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刑衛國 and Weiguo Xing. "Evaluation and scheduling of private power production." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31242522.
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MacGregor, Paul R. "The net utility revenue impact of small power producing facilities operating under spot pricing policies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13845.
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Ng, Kwok-kei Simon, and 吳國基. "A game-theoretic study of the strategic interaction between transmission and generation expansion planning in a restructuredelectricity market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39343534.
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Nguyen, Duy Huu Manh. "Analysing electricity markets with evolutionary computation." University of Western Australia. School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 2002. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0018.
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The use of electricity in 21st century living has been firmly established throughout most of the world, correspondingly the infrastructure for production and delivery of electricity to consumers has matured and stabilised. However, due to recent technical and environmental–political developments, the electricity infrastructure worldwide is undergoing major restructuring. The forces driving this reorganisation are a complex interplay of technical, environmental, economic and political factors. The general trend of the reorganisation is a dis–aggregation of the previously integrated functions of generation, transmission and distribution, together with the establishment of competitive markets, primarily in generation, to replace previous regulated monopolistic utilities. To ensure reliable and cost effective electricity supply to consumers it is necessary to have an accurate picture of the expected generation in terms of the spatial and temporal distribution of prices and volumes. Previously this information was obtained by the regulated utility using technical studies such as centrally planned unit–commitment and economic–dispatch. However, in the new deregulated market environment such studies have diminished applicability and limited accuracy since generation assets are generally autonomous and subject to market forces. With generation outcomes governed by market mechanisms, to have an accurate picture of expected generation in the new electricity supply industry, it is necessary to complement traditional studies with new studies of market equilibrium and stability. Models and solution methods have been developed and refined for many markets, however they cannot be directly applied to the generation market due to the unique nature of electricity, having high inelastic demand, low storage capability and distinct transportation requirements. Intensive effort is underway to formulate solutions and models that specifically reflect the unique characteristics of the generation market. Various models have been proposed including game theory, stochastic and agent–based systems. Similarly there is a diverse range of solution methods including, Monte–Carlo simulations, linear–complimentary and quadratic programming. These approaches have varying degrees of generality, robustness and accuracy, some being better in certain aspects but weaker in others. This thesis formulates a new general model for the generation market based on the Cournot game, it makes no conjectures about producers’ behaviour and assumes that all electricity produced is immediately consumed. The new formulation characterises producers purely by their cost curves, which is only required to be piece–wise differentiable, and allows consumers’ characteristics to remain unspecified. The formulation can determine dynamic equilibrium and multiple equilibria of markets with single and multiple consumers and producers. Additionally stability concepts for the new market equilibrium is also developed to provide discrimination for dynamic equilibrium and to enable the structural stability of the market to be assessed. Solutions of the new formulation are evaluated by the use of evolutionary computation, which is a guided stochastic search paradigm that mimics the operation of biological evolution to iteratively produce a population of solutions. Evolutionary computation is employed as it is adept at finding multiple solutions for underconstrained systems, such as that of the new market formulation. Various enhancements to significantly improve the performance of the algorithms and simplify its application are developed. The concept of convergence potential of a population is introduced together with a system for the controlled extraction of such potential to accelerate the algorithm’s convergence and improve its accuracy and robustness. A new constraint handling technique for linear constraints that preserves the solution’s diversity is also presented together with a coevolutionary solution method for the multiple consumers and producers market. To illustrate the new electricity market formulation and its evolutionary computation solution methods, the equilibrium and stability of a test market with one consumer and thirteen thermal generators with valve point losses is examined. The case of a multiple consumer market is not simulated, though the formulation and solution methods for this case is included. The market solutions obtained not only confirms previous findings thus validating the new approach, but also includes new results yet to be verified by future studies. Techniques for market designers, regulators and other system planners in utilising the new market solutions are also given. In summary, the market formulation and solution method developed shows great promise in determining expected generation in a deregulated environment.
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Schneider, Bettina. "Economic feasibility study for the wave energy technology of Gaia Power Group Pty Ltd." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79331.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.Gaia Power is a South African start-up in the renewable energy industry. Among other products, they developed a wave energy converter, which is a device used to extract energy from ocean waves. This research deals with the economic feasibility study of the wave energy converter. Wave energy is a young field of research, especially in the South African context. Therefore sources for multiple angles of the project had to be found, analysed and brought into the Gaia Power context. Understanding the cost drivers of a wave energy plant was the foundation of the research itself. The Gaia Power specific levelised cost of electricity generation was calculated based on actual supplier quotes, reference costs found in the literature as well as assumptions. Still, such a calculation is actually more an estimation due to a high uncertainty level in all cost components. Especially the construction cost as well as the discount rate used have therefore been tested for sensitivity. Gaia Power‟s target production cost was R0.54 kWh, which equalled the Eskom tariff at the time of this research. Taking into account a R0.10/kWh fee payable to Eskom, the target cost sank to R0.44, which is about 25 percent lower than the minimum value for electricity generation cost found in the literature. This target was therefore expected to be and proved to be difficult to reach. The calculated levelised electricity cost was R0.99/kWh, with a possible range of R0.54/kWh to R1.60/kWh observed in the sensitivity analysis. These results show that the Gaia Power wave energy converter in the given specifications was not economically feasible. It was therefore recommended to rethink the specifications in order to reduce construction cost, which proved to be the largest cost driver. Besides the quantitative findings, this research also has a strong qualitative side. During the whole research it became obvious that there was an overall high risk level in the project due to the lack of experience with wave energy in general and in South Africa specifically, as well as the high impact of weather on the construction. Those risks were identified, analysed and recommended mitigation actions were derived.
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Enzinger, Sharn Emma 1973. "The economic impact of greenhouse policy upon the Australian electricity industry : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Monash University, Centre of Policy Studies, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8383.
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Ötsch, Rainald. "Stromerzeugung in Deutschland unter den Rahmenbedingungen von Klimapolitik und liberalisiertem Strommarkt : Bewertung von Kraftwerksinvestitionen mit Bayes’schen Einflussdiagrammen." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/6905/.
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Mit der Liberalisierung des Strommarkts, den unsicheren Aussichten in der Klimapolitik und stark schwankenden Preisen bei Brennstoffen, Emissionsrechten und Kraftwerkskomponenten hat bei Kraftwerksinvestitionen das Risikomanagement an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dies äußert sich im vermehrten Einsatz probabilistischer Verfahren. Insbesondere bei regulativen Risiken liefert der klassische, häufigkeitsbasierte Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriff aber keine Handhabe zur Risikoquantifizierung. In dieser Arbeit werden Kraftwerksinvestitionen und -portfolien in Deutschland mit Methoden des Bayes'schen Risikomanagements bewertet. Die Bayes'sche Denkschule begreift Wahrscheinlichkeit als persönliches Maß für Unsicherheit. Wahrscheinlichkeiten können auch ohne statistische Datenanalyse allein mit Expertenbefragungen gewonnen werden.
Das Zusammenwirken unsicherer Werttreiber wurde mit einem probabilistischen DCF-Modell (Discounted Cash Flow-Modell) spezifiziert und in ein Einflussdiagramm mit etwa 1200 Objekten umgesetzt. Da der Überwälzungsgrad von Brennstoff- und CO2-Kosten und damit die Höhe der von den Kraftwerken erwirtschafteten Deckungsbeiträge im Wettbewerb bestimmt werden, reicht eine einzelwirtschaftliche Betrachtung der Kraftwerke nicht aus. Strompreise und Auslastungen werden mit Heuristiken anhand der individuellen Position der Kraftwerke in der Merit Order bestimmt, d.h. anhand der nach kurzfristigen Grenzkosten gestaffelten Einsatzreihenfolge. Dazu wurden 113 thermische Großkraftwerke aus Deutschland in einer Merit Order vereinigt. Das Modell liefert Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen für zentrale Größen wie Kapitalwerte von Bestandsportfolien sowie Stromgestehungskosten und Kapitalwerte von Einzelinvestitionen (Steinkohle- und Braunkohlekraftwerke mit und ohne CO2-Abscheidung sowie GuD-Kraftwerke).
Der Wert der Bestandsportfolien von RWE, E.ON, EnBW und Vattenfall wird primär durch die Beiträge der Braunkohle- und Atomkraftwerke bestimmt. Erstaunlicherweise schlägt sich der Emissionshandel nicht in Verlusten nieder. Dies liegt einerseits an den Zusatzgewinnen der Atomkraftwerke, andererseits an den bis 2012 gratis zugeteilten Emissionsrechten, welche hohe Windfall-Profite generieren. Dadurch erweist sich der Emissionshandel in seiner konkreten Ausgestaltung insgesamt als gewinnbringendes Geschäft. Über die Restlaufzeit der Bestandskraftwerke resultiert ab 2008 aus der Einführung des Emissionshandels ein Barwertvorteil von insgesamt 8,6 Mrd. €. In ähnlicher Dimension liegen die Barwertvorteile aus der 2009 von der Bundesregierung in Aussicht gestellten Laufzeitverlängerung für Atomkraftwerke. Bei einer achtjährigen Laufzeitverlängerung ergäben sich je nach CO2-Preisniveau Barwertvorteile von 8 bis 15 Mrd. €. Mit höheren CO2-Preisen und Laufzeitverlängerungen von bis zu 28 Jahren würden 25 Mrd. € oder mehr zusätzlich anfallen.
Langfristig erscheint fraglich, ob unter dem gegenwärtigen Marktdesign noch Anreize für Investitionen in fossile Kraftwerke gegeben sind. Zu Beginn der NAP 2-Periode noch rentable Investitionen in Braunkohle- und GuD-Kraftwerke werden mit der auslaufenden Gratiszuteilung von Emissionsrechten zunehmend unrentabler. Die Rentabilität wird durch Strommarkteffekte der erneuerbaren Energien und ausscheidender alter Gas- und Ölkraftwerke stetig weiter untergraben. Steinkohlekraftwerke erweisen sich selbst mit anfänglicher Gratiszuteilung als riskante Investition.
Die festgestellten Anreizprobleme für Neuinvestitionen sollten jedoch nicht dem Emissionshandel zugeschrieben werden, sondern resultieren aus den an Grenzkosten orientierten Strompreisen. Das Anreizproblem ist allerdings bei moderaten CO2-Preisen am größten. Es gilt auch für Kraftwerke mit CO2-Abscheidung: Obwohl die erwarteten Vermeidungskosten für CCS-Kraftwerke gegenüber konventionellen Kohlekraftwerken im Jahr 2025 auf 25 €/t CO2 (Braunkohle) bzw. 38,5 €/t CO2 (Steinkohle) geschätzt werden, wird ihr Bau erst ab CO2-Preisen von 50 bzw. 77 €/t CO2 rentabel.
Ob und welche Kraftwerksinvestitionen sich langfristig rechnen, wird letztlich aber politisch entschieden und ist selbst unter stark idealisierten Bedingungen kaum vorhersagbar.Power plant investors face large uncertainties due to ongoing liberalization, climate policy, and long investment horizons. This study provides a probabilistic appraisal of power plant investments within the framework of Bayesian decision theory. A Bayesian influence diagram is used for setting up a discounted cash flow model and analysing the profitability of power plants. As the study explicitly models merit order pricing, the pass-through of random fuel and carbon costs may be analysed. The study derives probabilistic statements about net present values of single investments and company portfolios and explores the sensitivity of profits to variations of select input variables. In the majority of cases, an increase in the price of emission allowances also increases the net present value of existing power plant portfolios. A substantially increased carbon prices also is the prerequisite to diversify power plant portfolios by gas and CCS plants. For the currently prevailing German electricity market, we argue that investors may lack incentives for new investments in fossil generation, a finding that holds true also with implementation of CCS. Our estimates are conservative, as profitability will further deteriorate with the build-up of renewables.
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Lochery, Emma. "Generating power : electricity provision and state formation in Somaliland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0d386359-b711-4137-bd3c-0aeb78a12c39.
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The dissertation uses the lens of electricity provision to examine processes of state formation in Somaliland, an unrecognized, self-declared independent state in the northwest of the former Somali Republic. The dissertation focuses on Hargeisa, the capital city at the heart of Somaliland's state-building project. After the collapse of the Somali state in 1991, private companies arose from the ruins of Hargeisa and turned the lights back on, navigating a fragmented post-war landscape by mobilizing local connections and transnational ties. However, being dependent on the political settlement that engendered the peace necessary for business, emerging private power providers were tied into a state-building project. The dissertation analyses the resulting tensions at the heart of this project, by examining the struggle to define the role, extents and limits of an emerging state in an interconnected world. Based on interviews in Somaliland and a survey of news media and grey literature, the dissertation has three aims. First, it provides a view into how social order and service provision persist after the collapse of the state. Secondly, it investigates how patterns of provision emerging in the absence of the state shape subsequent processes of state formation. Finally, it discusses how patterns of provision affect the interaction of state-building and market-making. In order to fulfil these aims, the dissertation examines how people invest in the project of building a state, both materially and discursively. The chapters present a narrative history of the electricity sector, explaining the attempts of both private companies and the government to claim sovereignty over the market and shape statehood in their own interests. The struggles shaping Somaliland's economic order reveal the contemporary significance of transnational connections, interconnected systems of capital flows, and the rise of corporate business actors. At the same time, they underline the abiding power of social structure, local identities, and historical memory.
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Chan, Chi-yiu, and 陳志銚. "The application of insurance theory to power system operating reserve market." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124399X.
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Tham, Poh Weng Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Managing market risks in the Australian national electricity market." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20834.
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The restructuring of many national and state electricity industries over the last two decades has created new sets of laws and regulations, market design and participants. Along with those changes, industry risks have also been transformed significantly. Prior to restructuring, government-owned or carefully regulated monopoly private utilities would manage most of these industry risks. With restructuring, however, both the government, through their market regulators, and industry participants need to manage a range of previous,, yet also now new, risks. While the government???s risk management strategy is focused on the industry as a whole, participants are naturally more concerned with their individual risks. The Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) is one of the many electricity markets that were formed through the restructuring process underway worldwide. It created a number of new types of market participants facing different sets of risks. The main objective of this thesis is to examine the management of market risk by these different NEM participants. The methodology used in the thesis involves developing a fundamental understanding of electricity restructuring, the NEM and the various risks faced by the different NEM participants. Data on NEM spot prices, ancillary costs and forward prices are analysed to gain a better understanding of its relationship with market activities. Different risk management strategies, both proactive and reactive, that can be taken by the participants are discussed This thesis has highlighted some of the complexities involved in managing risks in a restructured electricity industry. Risks are never static and changes in market conditions alter the risk exposure of the participants. Therefore, participants will need to constantly monitor their risk exposure and update their risk management strategies. The Cash-Flow-at-Risk methodology is introduced as a possible tool to measure risk and analyse risk management options for different NEM participants.
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Parail, Vladimir. "Evaluation of market-based investment in electricity transmission infrastructure." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610004.
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Somayajula, Deepak. "Control aspects of a double-input buckboost power electronic converter." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Somayajula_2009_09007dcc8070c9e2.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed November 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-70).
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Yan, Yonghe, and 嚴勇河. "A multi-agent based approach to transmission cost allocation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3124256X.
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Shaalan, Hesham Ezzat. "An interval mathematics approach to economic evaluation of power distribution systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40081.
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Scarsi, Gian Carlo. "Electricity distribution in Italy : microeconomic efficiency analysis of local distributing units with methodological cross-checking." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca322a0b-7fd0-4a02-a237-bb4b6f02eeda.
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This thesis analyses technical efficiency of local electricity distribution in Italy (1994, 1996) by using both econometric (deterministic frontier, stochastic frontier) and linear programming (Data Envelopment Analysis) tools. Cross-sectional data was examined with respect to (a) ENEL - the Italian electricity monopolist whose restructuring and privatisation is now under way - and its local distribution branches (Chapters 2, 3, and 5); (b) municipal authorities (MUNIs), i.e. town-based electric utilities which sometimes hold franchises for electricity distribution within city limits (Chapters 4 and 5). Estimation results from Chapters 2 and 3 highlighted non-exhaustion of scale economies at sample-mean values. Scope economies between medium and low-voltage distribution were also detected (Ch. 2). Efficiency score series stemming from both econometric and linear programming techniques in Chapters 3 and 5 showed that Southern distributors were relatively under-represented among top units even after allowing for several exogenous environmental variables. The external effects which proved to influence technical efficiency in electricity distribution were consumer density, the percentage of industrial customers, the geographical nature of areas served (metropolitan areas, mountains, etc.), and the interaction between ENEL's units and municipal utilities in those towns featuring ENEL and MUNIs bordering each other. Pooled ENEL-MUNI analysis from Chapter 4 failed to spot any systematic superiority of ENEL's units over municipalities. Generalisation on the ENEL-MUNI efficiency dispute was then discarded, in favour of case-by-case comparison. Paired-samples statistical testing (both parametric and non-parametric) from Chapter 5 showed limited agreement between Stochastic Frontier Estimation (SFE) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency outcomes. Statistical concordance was more often found when comparing SFE and DEA models sharing the same input-output specification. Again, no apparent superiority of ENEL over MUNIs was found out by DEA linear programs. One-to-one comparisons confirmed that the outcomes were mixed, with ENEL's local branches outperforming MUNIs in metropolitan and (sometimes) rural areas, and MUNIs faring better in medium-sized, Po Valley towns (Northern Italy). Results were not clear-cut for Alpine and rural distributors. The latter however - should be considered on a separate basis in that they will probably need permanent subsidies to meet universal service obligations, irrespective of the future structure of electricity distribution in Italy. Comparable (e.g., urban) units might - on the other hand - be subject to yardstick regulation based upon DEA's 'efficient peer' outcomes. Apart from the main empirical work, this thesis also features institutional and theoretical overviews (Chapters 2 to 5) with relevant literature surveys, a DEA Numerical Appendix (Chapter 5), and a regional map of the Italian territory (end of thesis).
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Su, Jifeng, and 宿吉鋒. "An analytical assessment of generation asset in the restructured electricity industry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37116381.
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Lee, Kelvin. "A study of supply function equilibria in electricity markets /." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112573.
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Deregulation is a growing trend and the electricity industry has not escaped its reaches. With worldwide experiences spanning only thirty years, there is substantial interest in analyzing current and future market designs so that market power cannot be used to increase the price of electricity significantly.This thesis analyzes market power in electricity markets through the notion of Nash equilibrium (NE) and, more specifically, through Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE). We will examine how SFE can be modified to incorporate capacity constraints on generators and generating companies (gencos) controlling more than one generator for a Poolco electricity market with marginal pricing.
A genco's supply function is assumed to be of the form gi=l-aibi . Gaming is done either with ai or bi only, while keeping the other parameter at true cost. Gaming with both variables cannot be analyzed since the problem would have too many degrees of freedom. For each possible generator output level (minimum output, maximum output, or in between), analytical methods are employed to determine all candidate Nash equilibria. Then, simulations are performed over the range of possible genco offers to determine whether these candidates meet the complete set of Nash equilibrium criteria, specifically whether any genco can or cannot improve its profit by gaming.
For various inelastic demand levels, study cases indicate that there are either no Nash equilibria or only one. In the multi-unit genco case, the price of electricity is found to be higher than in the case where each genco owns only one generator, illustrating the effect of market concentration on the price. Whether capacity constraints are considered or not, the price of electricity appears to be higher if gencos are allowed to game with bi instead of ai.
The inclusion of capacity constraints on generators and the consideration of the multi-unit genco case will allow for better genco modeling in a Poolco market with marginal pricing. In turn, this will lead to more accurate analysis of the effects of current and possible rules and regulations on the price of electricity.
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May, John R. (John Robert) 1978. "Sustainability of electricity generation using Australian fossil fuels." Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9537.
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Jones, Sophia Christina Acle. "Micro-cogeneration optimal design for service hot water thermal loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16016.
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Ishaque, Mohammed. "A new method for calculating the economic benefits of varying degrees of power factor correction for industrial plant loads." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4322.
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A comparative study of the economic benefits that can be obtained from different degrees of power factor correction for medium and small scale industrial installations is shown. A new approach for precise calculation of kws and kvars required at different power factors is presented. These calculated values are used to find the return on investments for the capacitors needed for power factor correction. The developed method is easy to use, cost effective, accurate and will help electrical engineers with minimum knowledge of power systems to precisely determine the savings available by improving the power factor of an industrial load.
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Bukula, Mvuleni Joseph. "The influence of the electricity distribution restructuring on the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/928.
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The objective of this research is to assess the impact to the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality due to ongoing Electricity Distribution Industry Restructuring in South Africa as directed by the Electricity Distribution Industry Holdings on behalf of the Department of Minerals and Energy’s adopted Electricity Distribution Blue Print Report of 2001. Literature review of scholarly literature was conducted on privatisation of public utilities that offered an international perspective on experiences of other countries that has undergone similar experiences of restructuring of public assets, the state of Electricity Supply Industry in South Africa with the demonstration of structural financial and physical flows and historical background of the restructuring, proposed future model and strategic plans to achieve the future goals. Research methodology and design was done through combination of the four-research types classification in their order of sophistication except the predictive research, namely exploratory, descriptive, and analytical or explanatory researches with a further inclusion of deductive research. The compilation of data through questionnaires was also employed. Perceptions on internal impact to the NMBM due to electricity services restructuring were solicited from the sample of the top management of the NMBM, the intention was to ensure the economies of scale, greater transparency and competition in terms of service delivery were sustained during and beyond Regional Electricity Distributor establishment. Financial position of NMBM as a critical instrument for its progress has to be protected to ensure it fulfils its constitutional development mandate. The findings of the research were in strong support of ensuring operational financial viability; to meet the legitimate employment, economic and social interest of all employees; development and implementation of change management strategies; and NMBM assuming leading role in the process.
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Foran, Tira. "Rivers of contention : Pak Mun Dam, electricity planning, and state-society relations in Thailand, 1932-2004." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1984.
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PhDThis study investigates how actions – especially narratives and claims – of civil society advocates influenced electricity generation planning and hydropower project implementation, in the context of a democratising authoritarian state. To pursue this research agenda, I use a critical realist philosophy of science to ground a conceptual framework whose fundamental components consist of institutions, interests, and discourses. The research presents three case studies from Thailand, a nation-state with distinct authoritarian legacies, as well as significant economic and political dynamism in the late 20th century. The cases step from macro to micro levels of analysis: (1) Electricity generation planning: an overview and critique of the social construction of peak power demand and supply options in Thailand, 1960s–2004. I focus on the rise of energy conservation advocacy in the early 1990s, and the rise of more confrontational energy activism in the late 1990s; (2) Pak Mun Dam: contention between EGAT, anti-dam villagers, and other state and civil society actors, 1989–2003; (3) Pak Mun Dam: analysis of how knowledge discourses shaped debates over fisheries and local livelihoods in the lower Mun river basin, 1999–2004. I pursue these cases in the larger context of Thai state–society relations, 1932–early 2000s: from the Khana Ratsadorn (People’s Party) and its founders’ increasingly authoritarian struggles to shape the state; through to the rise of civil society in the Indochina-war era; through the emergence of parliamentary politics and NGO evolution in the 1980s and early 1990s; to the Thai Rak Thai “money politics” party that emerged in 1998. Specific research questions focus on patterns and outcomes of state–society interaction, the role of lay and expert knowledge discourses in structuring conflict, and plausible causal connections between outcomes and concepts used in the conceptual framework. The study is based on fieldwork conducted between 2001 and 2005, with 18 months of intensive work concentrated in 2002 and 2004. Recurrent procedures consisted of collecting policy narratives and arguments and re-constructing actors’ interests (including those of leaders in organizations) via participant observation, interviews, and textual analysis. The thesis argues that anti-dam advocates influenced project implementation practices at Pak Mun Dam by forming social change networks, gaining contingent recognition as new political actors. Through innovative and disruptive action, through claims for transparency and justice, through mass performances of worthiness, unity, and commitment, and through the production of local knowledge, they helped set agendas. They triggered elite intervention, as well as reactive counter-mobilization and occasional violence. The escalation of uncertainty from unintended outcomes challenged elites – aided by deliberative exchanges – to reconsider unfavourable decisions, to reconsider their preferences, and to make concessions. At the same time, a number of events made the Assembly of the Poor, the main anti-dam movement organization, vulnerable to destabilizing action at the local and national levels. These include: the formation of competitive organizations in the lower Mun basin; complex and intractable issues (such as multiple rounds of compensation); and inability to take credit for championing the interests of vulnerable small farmers. Destabilizing interactions occurred particularly in the restricted media space of the post-financial and economic crisis years. Populist platforms put forward by Thai Rak Thai and Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra pre-empted the AOP’s influence. Sustainable energy advocates influenced practices of power system planning by teaching new techniques of energy conservation, and diffusing new norms. In the recent period, however, as some of them engaged in more contentious interaction, such as intervening in conflicts over new coal and hydroelectric power plants (in southern Thailand and Laos respectively) they disrupted dominant rationalities, and found themselves confronting some of the same core practices of a power-wielding bureaucracy and an authoritarian state, namely rhetorical strategies that police the boundaries of policy-relevant knowledge. The thesis, intended to contribute to social science methodology and theory, concludes with a critical appraisal of the conceptual framework. I suggest new research agendas for analysts interested in mechanisms of civil society advocacy in the context of democratising states.
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ZANINI, ALEXANDRE. "ECONOMIC REGULATION IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY SECTOR: A METHODOLOGY FOR DEFINING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY FRONTIER AND ESTIMATING THE X-FACTOR." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5566@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOO setor elétrico nos últimos anos vem passando por grandes mudanças estruturais em diversas regiões do planeta. Essas mudanças são devidas a processos de reestruturação do setor energético visando o aumento da eficiência e da qualidade. No Brasil, para este fim, foram criados órgãos responsáveis pelo setor, de modo que se viabilizem e regulamentem estas mudanças, seja por meio da criação de instrumentos de incentivos à competição ou permitindo a participação de agentes privados nos processos de geração, distribuição e comercialização de energia. Neste contexto foi criada a ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), responsável por instituir as regras de mercado de energia elétrica visando assegurar a competitividade do setor. Dentro das atribuições da ANEEL, está a realização de revisões tarifárias periódicas. Esta revisão tarifária compreende: a) reposicionamento das tarifas de fornecimento de energia elétrica em nível compatível com a preservação do equilíbrio econômico-financeiro do contrato de concessão; e b) determinação do Fator X que será aplicado nos reajustes tarifários com o objetivo de compartilhar ganhos de produtividade com os consumidores. Para determinar o Fator X é necessário medir a eficiência, o que pode ser feito basicamente através de duas alternativas: 1) comparar a empresa com fronteiras de eficiência construídas para o mercado regulado a partir de grupos de similaridade; 2) comparar a empresa com o mercado não regulado. Desta forma, o objetivo da tese é propor uma metodologia para definição de fronteiras de eficiência entre as empresas de distribuição de energia elétrica através da conjugação de redes neurais e de modelos econométricos, particularmante, os modelos de análise de fronteira estocástica.
In recent years, the electric power supply sector has undergone major structural changes in a variety of regions throughout the planet. These changes are due to restructuring processes taking place in the energy sector towards the increase of quality and efficiency. In Brazil, it was created agencies responsible for the sector, in order to foster and regulate those changes, either by means of creating instruments for promoting competition or by allowing private agents participation in the processes of generating, distributing and trading energy. In this context, it was created the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), responsible for binding rules to assure market competition in the electric power supply sector. Among the duties of the regulatory agency of the electric power supply sector in Brazil there is the periodical revision of energy prices. Such revisions involve estimating the X Factor applied to update prices so that gains in productivity are shared with consumers. To estimate the X Factor it is necessary to measure efficiency and, for this, two issues are important: the choices of benchmarks and of techniques for productivity measurement. This thesis proposes an approach to define frontier efficiency of electric power distribution utilities based on clustering homogeneous utilities using neural networks and estimating the frontiers through econometric techniques.
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Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
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The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.
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Tomiyama, Elias Kento 1981. "Estudo do aspecto locacional da alocação de custos da transmissão = Study of the locational aspect in the transmission cost allocation problem." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/262018.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro JúniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:54:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tomiyama_EliasKento_M.pdf: 3080864 bytes, checksum: 7293fe7b3271c5c27e9b967c48a4e245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta quatro metodologias de alocação de custos da transmissão: Pro rata (PR), Divisão Proporcional (PS), Zbus-médio (Zbus_AVG) e Nodal. Enquanto a primeira desconsidera o aspecto locacional e aloca os custos baseado apenas na quantidade de potência produzida pelos geradores e consumida pelas cargas, as últimas três levam em conta este aspecto, ou seja, as tarifas pagas por geradores e cargas dependem do seu ponto de conexão na rede elétrica. Através de simulações computacionais são levantadas várias situações de operação no sentido de avaliar a influência e as possíveis implicações de ordem regulatória, política, econômica e social de um país provocadas pela inclusão do aspecto locacional na definição das tarifas de uso do sistema de transmissão. Por fim, mostra-se a possibilidade de se considerar as tarifas pagas pelos agentes do sistema como um critério de decisão a mais no problema do planejamento da expansão da transmissão
Abstract: This dissertation describes four transmission cost allocation methodologies: Pro rata (PR), Proportional sharing (PS), Zbus-average (Zbus_AVG) and Nodal. While the first one disregards the locational aspect and allocates costs based only on the amount of power delivered by generators and consumed by loads, the last three ones take this aspect into account, i.e. charges are dependent on where generators and demands are connected in the network. Several computer simulations were made in order to assess the influence of the locational aspect into transmission pricing scheme and the results were used for a critical analysis, including political, regulatory, economic and social aspects. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using the fees paid by transmission system agents as an additional criterion for the Transmission Expansion Planning problem
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Mutluer, Bilge Halas. "Design, Implementation And Engineering Aspects Of Tcr For Industrial Svc Systems." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609424/index.pdf.
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Design and implementation of TCR (Thyristor Controlled Reactor) for industrial SVC (Static VAr Compensator) systems require special design. Both power stage and control system design and implementation are thoroughly investigated in this thesis. Engineering aspects of TCR design are emphasized and supported with case studies. As the first case studya novel, unified and relocatable SVC for open cast lignite mining in Turkey is designed, implemented and commissioned. The second case study is the first 12 pulse TCR design and implementation for ladle furnace compensation in the world. The SVC simulation results are verified by data acquired in the field. Real time data are also simulated in EMTDC/PSCAD program to verify the control system responses of the commissioned systems.
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Thai, Doan Hoang Cau Australian Graduate School of Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Analysing tacit collusion in oligopolistic electricity markets using a co-evolutionary approach." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Australian Graduate School of Management, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22478.
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Wholesale electricity markets now operate in many countries around the world. These markets determine a spot price for electricity as the clearing price when generators bid in energy at various prices. As the trading in a wholesale electricity market can be seen as a dynamic repeated game, it would be expected that profit maximising generators learn to engage in tacit collusion to profitably increase spot market prices. This thesis investigates this tacit collusion of generators in oligopolistic electricity markets. We do not follow the approach of previous work in game theory that presupposes firms' collusive strategies to enforce collusion in an oligopoly. Instead, we develop a co-evolutionary approach (extending previous work in this area) using a genetic algorithm (GA) to co-evolve strategies for all generators in some stylised models of an electricity market. The bidding strategy of each generator is modelled as a set of bidding actions, one for each possible discrete state of the state space observed by the generator. The market trading interactions are simulated to determine the fitness of a particular strategy. The tacitly collusive outcomes and strategies emerging from computational experiments are thus obtained from the learning or evolutionary process instead of from any pre-specification. Analysing many of those emergent collusive outcomes and strategies. we are able to specify the mechanism of tacit collusion and investigate how the market environment can affect it. We find that the learned collusive strategies are similar to the forgiving trigger strategies of classical supergame theory (Green and Porter, 1984). Also using computational experiments, we can determine which characteristics of the market environment encourage or hinder tacit collusion. The findings from this thesis provide insights on tacit collusion in an oligopoly and policy implications from a learning perspective. With modelling flexibility, our co-evolutionary approach can be extended to study strategic behaviour in an oligopoly considering many other market characteristics.
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Mainganye, Dakalo. "Synthesis of zeolites from South African coal fly ash: investigation of scale-up conditions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/915.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree
Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering
In the FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
At the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012The generation of electricity from coal in South Africa results in millions of tons of fly ash being produced each year. Less than 10 % of the fly ash generated is being used constructively and the remaining unused ash is currently inducing disposal and environmental problems. Intensive research on the utilisation of fly ash has been conducted either to reduce the cost of disposal or to minimise its impact on the environment. It has been shown that South African fly ash can be used as a feedstock for zeolite synthesis due to its compositional dominance of aluminosilicate and silicate phases. Most of the studies conducted on zeolite synthesis using South African fly ash are performed on small laboratory scale. Therefore, production of zeolites on an industrial/pilot plant scale would, in addition to producing a valuable product, help abate the pollution caused by the disposal of fly ash in the country. This research focuses on the investigation of the scale-up opportunity of zeolite synthesis from South African fly ashes with the view of understanding the effects of some reactor and operational parameters on the quality of the zeolite produced. Two types of zeolites (zeolite Na-P1 and zeolite A) were synthesised via two different routes in this study: (1) a two stage hydrothermal synthesis method (zeolite Na-P1) and (2) alkaline fusion prior to hydrothermal synthesis (zeolite A). The synthesis variables evaluated in this study were; the effect of impeller design and agitation rates during the aging step (zeolite Na-P1) using three different impellers (anchor, 4-flat-blade and Archimedes screw impeller) at three agitation speeds (150, 200 and 300 rpm), the effect of fly ash composition and solvents (water sources) on the phase purity of both zeolite Na-P1 and zeolite A, and the effect of the hydrothermal reaction time during the synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 using low amorphous phase fly ash i.e. aging time (12-48 hours) and hydrothermal treatment time (12-48 hours). The raw materials (fly ashes from Arnot, Hendrina, Tutuka, Lethabo and Matla power stations) and the synthesised zeolite product were characterised chemically, mineralogically and morphologically by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Other characterisation techniques used in the study were 1) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to provide structural information and also monitor the evolution of the zeolite crystals during synthesis and 2) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry for multi-elemental analysis of the synthesis solution and the solvents used in this study. The experimental results demonstrated that the phase purity of zeolite Na-P1 was strongly affected by agitation and the type of impeller used during the aging step of the synthesis process. A high crystalline zeolite Na-P1 was obtained with a 4-flat-blade impeller at a low agitation rate of 200 rpm. Although a pure phase of zeolite Na-P1 was obtained at low agitation rates, the variation in the mineralogy of the fly ash was found to affect the quality of the zeolite produced significantly. The results suggested that each batch of fly ash would require a separate optimisation process of the synthesis conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop a database of the synthesis conditions for zeolite Na-P1 based on the fly ash composition. As a consequence, the scale-up synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 would require step-by-step optimisation of the synthesis conditions, since this zeolite was sensitive to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, agitation and the mineralogy of the fly ash. On the other hand, zeolite A synthesis had several advantages over zeolite Na-P1. The results suggested that a pure phase of zeolite A can be produced at very low reaction temperature (i.e. below 100 °C, compared to 140 °C for zeolite Na-P1), shorter reaction times (i.e. less than 8 hours compared to 4 days for zeolite Na-P1), with complete dissolution of fly ash phases and more importantly less sensitive to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the raw materials. The zeolite A synthesis process was found to be more robust and as a result, it would be less rigorous to scale-up despite the energy requirements for fusion. This study showed for the first time that different impeller designs and agitation during the aging step can have a profound impact on the quality of the zeolite produced. Therefore, it is not only the hydrothermal synthesis conditions and the molar regime but also the dissolution kinetics of the feedstock that influence the outcome of the zeolite synthesis process. This study has also shown for the first time that a pure phase of zeolite A can be synthesised from various sources of South African fly ash containing different mineralogical and chemical compositions via the alkali fusion method under the same synthesis conditions. Therefore, the effective zeolitisation of fly ash on a large scale would assist to mitigate the depletion of resources and environmental problems caused by the disposal of fly ash.
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Malgas, Isaac. "Towards risk management in a deregulated and competitive electricity supply industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53195.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The energy sector of the South African economy is poised to change in extraordinary ways. In just a few short years from now, the days will be gone when generators are guaranteed of their income and where regional distributors have the monopoly in the regions that they are servicing. Other energy markets in the world, such as oil and gas, have been free of regulation for many years. More recently, local policymakers have been focussing on increasing competition in the electricity sector and in so doing, liberate electric utilities from government's long established control. The shift away from government regulation of energy will lead to something even more important than placing downward pressure on the price of a MWh. It will instigate the development of multiple trading centres and platforms that are dedicated to competition in the free trade of electricity and related products. With the deregulation of the electricity supply industry and the inevitable introduction of competition, the real risks of energy trading will be faced by generators and distributors alike. This research investigates the changes that are set to occur within the next few years, based on developments that have unfolded in countries where electricity supply industries have been privatised and utilities and distributors are managing their risks in this new competitive environment. It explains how the South African Electricity Supply Industry may change with respect to the develop of markets which provide risk cover to industry players, the practices assumed by utilities in international electricity supply industries to minimise their risk exposure, and how industry players can use derivative instruments to manage their risks better.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor is gereed om groot veranderings te maak. Binne 'n paar jaar, sal ons die einde sien van die dae waar kragstasies gewaarborg is van hulle inkomste en waar streeksvoorsieners die monopolie het in die streke waarin hulle verskaf. Ander energie markte in die wêreld, soos die van olie en natuurlike gas, is al sonder regulering vir baie jare. Meer onlangs het beleidsrade hul tyd toegewy aan die instelling van kompetisie in die elektrisiteitsvoorsieningssektor om utiliteitsmaatskappye vry te maak van staatsbeheer. Hierdie beweging weg van staatsbeheer sal lei na iets meer as net die afwaardse druk op die prys van 'n MWh. Dit sal die begin merk van die ontwikkeling van veelvoudige verhoë wat toegewyd is aan kompetisie in die vrye handel van elektrisiteit en soortgelyke produkte. Met die deregulering en die onvermydelike indiening van kompetisie, sal die ware risikos van energie handel aanvaar word deur voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit. Hierdie navorsing stel ondersoek in die veranderings wat van plan is om te gebeur in die volgende paar jaar en is gebaseer op die ontwikkelinge wat in lande afgespeel het waar elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerhede geprivatiseer is en waar voortbrengers en verskaffers van elektrisiteit hulle risikos bestuur in hierdie nuwe mededingende sektor. Dit verduidelik hoe die Suid-Afrikaanse elektrisiteitsvoorsieningsnywerheid mag verander teen opsigte van die ontwikkeling van markte wat risiko versekering aanbied vir utiliteitsmaatskappye, die praktyke wat deur hierdie spelers toegepas word om hulle blootstelling aan risikos te verminder, en ook hoe hulle afgeleide instrumente gebruik om hulle risikos beter te bestuur.
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Gonçalves, Richard Aderbal. "Algoritmos culturais para o problema do despacho de energia elétrica." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/902.
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CNPqNesta tese, os Sistemas Imunológicos Artificiais são aplicados a diferentes instâncias do despacho econômico e econômico/ambiental de energia elétrica. Os sistemas imunes considerados são baseados no princípio da seleção clonal e usam uma representação real com operador de \emph{aging} puro e operadores de hipermutação utilizando distribuições de probabilidade Gaussianas e de Cauchy. Algoritmos Culturais utilizando fontes de conhecimento normativo, situacional, histórico e topográfico são incorporados para melhorar a capacidade de otimização global dos sistemas imunes. Todas as abordagens propostas possuem vários pontos de auto-adaptação e a maioria utiliza um operador de busca local baseado na técnica quase-simplex. Uma sequência caótica também é considerada como uma potencial fonte de melhoria na variação cultural do algoritmo. Procedimentos de reparação constituem outra contribuição do trabalho e são aplicados para evitar lidar com soluções infactíveis em todos os problemas abordados. Na primeira parte dos experimentos, quatro instâncias do problema do despacho econômico de energia são consideradas. Em todos os casos, foi utilizada uma função não suave de custo de combustível levando em consideração os efeitos de ponto de válvula. Uma das instâncias também considera as perdas na transmissão de energia. Nos experimentos de comparação entre as abordagens propostas, as versões imuno-culturais superam a versão puramente imune. O método cultural proposto que apresenta melhor resultado é escolhido para ser comparado a outras técnicas modernas de otimização reportadas na literatura recente. Em todos os casos mono-objetivo considerados, a abordagem proposta é capaz de encontrar o menor custo de combustível. A segunda parte dos experimentos trata do problema do despacho econômico/ambiental. Esta é uma versão do problema do despacho econômico de energia onde a emissão de poluentes é adicionada como um novo objetivo, tornando este um problema de otimização multiobjetivo não-linear com restrições. Algoritmos imuno-culturais baseados em fatores de escalarização e dominância de Pareto são propostos para este caso. Várias instâncias do problema são utilizadas nos experimentos, algumas das quais consideram perdas na transmissão de energia. Os algoritmos propostos são favoravelmente comparados com um algoritmo do estado-da-arte para otimização multiobjetivo. O melhor algoritmo proposto também é comparado com métodos reportados na literatura recente. As comparações mostram o bom desempenho da melhor abordagem proposta e confirmam seu potencial para resolver o problema do despacho econômico/ambiental de energia.
In this thesis, Artificial Immune Systems are applied to solve different instances of the economic and environmental/economic load dispatch problems. The immune systems considered here are based on the clonal selection principle and use a real coded representation with pure aging operator and hypermutation operators utilizing Gaussian and Cauchy distributions. Cultural Algorithms using normative, situational, historical and topographical knowledge sources are incorporated to improve the global optimization capability of immune systems. All the proposed approaches have several points of self-adaptation and most of them use a local search operator that is based on a quasi-simplex technique. A chaotic sequence is also considered as a potential source of improvement to the cultural variation. Repair procedures represent another contribution of this work and are applied to avoid dealing with infeasible solutions in all the considered problems. In the first part of the experiments, four instances of the economic load dispatch problem are considered. In all the cases, a non-smooth fuel cost function which takes into account the valve-point loading effects is utilized. One of instances also considers energy transmission losses. In the experiments conducted to compare the proposed approaches, the immune-cultural based approaches outperformed the pure immune version. The proposed cultural method which presents the best performance is chosen to be compared with other modern optimization techniques reported in the recent literature. In all the mono-objective cases considered, the proposed approach is capable of finding the minimum fuel cost value. The second part of the experiments deals with the environmental/economic load dispatch problem. This is a multi-objective version of the economic load dispatch where pollution emission is added as an objective, it is formulated as a non-linear constrained multi-objective optimization problem. Cultural immune algorithms based on scalarizing factors and Pareto-dominance are proposed for this case. Several instances of the problem are considered, some dealing with energy transmission losses. The proposed algorithms are favorably compared with a state-of-art algorithm for multi-objective optimization (the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II - NSGA - II). The best proposed algorithm is also compared with methods reported in recent literature. The comparisons demonstrate the good performance of the best proposed approach and confirm its potential to solve the environmental/economic load dispatch problem.
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Weiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest." Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
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This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
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Mareček, Jan. "Návrh optimalizace spotřeby elektrické energie z fotovoltaické elektrárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221211.
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This master’s thesis is focused on opportunities of optimization of electric power consumption from photovoltaic power plant. In theoretical part are presented basic principles and possibilities of photovoltaic system connection. It continues with an overview of backup systems and types of batteries. Practical part is about prediction of production and consumption of electric power, possibilities of power management and optimization. Next chapter deals with battery life cycle and their suitability for photovoltaic system. The last part of this thesis is the quantification of the stored electric energy economic value.
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Gollwitzer, Lorenz. "All together now : institutional innovation for pro-poor electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/67333/.
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Access to electricity is an important precondition to many aspects of human and economic development. Yet, in rural sub-Saharan Africa in particular, access rates remain very low — at an average of 17% and much lower in some cases. Rural electrification in Kenya, the focus of this thesis, had only reached 7% in 2014. Given the goal of universal electrification by 2030, formulated as part of Sustainable Development Goal 7, scalable and replicable approaches that are able to support productive and non-productive uses are required. Mini-grids are one promising solution to this problem, alongside grid extension and off-grid approaches such as solar home systems. However, their long-term operational sustainability has historically been a challenge. While the academic literature to date on sustainable energy access has largely been two-dimensional in its analysis of mini-grids (focusing on technology and economics or financing), this thesis contributes to an emerging body of recent contributions to the literature, which have begun to foreground socio-cultural considerations. Bridging the literature on collective action for common-pool resource (CPR) management and property rights theory, a refined theoretical framework is produced for the purpose of analysing the institutional conditions for sustainable management of rural mini-grids. The utility of this framework and of treating electricity in a mini-grid as a CPR is demonstrated via empirical analysis of three case studies of mini-grids in rural Kenya and evidence from 24 expert interviews. This yields insights on nontechnological approaches to addressing operational challenges relating to sustainable mini-grid management, e.g. fair allocation of limited amounts of electricity to different consumers in ways that are acceptable to the entire community. This thesis develops contributions to the literature on sustainable CPR management and collective action, property rights theory and energy access in developing countries. From these theoretical and empirical insights, it explores a novel institutional structure for sustainable management of pro-poor mini-grids in the form of a community–private property hybrid management platform, thereby opening up opportunities for future research into the implementation of such a platform. The thesis represents the first comprehensive attempt to analyse the institutional aspects of pro-poor mini-grid management as well as the first comprehensive attempt to treat electricity in a mini-grid as a CPR.
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Chester, Lynne Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "What are the outcomes and who benefits from the restructuring of the Australian electricity sector?" 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40779.
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The last decade has delivered rapid structural change to the Australian electricity sector. The common conceptualisation of the sector's restructuring has been narrowly based around sector-specific regulatory change and the creation of a national electricity market. This thesis argues that such a focus provides an incomplete and inaccurate explanation of the transformation. Three closely interrelated layers of policies and actions embodying the precepts of neoliberalism, and implemented by the state, have driven the sector's transformation. These policies and actions transcend 'electricity-centric' policies and encompass policies which have become systemic to the Australian public sector as well as a third layer which has transformed the prevailing industrial paradigm across all industry sectors. The drivers of the electricity sector's restructuring -- and the outcomes and beneficiaries arising -- form the core research focus of this thesis. The research task is addressed by using the analytical framework of the French theory of r??gulation. The analysis reveals that the electricity sector has been Australia's second largest contributor of privatisation proceeds, remains dominated by government ownership and has falling levels of foreign ownership. Higher relative wage levels and union membership are also evident as have been job losses and substantial real price increases for households whereas those for business have generally fallen. The purported 'reform' centrepiece, the national electricity market, was found to be increasingly uncompetitive due to its own regulatory regime and market manipulation by government-owned companies. In addition, the sector exhibits a heightened precariousness: an unprecedented financial vulnerability arising from a strong appetite for debt and derivatives and exacerbated by payments to government owners not by new investment in generation capacity; increasing tensions between the nation-state and local-state concerning the national electricity market and compromises with labour; and an exposure to political and financial risks from the sector's global integration. The clear winners from the sector's restructuring are the owners of capital and the state, particularly the local-state, although the sustainability of this situation is questionable. The analysis also generates a number of propositions about the application of r??gulation theory to sector-based research.
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Maddaloni, Jesse David. "Techno-economic optimization of integrating wind power into constrained electric networks." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2267.
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Planning electricity supply is important because power demand continues to increase while there is a concomitant desire to increase reliance on renewable sources. Extant, research pays particular attention to highly variable, low-carbon energy sources such as wind and small-scale hydroelectric power. Models generally employ only a simple load leveling technique, ensuring that generation meets demand in every period. The current research considers the power transmission system as well as load leveling. A network model is developed to simulate the integration of highly variable non-dispatchable power into an electrical grid that relies on traditional generation sources, while remaining within the network's operating constraints. The model minimizes a quadratic cost function over two periods of 336 hours, with periods representing low (summer) and high (winter) demand, subject to various linear constraints. The model is numerically solved using Matlab and GAMS software environments. Results indicate that the economic benefit of introducing zero cost wind into an existing system heavily depends on the existing generation mixture, with system cost reductions favoring wind penetration into thermally dominated mixtures. Results also show that integrating wind power into a generation mixture with a large percentage of coal capacity can increase emissions for moderate wind penetrations, and that coal facilities may economically replace lower cost alternatives under certain conditions.
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Pretorius, Zirk Bernardus. "Aspects of management of the electricity supply industry in a deregulated environment." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7554.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.Traditionally, the Electricity Supply Industry (ESI) organisational structure consisted of generating plant, transmission and distribution networks, a regulating authority and network control, all vertically integrated into single organisational structure. The result of the vertically integrated organisational structure, in other words an organisation where all the functions belong to a single organisation, and some of the organisation's functions are not the sole responsibility of one specific functional area, has been a captive market for the industry. No real market forces existed to control the industry. The responsibility for the industry was traditionally left in the hands of a single organisation, accountable only to the regulating authority. However, the industry has recently been subjected to incredible pressure to reform. The incentive to reform is based on various factors, ranging from sound business decisions, the need to reduce government debt, reduction of primary energy cost for key industries to political pressure. A common thread throughout the reform exercise is the requirement that competition must be introduced into the ESI to ensure market forces on the industry. To introduce competition into the industry, the authorities often start by unbundling the different functions in the industry. The second step is to identify the functions that can only operate effectively as a monopoly. The authorities then need to determine the optimum balance between regulatory rules and requirements and market forces on the. industry. By introducing the optimum balance between industry regulation, market forces and the specific needs of each country, the changes in the industry may result in long term gain for the industry's host country. The gains are often measured in reduced electricity cost and growth in industries dependant on the ESI as a primary energy source. The study incorporates a wide range of issues, starting with the drivers behind the deregulation effort through management tools to regulatory rules and requirements in the deregulated environment. The study evaluates the risks and benefits of the deregulated market, and examines the tools adopted from the financial markets and used in the new electricity markets. The requirement for regulatory rules will be evident throughout the dissertation, and will be discussed in detail in the final chapter. The study is concluded with the message that the common factors and resultant solutions are of such a nature that it would not be necessary to develop a new set of rules, regulations and management tools for a country starting down the road of deregulation. It would however be required to determine the needs of the industry's host country and to adapt the current tools and regulatory rules to the country it is implemented in. The final outcome of the dissertation is that the post-deregulated industry has only just started operating under the new regulatory regime and using the newly developed electricity markets. The industry is still subject to a severe learning curve, adapting and developing daily to satisfy the needs of a deregulated industry. There are sections of the industry that still need to be examined and optimised. However, the success of some of the deregulation efforts in the industry, and especially the deregulation in the UK confidently underwrite any equivalent exercise in the ESI.
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Berrisford, Andrew John. "The development of a demand profile forecasting model for Eskom, with particular emphasis on the estimation of the demand impact of time differentiated tariffs." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/20671.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering. University of the
Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science in Engineering.
D.tT~.awart •• w1t~4i.tinotion on , Dec ••ber I,e7
Johannesburg. ItN7Accurate forecastinu of system Maximum Demand (MDl is vital ~o Esk011l. Under-estimating the MD could re-ul: in a generation capacity shortage. with devastating consequences for the economy. Similarly. a high MD forecast would result in overcapacity. with expensive generating plant standing idle The traditional method of MD forecasting in Eskorn has become unreliable due to a changing relationship between forecast energy sales and expected maximum demand. The reasons for the changing system demand profile were isolated and analysed. Alternative MD forecasting techniques are evaluated and end-use hourly aggregation modets were ;d'~ntifieJ as a method suitable for Eskorn, An experimental demand profile forecasting moue! was developed, using data from a previous project. The model was tested and proved able to cope with the structural changes in the system demand profile. This resulted in the adoption of this technique by Eskorn and approval for the devclopn-ent of a f\.JJ1 scale de manu profile forecasting model.
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Qasaymeh, Khaled Ahmed. "South Africa’s peaceful use of nuclear energy under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty and related treaties." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13855.
Full textAbstract:
Text in EnglishEnergy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LL.D.
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Yoon, Semee. "Essays on Development Economics and Energy Access." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8H1314C.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis makes contributions to provide the microeconomic evidence on the effects of electricity provision and on the feasibility of electricity provision via renewable energy in developing countries. Three selected topics are presented.
First, we discuss how the impact of national electricity grid provision affects household welfare and individual labor activities in Vietnam. To overcome the endogeneity problem of infrastructure provision, the slope of the terrain is used as the instrumental variable. We present both first-difference regression and pooled regression results using household survey data and geographic datasets. The effect of electrification on female labor supply is negative, contrary to the evidence suggested in the previous literature.
Second, we measure willingness to pay for solar lanterns among the poor rural households in India using the Becker-DeGrook-Marschak method. We conduct field surveys to evaluate the effectiveness of providing a trial period and postponed payment scheme to promote sales. Results show that willingness to pay for the solar product among the consumers is low.
Lastly, we report patterns of awareness and interest in solar home systems (SHS) among the poor rural households in India. Results show that willingness to pay for SHS is low, even if the national subsidy is taken into account. Moreover, households that have experience using grid electricity have greater willingness to pay for SHS.
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Greyvenstein, Laurence Cornelius. "Energy management : technological, environmental and economical factors influencing the operating regime at Majuba Power Station." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7522.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.In a country that ranks forty seventh on a list of fifty countries in a world competitive survey economic growth should be a high priority in South Africa. The main player in South Africa's energy industry took up the gauntlet and is moving to economic growth with the vision 'to provide the world's cheapest electricity for growth and prosperity." Competition was introduced among the electricity producers by a process called trading and brokering. Majuba power station, the most expensive electricity producer on the South African grid, was left out in the cold. Management of Majuba is challenged to derive resourceful strategies to ensure sustained profitability. These strategies will require a study into world trends to enable them to be more competitive. Crystal ball gazing is not needed to know that major restrictions on pollution of the atmosphere by industry will be curbed by stringent legislation. The current electrification programme in South Africa is bound to impact the shape of the daily load curve. Labour cost and the rate of inflation have been increasing and can be expected to keep on rising in the foreseeable future. It is important to know what macro effect these factors will have on the South African power industry. Majuba must be able to identify the changes lurking on the horizon and have contingency plans in place to meet these challenges. In this work different types of plant needed to meet the daily load demand are researched from literature. It is then compared to the types of plant installed in South Africa. This leads to the conclusion that the installed plant in South Africa is not sufficient to meet the daily demand effectively. A case study is done on Majuba Power Station that has been operating in a two shifting mode since December 1996. This means that the units is started every day to be on full load in time for morning peak and then shut down after evening peak. It is also shown that this mode of operation is proffitable for a relatively expensive power generator.
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"Economic regulation in the brazilian electric power supply sector: a methodology for defining production efficiency frontier and estimating the x-factor." Tese, MAXWELL, 2004. http://www.maxwell.lambda.ele.puc-rio.br/cgi-bin/db2www/PRG_0991.D2W/SHOW?Cont=5566:pt&Mat=&Sys=&Nr=&Fun=&CdLinPrg=pt.
Full text
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Lauve, Maria. "Demand estimation and policy implications in markets for casino gaming and electricity." 2007. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.16613.
Full text
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Burger, Bruce Jonathan. "The voluntary appliction of the integrated environmental management guidelines by Eskom in KwaZulu-Natal, 1989 to 1997." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4164.
Full textAbstract:
The end of the last century saw a meteoric rise in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and its implementation worldwide subsequent to it being legislated by the United States in 1970. The South African Government's Council for the Environment
attempted to emulate international developments in EIA and compiled the Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) guidelines of 1989 which delineated the procedure for undertaking EIAs for development projects in South Africa. It was envisaged that these guidelines would ultimately be made law. The period between 1989 and 1997 was a window period when the IEM guidelines were implemented voluntarily. This period therefore constitutes an important era in the history of EIA in South Africa to which constant reference is made and upon which further
development in EIA in South Africa has been reliant. The period 1989 to 1997 also coincided with a major increase in the bulk electricity supply to KwaZulu-Natal by Eskom, the national electricity utility. Eskom had actively tracked the evolution of Environmental Management globally and was considered to be at the forefront of Industrial Environmental Management in South
Africa and there was therefore an expectation that Eskom would implement the IEM guidelines. In this study twelve EIAs for Eskom powerlines and substations constructed in KZN for the period were analysed and trends in the implementation of the IEM guidelines extrapolated. This study highlights the extent to which the IEM guidelines were implemented. It discusses the problems attendant to its implementation, which were found to be common to the implementation of EIA globally. From this research it became clear that factors external to the IEM guidelines needed to be resolved before the IEM guidelines could be implemented. The administrative requirement was one of the most important and necessary requirements for successful implementation, but this had not been thoroughly anticipated by Eskom nor the guidelines themselves. This required that there was major reform to policy and company procedure, which had to be clearly understood and accepted, before IEM could be effectively implemented. As a consequence, the implementation of the various steps of the IEM guidelines seldom revealed consistent and satisfactory implementation. Even where the IEM guidelines were more closely followed and implemented, previously entrenched technocentrist procedures and ideals persisted and therefore IEM was subverted and implemented with the wrong goal in mind. There was also an expectation that there would be an improvement in EIA practice with time. It was found that there was a greater association between the quality of the EIA conducted and the Eskom Environmental Officer responsible for it, rather than a consistent improvement with time. Thus integration into the project process of environmental procedure is a complex process and it requires firstly that a company is reformed. Reform has subsequently begun to transpire in Eskom. This reform includes education of company employees, which in turn is linked to political will which is necessary to effect the changes required to apply a procedure such as the IEM guidelines. This study reviews the implementation of the IEM guidelines in Eskom during this important development phase. It therefore reflects on a key portion of the history of EIA implementation in this country. The study provides insight into organisational reform and the voluntary commitments required for successful implementation of EIA. Benefit can be drawn from this study for future implementation of EIA even though EIA legislation now exists, as some form of voluntariness, political will and
organisational reform is always imperative for ETA's successful and effective implementation.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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"A survey on the state of energy efficiency adoption and related challenges amongst selected manufacturing SMMEs in the Booysens area of Johannesburg." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13806.
Full textAbstract:
M.A. (Environmental Management)The Small Micro Medium Enterprise (SMME) sector plays a critical role in the economy of South Africa by reducing poverty and providing employment. South Africa has about 6 million SMMEs that employ more than 61% of citizens and contribute about 37% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The growth and development of the sector over the years has however been compromised and threatened by the shortage of electricity and increasing electricity tariffs. Whereas large companies can manage to afford the adoption of energy efficiency measures in order to reduce energy costs, SMMEs have limited resources and may therefore struggle to afford energy efficiency adoption. However, there is a lack of scientific documentation about energy efficiency adoption amongst manufacturing SMMEs (M-SMMEs) in South Africa. The purpose of the research is to therefore assess the state of energy efficiency adoption amongst M-SMMEs, despite the challenges they experience. To achieve this research goal, the study surveyed and characterised the extent of energy efficiency adoption and also unveiled the drivers and barriers to energy efficiency adoption. Data were collected by means of surveys, making use of questionnaires. A sample of 30 firms was selected for the research. Almost all (96%) firms perceived EE as an opportunity. However, only 50% had adopted EE measures. Key drivers to adoption included the motive to reduce production costs, mitigate the impact of increasing electricity prices, gain competitive advantage and payback period. The gap between EE perception and adoption was caused by several barriers like the lack of finance, skills and time. Among non-adopters, 60% indicated their willingness to be trained in EE. The study therefore recommends improved capacity building through workshops for M-SMMEs.
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Hurth, Victoria. "Encouraging the household energy efficiency of high-income earners - towards an approach for South Africa." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3430.
Full textAbstract:
High-income households are important for advancing energy efficiency in South Africa and
yet little is known about how to encourage lower energy use behaviour in this group. This
paper sets out the case for wide-scale research into how to encourage high-income
earners to be more energy efficient behaviour in the home and presents the results of a
prototype study. Behaviour change research offers no one framework for investigating
behaviour in this group. However, the Theory of Planned Behaviour is a model, which has
been successfully employed to understand and formulate behaviour interventions across a
wide range of subject, including household energy use. In order to understand the
potential of this model as a way of investigating how to encourage energy efficient
household behaviour of high-income earners, a study investigating the model's practical
and theoretical issues and benefits was undertaken . Component A sets the case for the
important role high-income earners can play in achieving energy efficiency targets,
summarises the history of relevant psychological research and establishes a methodology
for the study. Component B summarises the case for the study and presents the research
results and lessons learned in the style of a journal paper. The results suggest that the
model has promise. Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Perceived Behavioural Controls
accounted for 63.7% of the variance in intention of the sample to be energy efficient in the
home. However, the study indicates that the model, although useful, is not sufficient for
understanding actual behaviour and informing appropriate practica l interventions.
Consequently a number of suggestions are made as to how to design a future research
approach.Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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Molepo, Emmy. "Review of the environmental authorization followed during the construction of Eskom's Kusile and Medupi power stations, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22126.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental impact assessment follow-up has been widely addressed by various researchers. However, there is still a gap in the actual implementation of this process. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of implementing the environmental authorizations of Eskom’s Kusile and Medupi Power Stations during the construction phase. The main aim of the study is to determine
whether the environmental authorization conditions were effectively implemented by project developers and whether full compliance which could lead towards sustainable development was at the forefront of Kusile and Medupi developments. The survey method was used whereby questionnaires were formulated and completed by fifty (50) participants involved in the implementation of both power
stations’ environmental authorizations. The results showed that the importance of protecting the environment and overall compliance with the projects’ environmental authorization conditions are well understood and implemented. However, some of the responses indicated the difficulty in implementing certain environmental
authorization conditions such as retaining existing vegetation cover. About Nineteen (19) external audit reports (of which nine were for Kusile and ten for Medupi) between the periods of 2008 to 2014 were reviewed and the audit results shown good percentage of over 90% compliance with the environmental authorization at both power stations.
In conclusion, the environmental authorizations were well implemented by both Kusile and Medupi Power Stations. The environmental management through compliance with the environmental authorization is at the forefront of the Eskom’s developments and thus promotes sustainable development. The outcome of this study has a wide application that includes application to any new project that involves building infrastructure.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Pitsoe, Karabo. "Electricity generating regional and super regional retail developments within Gauteng, in a smart-grid era." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24192.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Building (Property Development and Management) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Construction Economics and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017South Africa’s electricity demand, over exceeds its’ supply capability; this in-turn affects a myriad of developmental factors namely: economic growth, business growth prospects, property development, the environment, as well as society as a whole. The traditional (fossil fuel generated) centralized electricity production model, has proven to be insufficient in terms of production capability as well as infrastructure expansion. This has in-turn presented an opportunity for real estate (more specifically listed regional and super-regional retail real estate) to capture a niche gap in the electricity generation market, that of becoming: decentralized renewable electricity generating production plants, that can become self-sufficient and sustainable, while plugging excess electricity back into the national electricity grid; these would in-turn form a network of individual power plants, that can contribute towards the national electricity grid through a smart-grid system, regulated by Nersa and monitored by Eskom. Structured interviews with industry professionals were captured through audio-recordings; the conversations were then author transcribed through pattern emergence as an interpretation tool, analyzed, and the findings documented in this research report. The major findings illustrated that: there were sufficient incentives from the government that promoted electricity generating real estate; feed-in tariffs were being explored within certain municipalities; within the listed property sector, portfolio greenness was becoming more and more important in commercial property development as well as portfolio sustainability; and technological price-parity had been reached within South Africa (meaning that the justification for utilizing the conventional electricity extractive development strategy, rather than the renewable electricity generating strategy, could no-longer be used as an excuse, due to both methods working out to relatively the same costs overall). Key recommendations where that: the self-sufficiency and electricity generation drive should come mainly from tenants, who could then place pressure on the landlords, who would then begin developing in a generation focused way rather than a cost-saving and low cost method; municipalities needed to look at other revenue generating schemes, as an intervention such as this one would see a possible loss of revenue due to a smart-grid system; and developers needed to begin thinking outside of the box, and creating wealth not only in monetary terms, but also in sustainability terms. It was concluded that, as much as this intervention could work in the long-run, it would face a few immediate challenges in the short to medium run, namely: grid connection approval, IPP (Independent power producer) approval, the challenges of shopping mall design with a huge dependence on HVAC / mechanical ventilation which uses tremendous amounts of electricity, as well as the electricity consumption of a regional & super regional retail centre almost being on par with the potential electricity that could be produced. With all that having been mentioned, this intervention would be a five to ten year development strategy that could be worked towards, and would create a new benchmark for listed commercial regional & super-regional retail developments within Gauteng.
MT2018
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Πασχαλίδου, Πασχαλίνα. "Συγκριτική μελέτη των διαφορετικών μεθόδων και τεχνολογιών για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/3782.
Full textAbstract:
Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση των κυριότερων μεθόδων παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και η ανάλυση όλων των οικονομικών παραμέτρων ώστε να επιτύχουμε τη σχεδίαση του βέλτιστου συστήματος.
Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία παρουσίαση των κυριότερων μονάδων παραγωγής ενέργειας. Αναφέρονται οι αρχές λειτουργίας και το κύκλωμα πάνω στην οποία βασίζεται ο κάθε σταθμός, ο βαθμός απόδοσης του κάθε συστήματος και τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα αυτών. Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι ατμοηλεκτρικές, οι αεριοστροβιλικές και οι συνδυασμένου κύκλου συμβατικές μονάδες. Εξηγείται ο θερμοδυναμικός κύκλος λειτουργίας του Rankine πάνω στον οποίο βασίζεται η λειτουργία τους και οι προϋποθέσεις βέλτιστης λειτουργίας. Περιγράφεται ο κύκλος λειτουργίας και οι μετατροπές ενέργειας που πραγματοποιούνται στους στροβίλους και τα πρόσθετα μηχανήματα. Στην συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στους υδροηλεκτρικούς σταθμούς ροής ποταμού και αποθήκευσης ενέργειας. Εξηγείται η μελέτη για την δημιουργία ενός τέτοιου σταθμού, αναλύονται οι υποδομές και οι κτιριακές εγκαταστάσεις που απαιτούνται. Κατόπιν, περιγράφονται οι πυρηνικοί σταθμοί. Αναλύεται η πυρηνική σχάση, παρουσιάζεται ο πυρηνικός αντιδραστήρας και τα είδη του.
Εν συνέχεια, επισημαίνονται οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας. Για τα αιολικά συστήματα μελετάται η εγκατάστασή τους και τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά τους. Αναφέρεται η δομή της ανεμογεννήτριας, η αρχή λειτουργίας και τα διάφορα είδη ανεμογεννητριών και αιολικών πάρκων που βρίσκουν εφαρμογή σήμερα. Για τα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα, περιγράφεται η βασική αρχή λειτουργίας τους, το φωτοβολταϊκό φαινόμενο καθώς και η δομή του συστήματος. Αναλύονται τα συστήματα επίπεδων και συγκεντρωτικών πλαισίων που υπάρχουν και οι διάφορες συσκευές που απαρτίζουν το φωτοβολταϊκό σύστημα. Επίσης, περιγράφονται τα συστήματα που είναι συνδεδεμένα στο δίκτυο, καθώς και τα απομονωμένα. Κλείνοντας το κεφάλαιο, αναφέρονται τα γεωθερμικά συστήματα, οι κυψέλες καυσίμου και τα συστήματα παραγωγής ηλεκτρισμού από ενέργεια βιομάζας και παλιρροϊκής.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι πηγές ενέργειας και συγκεκριμένα τα ορυκτά καύσιμα. Γίνεται μία κατηγοριοποίηση σύμφωνα με τον ενεργειακό πόρο, εξετάζοντας τα αποθέματα, τη ζήτηση και την παραγωγή τους. Δίνονται πληροφορίες για το πετρέλαιο, το φυσικό αέριο, τον άνθρακα και τα πυρηνικά καύσιμα. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στον λιγνίτη, λόγω των αποθεμάτων που υπάρχουν στην χώρα μας, και παρατίθεται μία ανάλυση ενός λιγνιτικού θερμοηλεκτρικού συστήματος.
Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος σχεδιασμού ενός βέλτιστου συστήματος. Για την παραγωγή του βέλτιστου συστήματος πρέπει να ληφθούν υπόψη πολλοί παράμετροι που περιλαμβάνουν την πηγή ενέργειας, τον τύπου του ενεργειακού συστήματος, την εκτίμηση του κόστους παραγωγής και των εγκαταστάσεων καθώς και την επιλογή τοποθεσίας. Αυτές οι αποφάσεις βασίζονται σε έναν αριθμό από τεχνικούς, οικονομικούς και περιβαλλοντικούς παράγοντες που είναι σε μεγάλο βαθμό άσχετοι μεταξύ τους. Αναφέρονται οι μέθοδοι υπολογισμού του κόστους συντήρησης και λειτουργίας ενός ενεργειακού συστήματος. Γενικά ως συμπέρασμα δεν μπορούμε να καταλήξουμε σε έναν κανόνα, γιατί η βέλτιστη λύση είναι απόρροια αναγκών, προτεραιοτήτων και παραμέτρων που προκύπτουν σε κάθε περίπτωση
Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναπτύσσεται μία μελέτη οικονομικής φύσεως. Για μια ενεργειακή επένδυση είναι απαραίτητη μία ανάλυση δαπανών του κύκλου ζωής της. Μέσω της ανάλυσης αυτής αξιολογούνται οι συνολικές κύριες και λειτουργικές δαπάνες, λαμβάνεται υπόψη η «χρονική αξία» των χρημάτων και ενσωματώνονται οι διακυμάνσεις στην τιμή των καυσίμων. Η ανάλυση δαπανών κύκλων ζωής εξετάζει το κόστος κατά τη διάρκεια της ζωής του συστήματος και όχι μόνο το αρχικό κόστος. Έτσι είναι ευκολότερη η συγκριτική μελέτη των συστημάτων που θέλουμε να εγκαταστήσουμε.
Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο ως αποτέλεσμα ενός οικονομικότερου οπότε και βέλτιστου συστήματος αναφέρεται η συμπαραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού και θερμότητας. Τα συστήματα Συμπαραγωγής Ηλεκτρισμού και Θερμότητας παράγουν ταυτόχρονα αξιοποιήσιμη ηλεκτρική και θερμική ενέργεια μέσω ενός ενιαίου συστήματος. Η παραγόμενη θερμότητα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί τόσο για θερμική χρήση όσο και για ψύξη ή κλιματισμό. Βασικό πλεονέκτημα και κίνητρο εφαρμογής της αποτελεί η αυξημένη απόδοση του συστήματος, έναντι της χωριστής λειτουργίας συμβατικών συστημάτων ηλεκτροπαραγωγής και θερμικής ενέργειας. Η εξοικονόμηση αυτή προκύπτει από την ανάκτηση και αξιοποίηση της θερμότητας, που διαφορετικά θα απορριπτόταν στο περιβάλλον
Στο έκτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται το ελληνικό σύστημα παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Το Ελληνικό ενεργειακό σύστημα βρίσκεται την τελευταία δεκαετία σε φάση σημαντικών αλλαγών. Η διείσδυση του φυσικού αερίου, η κατασκευή των διευρωπαϊκών δικτύων, η προώθηση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας και τέλος η απελευθέρωση της αγοράς ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας αποτελούν τα νέα δεδομένα του. Σημαντικές είναι οι επιπτώσεις των νέων αυτών δεδομένων στην ασφάλεια του ενεργειακού εφοδιασμού της χώρας, στην μείωση της εξάρτησης της από το εισαγόμενο πετρέλαιο, με όλα τα συνεπαγόμενα οφέλη στην εθνική οικονομία, στην εξοικονόμηση μη ανανεωνόμενων ενεργειακών πόρων, στην αύξηση της αποδοτικότητας των διαδικασιών παραγωγής και κατανάλωσης ενέργειας, στην προστασία του περιβάλλοντος και τέλος στην βελτίωση των παρεχομένων υπηρεσιών στους καταναλωτές.The subject of this diploma thesis is the study of the types of electric generation systems and their comparative study. Initially are presented summarizing the basic principles of operation and the particular characteristics of each station. The energy systems being analyzed are steam cycle, gas fired, combined cycle, hydroelectric, nuclear power, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass systems. A brief description of fuels takes place presenting oil, natural gas, coal and its derivatives and nuclear fuels. Accent is given in the lignite and a short description of a lignite thermoelectric station is given. Then, the criteria are mentioned which are suitable for the choice of optimal energy system such as operational and functional costs, prices of fuels, types of generation system and technical and environmental issues. Also an economic study is realized. A life cycle cost analysis that evaluates the total owning and operating cost and takes into account the “time value” of money. Furthermore, the co-production of energy and heat as emanation of the most optimal system is included. Finally, the energy situation that prevails in Greece is presented.