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1
Wright, Tim. "Electric Power Production in Pre–1937 China." China Quarterly 126 (June 1991): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000005257.
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Many important issues in modern Chinese history are crucially affected by the magnitude and pattern of economic growth up to 1937. Despite the work of John Key Chang and more recently Thomas Rawski, however, we still know all too little about the quantitative aspects of that growth. All scholars of the period are greatly indebtedto Chang's pioneering and indispensame work on industrial production but, as he himself points out, his index remains tentative and exploratory. Although the compilation of a definitive new index will eventually depend on work by scholars in China, to my knowledge this has not yet got under way. Wherever compiled, any index of industrial output as a whole, or even of national income, will have to be based on better series for individual industries. In such a context, this research note builds on Chang's work by offering a revision of the output series for one very important and rapidly growing industry in pre-1937 China, the electric power industry.
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Tyurina, Elina, Aleksandr Mednikov, and Svetlana Sushko. "Competitiveness Of Advanced Technologies For Production Of Electricity And Alternative Liquid Fuels." E3S Web of Conferences 69 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186902008.
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Technical and economic aspects of synthetic liquid fuel and electric power combined production within one energy-technology installation (ETI) are considered. The range of prices for alternative liquid fuel (ALF) produced by the installations, depending on the cost of consumed fuel, price of supplied electric power and level of capital investments, has been ascertained. The studies made suggest the conclusion that combined production of dimethyl ether is more efficient from the energy and economic viewpoints than methanol production. Besides, a certain level of oil prices was identified, its excess implying that production of ALF, i.e. dimethyl ether, will be more economically efficient than production of motor fuel from oil.
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Savic, Nemanja, Vladimir Katic, Boris Dumnic, Dragan Milicevic, Zoltan Corba, and Nenad Katic. "The Investment Justification Estimate and Techno-economic and Ecological Aspects Analysis of the University Campus Microgrid." Electronics ETF 23, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/els1923026s.
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The paper presents the plan and design of the idea of the microgrid at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad (FTN NS) in the university campus, which is based on the application of several different distributed energy sources. The main distributed energy sources used and planned for the distributed electricity generation in the microgrid “FTN NS” are the photovoltaic power plant with a nominal output of 9.6 kW, a photovoltaic power plant with a nominal output power of 16.3 kW, a wind power plant with a nominal output power of 2 kW, a cogeneration plant for combined heat and power production of the nominal output power of 10 kWe + 17.5 kWt, two electric vehicles of 4 kW and 2.5 kW power, and battery energy storage system with a total capacity of 36 kWh. The paper describes the main technical characteristics, the estimation of electricity generation and the estimation of the amount of non-polluted gaseous greenhouse effect for each distributed source of energy. In order to verify the justification of the application of the proposed microgrid concept, a detailed techno-economic and ecological analysis of the aspects of the application of distributed energy sources in the microgrid “FTN NS” was carried out in the paper.
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Widiyanto, Anugerah, Seizo Kato, and Naoki Maruyama. "Optimizing Selection of Appropriate Power Generation Systems in Indonesia By Using Distance Based Approach Method." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1649740.
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A deterministic quantitative model has been developed to compare the technical, economical and environmental feature of various electric power generating plants. The model, which is based on matrix operations, is used in evaluating the various aspects of energy sources available for electricity generation systems in a developing country. Several energy sources which could be considered for production of electricity to meet current and future electricity demands have been chosen. These will include fossil fuel fired, nuclear, and natural-renewable energy power plants. And, a set of criteria for optimized selection includes five area of concerns: energy economy, energy security, environmental protection, socio-economic development and technological aspects for the electric power generations. The model developed in this study is applied to the Indonesian’s electric power sector development. Most of the data required are obtained from various sources related to power industry in Indonesia, such as the electricity generating authority of Indonesia (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN), Government of Indonesia, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and other sources, both in published and public domains. The result of this study will be a ranking of energy sources for Indonesia power generation systems based on the Euclidean composite distance of each alternative to the designated optimal source of energy.
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KHARIN, Serhii, and Hanna PURII. "Innovative management of projects for electric mobility development: foreign experience and Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.5.4.
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The research considers various aspects of electric vehicle production in some leading foreign countries. Dynamics of specific weight of electric vehicles in total transport and its forecast indices are under analysis considering those of the countries planning complete transition to electric mobility. Urgency of building an expanded network of charging stations of various capacity is pointed out. It is revealed that Volkswagen, the world largest automobile concern, is going to introduce much more new designs of electric vehicles than it considered before – 70 instead of 50 by 2028. It is planned to produce more electric vehicles – from 15 to 22mln in the decade to follow. Besides, the share of electric vehicles in the concern’s total production is to exceed 40% by 2030. It is indicated that 44bln euros will be invested into designing new VW automobiles in the nearest 5 years. It is significant that in many foreign countries there are subsidies and tax reduction for electric vehicle owners which are used as an important tool of the state’ incentives. Besides, special attention is paid to improvement and development of production of batteries for electric cars, especially in the EU countries. The authors suggest schemes of elaborating electric mobile innovations and power supply for electric mobility providing green and economic solutions for generating power for electric cars by wind generators. Potential production of Ukrainian electric cars is under analysis. It is highlighted that electric vehicle production allows combining two economically beneficial factors – innovative character of a product and its large-scale production. In this case, there will be a novelty effect and huge unsatisfied demand as well as scale saving.
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Sarkisov, Ashot A., Sergey V. Antipov, Dmitry O. Smolentsev, Vyacheslav P. Bilashenko, Mikhail N. Kobrinsky, Vladimir A. Sotnikov, and Pavel A. Shvedov. "Low-power nuclear power plants in the context of electric power systems transformation." Nuclear Energy and Technology 7, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.65315.
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Increasing economic importance of the Arctic, further intensification of northern sea routes, and exceptional sensitivity of the arctic natural environment to anthropogenic impacts are fundamental factors for a comprehensive study of environmental aspects in the application of innovative technologies for the development of infrastructure in the Arctic. Despite the growing interest in low-power nuclear power plants as a distributed generation facility, their possible application in technologically isolated power systems does not lose relevance. The development of both the Arctic and Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation presents great opportunities and demand for the use of nuclear power sources. Also, development programs for the Russian arctic zone imply a significant increase in the role and number of nuclear power facilities, in other words of potential radiation-hazardous facilities. Large-scale use of nuclear-powered installations in the Arctic necessitates advanced development of a scientifically grounded and modern forecasting system as well as assessments of threats and risks in case of possible radiation emergencies at nuclear- and radiation-hazardous facilities. Also, the development of proposals for necessary measures to minimize negative consequences of such emergencies is required. This is especially true for the case of compact placement of industrial, infrastructure and residential facilities in the Arctic in the immediate vicinity of nuclear facilities. The paper demonstrates that the demand for low-power nuclear power plants and their competitiveness will grow steadily in the conditions of electric-power industry decentralization, further spread of distributed generation and the development of technologically isolated power systems. Approaches to the generation of a low nuclear-power system based on the philosophy of industrialization of production and centralized management are presented. Special features of the environmental impact assessment of low-power nuclear power plants for the development of a methodology to study the radio-ecological hazard related problems are provided.
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Hidayat, Cahayahati, Arnita, and Saiful Jamaan. "Grid Study of Mini Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) of Palangai Hulu 2x4,9 MW South Pesisir." MATEC Web of Conferences 248 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824802003.
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This paper presents a gridd study of Mini Hydro Power Generation (MHPP) of Palangai Hulu, 2 x 4.9 MW. It is owned by PT. Dempo Sumber Energi (DSE) located at Palangai of South Pesisir Regency. The objective is to fulfill the legal aspects, technical aspects and economic aspects to develop of MHPP. The legal aspect is one of the requirements that must be fulfilled prior to the signing of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) between DSE and State Electricity Company that called PLN. Technical aspect is to analyze the operational impact of the distribution system after MHPP connecting to the PLN distribution system, while the economic aspect is to analyze how much result energy of MHPP can be absorbed by PLN. Uultimately, it is described the financial feasibility of MHPP. The result is, legal aspect of development of MHPP of Palangai Hulu feasible to be continued to next process to sign contract of PPA. Technically, there is no negative impact of operating the PLN distribution system after the MHPP is connected to the PLN Rayon Balai Selasa system that analyzes using ETAP. Point of Connection (POC) as the selling point of electrical energy by DSE to the most economical PLN is on substation circuit of Balai Selasa. The energy production of MHPP Palangai Hulu can be absorbed 96.4% starting in 2018. The cost of POC is Rp. 11,577,000,000.
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Rohi, Daniel, M. Bisri, Seoemarno, and A. Lomi. "Dynamic System Models Sutami Hydropower Plant Indonesia to Calculate the Economic and Environmental Aspects of Hydropower Plant Operation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.439.
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The development of the power sector is required to consider not only the environmental factors but also the economic and security factors. Management of electrical energy in Indonesia faced a major problem because of the shortage of energy production demand continues to increase 7.1% annually and the energy production is also very depending on fossil energy sources which dominate 85% of the total power generation. This condition will lead to increasing gas emissions in greenhouse by 78.01 million tons per year. Evaluation of existing plants with a dynamic model of the system will be a consideration for the sustainability of hydropower operation. The simulation results of the Sutami HEPP show more economical and more eco-friendly than fossil energy-based power plant. It is important to build and maintain a HEPP in Indonesia today, due to the potential based on these considerations, the capacity and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
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Handwerker, Michael, Jörg Wellnitz, and Hormoz Marzbani. "Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy." Hydrogen 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2010005.
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Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale.
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Mizik, Tamás. "Economic Aspects and Sustainability of Ethanol Production—A Systematic Literature Review." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 6137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196137.
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Meeting the increasing global energy demand in a sustainable way is a major challenge for humanity. One of the solutions in the transportation sector is ethanol, which is currently the only economically viable direct fuel substitute. In addition to the first-generation technology, which provides the vast majority of production, better results can be continuously realized by using advanced technologies. This study aims to investigate the economic aspects and sustainability issues of ethanol production with a systematic literature review. During the selection process, 64 studies from a total of 16,141 identified articles were analyzed in-depth. There is a consensus that first-generation production methods cannot result in a long-term solution. However, advanced technologies are currently immature, and ethanol production is more expensive with them. The use of wastes/residues and coproducts can improve both the economic outlook and sustainability of the advanced technologies. Overall, the newer generations of technological advancements are constantly improving the environmental performance, whereas the economic performance is deteriorating. Considering low oil prices (0.36 USD/L), none of the ethanol production methods can be competitive on a purely cost basis. This increases the importance of coproducts (further processing and more valuable coproducts). Regarding sustainability, a complex analysis is essential, which must cover at least the environmental, social, and economic aspects. At the methodology level, a complex life cycle analysis seems to be the best tool, as it can take into account these relevant aspects (environmental, economic, and social).
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Eka Putra, R. Reski, Susi Afriani, Nanda Putri Miefthawati, and Marhama Jelita. "Analisis Teknis-Ekonomi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hybrid Solar PV/Biogas off Grid System." Jurnal Sains, Teknologi dan Industri 18, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/sitekin.v18i1.11695.
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ABSTRACTReliability of the electric power system and fulfil the certification of sustainable industries in the palm oil industry are offered by utilizing the potential of renewable energy sources as power plants. This research is aimed to analyze the technical and economic aspects of the Solar PV-Biogas power plant at PT. TBS. The method used in this research is hybrid parallel with the off grid network system. In manual calculations showed an optimal generating system consisting of an anaerobic digester with a lagoon capacity of 28,934.81 m3, 1,560 kW biogas generator, 4,040.22 kWp PV array, 2000 kW bidirectional inverter, and 10,125 units of batteries with capacity of 1,547Ah. Then the system is evaluated using HOMER Pro software with project lifetime of 20 years, and the total electricity production obtained during the life of the project is able to supply loads continuously with an average excess electricity about 25.23%/years of total production. Meanwhile, in the economic analysis of hybrid power plants require an initial investment (NPC) of Rp.233,553,169,589.30, with total CO2 emissions of POME 44,073.75 tons/year, then the cost of Certified Emission Reduction is obtained about Rp.6,611,062,500/year. The calculation of economic feasibility results in a Net Present Value of Rp.136.266.578.753, Payback Period of 13,8 years, and an Internal Rate of Return of 9,41%. Based on the result of techno-economic analysis in the research, it can be concluded that this hybrid generating system has the potential to be developed for study that is more detailed if it is to be implemented.Keywords: HOMER Pro, Off-grid, PT. TBS, Solar PV/Biogas, Techno-economic.
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Dyrdonova, A. N., and T. S. Lin’kova. "Principles of petrochemical cluster’ sustainability assessment based on its members’ energy efficiency performance." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912404013.
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For the Russian economy, the most crucial prerequisite for its moving towards sustainable development would be strong improvement of performance of the domestic enterprises and production complexes. It is obvious that this issue should be addressed with due consideration of the special aspects relevant to social and economic growth of various Russian areas, along with creating a respective cluster-based infrastructure. Therefore, all arrangements aimed at performance efficiency improvement should be reconciled with the social and economic development strategies designed for a particular area, and should be well considered when working out strategic development plans for the regional industrial and territorial clusters, as well as particular enterprises and production plants. This paper includes an analysis of the dynamics pattern of the main indicators characterizing the energy use efficiency in regard to the largest enterprise forming the core of the petrochemical cluster in one of the Russian regions. The study furthermore shows the determined factors bringing the greatest impact on the production energy efficiency improvement. The authors also describe the prospects for production energy intensity reduction against the backdrop of the electric energy and power market liberalization, and explain how accommodation of the industrial clusters’ activities to the changes taking place in the macroeconomic environment for business entities may determine the need for addressing a whole range of fundamentally new issues of methodological, methodical and organizational nature, which are relevant to development of a cluster behaviour strategy in response to the competitive electric energy market.
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Zueva, Svetlana, Andrey A. Kovalev, Yury V. Litti, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, and Ida De Michelis. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175244.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a tiny fraction of the full potential of energy from biomass is currently exploited in the world. Biogas is a good source of energy and heat, and a clean fuel. Converting it to biomethane creates a product that combines all the benefits of natural gas with zero greenhouse gas emissions. This is important given that the methane contained in biogas is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). The total amount of CO2 emission avoided due to the installation of biogas plants is around 3380 ton/year, as 1 m3 of biogas corresponds to 0.70 kg of CO2 saved. In Russia, despite the huge potential, the development of bioenergy is rather on the periphery, due to the abundance of cheap hydrocarbons and the lack of government support. Based on the data from an agro-industrial plant located in Central Russia, the authors of the article demonstrate that biogas technologies could be successfully used in Russia, provided that the Russian Government adopted Western-type measures of financial incentives.
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Granovskii, Mikhail, Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc A. Rosen. "Environmental and economic aspects of hydrogen production and utilization in fuel cell vehicles." Journal of Power Sources 157, no. 1 (June 2006): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.07.044.
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Benchouia, N., and M. Saaidia. "Optimization and reliability of the power supply systems of a compressor station." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2021.2.08.
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As gas pipeline systems become larger and more complex, the importance of optimally operating and planning these facilities has increased. The capital costs and operating expenses of pipeline systems are so large that even small improvements in the use of the system can involve large sums of money. Purpose. This article proposes a method to improve the reliability and optimization of power supply systems for compressor stations. The novelty of the proposed work is the development of a new mathematical model that allows the choice of the most appropriate maintenance policies in the best way to significantly reduce costs as well as to optimize useful key performance indicators – failure rate, average time between breakdowns, the average repair time for equipment in compressor station electrical supply systems. Applying graph theory to represent this mathematical model from the schematic diagram of the different energy sources with respect to the five compressor stations is adequate. Methods. The problem that arises for the future operator or operator is, among others, how to balance two main aspects: a technical aspect and an economic aspect. The proposed methodology introduces a research algorithm to calculate the optimal values of the operating parameters of the power supply systems of compressor stations by combining technical and economic aspects in order to reduce costs and increase performance indicators. The proposed algorithm can be implemented in FORTRAN code. Results. The algorithm developed is an efficient tool for calculating maintenance costs and allows by means of programming to define the most appropriate maintenance policy. On the other hand, this technique could be used as an essential economic evaluation indicator for other equipment in order to choose among all the technically possible solutions the one which allow obtaining the best economic result. Practical value. The proposed algorithm has been examined in this third variant of the supply system with two turbogenerators. The result of the optimization shows a clear preference for selecting station C for the pipeline as this presents the minimum cost which is the definition of the algorithm optimizer. Then, it is important to adopt the most recommended maintenance policies and practices in order to ensure the availability of the power supply systems and to avoid unplanned outages with the resulting loss of production.
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Yuan, Xueliang, Leping Chen, Xuerou Sheng, Mengyue Liu, Yue Xu, Yuzhou Tang, Qingsong Wang, Qiao Ma, and Jian Zuo. "Life Cycle Cost of Electricity Production: A Comparative Study of Coal-Fired, Biomass, and Wind Power in China." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123463.
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Economic cost is decisive for the development of different power generation. Life cycle cost (LCC) is a useful tool in calculating the cost at all life stages of electricity generation. This study improves the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model as the LCC calculation methods from three aspects, including considering the quantification of external cost, expanding the compositions of internal cost, and discounting power generation. The improved LCOE model is applied to three representative kinds of power generation, namely, coal-fired, biomass, and wind power in China, in the base year 2015. The external cost is quantified based on the ReCiPe model and an economic value conversion factor system. Results show that the internal cost of coal-fired, biomass, and wind power are 0.049, 0.098, and 0.081 USD/kWh, separately. With the quantification of external cost, the LCCs of the three are 0.275, 0.249, and 0.081 USD/kWh, respectively. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the discount rate and five cost factors, namely, the capital cost, raw material cost, operational and maintenance cost (O&M cost), other annual costs, and external costs. The results provide a quantitative reference for decision makings of electricity production and consumption.
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Diego Penagos Vásquez and Daniel Sanín Villa. "Parametric and Economic Analysis of a Pumped Storage System Powered by Renewable Energy Sources." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.1.4359.
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This article presents a mathematical model to calculate the cost and production of electrical energy of a system that combines energy storage through renewable sources such as wind and solar energy, applying a theoretical framework of mathematical aspects to evaluate a pumped storage system with Pelton turbines, using a novel methodology, easy to replicate. The results show that a greater increase in the diameter in the pipe of the pumping equipment reduces the electrical power supplied to the pump. On the other hand, the hydraulic losses in the pipe leading to the Pelton turbine are negligible for long lengths, so setting the maximum length instead of a variable-length with the hydraulic height does not affect the result. Finally, the information and explanation of each of the graphs that correlate to the variables of interest are shown. This seeks to offer a contribution to support technological development in areas that do not have electricity, taking advantage of natural resources.
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Shinkevich, A. I., T. V. Malysheva, I. A. Zaraichenko, A. A. Lubnina, G. R. Garipova, and M. M. Sharafutdinova. "Investigation of energy consumption trends in petrochemical plants for the management of resource saving." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912404005.
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The relevance of the research topic is due to the study of the important problem of improving the energy efficiency of the economy and the meso and micro levels. In the conditions of the development of an innovative economy, energy saving becomes one of the main factors for increasing the economic efficiency and economic security of industrial enterprises and complexes. The article discusses the main aspects of the organization of energy-saving environmental production systems. The factors affecting the energy efficiency of the production process from the standpoint of logistics, including the processes of storage, storage and transportation of products within an industrial enterprise, are summarized. As a criterion of energy saving in logistics chains, the coefficient of consumption of energy resources spent per unit of production is given. The analysis of the dynamics of fuel and energy costs per unit of output by the types of activities of petrochemical plants of the Republic of Tatarstan was carried out. The specificity of the level of fuel and energy costs by type of activity is shown, depending on the specifics of production and products. The variation of energy consumption data by types of petrochemical production activities for 10 years has been calculated. The prospects for reducing the energy intensity of petrochemical enterprises in the context of the liberalization of the market of electric energy and power are considered. The materials of the study can be used in managing the development of the real sector of the economy, the service sector, both at the enterprise services level and in government structures. In addition, the proposed methodology is appropriate for assessing the level of resource-saving production, building innovative energy-saving development strategies, and developing a mechanism for targeted actions for the rational use of resources.
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Ferrari, Giovanni, Federico Ioverno, Marco Sozzi, Francesco Marinello, and Andrea Pezzuolo. "Land-Use Change and Bioenergy Production: Soil Consumption and Characterization of Anaerobic Digestion Plants." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134001.
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The exploitation of bioenergy plays a key role in the process of decarbonising the economic system. Huge efforts have been made to develop bioenergy and other renewable energy systems, but it is necessary to investigate the costs and problems associated with these technologies. Soil consumption and, in particular, soil sealing are some of these aspects that should be carefully evaluated. Agricultural biogas plants (ABPs) often remove areas dedicated to agricultural activities and require broad paved areas for the associated facilities. This study aimed to (i) assess the surfaces destined to become facilities and buildings in ABPs, (ii) correlate these surfaces with each other and to the installed powers of the plants, and (iii) estimate the consumption of soil in bioenergy applications in Italy. Two hundred ABPs were sampled from an overall population of 1939, and the extents of the facilities were measured by aerial and satellite observations. An ABP with an installed power of 1000 kW covers an average surface area of up to 23,576 m2. Most of this surface, 97.9%, is obtained from previously cultivated areas. The ABP analysis proved that 24.7 m2 of surface area produces 1 kW of power by bioenergy. The obtained model estimated a total consumption of soil by ABPs in Italy of 31,761,235 m2. This research can support stakeholders in cost-benefit analyses to design energy systems based on renewable energy sources.
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Kozlovski, Eugene, and Umar Bawah. "A financial decision support framework for the appraisal of renewable energy infrastructures in developing economies." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 176–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-03-2014-0008.
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Purpose – The paper aims to report on an integrated techno-economic framework for the performance analysis of energy production based on the renewable energy resources (RERs). Whilst the majority of existing studies have focussed on technical aspects of RER modelling, the proposed framework incorporates financial assessment into the process of appraising the alternatives of hydropower, wind energy and solar energy infrastructures. An approach to the optimal choice of RER deployment for a specific developing region is formulated and applied to Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – A model comprising technical and economic parameters was developed for analysing the investment rankings of different RERs and comparing them to that of conventional energy sources such as the natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) electric plant. The analysis also included the carbon cost and power generation capacity. The total life cycle costing and levelised cost of energy generated from each resource were modelled for three corporate ownership structures: a public utility that is not tax-liable (no-tax case); organisational power generation for internal use, ultimately concerned with its after-tax costs (after-tax case); and an independent power producer for the market, with before-tax revenues covering all costs (before-tax case). Findings – Using the empirical data from Ghana together with the proposed framework, it is shown that when carbon incentives are provided, the hydroelectric and wind conversion infrastructures can effectively compete with the conventional NGCC in this country, whilst with no carbon credit, NGCC still appears to be the most viable option. Practical implications – Policy-related recommendations on carbon incentives and preferential power purchase prices, which are critical for widespread RER deployment, can be directly derived from this research. Originality/value – The study represents a comprehensive decision-making tool that can be used in regulatory and investment analysis on the expansion of RER systems in the developing countries.
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Ramos, Sérgio, Zabra Foroozandeh, Joao Soares, Inés Tavares, Pedro Faria, and Zita Vale. "Shared PV Production in Energy Communities and Buildings Context." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.318.
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Across Europe, householders have taken the opportunity to produce their electricity, helping them to reduce their electricity bill as well as reducing carbon emissions, by installing rooftop Photovoltaic Panels (PV) on their buildings. New adequate business models are needed for improving the sharing of PV between consumers in a community. Both technical and economic aspects should be considered in a clear way for consumers to understand and benefit from the community. In this paper, an overview of energy communities is provided to support the innovative PV sharing models for buildings, which are proposed in a way to be clear for community members. The developed concepts are supported by the formulation of the optimization problem to be solved by the community manager.
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MAHDI, Frias Fadhil, and Ismeal Abbass HURAT. "INVESTING SOLAR ENERGY FOR PRODUCING ELECTRIC ENERGY IN THE SOUTHERN BADIA OF IRAQ (RAMADI, HADITHA, ANAH, AL-QAIM, AL-RUTBA, AL-NUKHAYEB, NAJAF, ALSHABAJAH, AL-MA'ANIYA, AL-SAMAWAH, AS-SALMAN,AL-BUSAYYAH, AS -SAFAWI, BASRA, AND AL-ZUBAIR(." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 06 (July 1, 2021): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.6-3.34.
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The electric power sector is considered as the most important active economic sector in public life aspects including industrial, agricultural, service and recreational ones. It is known that traditional energy (fossil fuels) causes climate problems. Such problems have negative impact on the atmosphere, due to the increase in air pollution and the emergence of global sources such as solar energy as it is clean and renewable energy. As the southern Badia of Iraq has a high solar energy, it is possible to invest it in the production of electric energy and then employing it in the developmental fields in those cities (mentioned above) and even remote ones. Thus, this will lead to reducing the quantities of fossil energy consumption as well as reducing its polluting emissions to the atmosphere and its negative effects on nature, man in particular. The main objective of this study is to discover the potentials of the study area of solar radiation energy evaluating and choosing the optimal sites for the construction of the aforementioned power stations. In processing its data, the study used statistical methods to calculate the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the study cities in the southern Badia of Iraq according to the following equation: Solar Energy = the amount of solar energy (Kilo Watt/ M2/ day) = the total solar radiation (calorie/C2/day) *constant, where the constant equals (0.0116) The study reached the most important results: Some of the study stations recorded the best optimal sites for constructing solar power stations. These are the stations of As Safawi, Busayyah, As-Salman, Al-Ma'aniya, Al-Shabajah, Al-Samawah, Najaf, Al-Nukhayb, and Al-Rutba. On the other hand, the Basra and Zubair stations recorded the lowest values for solar energy; therefore they are not ideal sites compared to other stati.
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Janíček, František, Milan Perný, Vladimír Šály, Michal Váry, Juraj Breza, and Peter Chochol. "The role of smart grid in integrating the renewable energies in Slovakia." Energy & Environment 29, no. 2 (January 15, 2018): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x17748156.
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Implementation of renewable energy sources into the electric network is one of the current essential requirements. The process is assumed to be assisted by smart grid solution. The Slovak Republic is obliged to increase the total share of renewable energy to 14 and 24 % (international system of units and ISO 31–0) in electricity generation in 2020 as a result of the European Union policy. This fact has an undeniable impact on the electric network and the situation needs to be solved comprehensively. Moreover, production from renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, wind energy and others) is often unpredictable in nature and therefore concentrated effort on effective management system and planning is inevitable. Monitoring of the real production from renewable energy sources and comparison with simulations and predictions are part of a systematic approach to intelligent networks and their components. The smart grid concept presented here takes into account the technical aspect. Moreover, the issue of the economic and political framework is discussed in this paper. The major progress in implementing the smart grid concept in Slovakia is made in the field of smart metering.
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Satheesh, J. Solomon, and T. L. Yogesh. "New Source of Energy Production - Solar Pond an Effective Use of Present Alternative Technologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.53.
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In this modern era of civilization electricity plays a vital role in every aspects ranging from basic needs to technological advancements. Today most of the electrical energy is obtained from non-renewable source namely coal. But it has been estimated that coal which is a vital resource for the production of electricity will be exhausted within two or three decades, if it is being used continuously at the current rate. Hence it is necessary to find an appropriate source of energy that will provide enormous quantity of energy to produce electricity without disruptions for the present and future generations. To attain this objective we have introduced a new technology called Solar ponds which provides thermal energy from sunlight. The energy obtained from solar ponds is far more efficient than the energy obtained from photovoltaic cells. This paper discusses the fabrication of mini solar pond and in their operation and maintenance. The factors which influence the technical and economic viability of solar ponds for thermal applications and power generation have been discussed.
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Kata, Ryszard, Kazimierz Cyran, Sławomir Dybka, Małgorzata Lechwar, and Rafał Pitera. "Economic and Social Aspects of Using Energy from PV and Solar Installations in Farmers’ Households in the Podkarpackie Region." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113158.
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The growing energy needs of agriculture, the need to reduce the burning of fossil fuels, and, on the other hand, the increasing technical efficiency are contributing to the wider use of solar energy technology in agriculture. The aim of the article is to identify factors determining farmers’ investments in solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installations for electricity and heat production, to establish the proportion between the consumption of such energy for the needs of the farmer’s family and for the needs of the farm, and to identify the drivers of solar energy use in agricultural production. Empirical materials were collected through surveys of farmers conducted at the end of 2020 in south-eastern Poland, in the Podkarpackie region. It is a region characterized by significant land fragmentation. Producing energy from renewable sources can be an opportunity for farmers not only to reduce household expenses, but also to increase agricultural income. As a result, it can be a driver of sustainable agricultural development in the region. The article presents the most important economic and social determinants that stimulate the adoption of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies by farmers for the needs of their households as well as for agricultural production.
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Maroušek, Josef, and Anna Maroušková. "Economic Considerations on Nutrient Utilization in Wastewater Management." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123468.
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There is wide consensus that Spirulina can serve as a tool for wastewater management and simultaneously provide feedstock for biorefining. However, the economic aspects associated with its use remain a significant challenge. Spirulina cultivated in wastewater decreased the concentrations of both ammonia and nitrate and also served as a biodiesel source. The oil obtained in the feedstock was subjected to transesterification and turned into biodiesel. The biodiesel was subsequently analyzed in a test motor (water-cooled, four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition with injection). The tests were conducted at a constant 1500 rpm, and the output power was 3.7 kW. Mixtures of diesel and biodiesel were also enriched with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The amount of CNTs added to the diesel was 30 mg L−1. The algae and de-oiled biomass were characterized using XRD analysis, and an ultrasonicator was used to mix the CNTs with diesel and spirulina blends. A series of tests were conducted at different load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for all fuel blends. Test results were compared with a neat diesel engine with a CR of 17.5:1. Among the fuel blends, the B25 reported improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced emissions. The outcomes are a reduction in thermal efficiency of 0.98% and exhaust gas temperature of 1.7%. The addition of Spirulina biodiesel blends had a positive impact on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, including reductions of 16.3%, 3.6%, 6.8%, and 12.35% of CO, NOx, and smoke, respectively. The specific fuel consumption and CO2 emissions were reduced by 5.2% and 2.8%, respectively, for B25 fuel blends compared to plain diesel and B50. Concerning cost competitiveness, vigorous research on microalgae for the production of biodiesel can cut production costs in the future.
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van der Roest, Els, Theo Fens, Martin Bloemendal, Stijn Beernink, Jan Peter van der Hoek, and Ad J. M. van Wijk. "The Impact of System Integration on System Costs of a Neighborhood Energy and Water System." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 2616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092616.
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The fossil-based energy system is transitioning towards a renewable energy system. One important aspect is the spatial and temporal mismatch between intermitted supply and continuous demand. To ensure a reliable and affordable energy system, we propose an integrated system approach that integrates electricity production, mobility, heating of buildings and water management with a major role for storage and conversion. The minimization of energy transport in such an integrated system indicates the need for local optimization. This study focuses on a comparison between different novel system designs for neighborhood energy and water systems with varying modes of system integration, including all-electric, power-to-heat and power-to-hydrogen. A simulation model is developed to determine the energy and water balance and carry out economic analysis to calculate the system costs of various scenarios. We show that system costs are the lowest in a scenario that combines a hydrogen boiler and heat pumps for household heating; or a power-to-X system that combines power-to-heat, seasonal heat storage, and power-to-hydrogen (2070 €/household/year). Scenarios with electricity as the main energy carrier have higher retrofitting costs for buildings (insulation + heat pump), which leads to higher system costs (2320–2370 €/household/year) than more integrated systems. We conclude that diversification in energy carriers can contribute to a smooth transition of existing residential areas.
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Srivastava, Manish, Prakhar Singh, Sandeep Verma, and Prince Singh. "Power Flow Control in Transmission Line by Using UPFC." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 4, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2021.670.
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The power transfer capacity of electrical transmission lines is typically constrained by the capacity of large signals. Economic considerations such as the high cost of long lines and the income from the supply of additional power make it possible to pursue both economically and technically viable ways to increase the stability cap intensively. On the other hand, the production of efficient ways to use the full thermal capacity of transmission systems. The power industry has already begun to be affected by fast development in the field of power electronics. This is one direct consequence of the idea of aspects of FACTS, which has become possible due to the progress realized in power electronic devices. In theory, the FACTS devices can provide rapid control of real and Var power through transmission line. The UPFC is a FACTS family member with very appealing characteristics. Many parameters can be independently controlled by this unit. An alternative means of minimizing transmission system oscillations is given by this unit. The choice of input signals and the adopted control strategy for this system in order to dampen power oscillations in an efficient and robust manner are an important issue. In order to achieve the maximum desire effect in solving the first swing stability problem, the UPFC parameters can be regulated. In bulky power transmission systems with long transmission lines, this problem arises. A MATLAB Simulink Model with UPFC to test the efficiency of the electrical transmission system is considered in this paper. The main purpose of this analysis paper is to research different studies performed in the past to minimize UPFC transmission line losses.
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Mukhametov, A. R., I. T. Gaisin, V. А. Rubtsov, and V. P. Sidorov. "DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE PREDVOLZHSKY ECONOMIC REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-3-340-348.
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The study of rural population in the regional context makes it possible to identify demographic problems and analyze the factors influencing the state of rural population and settlements of the republic on the example of the Predvolzhsky agrarian economic region (Predvolzhie) of the Republic of Tatarstan with predominantly rural population. The period for considering the development of the rural population of the economic region was chosen from 1959 to 2019, since the Soviet period of the development of the planned economy and the formation of market relations in agriculture in the republic has its own characteristics and aspects. A significant impact on the rural population of the republic was exerted by the large-scale diversified development of industrial production: the automotive industry, petrochemical production, and the electric power industry. The study reveals the complex impact of historical, geographical, social, economic, transport factors affecting the demographic processes in the rural population of this economic region. The dynamics of changes in the main indicators of demographic processes of the rural population of the Volga region is considered on the example of Apastovsky, Buinsky, Drozhzhanovsky, Kaibitsky, Kamsko-Ustinsky and Tetyushsky rural municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. The article shows the internal territorial differences in the population density of the Predvolzhsky economic region and analyzes the main demographic indicators (birth rate, mortality, decline in dynamics over 60 years), and also reveals positive and negative trends of these indicators using the example of specific municipal areas. The analysis of changes in the dynamics of the rural population and settlements and the reasons for its decrease is presented on the basis of statistical materials of the All-Union and All-Russian population censuses. The article identifies three periods of development of the rural population in the municipal districts of the Predvolzhsky economic region of the Republic of Tatarstan, which reflect the general picture of the vector of development of the rural population of the republic in the period under study. The current crisis state of the demographic indicators of the agrarian economic region shows the need for targeted management decisions in this direction. The research emphasizes that at the moment the country people need economic stability. Existence in rural areas of jobs, the stable salary will allow to stabilize a situation of reduction of country people.
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Monsels, D. A. "Bauxite deposits in Suriname: Geological context and resource development." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 95, no. 4 (March 17, 2016): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.28.
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AbstractBauxite, the raw material of aluminum, has been one of the economically vital natural resources for Suriname. Mining operations started about a century ago, and subsequent development of a refinery industry and hydro-electric power made Suriname one of the foremost bauxite and alumina producers worldwide for a long period of time. This paper presents a concise survey of the main geological attributes of its bauxite deposits and examines significant aspects in the development of mining in the country where alumina dominated the export revenues until a decade ago. The lateritic bauxite deposits are spread across the northern part of the country and developed on various parent rocks during Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary times. Bauxites in the coastal lowlands formed on Cenozoic sedimentary deposits, whereas plateau bauxites originated on various crystalline rocks in inland regions of the Precambrian Guiana Shield. The composition of parent rocks and timing of bauxitisation point to a genetic correspondence with West African bauxites and a strong control of paleoclimatic conditions on the distribution and properties of bauxite in both regions. The more accessible bauxite deposits in the coastal lowlands are almost mined out, whereas the plateau bauxites have been extensively explored but have not been brought into production to date. For economic and environmental reasons, the future of the bauxite industry in Suriname is currently uncertain.
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Carvalho, Francielle, Joana Portugal-Pereira, Martin Junginger, and Alexandre Szklo. "Biofuels for Maritime Transportation: A Spatial, Techno-Economic, and Logistic Analysis in Brazil, Europe, South Africa, and the USA." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164980.
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Low or zero carbon fuels are crucial for maritime transportation decarbonization goals. This paper assesses potential localities for maritime biofuels (biobunkers) production in Brazil, Europe, South Africa, and United States considering geographical, logistic, and economic aspects. This assessment combines georeferenced and techno-economic analyses to identify suitable fuel production hotspots based on not only plant performance and costs but also on logistic integration and biomass seasonality. Five technology pathways were considered: Straight vegetable Oils (SVO), Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch Biomass-to-liquids (FT-BTL), Alcohol oligomerization to middle distillates (ATD), and Hydrotreated Pyrolysis Oil (HDPO). Findings reveal that biomass concentration in Brazil makes it the region with highest biobunker potential, which are mostly close to coastal areas and surpasses regional demand. Although other regions registered more limited potentials, hotspots proximity to ports would enable fossil fuel replacements in these areas. For all cases, biobunker costs (USD 21–104/GJ) are higher than conventional marine fuels prices (USD 11–17/GJ). Only 15% of the hotspots’ carbon prices that would allow its competitiveness are lower than USD 100/tCO2. Alternatives to incentivize biobunker production would be, first, to establish mandatory fuel blends and second, to join forces with other sectors that would be benefited from the co-production of advanced biofuels.
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Martinaitis, Vytautas. "FACTORS OF THERMODYNAMICAL APPROACH TO BUILDINGS LIFE CYCLE/PASTATO GYVAVIMO CIKLO TERMODINAMINIO VERTINIMO VEIKSNIAI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 7 (September 30, 1996): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1996.10531660.
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The article suggests that non-industrial buildings in Lithuania consume half the final energy including appr.70% heat produced in electric power plants and boiler-houses. In order to ensure standard heating and ventilation conditions for these buildings in terms of climate parameters of a normal year it would require heat consumption of some 22 TWh. However, the energy is required not only for operation and maintenance of the building (for active microclimatic conditioning systems—AMCS), but also for setting up the building (for passive microclimatic conditioning systems—PMCS). The above input is therefore determined by technological level in the building and building materials industries. Rather exact evaluations show that in the course of several next years already, primary energy consumption used for a building maintenance shall be equal to that used while construction thereof. In terms of a building life cycle, this is a fairly short term. Therefore these buildings in terms of energetic approach make an intensive energy-consumption system. It is hereby suggested to apply an exergic analysis for a life cycle of a building under certain climatic conditions and PMCS and AMCS combinations defined by the local produce technology level. Using solely economical (both direct or derived) criteria for this intention is therefore insufficient, because the reliability of economic forecasts for longer prospect falls below any other forecasts of physical quantities. As an example for this, a globally-ecological evaluation of energetic systems based on thermodynamics is therefore presented, and is characterised by thermo-economic and exergo-economic criteria. Further, the article provides formulas and indices for thermodynamic evaluation of climatic conditions which indicate minimum requirements of exergy for operation of AMCS. Furthermore, MCS operating points and zones characteristic of different climatic regions are provided. Tasks for MCS thermodynamic analysis have been formulated to include the processes of production of building and insulation materials, and construction erection process. These should be considered the first three stages of the above task: indices of present exergic input in production of materials; forecast of potential exergic input in production of materials; thermodynamic optimisation of technological processes and equipment of building materials. It is therefore considered, that the integration of separate exergic loss components of building life cycle into a general optimisation task shall enable establishment of thermodynamically-optimum combination of exergic use in the buildings under concrete climatic conditions. This would launch, apart from economic, social and ecological aspects, an approach for handling strategic issues of construction and energetic interaction.
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Gibadullin, Arthur, and Valentina Pulyaeva. "Obstacles to the formation of a common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911402002.
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The current state of the economy and society is influenced by the global integration processes taking place in Eurasia - the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union, which should unite the markets for resources, goods and capital of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the aspects of this process is the creation of a unified electricity market, which ensures free flow of electrical energy, free pricing and competition in the power industry. The purpose of this study is to study the degree of readiness of national energy systems for integration and to identify problems that impede the formation of the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The methods used were statistical analysis tools, a graphical method, comparisons and descriptions. The study was carried out on the basis of the use of information provided in the open access of the Eurasian Economic Union, national statistical services and energy companies. The authors have identified the main goals and objectives, as well as the requirements and expected results of the creation of the Common Electricity Market. As a result of the analysis of national power systems, a number of problems were identified that impede their convergence, including inconsistencies in the scale of production, various pricing mechanisms and electricity price regulation, differences in the energy balance of the Eurasian Economic Union member states, different levels of electricity prices, and a particular opinion Of the Republic of Belarus to the concept of market formation and the lack of unified borders of Armenia with other participating countries Union. The findings of the study indicate that by the stated date, namely July 1, 2019, the Common Electricity Market will most likely not be created for the reasons stated. To solve the identified problems, the authors propose several tools, one of the most important among them is the mechanism of regulatory and legal regulation of electricity markets at the national and supranational levels. Also, according to the authors, in the integration processes in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union should consider the world experience of such political and economic associations.
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Ximenes, Júlio, André Siqueira, Ewa Kochańska, and Rafał M. Łukasik. "Valorisation of Agri- and Aquaculture Residues via Biogas Production for Enhanced Industrial Application." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092519.
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Climate changes are nowadays reality and affect all aspects of everyday life. One of the places where these changes influence the society the most is the Brazilian Ceará region and Jaguaribara basin that suffer long-lasting, devastating drought cycles. They have a dramatic negative impact on local economy, forcing change in business models. This work presents the valorisation of wastes and residues from local fish, prawns, and the vegetable-cultivation industry via biogas production forced to adapt to these new circumstances. Along a single year, as much as 189.74 tonnes of wastes and residues can be processed by the biogas production facility, producing as much as 94 GJ of cooling energy and 1 tonne of biofertiliser monthly. Even for such a small biogas production facility, the NPV is positive already after 11 years; its IRR is 6.2%, and accumulated ROI for 20 years of operation is as high as 77.8%. This work demonstrates that a valorisation of industrial wastes and residues via biogas production is a feasible solution for a specific industrial scenario addressing new socio-economic challenges for the particular enterprise.
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Somma, Renato, Daniela Blessent, Jasmin Raymond, Madeline Constance, Lucy Cotton, Giuseppe De Natale, Alessandro Fedele, et al. "Review of Recent Drilling Projects in Unconventional Geothermal Resources at Campi Flegrei Caldera, Cornubian Batholith, and Williston Sedimentary Basin." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113306.
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Unconventional geothermal resource development can contribute to increase power generation from renewable energy sources in countries without conventional hydrothermal reservoirs, which are usually associated with magmatic activity and extensional faulting, as well as to expand the generation in those regions where conventional resources are already used. Three recent drilling experiences focused on the characterization of unconventional resources are described and compared: the Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project (CFDDP) in Italy, the United Downs Deep Geothermal Power (UDDGP) project in the United Kingdom, and the DEEP Earth Energy Production in Canada. The main aspects of each project are described (geology, drilling, data collection, communication strategies) and compared to discuss challenges encountered at the tree sites considered, including a scientific drilling project (CFDDP) and two industrial ones (UDDGP and DEEP). The first project, at the first stage of pilot hole, although not reaching deep supercritical targets, showed extremely high, very rare thermal gradients even at shallow depths. Although each project has its own history, as well as social and economic context, the lessons learned at each drilling site can be used to further facilitate geothermal energy development.
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Hamdy, Faris Moayed Ahmed, Abdullatif Mohammed Raouf, Israa Abdulsatar Esmael, Laith Hamza Thuaban, Nadia Fakhry Ibraheem, Hiba Mahmoud Yas, Maher Talib Ali, Zakya Salah Al Deen Salman, Najim Abd Alhusain Jabir, and Tamadhir Neama Yousif. "Mimicking the Crude Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Demulsification Process in Power Plants for Preparing a New Demulsifiers." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 10, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v10i4.376.
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Water–in–oil emulsions are a big challenge in the production and processing of crude oil due to its bad influence on the fundamental and practical aspects of industrial facilities. Researches for decades gave this phenomena a great deal in the planning to construct power plants, refineries, oil companies and other industrial facilities that uses crude oil as a raw material. In order to overcome the disadvantages and hazards of water–in–oil emulsions researchers used chemical, electrical, thermal and mechanical methods individually or in combination. The chemical method has gained the main interest due to its ease of use and economic feasibility. Demulsifiers have been used extensively to solve the problem of water in oil emulsions. The choice of using the right combination of chemicals had been reached after studying many factors such as cost and safety. This research addresses many fundamental and practical aspects regarding demulsifiers and oil demulsification aiming to find the best selection of chemicals that can be used to treat crude oil before using, refining or transporting it. The crude oil in this research had been demulsified and tested by the spectroil test method while the bottle test method had not been used to mimic the demulsification process used in power plant. The work was carried out using two types of oil, crude oil (containing 7 ppm Na and K salts concentration) and heavy fuel oil HFO (containing 12 ppm Na and K salts concentration). The crude oil samples were taken from Al – Hilla 2 power plant while the HFO samples were taken from South Baghdad 2 power plant. The results showed that the water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility that used as a demulsifiers like the acrylic derivatives gave the best demulsification when using more wash water percentage. While the combination of water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubility and oil soluble chemicals gave the best results in treating heavy fuel oil while using less wash water percentage.
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Malak-Rawlikowska, Agata, Monika Gębska, Robert Hoste, Christine Leeb, Claudio Montanari, Michael Wallace, and Kees de Roest. "Developing a Methodology for Aggregated Assessment of the Economic Sustainability of Pig Farms." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061760.
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The economic sustainability of agricultural production is a crucial concern for most farmers, especially for pig producers who face dynamic changes in the market. Approaches for economic sustainability assessment found in the literature are mainly focused on the short-term economic viability of the farm and rarely take a long-term perspective. In this paper, we propose and test a new, innovative assessment and aggregation method, which brings about a broader view on more long-term aspects of economic sustainability. This wider view on economic sustainability, in addition to classical concepts such as technical efficiency, labor productivity, and farm profitability, incorporates the assessment of the levels of entrepreneurship, risk management, and the resilience of the invested resources. All indicators were scaled and aggregated using scaling and weighting procedures proposed by experts into subthemes and themes. The methodology was tested on a sample of 131 pig farms located in 6 EU countries: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Finland, and Austria. We hypothesized that closed-cycle farms might be economically more sustainable than those farms that are specialized in pig breeding or finishing. The results showed that closed-cycle farms do indeed have advantages in terms of raising healthy animals and having slightly better overall resilience of resources, however specialized breeding and finishing farms appeared to be more sustainable in the areas of profitability, risk management, and reproductive efficiency. Our approach supports evidence-based economic sustainability assessments of pig farms and provides a tool that can be used for economic sustainability improvement strategies for farms.
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Kapłan, Magdalena, Kamila Klimek, Serhiy Syrotyuk, Ryszard Konieczny, Bartłomiej Jura, Adam Smoliński, Jan Szymenderski, et al. "Raw Biogas Desulphurization Using the Adsorption-Absorption Technique for a Pilot Production of Agricultural Biogas from Pig Slurry in Poland." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185929.
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The article reviews selected methods and techniques of agricultural biogas desulphurization. Presented is the current state of technological and measurement systems as well as raw biogas purification methods in terms of control and measurement-socio-economic aspects were also pointed out. On the example of a pilot agricultural biogas with the use of pig slurry, the required technical and technological criteria for the production and processing of agricultural biogas were indicated. The article presents the preliminary results of experimental studies on the course of changes in the volumetric composition of biogas on the basis of the average daily production of agricultural biogas.The amount of H2S in raw and purified biogas was analyzed with the proprietary biogas desulphurization method in terms of the process parameters. A novelty is the use of a developed carbon mixture (activated carbon) with turf ore (iron compounds), which allows for 100% desulfurization of raw agricultural biogas under process conditions for mesophilic fermentation. The measurement results show a clear influence of desulphurization using the proprietary adsorption-absorption technique-agricultural biogas.
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JAIN, MADHU, and RITU GUPTA. "REDUNDANCY ISSUES IN SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 01 (February 2011): 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004093.
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The redundancy is a widely spread technology of building computing systems that continue to operate satisfactorily in the presence of faults occurring in hardware and software components. The principle objective of applying redundancy is achieve reliability goals subject to techno-economic constraints. Due to a plenty of applications arising virtually in both industrial and military organizations especially in embedded fault tolerance systems including telecommunication, distributed computer systems, automated manufacturing systems, etc., the reliability and its dependability measures of redundant computer-based systems have become attractive features for the systems designers and production engineers. However, even with the best design of redundant computer-based systems, software and hardware failures may still occur due to many failure mechanisms leading to serious consequences such as huge economic losses, risk to human life, etc. The objective of present survey article is to discuss various key aspects, failure consequences, methodologies of redundant systems along with software and hardware redundancy techniques which have been developed at the reliability engineering level. The methodological aspects which depict the required steps to build a block diagram composed of components in different configurations as well as Markov and non-Markov state transition diagram representing the structural system has been elaborated. Furthermore, we describe the reliability of a specific redundant system and its comparison with a non redundant system to demonstrate the tractability of proposed models and its performance analysis.
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NOVIKOV, Vladimir V. "GEORGIAN ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Геоэкономика энергетики 11, no. 3 (2020): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/2687-0703_2020_11_3_64.
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Filimonov, A. G., A. A. Filimonova, N. D. Chichirova, and A. A. Chichirov. "Global energy association: new opportunities of hydrogen technologies." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-3-13.
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PURPOSE. To analyze the prospects of integrating hydrogen technologies into the traditional directions of development of the electric power industry in the world and Russia. To highlight the competitive advantages of Russia in the changing structure of the industry with the transition to" green " hydrogen. METHODS. The analysis of the literature data and the data of the international information exchange is carried out. RESULTS. The most urgent scientific and technical problem of the economy, affecting any practical aspect of human economic activity, is the issue of the availability of energy resources and the impact on the environment. It is now, in the context of the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, that the trends of globalization are particularly acute, and the degree of cross-border information communication using digital capabilities has increased many times. CONCLUSION. The transition to a new technological stage of energy supply for our society is more urgent than ever, based on innovative approaches to the creation of intelligently managed global energy systems with their consolidation and, at the same time, decentralization and distribution to local levels of centers, production, consumption and management, increasing the share of small RES, the introduction of new digital solutions, the use of hydrogen technology chains and hybrid systems based on them and other promising energy technologies on an industrial scale.
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Clara Cândido, Ana, Dalva Magro, Carla Regina Magagnin Roczanski, and George Leal Jamil. "Efforts to build a culture of innovation in the Brazilian energy sector." Journal of Innovation Management 5, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_005.001_0005.
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Innovation and innovation management are essential topics for any organizational system nowadays. Public services, commercial and industrial corporations are pressured to study, plan and promote innovations as strategic pillars for their activities and reputation in their competitive scenario. This paper analyzes the efforts on building and improving cultural factors that can foster innovation and innovation management in a critical, competitive and technology-driven sector of electrical power production in Brazil, examining records from ANEEL, its regulatory agency. From these records, values and facts concerning Brazilian program for investment in innovation were evaluated, together with related projects data, showing results that indicated: (a) Investments were conducted in mandatory fashion, not following strategic policies; (b) Expressive amount of investments were also done in the basic and applied research, not offering fair perspectives on more qualified or value-aggregated innovations and; (c) This investment program, executed by the regulatory agency, is opportune to sponsor innovation in this important economic sector. Methodological aspects, such as indexes choice, comparisons and analysis applied in this paper can also build a basis for other studies around the same context, allowing further comparisons to other sectors – such as those in this value-aggregated chain or even with other countries, with perspectives of richer results that can provide another level of innovation investments programs comprehension.
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Włodarczyk, Aneta, and Agata Mesjasz-Lech. "Ecological and Economic Context of Managing Enterprises That Are Particularly Harmful to the Environment and the Well-Being of Society." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102884.
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The ecological and economic context determine the management goals of a modern enterprise, which are in line with the growing concern about the well-being of society caused by the effects of enterprises’ activities that are particularly harmful to the environment. This increases the need to search for new tools that will have the capacity to generate information supporting the decision-making process in the area of enterprise management in terms of ecological, economic, and social goals. For these reasons, synthetic measures of development were constructed on the basis of the set of diagnostic variables describing various aspects of sustainable development in the case. Based on the environmental synthetic indicators, it has been possible to point out the Polish voivodeships, in which enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment were able to reduce the emissions of dust and gaseous pollutants in the 2005–2019 period. These changes were often accompanied by an increase in the production of energy from renewable sources and increasing the supply of plants with devices to contain gaseous and dust pollutants. Moreover, the comparison of positioning the voivodeships in the rankings according to social, economic, and environmental synthetic measures shows that the reduction of the negative impact of energy-intensive enterprises on the environment has been associated with higher the position of the voivodeship in the ranking connected with the health of its inhabitants. It has been also seen that the largest pool of funds was allocated to the voivodeships that need them the most, as these voivodeships were low in the ranking with respect to the degree of the reduction of dust and gaseous emissions by enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment. The results for regression analysis indicated at the existence of the inter-temporal relationships between the well-being of society and the environmental–economic effects of enterprises’ activities. It was noticed that increasing the possibilities of financing investments in low-emission development of the region, including the modernization of enterprises in terms of decreasing dust and gaseous pollutant emissions and reducing their energy consumption, has a significant impact on the improvement of well-being of society with a one-year lag. In contrast to other studies that mainly refer to the environmental and economic effects of managing enterprises that are particularly harmful to the environment, this paper focuses on the social aspect of the change in the health of the population connected with the emissions of pollutants. A novel approach based on the set of three multi-criteria synthetic measures is proposed to assess the environmental, economic, and social activities of enterprises in individual voivodeships in Poland in the long 2005–2019 period.
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Belyaev, Nikolay, Andrey Egorov, Nikolay Korovkin, and Vladimir Chudny. "Economic aspects of ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems." E3S Web of Conferences 58 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185801010.
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The present report deals with economic issues of selecting means ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems. Cost analysis of various engineering measures ensuring the capacity adequacy has been performed, they are as follows: construction of margin generating capacities, erection of new power transmission lines or increase of transmission capacity of existing power lines. The cost-based analysis has been conducted following investment programs and regulatory acts in place. Recommendations on developing computational models of power systems have been given based on the results obtained in order to assess the capacity adequacy indices with account made for the cost of various engineering measures to be taken for their improvement.
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Belyaev, N. A., A. E. Egorov, N. V. Korovkin, and V. S. Chudny. "Economic aspects of ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 12, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2019-12-1-4-9.
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The present report deals with economic issues of selecting means ensuring the capacity adequacy of electric power systems. Cost analysis of various engineering measures ensuring the capacity adequacy has been performed, namely: construction of backup generating facilities, erection of new power transmission lines, or increase of transmission capacity of existing power lines. The cost-based analysis has been conducted based on investment programs and regulatory acts in place. Recommendations on developing computational models of power systems have been given based on the results obtained in order to assess the capacity adequacy parameters, with account made for the cost of various engineering measures to be taken for their improvement.In prevailing practice of calculation of capacity adequacy parameters, the structure of electric power systems transmission network is presented as a transport model which makes an aggregate of reliability zones and tie-lines between them of a given transmission capacity. The main objective of calculation of capacity adequacy parameters is to determine the required generating capacity redundancy level, i.e. the values of the capacity margin and its location within electric power systems to ensure a required level of capacity adequacy. With that in mind, when evaluating and accordingly when forming transport models, it should be useful to take into account the transmission constraints only for those power grid segments, whose cost of transmission capacity increase is comparable with that of construction of new generating facilities.On the basis of calculation data, one may state that for overhead electric lines of short or average length the cost of 1 kW of its transmission capacity will be considerably lower than that of installed capacity of a new generating facility, with the above costs comparable only with the length of the line close to its critical value. When forming transport models of electric power systems, it is useful to take into account not only the distance between electric power system nodes, but also their potential need of margin capacity. As far as remote nodes are concerned, if these are of low need in margin capacity, it should be reasonable to separate them as specifi c reliability areas.
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Galiakberova, A. "Modern Electric Power Terminology: Structural and Semantic Aspects." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/65/66.
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The article under discussion is devoted to the study of general issues of terminology and terminological activity in the field of electric power on the material of English, Russian and Uzbek languages. The development of electric power industry affects the state of different industries and everyday life of people all over the world. This industry concerns energy production, transmission, distribution and sale. Accordingly, all countries of the world pay due attention to it, and states carry out obligatory regulation in this sphere. The author of the article examines semantic, morphological and syntactic features of renewable energy terminology in order to determine the most productive way of terminology in this scientific field.
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Shevchenko, V. V., V. I. Milykh, and D. V. Pototskyi. "Technical and economic aspects of electric machine industry development with account of electric power development directions." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2014.2.14.
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Nitschke, Thomas, Richard Krimm, and Bernd Arno Behrens. "Power-Split Press Drive for Economic Production." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.435.
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The servo press technology is used in industrial production for innovative and economic metal forming. The path-time-characteristic of the ram of servo presses can be adapted to individual requirements of various forming processes. To achieve a high dynamic, the rotary inertia of the drive train should be as low as possible. Thus, a flywheel is not suitable to provide the energy required for both, the forming process as well as the ram kinematic. Hence the eccentric shaft is driven by the electric motor only. As a consequence, the press force has to be provided completely via the torque of the servomotor. High investment costs resulting from the required size of the drive components is a challenge to be conquered. This pushes the costs for the drive components.Another challenge is the unbalanced power consumption of the servomotor. Energy-converting and energy-storing systems are essential to compensate the power peaks resulting from the forming process and inertia forces. Nevertheless, these systems are expensive and reduce the energy efficiency of the press. Facing these challenges, a novel and innovative drive concept for eccentric presses is being developed at the Institute of Forming Technology and Machines (IFUM). These drive concept base on mechanical and electrical power split and can possibly eliminate any disadvantages of conventionally servo presses. The function, the control concept and first steps of the realization of the power-split press drive are presented in this paper.
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Rasburskis, Nerijus, Juozas Gudzinskas, and Jonas Gylys. "COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PRODUCTION: SOCIO‐ECONOMIC AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2006.9636369.
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The paper is based on the study of Lithuania facing the need for huge investments in both the replacement of the Ignalina nuclear power station and the replacement of district heating production units in many of the existing systems. Lithuania has a big technical potential for implementing small‐scale combined heat and power production (CHP) systems. Meanwhile, such implementation needs public regulation to become feasible not only from a socio‐economic, but also from a business economic point of view. The study focuses upon the analysis of methods for the incorporation of technical, economical and environmental considerations into large‐scale investment decision‐making in the energy sector. The research study could be a guideline for determination of national potential for high efficiency CHP not only from the technical, but both the economical and the environmental point of view. Based upon the results of the study investigation and analysis, areas for improvement in current energy sector investment decision-making processes are highlighted, and areas for further research are recommended.
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Ahmad, M., M. Zafar, A. Azam, H. Sadia, M. A. Khan, and S. Sultana. "Techno-economic Aspects of Biodiesel Production and Characterization." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 6, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2010.529557.
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