorithms and software programmes can be applied for solution of various energy management problems in the regional and national control centres, smart grid applications, and in education and research institutions.
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Enzinger, Sharn Emma 1973. "The economic impact of greenhouse policy upon the Australian electricity industry : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8383.
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Malgas, Isaac. "Towards risk management in a deregulated and competitive electricity supply industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53195.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The energy sector of the South African economy is poised to change in extraordinary ways. In just a few short years from now, the days will be gone when generators are guaranteed of their income and where regional distributors have the monopoly in the regions that they are servicing. Other energy markets in the world, such as oil and gas, have been free of regulation for many years. More recently, local policymakers have been focussing on increasing competition in the electricity sector and in so doing, liberate electric utilities from government's long established control. The shift away from government regulation of energy will lead to something even more important than placing downward pressure on the price of a MWh. It will instigate the development of multiple trading centres and platforms that are dedicated to competition in the free trade of electricity and related products. With the deregulation of the electricity supply industry and the inevitable introduction of competition, the real risks of energy trading will be faced by generators and distributors alike. This research investigates the changes that are set to occur within the next few years, based on developments that have unfolded in countries where electricity supply industries have been privatised and utilities and distributors are managing their risks in this new competitive environment. It explains how the South African Electricity Supply Industry may change with respect to the develop of markets which provide risk cover to industry players, the practices assumed by utilities in international electricity supply industries to minimise their risk exposure, and how industry players can use derivative instruments to manage their risks better.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor is gereed om groot veranderings te maak. Binne 'n paar jaar, sal ons die einde sien van die dae waar kragstasies gewaarborg is van hulle inkomste en waar streeksvoorsieners die monopolie het in die streke waarin hulle verskaf. Ander energie markte in die wêreld, soos die van olie en natuurlike gas, is al sonder regulering vir baie jare. Meer onlangs het beleidsrade hul tyd toegewy aan die instelling van kompetisie in die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor om utiliteitsmaatskappye vry te maak van staatsbeheer. Hierdie beweging weg van staatsbeheer sal lei na iets meer as net die afwaardse druk op die prys van 'n MWh. Dit sal die begin merk van die ontwikkeling van veelvoudige verhoë wat toegewyd is aan kompetisie in die vrye handel van elektrisiteit en soortgelyke produkte. Met die deregulering en die onvermydelike indiening van kompetisie, sal die ware risikos van energie handel aanvaar word deur voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit. Hierdie navorsing stel ondersoek in die veranderings wat van plan is om te gebeur in die volgende paar jaar en is gebaseer op die ontwikkelinge wat in lande afgespeel het waar elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerhede geprivatiseer is en waar voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit hulle risikos bestuur in hierdie nuwe mededingende sektor. Dit verduidelik hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerheid mag verander teen opsigte van die ontwikkeling van markte wat risiko versekering aanbied vir utiliteitsmaatskappye, die praktyke wat deur hierdie spelers toegepas word om hulle blootstelling aan risikos te verminder, en ook hoe hulle afgeleide instrumente gebruik om hulle risikos beter te bestuur.
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Kotoane, Mapule. "Modelling risk of Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) collision with power lines in the Overberg region." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50024.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study addresses the problem of Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) collisions with power lines in the Overberg region, home to approximately 50% of South Africa's national bird's global population. The low visibility of power lines against the landscape is considered to be the major cause of collisions. These claim at least 20 birds annually, which is a considerable loss to a vulnerable species. For this study, expert knowledge of the Blue Cranes' biology, general behaviour and use of its habitat were compiled. These were then translated into rules that were integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to establish a predictive model, which attempts to identify and quantify risk power lines that Blue Cranes are most likely to collide with. The criteria that were considered included landscape proximity of power lines to water bodies arid congregation sites, land cover, power lines orientation in relation to predominant wind directions (North Westerly and South Easterly) and visibility of the power lines against the landscape. The power lines were ranked as highest, high, medium, low and no risk. It is recommended that this classification be used to prioritize the proactive marking of power lines with bird flappers in order to reduce collisions. The results show that 27% of the power lines in the study area pose the highest risk and should therefore be marked immediately. The power lines classified as high (1%), medium (28%) and low risk (21 %) should be marked over short, medium and long term, respectively .. The study demonstrated the potential of GIS in the conservation of Blue Crane. The GIS model developed in this study can be applied in areas of similar habitat such as the Swartland or with some modifications in a slightly different habitat such as the Karoo. It is envisaged that the results of this study will be of great value to the ESKOM (South African Electricity Commission) and Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) Partnership and conservation authorities in the effort to save the Blue Crane.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die probleem van botsings deur Bloukraanvoëls met kraglyne in die Overberg-omgewing van die Wes-Kaap ondersoek. Die Overberg-omgewing huisves ongeveer 50% van Suid Afrikaanse nasionale voël se wêreldbevolking van Bloukraanvoëls, en aangesien kraglyne normaalweg nie maklik sigbaar is teen die landskapsagtergrond nie, verhoog dit, tesame met die biologiese eienskappe van Bloukraanvoëls, die waarskynlikheid dat die voëls met kraglyne sal bots. Hierdie botsings met kraglyne eis minstens 20 Bloukraanvoëls per jaar, wat 'n aansienlike en beduidende aantal vir 'n kritiese bedreigde spesie is. Die studie het gepoog om spesialiskennis oor Bloukraanvoël-biologie, algemene gedrag en habitatgebruik, om te sit in 'n stel reëls, wat in 'n Geografiese Inligtingstelsel (GIS) geïntegreer is om 'n voorspellingsmodel te bou. Hierdie voorspellingsmodel is aangewend om kraglyne wat 'n hoë risiko vir Bloukraanvoëls inhou, te identifiseer en die waarskynlikheid vir botsings te kwantifiseer. Die model aanvaar dat die volgende omgewingsfaktore in die Overberg-omgewing verband hou met die waarskynlikheid van botsings, naamlik: die nabyheid van kraglyne aan waterliggame of gebiede waar voëls saamtrek, die voorkoms van natuurlike veld, die heersende windrigtings (Noordwes en Noordoos) en lae sigbaarheid van kraglyne teen die donker landskapsagtergrond. Die geïdentifiseerde kraglyne is as eerste-, tweede, derde. en vierderangse prioriteit geprioritiseer om as riglyn te dien vir die proaktiewe aanbring van flappers (wat dit ten doel het om voëlbotsings te verminder) deur ESKOM. Die studie het bevind dat 27% van die kraglyne in die Overberg-omgewing eersterang prioriteite is, en dat hierdie kraglyne onmiddellik gemerk sal moet word. Die tweederang prioriteit kraglyne (1%) saloor die mediumtermyn gemerk word, terwyl die derderangse prioriteit kraglyne (28%) oor die langtermyn gemerk sal word. Die vierde prioriteit kraglyne (21 %) kon oor die langertermyn gemerk word. Die studie het die omvang van die probleem, sowel as die rol van GIS in die bewaring van die Bloukraanvoëls beklemtoon. Die GIS-model wat in die studie ontwikkel en gebruik is, kan in soortgelyke gebiede soos die Swartland, of in ietwat verskillende omgewings soos die Karoo getoets word, met die doelom die habitatvoorkeure van Bloukraanvoëls beter te verstaan en navorsers te help om 'n beter begrip van die model te ontwikkel en sodoende die resultate te verbeter. Dit word voorsien dat hierdie studie en verslag baie belangrik sal wees vir die ESKOM-EWT Vennootskap en ander betrokke bewaringsorganisasies in 'n poging om Bloukraanvoël-bewaring aan te help.
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Kasmaei, Mahdi Pourakbari. "Despacho ótimo de potências ativa e reativa de sistema elétricos multi-áreas considerando restrições físicas, econômicas e ambientais = Envronmentally constrained active-reactive optimal power flow-a compromising strategy for economic-emission dispatch and a multi-area paradigm /." Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126414.
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Orientador: José Roberto Sanches MantovaniBanca: Ruben Augusto Romero Lazaro
Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin
Banca: Elizete de Andrade Amorim
Banca: Roberto Chouhy Leborgne
Resumo: Nos estudos de planejamento da operação de sistemas de energia elétrica a formulação e solução dos problemas de despacho econômico-ambiental e multi-área são considerados dois problemas de otimização desafiadores. Neste trabalho propõem-se dois novos modelos matemáticos que visam contribuir e contornar algumas desvantagens dos modelos existentes na literatura para os problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo ativo-reativo econômico- ambiental (FPOAREA), e uma formulação integrada para problema multi-área (FPOAREA- MA). No FPOAREA propõe-se uma formulação eficaz para obter um compromisso adequado entre os custos de geração e de emissão, através de um paradigma baseado em normalização inequívoca (PBNI). Ao contrário dos métodos comumente utilizados, que são principalmente aplicáveis a problemas de FPO simples (despacho econômico, despacho econômico com restrições de segurança, etc.), na abordagem PBNI, ao invés de usar um custo do controle da poluição com base na potência máxima (CCPBPM), utiliza-se um custo de controle adaptativo da poluição (CCAP), que representa o custo de controle baseado na topologia atual de operação da rede. A principal contribuição desse paradigma é utiliza a teoria da normalização para o FPO econômico-orientado, o FPO ambiental-orientado, e até mesmo para o fator CCAP. No modelo proposto para o FPOAREA-MA em vez de usar metodologias de decomposição descritas na literatura que têm várias desvantagens e problemas de coordenação, uma formulação integrada que considera as restrições ambientais é proposta. Esta formulação integrada foi desenvolvida com base nos conceitos de modelos centralizados e descentralizados. Este modelo pode ser facilmente resolvido através de solvers comerciais e a sua resposta é precisa, e os resultados obtidos podem ser usados em mercados de eletricidade, planejamento de linhas de interconexões entre sistemas vizinhos, etc. Para mostrar...
Abstract: In a power system, the economic and emission dispatch and multi-area-based problems are considered as the two most challenging optimization problems. This work presents two novel mathematical models to address some drawbacks of the existing models in the domain of the aforementioned problems, including an economic and emission active- reactive optimal power flow (AROPF), and an integrated formulation for multi-area environmentally-constrained AROPF. In order to obtain an effective formulation to make an appropriate compromise between cost and emission, an unequivocal normalization-based paradigm (UNBP) is presented that solves the dynamic economic and emission AROPF problems. Unlike the commonly used methods, which are mostly applicable to simple OPF problems (economic dispatch, security-constrained economic dispatch, etc.), in the UNBP approach, rather than using a maximum output-based pollution control cost (MOPCC), an adaptive pollution control cost (APCC) is employed, which is a topology-based control cost is used. The main contribution of this paradigm is to make use of the normalization theory for the economic- oriented OPF, the environment-oriented OPF, and even for the APCC factor. In addition, in this work a multi-area active-reactive optimal power flow (MA- AROPF) is proposed. In the MA-AROPF model, instead of using decomposition methodologies that have several disadvantages and shortcomings, an integrated formulation that considers the environmental constraints is proposed. This integrated formulation has been created based on the concepts of centralized and decentralized models. This model can be easily solved via commercial solvers and because of its precise answer, it can be used in electricity markets, tie line planning, etc. In order to show the easy implementable characteristic of the MA-AROPF, it is applied on a tie line planning problem. In this work, in order to obtain optimal tie lines, the planning is performed under ...
Doutor
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Kasmaei, Mahdi Pourakbari [UNESP]. "Despacho ótimo de potências ativa e reativa de sistema elétricos multi-áreas considerando restrições físicas, econômicas e ambientais =: Envronmentally constrained active-reactive optimal power flow-a compromising strategy for economic-emission dispatch and a multi-area paradigm." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126414.
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000842739.pdf: 2853860 bytes, checksum: e865f5bbf60a5ebbea741caed7414898 (MD5)Nos estudos de planejamento da operação de sistemas de energia elétrica a formulação e solução dos problemas de despacho econômico-ambiental e multi-área são considerados dois problemas de otimização desafiadores. Neste trabalho propõem-se dois novos modelos matemáticos que visam contribuir e contornar algumas desvantagens dos modelos existentes na literatura para os problemas de fluxo de potência ótimo ativo-reativo econômico- ambiental (FPOAREA), e uma formulação integrada para problema multi-área (FPOAREA- MA). No FPOAREA propõe-se uma formulação eficaz para obter um compromisso adequado entre os custos de geração e de emissão, através de um paradigma baseado em normalização inequívoca (PBNI). Ao contrário dos métodos comumente utilizados, que são principalmente aplicáveis a problemas de FPO simples (despacho econômico, despacho econômico com restrições de segurança, etc.), na abordagem PBNI, ao invés de usar um custo do controle da poluição com base na potência máxima (CCPBPM), utiliza-se um custo de controle adaptativo da poluição (CCAP), que representa o custo de controle baseado na topologia atual de operação da rede. A principal contribuição desse paradigma é utiliza a teoria da normalização para o FPO econômico-orientado, o FPO ambiental-orientado, e até mesmo para o fator CCAP. No modelo proposto para o FPOAREA-MA em vez de usar metodologias de decomposição descritas na literatura que têm várias desvantagens e problemas de coordenação, uma formulação integrada que considera as restrições ambientais é proposta. Esta formulação integrada foi desenvolvida com base nos conceitos de modelos centralizados e descentralizados. Este modelo pode ser facilmente resolvido através de solvers comerciais e a sua resposta é precisa, e os resultados obtidos podem ser usados em mercados de eletricidade, planejamento de linhas de interconexões entre sistemas vizinhos, etc. Para mostrar...
In a power system, the economic and emission dispatch and multi-area-based problems are considered as the two most challenging optimization problems. This work presents two novel mathematical models to address some drawbacks of the existing models in the domain of the aforementioned problems, including an economic and emission active- reactive optimal power flow (AROPF), and an integrated formulation for multi-area environmentally-constrained AROPF. In order to obtain an effective formulation to make an appropriate compromise between cost and emission, an unequivocal normalization-based paradigm (UNBP) is presented that solves the dynamic economic and emission AROPF problems. Unlike the commonly used methods, which are mostly applicable to simple OPF problems (economic dispatch, security-constrained economic dispatch, etc.), in the UNBP approach, rather than using a maximum output-based pollution control cost (MOPCC), an adaptive pollution control cost (APCC) is employed, which is a topology-based control cost is used. The main contribution of this paradigm is to make use of the normalization theory for the economic- oriented OPF, the environment-oriented OPF, and even for the APCC factor. In addition, in this work a multi-area active-reactive optimal power flow (MA- AROPF) is proposed. In the MA-AROPF model, instead of using decomposition methodologies that have several disadvantages and shortcomings, an integrated formulation that considers the environmental constraints is proposed. This integrated formulation has been created based on the concepts of centralized and decentralized models. This model can be easily solved via commercial solvers and because of its precise answer, it can be used in electricity markets, tie line planning, etc. In order to show the easy implementable characteristic of the MA-AROPF, it is applied on a tie line planning problem. In this work, in order to obtain optimal tie lines, the planning is performed under ...
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Lochery, Emma. "Generating power : electricity provision and state formation in Somaliland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d386359-b711-4137-bd3c-0aeb78a12c39.
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The dissertation uses the lens of electricity provision to examine processes of state formation in Somaliland, an unrecognized, self-declared independent state in the northwest of the former Somali Republic. The dissertation focuses on Hargeisa, the capital city at the heart of Somaliland's state-building project. After the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, private companies arose from the ruins of Hargeisa and turned the lights back on, navigating a fragmented post-war landscape by mobilizing local connections and transnational ties. However, being dependent on the political settlement that engendered the peace necessary for business, emerging private power providers were tied into a state-building project. The dissertation analyses the resulting tensions at the heart of this project, by examining the struggle to define the role, extents and limits of an emerging state in an interconnected world. Based on interviews in Somaliland and a survey of news media and grey literature, the dissertation has three aims. First, it provides a view into how social order and service provision persist after the collapse of the state. Secondly, it investigates how patterns of provision emerging in the absence of the state shape subsequent processes of state formation. Finally, it discusses how patterns of provision affect the interaction of state-building and market-making. In order to fulfil these aims, the dissertation examines how people invest in the project of building a state, both materially and discursively. The chapters present a narrative history of the electricity sector, explaining the attempts of both private companies and the government to claim sovereignty over the market and shape statehood in their own interests. The struggles shaping Somaliland's economic order reveal the contemporary significance of transnational connections, interconnected systems of capital flows, and the rise of corporate business actors. At the same time, they underline the abiding power of social structure, local identities, and historical memory.
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Paredes, Romel Wiliams Jimenez. "Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a coordenação hidrotérmica de longo prazo em mercado elétrico competitivo." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/447.
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-26In this work a methodology based on linear programming for long-term hydrothermal scheduling of electric power systems is proposed. The objective of the hydrothermal scheduling is to find an optimal operation for a specific time interval and with high reliability and minimum cost. That is equivalent to determine an optimal generation scheduling for the power plants and for each time interval considered, in order to the power system satisfies the forecasted demand. Linear models of the power system components are adopted, and with the option to solve systems with multiple reservoirs and buses. It was implemented a computer program using MATLAB platform for application to small test power systems and configurations of real-size systems such as the interconnected Peruvian System and the Brazilian South-Souheast System. For the solution of the linear optimization problem was used the interior points method. From the analysis of the test systems results is concluded that the linear model may capture adequately the relevant characteristics of the real power system and it may be eficient and precise such as the detailed model.
Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia baseada em programação linear para a solução da coordenação hidrotérmica de longo prazo de sistemas de energia elétrica. O objetivo da coordenação hidrotérmica é encontrar uma política de operação ótima em um determinado período de tempo, com alta confiabilidade e custo mínimo. Isto equivale a determinar um cronograma ótimo de geração para cada usina, a cada intervalo de tempo, de modo que o sistema atenda a demanda prevista. Adotam-se modelos lineares dos componentes do sistema de potência, com a opção de resolver sistemas com múltiplos reservatórios e múltiplas barras. Foi implementado um programa computacional em MATLAB para a solução de sistemas teste de pequeno porte e configurações de sistemas de potência reais tal como o Sistema Interligado Peruano e o Sistema Brasileiro da Bacia Sul-Sudeste. Para a solução do problema de otimização linear foi utilizado o método de pontos interiores. Da análise dos resultados com os sistemas teste conclui-se que o modelo linear pode capturar adequadamente as características relevantes do sistema real e pode ser tão eficiente e preciso quanto o modelo detalhado.
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Tulpule, Pinak J. "Control and optimization of energy flow in hybrid large scale systems - A microgrid for photovoltaic based PEV charging station." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313522717.
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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
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Abdel-Karim, Khalid Hasan. "Economic power factor determination of electric power systems." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/23726.
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Chintamani, Vyjayanthi. "Planning And Operational Aspects Of Real And Reactive Power In Deregulated Power Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2269.
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The transition of the power sector from vertically integrated utility (VIU) to deregulated system has resulted in reshaping of generation, transmission and distribution components. Some of the objectives of restructuring are to ensure a secure and reliable supply of electricity, encourage competition in all segments, sustain future economic and technological growth, etc. There are many challenges that arise in fulfilling these objectives.
The thesis addresses some of them related to planning and operational aspects of real and reactive power, covering the following areas:
Real power tracing, loss allocation and pricing
Reactive power tracing, loss allocation and pricing
Power system generation expansion planning
Power transfer capability in interregional grids
Voltage stability enhancement by improving reactive power margins
In deregulated power systems, it has become important to identify the generation and transmission entities responsible in meeting loads. This is done by tracing the power flows through the transmission network. Power tracing is required to assess the extent of network usage by the participants, so as to allocate the transmission losses and charges. Many loss allocation methods are presented in the literature. The loss allocation method implemented in this thesis is a circuit based method. For obtaining the generators contribution towards meeting system loads and transmission losses, an approach of relative electrical distance (RED) between the generation and the load buses, is presented. The method is used to trace both real and reactive power flows.
In the case of real power, the generators are the only sources and loads are the only sinks. However, reactive sources and sinks are distributed all along the transmission system. The reactive power sources considered are generators, switchable VAR sources (shunt capacitor banks) and line charging susceptances; and the reactive sinks are shunt reactors and reactive inductive loads. While tracing their flows the actual sources or sinks are to be identified which is obtained after adding reactive injections and absorptions at each bus. If the net value is absorbing, the bus is a reactive sink and if the net value is injecting, the bus is a reactive source. The transmission line charge susceptances contribution to the system’s reactive flows; and its aid extended in reducing the reactive generation at the generator buses is also discussed. A reactive power optimization technique is applied to optimally adjust the reactive controller settings of transformer taps, generator excitations and switched capacitors, so that the available reactive resources can be fully utilized. In the thesis, a methodology for evaluation of real and reactive power load and loss sharing proportions; and cost allocation towards transmission utilization is presented.
Due to the ever growing increase in demands; on one hand the existing transmission networks are getting overloaded at some locations and on the other hand, the available generation is becoming insufficient to cater to the additional demand. To handle this problem, generation and transmission expansions become inevitable. Hence, additional public sector units or independent power producers and transmission providers are to be brought in. However in a restructured system, generally there is no central planning for new generation capacity or transmission additions. The reason being, these investments need huge capital and long period of commitment. While making a generation investment decision, expectations concerning future electricity demand, spot market prices, variations of regulatory policies, etc., are the major considerations. The locations, capacities and timing of new power plants are basically at the generation companies’ own discretion. Also, generation companies do not have any obligation to ensure sufficient supply of electricity to meet present and future requirements. Hence, it is a matter of concern as to how adequate generation capacity can be secured in the long run. Optimal siting and sizing of these new generation locations is also an issue of concern. In this thesis a new index called as ‘Tindex’ is proposed, which identifies prospective new generation expansion locations. The index is formulated based on the transmission network information, and it helps in identifying the most suitable new generation expansion locations. To implement this methodology each of the load bus is treated as a generation bus, one at a time, and the maximum generation capacity that can be installed at the location is computed from the approach. This method ensures minimum transmission expansion.
Interconnected power systems help in exchanging power from one area to other areas at times of power deficiency in their own area. To enable this, their tieline capability to transfer power has to be sufficient, which is determined using total transfer capability (TTC) computation. TTC is an important index in power markets with large volume of interarea power exchanges and wheeling transactions taking place on an hourly basis. In the thesis, the total transfer capability (TTC) of interconnected tielines, under normal and contingency conditions is evaluated. The contingency cases evaluated are single line contingency, tieline contingency and generator outage. The most critical lines in each zone are identified using Fuzzy set theory. Unified power flow controller (UPFC), a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is incorporated to improve the power transfers under contingency conditions. The best locations for UPFC placement are identified by analysing the power flow results obtained after considering the contingencies. For each of the normal and contingency cases, a base case and a limiting case are formed and the TTC is evaluated. Limiting case is formed by increasing the load in small steps till a point after which bus voltages or line loadings start to violate their stability constraints. To improve the system conditions in the limiting case, reactive power optimization and UPFC installation is carried out. The results reflect the improvement in system conditions and total transfer capability margins.
Availability of sufficient generator reactive margins is very essential to ensure system’s voltage stability, without which even minor disturbances may lead to catastrophe. The amount of reactive power margin available in a system determines its proximity to voltage instability under normal and emergency conditions. One way of improving the reactive margin of a synchronous generator, is to reduce the real power generation within its MVA ratings. However this real power reduction will affect the real power contract agreements formed while power trading. The real power contracts are not disturbed and the reactive power margins are improved by optimally adjusting the other available reactive controllers, namely, generator exciter, transformer taps and shunt compensators. To have further control on the reactive flows, UPFC device is incorporated at appropriate locations. The thesis discusses how reactive margins are computed and subsequently improved using a reactive power optimization technique and UPFC.
Case studies are carried out on typical sample 6bus, 8bus, 10bus, 16bus, 20bus, IEEE 30bus, IEEE 39bus systems, and reallife equivalents of Indian southern grid 24bus, 72bus, 87bus and 205bus systems to illustrate the proposed approaches.
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Visakha, K. "Some Aspects Of Voltage Stability Improvement In Planning And Operation Of Power Systems." Thesis, 2004. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1169.
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Pretorius, Zirk Bernardus. "Aspects of management of the electricity supply industry in a deregulated environment." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7554.
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M.Ing.Traditionally, the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) organisational structure consisted of generating plant, transmission and distribution networks, a regulating authority and network control, all vertically integrated into single organisational structure. The result of the vertically integrated organisational structure, in other words an organisation where all the functions belong to a single organisation, and some of the organisation's functions are not the sole responsibility of one specific functional area, has been a captive market for the industry. No real market forces existed to control the industry. The responsibility for the industry was traditionally left in the hands of a single organisation, accountable only to the regulating authority. However, the industry has recently been subjected to incredible pressure to reform. The incentive to reform is based on various factors, ranging from sound business decisions, the need to reduce government debt, reduction of primary energy cost for key industries to political pressure. A common thread throughout the reform exercise is the requirement that competition must be introduced into the ESI to ensure market forces on the industry. To introduce competition into the industry, the authorities often start by unbundling the different functions in the industry. The second step is to identify the functions that can only operate effectively as a monopoly. The authorities then need to determine the optimum balance between regulatory rules and requirements and market forces on the. industry. By introducing the optimum balance between industry regulation, market forces and the specific needs of each country, the changes in the industry may result in long term gain for the industry's host country. The gains are often measured in reduced electricity cost and growth in industries dependant on the ESI as a primary energy source. The study incorporates a wide range of issues, starting with the drivers behind the deregulation effort through management tools to regulatory rules and requirements in the deregulated environment. The study evaluates the risks and benefits of the deregulated market, and examines the tools adopted from the financial markets and used in the new electricity markets. The requirement for regulatory rules will be evident throughout the dissertation, and will be discussed in detail in the final chapter. The study is concluded with the message that the common factors and resultant solutions are of such a nature that it would not be necessary to develop a new set of rules, regulations and management tools for a country starting down the road of deregulation. It would however be required to determine the needs of the industry's host country and to adapt the current tools and regulatory rules to the country it is implemented in. The final outcome of the dissertation is that the post-deregulated industry has only just started operating under the new regulatory regime and using the newly developed electricity markets. The industry is still subject to a severe learning curve, adapting and developing daily to satisfy the needs of a deregulated industry. There are sections of the industry that still need to be examined and optimised. However, the success of some of the deregulation efforts in the industry, and especially the deregulation in the UK confidently underwrite any equivalent exercise in the ESI.
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Berrisford, Andrew John. "The development of a demand profile forecasting model for Eskom, with particular emphasis on the estimation of the demand impact of time differentiated tariffs." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20671.
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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering. University of the
Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Engineering.
D.tT~.awart •• w1t~4i.tinotion on , Dec ••ber I,e7
Johannesburg. ItN7Accurate forecastinu of system Maximum Demand (MDl is vital ~o Esk011l. Under-estimating the MD could re-ul: in a generation capacity shortage. with devastating consequences for the economy. Similarly. a high MD forecast would result in overcapacity. with expensive generating plant standing idle The traditional method of MD forecasting in Eskorn has become unreliable due to a changing relationship between forecast energy sales and expected maximum demand. The reasons for the changing system demand profile were isolated and analysed. Alternative MD forecasting techniques are evaluated and end-use hourly aggregation modets were ;d'~ntifieJ as a method suitable for Eskorn, An experimental demand profile forecasting moue! was developed, using data from a previous project. The model was tested and proved able to cope with the structural changes in the system demand profile. This resulted in the adoption of this technique by Eskorn and approval for the devclopn-ent of a f\.JJ1 scale de manu profile forecasting model.