Journal articles on the topic 'Electric power distribution Safety measures'
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1
Liu, Chen Lei. "The Classification of Grounding Method on the Low-Voltage Distribution System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1674.
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Electricity is the foundation of modern industrial and people’s daily life,as the most basic energy. The higher desire for power supply quality and reliability has been advanced along with the rapid development of national economy.Given the importance of electrical safety in the application of electric energy,it’s necessary to be aware of electricity protective measures,especially the protective earthing ways as the indirect contact protective measures.
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Panova, Olena, Nataliia Burdeina, Kyrylo Nikolaiev, and Yana Biruk. "PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY MEASURES IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURE." JOURNAL of Donetsk mining institute, no. 2 (2020): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2020-2-155-161.
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Objective. Identification of factors of non-productive origin that affect the electromagnetic situation in industrial buildings and the implementation of a sequence of measures to normalize it. Methods. Experimental study of the source of extraneous electromagnetic fields in buildings and structures that can adversely affect workers and sensitive devices in production. To do this, the means of finding such fields were identified and used. The state and description of electric power networks as well as the distribution of the intensity of high-frequency electromagnetic fields are generalized. Electromagnetic safety measures in the production of various purposes are analyzed and presented. Results. Industrial five-storey buildings were inspected for currents in metal structures. The results show that they have significant levels of electric currents in metal structures depending on the riser of the building. It is established that the precondition for the application of safety measures is the analysis of the state of electric power networks, the distribution of the intensity of high-frequency electromagnetic fields, etc. The levels of electromagnetic fields in partially shielded rooms have been experimentally established. Typical dependences of radiation intensity of mobile phones on the signal level from base stations are obtained. The conditions of normalization of the electromagnetic situation in individual rooms and the building as a whole are substantiated. Electromagnetic safety measures have been introduced. Scientific novelty. To minimize the impact of electrical networks on the electromagnetic environment in the building, it is advisable to upgrade it according to the scheme TN-S, or TN-C-S, which reduces the levels of uncompensated electric currents in the network and the corresponding magnetic fields. Practical significance. It is established that: a) it is obligatory to determine the presence of leakage electric currents on grounded bearing structures and engineering networks that generate magnetic fields of hygienically significant voltages; b) reducing the levels of these jets due to technical solutions further reduces the intensity of electro-like processes in metal structures; c) to reduce the levels of high-frequency electromagnetic fields in production facilities, which are formed due to the reflection and re-reflection of electromagnetic waves, it is advisable to use composite shielding materials with controlled absorption and reflection coefficients. This approach will systematize the overall electromagnetic background in the premises and the building as a whole.
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Loktionov, O. A., and O. E. Kondrateva. "Characteristics Determination for the Most Traumatic Professions of Industrial Power Facilities Employees in Terms of the Fatality." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-5-35-41.
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Electric power facilities traditionally demonstrate high rates of the fatal injuries. At the same time, the share of technical causes of injuries decreases annually. To reduce occupational injuries, the most promising measures are aimed at decreasing the influence of organizational and psychophysiological causes. Each of the potential causes of an injury can be described by the indicators that are uniquely associated with the work-related injuries and characterize the injured employee. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics of the employees in the most traumatic professions in the electric power industry who suffered as the result of injuries with fatality. Methodological approach is proposed related to the determination of the characteristic parameters of employees of the operating and maintenance personnel in the electric power industry. It consists of several stages. The first is the formation of the most common parameters, assignment to the group with an increased risk of industrial injuries. The second is the definition of a list of the most traumatic professions in the electric power industry. The third is the introduction of a procedure for multivariate cluster analysis of the input statistical data. The fourth is the calculation of the parameters of employees of the most traumatic professions in the electric power industry with distribution by cluster groups. Cluster groups are formed for professions: electrician, electrical fitter, foreman and wireman, which account for 80 % of the fatal injuries in the electric power industry. The relevant characteristics of the employees are determined: age, length of service, period after testing knowledge on the occupational safety, class of the working conditions. The proposed methodological approach can be used for any industry where the employee is exposed to the harmful and hazardous production factors. The methodology allows to develop and carry out measures for reducing the level of injuries.
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Gabbar, Hossam A., Ahmed M. Othman, and Muhammad R. Abdussami. "Review of Battery Management Systems (BMS) Development and Industrial Standards." Technologies 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9020028.
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The evolving global landscape for electrical distribution and use created a need area for energy storage systems (ESS), making them among the fastest growing electrical power system products. A key element in any energy storage system is the capability to monitor, control, and optimize performance of an individual or multiple battery modules in an energy storage system and the ability to control the disconnection of the module(s) from the system in the event of abnormal conditions. This management scheme is known as “battery management system (BMS)”, which is one of the essential units in electrical equipment. BMS reacts with external events, as well with as an internal event. It is used to improve the battery performance with proper safety measures within a system. Therefore, a safe BMS is the prerequisite for operating an electrical system. This report analyzes the details of BMS for electric transportation and large-scale (stationary) energy storage. The analysis includes different aspects of BMS covering testing, component, functionalities, topology, operation, architecture, and BMS safety aspects. Additionally, current related standards and codes related to BMS are also reviewed. The report investigates BMS safety aspects, battery technology, regulation needs, and offer recommendations. It further studies current gaps in respect to the safety requirements and performance requirements of BMS by focusing mainly on the electric transportation and stationary application. The report further provides a framework for developing a new standard on BMS, especially on BMS safety and operational risk. In conclusion, four main areas of (1) BMS construction, (2) Operation Parameters, (3) BMS Integration, and (4) Installation for improvement of BMS safety and performance are identified, and detailed recommendations were provided for each area. It is recommended that a technical review of the BMS be performed for transportation electrification and large-scale (stationary) applications. A comprehensive evaluation of the components, architectures, and safety risks applicable to BMS operation is also presented.
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Stańczyk, Tomasz, and Lech Hyb. "Technological and organisational challenges for e-mobility." Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 84, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol84.art5.
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With the rapid growth of schemes and initiatives to promote e-mobility and numerous measures taken to ensure its quick and effective implementation, there is a wide range of technological and non-technological problems, especially organisational, economic, legal and social in nature, that have to be handled by national and local governments all over the world. This article addresses some of the technological and organisational challenges for electromobility. The key technology-related issues to be coped with are the need for longer ranges of electric vehicles (EVs), shorter charging times and smart power grids (because of a higher demand for electrical energy). Another important problem to be solved urgently is the high battery weight, affecting the vehicle dynamics. Because of the excessive weight of the battery pack, there is a risk of its displacement during a crash, which may jeopardize the safety on the road. The next big concern, also associated with safety, is protection against electrical and fire hazards in the event of a collision. The most important of all the organisational challenges related to EVs is the necessity to create networks of charging stations. Their insufficient number and unsatisfactory distribution are strong barriers hampering the development of e-mobility. The organisational measures also include privileges such as access to bus lanes, already offered in some countries. Finally, there is the need to urgently train a large number of electricians to test and maintain EVs, the need to create a recycling system for used EV batteries, and the need to deal with the organisational aspects of the development of smart power grids.
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Et.al, Dong-Seung Back. "A Study on The Safety Measures Against Fire Through An ESS Fire Analysis." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 10, 2021): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.1872.
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Due to the increase in the frequency of fires due to the mass distribution of energy storage devices, following the introduction and operation of eco-friendly power generation facilities around the world, there is an urgent need to analyze the causes of such fires and to devise countermeasures against them. By analyzing the occurrence of ESS fires and reviewing the definition of ESS terminology, we intend to suggest some safety measures against ESS fires by understanding the related facilities and analyzing the causes. We would also like to propose new measures to prevent the spread of ESS fires. ESS fires occur most frequently during the discharge standby period after charging is completed in connected solar and wind power facilities. In addition, when we investigated the problems with the batteries, PCS manufacturing, ESS design, installation and construction, and the factors related to their usage and operation, we found such causes of fire as battery system defects, unsatisfactory protection systems against electrical shock, improper operations and environmental management, careless installations, and a lack of ESS integrated management systems. Therefore, a new approach is needed through the application of new technologies and safety measures including manufacturing standards, installation standards, operation and management standards, and firefighting standards for the purpose of ensuring the safety of these facilities and their operations, in order to prevent ESS fire accidents and the spread of fire.
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Lan, Hao, Guiyun Wang, Kun Zhao, Yuntang He, and Tianlei Zheng. "Review on the Hydrogen Dispersion and the Burning Behavior of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197295.
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The development of a hydrogen energy-based society is becoming the solution for more and more countries. Fuel cell electric vehicles are the best carriers for developing a hydrogen energy-based society. The current research on hydrogen leakage and the diffusion of fuel cell electric vehicles has been sufficient. However, the study of hydrogen safety has not reduced the safety concerns for society and government management departments, concerning the large-scale promotion of fuel cell electric vehicles. Hydrogen safety is both a technical and psychological issue. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of fuel cell electric vehicles’ hydrogen dispersion and the burning behavior and introduce the relevant work of international standardization and global technical regulations. The CFD simulations in tunnels, underground car parks, and multistory car parks show that the hydrogen escape performance is excellent. At the same time, the research verifies that the flow, the direction of leakage, and the vehicle itself are the most critical factors affecting hydrogen distribution. The impact of the leakage location and leakage pore size is much smaller. The relevant studies also show that the risk is still controllable even if the hydrogen leakage rate is increased ten times the limit of GTR 13 to 1000 NL/min and then ignited. Multi-vehicle combustion tests of fuel cell electric vehicles showed that adjacent vehicles were not ignited by the hydrogen. This shows that as long as the appropriate measures are taken, the risk of a hydrogen leak or the combustion of fuel cell electric vehicles is controllable. The introduction of relevant standards and regulations also indirectly proves this point. This paper will provide product design guidelines for R&D personnel, offer the latest knowledge and guidance to the regulatory agencies, and increase the public’s acceptance of fuel cell electric vehicles.
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Brzezinska, Dorota, and Paul Bryant. "Performance-Based Analysis in Evaluation of Safety in Car Parks under Electric Vehicle Fire Conditions." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020649.
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Even though electric vehicles (EV) were invented over a century ago, their popularity has grown significantly within the last 10 years due to the development of Li-ion battery technology. This evolution created an increase in the fire risk and hazards associated with this type of high-energy battery. This review focuses on lessons learned from electric vehicle fires and fire risk mitigation measures for passenger road vehicles partially or fully powered by Li-ion batteries. The paper presents EV fire risks, as well as historical car fires, published large-scale fire tests, and some proposed fire protection strategies in the aspect of electromobility safety for the future. Technical solutions for EV fire hazard mitigation are discussed, and methods of performance-based analysis and simulations for fire safety in car park evaluation are demonstrated. The Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) was used for the CFD simulations for the prediction of smoke dispersion and temperature distribution during an EV fire. The presented case study demonstrates how fire simulations could predict conditions for the safe evacuation of people and Fire Brigade intervention conditions in the case of an EV fire in a car park.
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Sun, Jie, Jiao Wang, Yonghui Sun, Mingxin Xu, Yong Shi, Zifa Liu, and Xingya Wen. "Electric Heating Load Forecasting Method Based on Improved Thermal Comfort Model and LSTM." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154525.
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The accuracy of the electric heating load forecast in a new load has a close relationship with the safety and stability of distribution network in normal operation. It also has enormous implications on the architecture of a distribution network. Firstly, the thermal comfort model of the human body was established to analyze the comfortable body temperature of a main crowd under different temperatures and levels of humidity. Secondly, it analyzed the influence factors of electric heating load, and from the perspective of meteorological factors, it selected the difference between human thermal comfort temperature and actual temperature and humidity by gray correlation analysis. Finally, the attention mechanism was utilized to promote the precision of combined adjunction model, and then the data results of the predicted electric heating load were obtained. In the verification, the measured data of electric heating load in a certain area of eastern Inner Mongolia were used. The results showed that after considering the input vector with most relative factors such as temperature and human thermal comfort, the LSTM network can realize the accurate prediction of the electric heating load.
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Zhu, Li Juan, and Yan Ming Gao. "Modern Industrial Plant Electrical Grounding System Design and Installation." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.332.
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With the development of economy and society, there are more and more modern industrial workshop, electricity is the main energy of a modern industrial workshop. Ensure the safety of the power of the industrial building is a key consideration in the design of industrial distribution, and an important content of the healthy development of the industry. There are many problems in the current electrical system, these problems are associated with grounding system with large and small, so in the electrical system, grounding system installation process to ensure that the electrical use one of the main means of security. Modern workshop electrical grounding system is analyzed and the construction of all kinds of earthing measures should be taken.
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Rudyk, Yu I., and V. M. Shunkin. "DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN CABLE PRODUCTS IN THE PROCESS OF FIRE SAFETY TESTING." Fire Safety, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.13.
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Introduction. In order to protect objects from dangerous manifestations of fire of cable products, electrical lines are designed and projected in accordance with the fire-protection requirements and the normative documents. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze this problem in several areas concerning the situation with a systematic approach to the technical regulation in Ukraine of such a sector of fire safety as the requirements for cable-wiring lines. Methods. Methods of research: calculations using a mathematical model; comparison of the results of the calculation, forecasting of the boundary parameters of the technical condition and monitoring of the cable material properties; examination, qualification, definition of indicators of fire safety of cables and wires in the composition of the electrical grids of buildings, structures, foundations and metal structures, taking into account laying conditions. Different methods for volume and mass calculating, fire tests of electrical and fiber optic cables were applicated. Tests of vertically arranged wires or cables laid in beams on the vertical propagation of the flame (Category A F / R, Category A, Category B) were conducted. Results. The experimental study of the installation parameters test and indicators of fire safety for cable-wiring products in their vertical laying that reduce the overall fire safety level of facility electric power operation were conducted. Critical analysis of the current state of development was done. The basis of the fire safety requirements for standardization of cable lines were formulated. The measures for testing methods implementation with description of these methods were proposed. Conclusion. Determination of the combustible material quantity by volume and by mass is not regulated in the current normative documents on fire safety, although this criterion is often used precisely when establishing requirements for fire safety: to buildings, cable installations, to the installation of fire automatics systems and to others. A method for calculating the volume of combustible material for determining the fire risk of cable-conductive products is proposed. The method can be used during designing of wiring lines and during their exploitation. Experimental researches of fire hazard indicators of cable-wiring products were conducted; their group of flame distribution was installed. The method of determining the quantity of combustible material by volume, by mass and with testing of mass loss of combustible material was applied.
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YANG, KAI, and JIANAN XUE. "DYNAMIC RELIABILITY MEASURES AND LIFE DISTRIBUTION MODELS FOR MULTISTATE SYSTEMS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 02, no. 01 (March 1995): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539395000083.
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This paper generalizes the dynamic binary state reliability parameters R(t), F(t), λ(t) and MTBF to corresponding dynamic multistate reliability parameter vectors R(t), F(t), λ(t) and M. Then, probability models for system lifetime used on binary state reliability models, such as exponential, Weibull, and other distributions are generalized for multistate models. Continuous time Markov process and Semi-Markov process are used to model the lifetime distribution for multistate system. Multistate reliability measures, such as R(t), F(t), λ(t), M are derived for those multistate reliability models.
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Osahon, O. D., G. E. Okungbowa, and O. Ogboghodo. "Measurement and Analysis of Power Density around Selected Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Base Station Masts in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.161.
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Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and other telecommunication technologies are now ubiquitous worldwide. There has been considerable increase in the radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure of the public from GSM and telecommunication transmitting and receiving antennas. If the RF radiation emanating from these devices exceeds internationally recommended limits it may pose health risk to the public. There is, therefore, the need for database of RF distribution levels in Nigeria for safety assessment. In this study, the power density of mobile phone base station masts in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria was measured and analyzed to check if it is within the public standard recommended by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). A total of forty (40) mobile phone base station masts were studied and their power density (mW/m2), magnetic field strength (A/m) and electric field strength (V/m) were determined by means of a digital Electrosmog meter, model MECO 9810 RF covering the frequency range 10 MHz 8 GHz. The measurements were made at the base of the masts and at distances 25, 50, 75 and 100 m respectively from the base of the masts. The results obtained show that the mean power density, magnetic field strength and electric field strength range from 0.589 ± 0.198 to 127.718 ± 11.301 mW/m2, 0.318 ± 0.056 to 4.166 ± 2.041 A/m and 0.934 ± 0.139 to 11.745 ± 3.427 V/m. The measured and calculated power density values were compared and found to indicate high positive correlation. Also the values of the power density obtained in this study at the different distances and locations were found to be far below the ICNIRP public exposure limits ranging from 2000 10000 mW/m2 in the frequency range of 10 MHz 300 GHz.
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Schäfer, Jannik, and Johann Walter Kolar. "Three-Port Series-Resonant DC/DC Converter for Automotive Charging Applications." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202543.
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In the energy distribution grid of electric vehicles (EVs), multiple different voltage potentials need to be interconnected, to allow arbitrary power flow between the various energy sources and the different electrical loads. However, between the different potentials, galvanic isolation is absolutely necessary, either due to safety reasons and/or due to different grounding schemes. This paper presents an isolated three-port DC/DC converter topology, which, in combination with an upstream PFC rectifier, can be used as combined EV charger for interconnecting the single-phase AC mains, the high-voltage (HV) battery and the low-voltage (LV) bus in EVs. The proposed topology comprises two synergetically controlled and magnetically coupled converter parts, namely, a series-resonant converter between the PFC-sided DC-link capacitor and the HV battery, as well as a phase-shifted full-bridge circuit equivalent in the LV port, and is mainly characterized by simplicity in terms of control and circuit complexity. For this converter, a simple soft switching modulation scheme is proposed and comprehensively analyzed, in consideration of all parasitic components of a real converter implementation. Based on this analysis, the design of a 3.6 kW, 500 V/500 V/15 V prototype is discussed, striving for the highest possible power density and as low as possible manufacturing costs, by using PCB-integrated windings for all magnetic components. The hardware demonstrator achieves a measured full-load efficiency in charge mode of 96.5% for nominal operating conditions and a power density of 16.4 kWL−1.
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Kim, Beom-Jin, Minkyu Kim, Daegi Hahm, Junhee Park, and Kun-Yeun Han. "Probabilistic Flood Assessment Methodology for Nuclear Power Plants Considering Extreme Rainfall." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092600.
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Abnormal weather conditions due to climate change are currently increasing on both global and local scales. It is therefore important to ensure the safety of the areas where major national facilities are located by analyzing risk quantitatively and re-evaluating the existing major facilities, such as nuclear power plants, considering the load and capacity of extreme flood conditions. In this study, a risk analysis method is developed that combines flood hazard curves with fragility curves using hydraulic and hydrological models by GIS tools and the @RISK model for the probabilistic flood analysis of nuclear power plant sites. A two-dimensional (2D) analysis is first carried out to estimate flood depths in various watershed scenarios, and a representative hazard curve for both external and internal flooding is made by applying a verified probability distribution type for the flood watersheds. For the analysis of flooding within buildings, an internal grid is constructed using GIS with related design drawings, and based on the flood depth results of the 2D analysis, a hazard curve for the representative internal inundation using a verified probability distribution type is presented. In the present study, walkdowns with nuclear experts are conducted around the nuclear power plant area to evaluate the fragile structures and facilities under possible flooding. After reviewing the 2D inundation analysis results based on the selected major equipment and facilities, the zones requiring risk assessment are re-assigned. A fragility curve applying probability distribution for the site’s major equipment and facilities is also presented. Failure risk analysis of the major facilities is then conducted by combining the proposed hazard and fragility curves. Results in the form of quantitative values are obtained, and the indicators for risks as well as the reliability and optimal measures to support decision-making are also presented. Through this study, it is confirmed that risk assessment based on the proposed probabilistic flood analysis technique is possible for flood events occurring at nuclear power plant sites.
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Lyu, Siyu, Daogang Lu, and Danting Sui. "Benchmark Analysis on Loss-of-Flow-without-Scram Test of FFTF Using Refined SAC-3D Models." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2021 (November 10, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5843910.
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The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is a liquid sodium-cooled nuclear reactor designed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy. In July 1986, a series of unprotected transients were performed to demonstrate the passive safety of FFTF. Among these, a total of 13 loss-of-flow-without scram (LOFWOS) tests were conducted to confirm the liquid metal reactor safety margins, provide data for computer code validation, and demonstrate the inherent and passive safety benefits of specific design features. In our preliminary work, we have performed relatively coarse modeling of the FFTF. To better predict the transient behavior of FFTF LOFWOS test #13, we modeled it using a more refined thermal-hydraulics model. In this paper, we simulate FFTF LOFWOS test #13 with the system safety analysis code SAC-3D according to the benchmark specifications provided by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The simulation range includes the primary and secondary circuits. The reactor core was modeled by the built-in 3D neutronics calculation module and the parallel-channel thermal-hydraulics calculation module. To better predict the reactivity feedback introduced by coolant level variations within the GEMs, a real-time macro cross-section homogenization processing module was developed. The steady-state power distribution was calculated as the transient simulation initial boundary conditions. In general, both the steady-state calculation results and the whole-plant transient behavior predictions are in good agreement with the measured data. The relatively large deviations in transient simulation occur in the outlet temperature predictions of the PIOTA in row 6. It can be preliminarily explained by the reason for neglecting the heat transfer between channels in this model.
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AMRUTKAR, KALPESH P., and KIRTEE K. KAMALJA. "RELIABILITY AND IMPORTANCE MEASURES OF WEIGHTED-k-OUT-OF-n SYSTEM." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 21, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539314500156.
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Recently many popular reliability systems are being extended to weighted systems where weight associated with each component refers to load/capacity of that component. The simplest k-out-of-n system extended under this concept is known as weighted-k-out-of-n system. A weighted-k-out-of-n: G(F) system consists of n components each one having a positive integer weight wi, i = 1, 2, …, n such that the total system weight is w and the system works (fails) if and only if the accumulated weight of working (failed) components is at least k. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Weighted Markov Bernoulli Trial (WMBT) {Xi, i ≥ 0} and study the distribution of [Formula: see text], the total weight of successes in the sequence of n WMBT and conditional distribution of [Formula: see text] given that uth trial results in failure/success. We refer the distribution of [Formula: see text] as Weighted Markov Binomial Distribution (WMBD). Further we discuss application of WMBD and conditional WMBD in evaluation of reliability, Birnbaum reliability importance (B-importance) and improvement potential importance of weighted-k-out-of-n: G/F system. The numerical work is included to demonstrate the computational simplicity of the developed results. Further we compare our study with the existing results in terms of efficiency and find that our results are efficient for large values of k.
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S., SKRYPNYK. "Substantiation of the choice of the replacement scheme of line for mathematical modeling of 20 kV power supplies." Journal of Electrical and power engineering 24, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2074-2630-2021-1-69-72.
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In the current global economic crisis and acute shortage of energy resources, increasing importance is attached to energy saving measures, economical and careful consumption of raw materials, materials, electricity and heat, environmental safety of industrial production. During the reconstruction of existing power supply systems of industrial enterprises, modern progressive solutions should be considered and implemented, morally and physically obsolete electrical equipment should be replaced, namely the introduction of new electrical equipment for transition from 6/10 kV to 20 kV in Ukrainian power systems. It is also necessary to pay attention to the improvement of power supply circuits and distribution networks, the implementation of complex automation of complex technological processes, rational compensation of reactive power at all levels of power supply systems. In the power system, the main transport link is the power line. Power lines (transmission lines) are long conductors suspended at a safe distance from the ground overhead lines (overhead lines) or cable lines (overhead lines) in which conductors are insulated from each other and from the environment and protected by insulation and armor electricity. Power lines are the most massive elements of the power supply system, they connect the individual nodes of its circuit. Longitudinal and transverse parameters are distinguished in alternative schemes. The load current flows through the longitudinal parameters, voltage is applied to the transverse ones. The replacement circuit of the electrical network consists of replacement circuits of the following elements: power lines, transformers, reactors, capacitors, loads, power sources. Calculating the steady-state modes of power systems, the substitution schemes of the elements are given in a single-line design, because the parameters of all phases are symmetrical. In local and local electrical networks with a relatively short length and low rated voltage, the conduction currents are small compared to load currents. Therefore, in typical electrical calculations of these networks, the capacitive conductivity of the lines is not taken into account. However, for these networks, the accounting of capacitive conductivities is necessary when considering some modes, the existence of which in itself is due only to the presence of capacitive conductivities. For example, the mode of single-phase ground fault in a network with isolated or compensated neutral or analysis of the modes of operation of neutrals of electrical networks of different voltage classes cannot be performed without taking into account the capacitive conductivity of these networks. When switching the power system of Ukraine to the nominal voltage of 20 kV, it should be taken into account that the transmission line will be replaced in the sections of both the overhead power line and cable power line, namely 35, 10, 6 kV. The replacement scheme must describe all the characteristics and properties of the elements of cable and overhead lines in accordance with real conditions. Thus, it is not expedient to use simplified substitution circuits that neglect energy parameters and properties of conductors to study the parameters of transmission lines. The use of a complete "P" -shaped scheme for the analysis of the parameters of transmission lines and transmission lines for a voltage of 20 kV is the basis of mathematical modeling of the transmission system in the distribution networks of our country.
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Mizutani, Takao, Kenjiro Kimura, Noriaki Kimura, Yuki Mima, Seiju Matsuda, Shogo Suzuki, Hideaki Okada, and Yutaro Nishimura. "Development of Self-Discharge Point Visualization Technique inside Lithium-Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012281mtgabs.
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With the rapid spread of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles in recent years, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, which are the power sources of them, tends to increase.This means that the risk of ignition is further increased as represented by some fire accident case of an EV vehicle that had taken long time to extinguish, and thus eventually makes the requirement of safety management in the battery manufacturing process be expected stricter.To prevent ignition due to internal short circuit of battery, and eliminate a short-life battery product, we have been developing a technology to non-destructively visualize the self-discharged part inside the storage battery. In this technology, on the first, electric current is applied to the battery from external power source, and the leakage magnetic field that generated due to the internal electric current in the battery is sensed on outside of the battery. Next, the electric current density distribution inside the battery can be reconstructed and visualized three-dimensionally by using the spatial distribution of the measured magnetic field as the boundary condition and solving the inverse problem analytically. To measure leakage magnetic field with high sensitivity, it is necessary to take steps against disturbances as like DC magnetic field derived from magnetism or magnetic materials (often Ni is used for the collector foil), and AC magnetic fields generated from external circuits. In this method, two steps are used in combination for detection sensitivity of the pico-tesla order; (1) An AC current is applied to the battery, and the AC magnetic field generated in synchronization is phase-detected. (2) Install a small coil near the sensor and generate a DC cancel magnetic field by feedback control. By this method, it is possible to detect only the AC magnetic field corresponding to the applied current with high sensitivity in the linear operating region of the magnetic sensor. In actual detection of the leakage magnetic field, a DC voltage that balances with the output voltage of the battery is applied to the AC output of the AC current source connected to the battery so that the SOC of the storage battery is kept constant voltage. In addition to the above, the frequency of the AC output is usually set to 10 Hz or less to avoid the shielding effects of electrodes and the metallic package of the battery.By these steps and scanning two-dimensional of magnetic sensors or using a sensor array in which magnetic sensors are arranged two-dimensionally, the spatial distribution of the two-dimensional magnetic field outside the storage battery can be obtained. Since the sensor detects only one direction component of magnetic field, changing the direction of the sensor by 90 ° is needed. On data processing, some realistic structural assumptions are required to solve the inverse problem. (1) Defining that the plane parallel to the storage battery electrode plane is the XY plane, the Z component of the magnetic field vector is zero around the battery, and only X component and Y component remains as magnetic field vector components generated from internal current of the battery. (2) The thickness of the battery is sufficiently smaller than the size of the battery in the plane direction, that is, the three-dimensional current in the battery is confined in the thin two-dimensional plane. In the first step of the reconstruction, under the fact of (1), Laplace's equation is analytically solved in the "free space from the measurement surface to just above the electrode surface in the battery, without a magnetic source", and derive the two-dimensional magnetic field distribution directly above the electrode surface. In the next step, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional current distribution inside the battery by analytically solving the Poisson-type equation and the electric current continuity equation under the realistic structural assumption of (2) with first calculation result as the boundary condition. In the presentation, we will introduce in detail the experiment and data processing for identifying the self-discharge point with this technology, including examples of visualizing the magnetic field distribution and current density distribution inside a battery after aging test.
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Šadek, Siniša, Davor Grgić, Chris Allison, and Marina Perez-Ferragut. "Uncertainty Study of the In-Vessel Phase of a Severe Accident in a Pressurized Water Reactor." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051842.
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A comprehensive uncertainty analysis in the event of a severe accident in a two-loop pressurized water reactor is conducted using an uncertainty package integrated in the ASYST code. The plant model is based on the nuclear power plant (NPP) Krško, a Westinghouse-type power plant. The station blackout scenario with a small break loss of coolant accident is analyzed, and all processes of the in-vessel phase are covered. A best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) methodology with probabilistic propagation of input uncertainty is used. The uncertain parameters are selected based on their impact on the safety criteria, the operation of the NPP safety systems and to describe uncertainties in the initial and boundary conditions. The number of required calculations is determined by the Wilks formula from the desired percentile and confidence level, and the values of the uncertain parameters are randomly sampled according to appropriate distribution functions. Results showing the thermal hydraulic behaviour of the primary system and the propagation of core degradation are presented for 124 successful calculations, which is the minimum number of required calculations to estimate a 95/95 tolerance limit at the 3rd order of the Wilks formula application. A statistical analysis of the dispersion of results is performed afterwards. Calculation of the influence measures shows a strong correlation between the decay heat and the representative output quantities, which are the mass of hydrogen produced during the oxidation and the height of molten material in the lower head. As the decay heat increases, an increase in the production of hydrogen and the amount of molten material is clearly observed. The correlation is weak for other input uncertain parameters representing physical phenomena, initial and boundary conditions. The influence of the order of the Wilks formula is investigated and it is found that increasing the number of calculations does not significantly change the bounding values or the distribution of results for this particular application.
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Borisenko, Valeriy, Serhiy Ustenko, and Iryna Ustenko. "Devising an approach to the geometric modeling of railroad tracks along curvilinear sections." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 1 (115) (February 24, 2022): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.251983.
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This paper proposes an approach to arranging curvilinear sections of the railroad track, which involves the replacement of two transitional ones and a circular curve with one curvilinear section. Modeling this section implies the construction of a curve in the plan and profile, the joint consideration of which forms the spatial appearance of the curve, which ensures a smooth transition between the rectilinear rails. The need for such transitions is due to the terrain, the need to bypass settlements, and the presence of geological, geographical, and other obstacles that occur when laying railroads. A curvilinear section is modeled in the plan using a curve that is represented in natural parameterization under the law of curvature distribution in the form of a fifth-power polynomial. At the same time, at the start and end points of the section, the curvature and its derivative accept zero values. The outer rail elevation retraction (modeling in the profile) is performed using the curve built, whose sections are also represented in natural parameterization with the dependences of the curvature distribution on the arc length in the form of fourth-power polynomials. At the docking point of the sections, the third order of smoothness is ensured, which implies the equality of values of the functions, their derivatives, the curvature, and a derivative of the curvature from the length of its natural arc. Measures have been proposed to ensure the predefined track gauge retraction. The application of the proposed approach to model a railroad track along the curvilinear section with a variable-radius curve could make it possible to achieve a favorable curvature distribution, a smooth elevation retraction of the outer rail and the track gauge. That would consequently improve the safety of rolling stock running along the curvilinear section of the track, reduce the lateral and vertical efforts that predetermine the wear of rails and wheelsets.
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Jeong, S. J., and K. S. Lee. "Performance of a Two-Phase Carbon Dioxide-Filled Thermosyphon." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.345.
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In order to utilize low enthalpy geothermal heat sources, a thermosyphon is a good device which can extract heat without using electric power. The heat transfer in the thermosyphon occurs through the circulation of a working fluid through a sequence of evaporation, vapor transfer, condensation, and liquid return. A two-phase thermosyphon system using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a working fluid has been investigated both experimentally as well as theoretically. Carbon dioxide is the only non-flammable and non-toxic fluid that has the potential to offer environmental safety in a system. A copper tube thermosyphon of total length of 1,000 mm with inside and outside diameters of 9.9 mm and 12.7 mm was developed by consisting of evaporator and condenser sections. The temperature distribution along the thermosyphon was monitored and theninput heat to evaporator section and output heat from condenser were measured as well. The effects of temperature difference between evaporator and condenser section and coolant mass flow rates on the performance of the thermosyphon were determined. The results indicate that the heat flux transferred increased with increasing coolant mass flow rate and temperature difference between evaporation and condenser section. The experimental analysis of the thermosyphon system confirms that the proposed system must be a reliable and highly efficient as well as environmentally friendly alternative to common ground-coupled systems.
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Pankov, Vladimir A., O. L. Lakhman, A. N. Perezhogin, G. A. Tyutkina, M. V. Kuleshova, and O. V. Smirnova. "The dynamics of the occupational morbidity rate in the Eastern Siberia." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 12 (October 28, 2019): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-12-1171-1175.
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The dynamics and structure of the occupational morbidity rate in main branches of the industry in the Eastern Siberia for the 2000-2015 (on the example of the Irkutsk region) is presented in this paper. During the observation period there were noted the significant gain in the number of cases of occupational diseases registered in such different branches of industry as Coal and Lignite Mining, ship and aircraft building, and in some other branches (metallurgical production, air transport, pulp production, electric power distribution industry). In the structure of the occupational morbidity leading positions are occupied by diseases associated with the exposure to physical factors, industrial aerosols, physical overload and overexertion of certain organs and systems. The main reasons and factors contributing to the gain of the occupational morbidity rate are the imperfection of technological processes, working places, personal protective equipment and/or their lack, constructive defects of machines and equipment, the violation of safety regulations, regimen of the work and rest, insufficiently high level of medical and preventive maintenance, delayed making of decisions for the rational employment to the workers with the revealed early forms of occupational diseases. There pointed out priority directions of the prevention the implementation of which will allow to decline the level of the occupational morbidity rate. The main directions are the implementation of economically caused mechanisms of the interest in the preservation of workers ’ health; implementation of the regional aimed programs; the introduction of new processes, equipment and mechanisms meeting modern hygienic requirements; the assessment of occupational risk with the creation and implementation of the system of monitoring for the dynamics of working conditions and the state of the workers ’ health for the making corrective management solutions on the optimization and elevation of the efficacy and relevance of developed and implemented preventive health measures.
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Li, Jingcui, Jifang Wan, Hangming Liu, Maria Jose Jurado, Yuxian He, Guangjie Yuan, and Yan Xia. "Stability Analysis of a Typical Salt Cavern Gas Storage in the Jintan Area of China." Energies 15, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114167.
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Using underground space to store natural gas resources is an important means by which to solve emergency peak shaving of natural gas. Rock salt gas storage is widely recognized due to its high-efficiency peak shaving and environmental protection. Damage and stress concentrations inside the cavern injection during withdrawal operations and throughout the storage facility life have always been among the most important safety issues. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the stability of rock salt gas storage during operation is of paramount significance to field management and safety control. In this study, we used the finite element numerical analysis software Flac3D to numerically simulate large displacement deformations of the cavern wall during gas storage—in addition to the distribution of the plastic zone of the rock around the cavern and the surface settlement—under different working conditions. We found that the maximum surface settlement value occurred near the upper part of the cavern. The surface settlement value increased as a function of creep time, but this increase leveled off, that is, a convergence trend was observed. The value was relatively small and, therefore, had little impact on the surface. The application of gas pressure inhibited the growth of the plastic zone, but on the whole, the plastic zone’s range increased proportionally to creep time. For the 20-year creep condition, the deformation value of the cavern’s surrounding rock was large. Combined with the distribution of the plastic zone, we believe that the cavern’s surrounding rock is unstable; thus, corresponding reinforcement measures must be taken.
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Makaryan, Iren A., Igor V. Sedov, Eugene A. Salgansky, Artem V. Arutyunov, and Vladimir S. Arutyunov. "A Comprehensive Review on the Prospects of Using Hydrogen–Methane Blends: Challenges and Opportunities." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062265.
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An analysis of the literature data indicates a wide front of research and development in the field of the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures as a promising environmentally friendly low-carbon fuel. The conclusion of most works shows that the use of methane–hydrogen mixtures in internal combustion engines improves their performance and emission characteristics. The most important aspect is the concentration of hydrogen in the fuel mixture, which affects the combustion process of the fuel and determines the optimal operating conditions of the engine. When using methane–hydrogen mixtures with low hydrogen content, the safety measures and risks are similar to those that exist when working with natural gas. Serious logistical problems are associated with the difficulties of using the existing gas distribution infrastructure for transporting methane–hydrogen mixtures. It is possible that, despite the need for huge investments, it will be necessary to create a new infrastructure for the production, storage and transportation of hydrogen and its mixtures with natural gas. Further research is needed on the compatibility of pipeline materials with hydrogen and methane–hydrogen mixtures, safety conditions for the operation of equipment operating with hydrogen or methane–hydrogen mixtures, as well as the economic and environmental feasibility of using these energy carriers.
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Al-Amin, Mohammad, Anup Barai, T. R. Ashwin, and James Marco. "An Insight to the Degradation Behaviour of the Parallel Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Cells." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164716.
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In an electric vehicle, a large number of lithium-ion cells are connected in parallel. While cells in parallel increase the reliability of the battery pack, it increases the probability of current imbalance between the parallel branches, thus ageing gradient. The current peak in a cell also can exceed the maximum charge current capability of the cell; leading to lithium plating, therefore a safety issue. The temperature gradient within a battery pack amplifies this issue. This work reports the impact of such temperature gradient on current imbalance within parallel connected cells, their long-term impact on degradation and evaluation of current distribution with degradation. Employing a real-world relevant experimental setup, a total of 1400 cycles were performed on a module with four cells in parallel. A temperature gradient of 10 °C was introduced among the cells, and current in individual parallel branches was measured employing Hall-effect sensors. Over the course of the experiment, module capacity decreased by 23.6%. Cells at higher temperature/lower exposure to active cooling experienced higher degradation. However, the cell with the lowest starting capacity, although exposed to nominal module temperature and cooling experienced the highest current amplitude towards the end of discharge/charge and thus the highest resistance degradation. It was found that current in an individual parallel branch was exceeding the maximum rated charge/discharge current by 53%.
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TOKUNO, KOICHI, TAKAHIRO KODERA, and SHIGERU YAMADA. "GENERALIZED MARKOVIAN SOFTWARE RELIABILITY MODELING AND ITS ALTERNATIVE CALCULATION." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 16, no. 05 (October 2009): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539309003502.
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In this paper, we attempt generalization of the Markovian software reliability model (MSRM). Defining the stochastic process whose state space is the cumulative number of corrected faults, we show the theoretical framework of the MSRM by assuming that the time interval between software failures is distributed generally. We also consider the imperfect debugging environment where the debugging activities are uncertain. Several software reliability assessment measures are expressed with the distribution of the transition time between arbitrary two states. Furthermore, we propose the approximation method for practical computation of the quantitative measures. Finally, we investigate the validity of our proposed approximation method.
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Androvitsaneas, Vasilios P., Katerina D. Damianaki, Eleni P. Nicolopoulou, and Ioannis F. Gonos. "Statistical Analysis of Lightning Flashes over Wind Parks in Greece." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 6076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196076.
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Currently, lightning phenomenon, mechanisms, and impacts on lives and infrastructures have been satisfactorily decoded and studied. Sound knowledge of lightning parameters is available in international literature. Yet, there are few studies referring to lightning statistics such as the number of flashes over an area, current amplitude distribution, etc., except for official documentation from national weather services, perhaps because of the stochastic nature of lightning. This work presents full recorded data for lightning flashes over wind farms distributed at the Hellenic territory. The data come from real time measurements at wind farm stations from 2011 to 2020 and concern number of CG flashes and lightning current amplitude. They are statistically processed and analyzed and contain useful information regarding the lightning characteristics of various geographic regions all over the country. Furthermore, the study displays data from field measurements of ground resistance at wind turbines and highlights techniques of designing and enhancing grounding systems of wind turbines for given lightning protection level (LPL). The present study, therefore, provides stakeholders with useful data and noteworthy conclusions about lightning occurrence and characteristics in Greece in order to make informed decisions on the various project stages, such as selection of the wind farm site, proper and in-depth risk assessment, and investment in safety measures for personnel and equipment.
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Kuo, Ching-Chang, and Jau-Chuan Ke. "Availability and Comparison of Spare Systems with a Repairable Server." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 26, no. 02 (March 25, 2019): 1950008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539319500086.
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This article analyzes availability characteristics among three various spare system configurations. Each configuration includes various amount of primary and warm standby units, and an unreliable server is responsible for repairing the failed units. The server may fail or break-down when it is repairing. Additionally, it is assumed the server’s time to break-down has exponential distribution. When the primary unit fails, the standby unit replaces it immediately where the replacement is perfect. The repair time of the failed units and the recovery time of the break-down server follow a random variable. Next, a useful model is built based on the three system configurations. We develop the explicit expressions of availability measures among three spare system configurations. The cost/benefit is also compared among three configurations with given to the distribution parameters, and to the cost of the primary and warm standby units.
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SCHNEEWEISS, WINFRID G. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF PHASED MISSIONS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 02, no. 04 (December 1995): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539395000289.
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It is shown that in a number of cases mission success probabilities and related reliability measures can be determined, once appropriate mission phases are defined. The results are general, i.e., not limited to the Markov model case, but intentionally kept “simple” by considering only few components and few different phases. The problems specifically addressed (and solved) are: (1) Non-ideal switches for activating spares, (2) and (3) degraded operation, and change from TMR (Triple Modular Redundancy) to simplex structure on the first component failure, respectively, (4) preventive renewals after alternating periods, and (5) load-dependent two-phased life time distribution.
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UEYAMA, Ippei. "E221 The measure for safety-measures strengthening in the Kansai Electric Power." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2013.18 (2013): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2013.18.409.
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NAITO, Keita, Toshimitsu USUI, Yasuhira KAWAMOTO, and Masashi KAGAWA. "E234 The measure for safety-measures strengthening in THE CHUGOKU ELECTRIC POWER." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2013.18 (2013): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2013.18.429.
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AKASHI, Toyou. "E223 Safety measures taken at the Ikata Power Station of SHIKOKU ELECTRIC POWER CO.,INC." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2013.18 (2013): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2013.18.415.
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Xu, Juan, Ya Fei Huang, and Zhi Xin Wang. "Electric Power Dispatching Operation Danger Point Analysis and Control Research." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 997–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.997.
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the safety of power grid scheduling is the key to ensure the safe and stable operation of power grid. Scheduling work dangerous point analysis, formulate measures, strengthen precontrol is important means to ensure the safety of power grid. Introduces the analysis of the dispatching work dangerous points and preview. This paper expounds the main work and status quo of power system dispatching operation management, and puts forward solutions.
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Skotnes, Ruth Østgaard. "Management commitment and awareness creation – ICT safety and security in electric power supply network companies." Information & Computer Security 23, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2014-0017.
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Purpose – This paper aims to follow-up on previous research by studying the degree of management commitment to information and communication technology (ICT) safety and security within network companies in the electric power supply sector, implementation of awareness creation and training measures for ICT safety and security within these companies and the relationship between these two variables. Design/methodology/approach – Data were mainly collected through a survey among users of ICT systems in network companies within the Norwegian electric power supply sector. In addition, qualitative data were gathered through interviews with representatives from the regulatory authorities, and observation studies were conducted at ICT safety and security conferences. Findings – In accordance with previous research, our survey data showed a statistically significant correlation between management commitment to ICT safety and security and implementation of awareness creation and training measures. The majority of survey respondents viewed the degree of management commitment to ICT safety and security within their own organization as high, even though qualitative studies showed contradictory results. The network companies had implemented awareness creation and training measures to a varying degree. However, interactive awareness measures were used to a lesser extent than formal one-way communication methods. Originality/value – The paper provides insight into management commitment to and implementation of awareness creation and training measures for ICT safety and security within network companies.
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Wang, Shengfeng, and Shaobing Yang. "Influence of electric vehicle distributed energy storage access on safety and stability of distribution network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2247, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2247/1/012029.
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Abstract This paper proposes a distributed energy storage control strategy for electric vehicles to improve the security and stability of distribution network when electric vehicles are connected. Firstly, the load characteristics of electric vehicles are investigated, and the optimal power flow model including energy storage power station, electric vehicle charging station considering V2G and distribution network is established. The objective function is established to minimize network loss, voltage deviation and load peak to peak. The problem is transformed into a mixed integer second-order cone optimization problem for solution, and based on the analysis of distributed energy storage model and constraints, the distributed energy storage control strategy of electric vehicle is established. Through the solution analysis in IEEE33 node system, it can be concluded that using this strategy can improve the power quality of distribution network and effectively improve the security and stability of distribution network.
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Wang, Guan, Chao Qin, Yan Li Huang, and Zhong Fu Tan. "Coal Transportation Network Optimization Model Based on Power Source Distribution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.918.
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Coal is the important fuel and industrial raw materials in my country, and it accounts for 70% of total energy production and consumption in our country, and power plants’ coal consumption accounts for more than half of national total coal consumption. The research of electric-coal supply chain related to coal production place, coal transit place and consumption place (power plant). Due to there are many nodes like these three kinds coal transportation in the market, so the project that integrates every nodes into unified transportation optimization network has the function of reducing coal consumption and saving transportation costs. The paper constructs coal transportation analysis model, electric-coal supply and transportation path dynamic optimization model based on electric-coal transportation network analysis, and make effective analysis for choosing electric-coal transportation path. The paper also puts forward electric-coal supply chain optimization measures from electric-coal supply chain integration and ports building.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Automated Drilling-Fluids-Measurement Technique Improves Fluid Control, Quality." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1121-0053-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204041, “Automatic Drilling-Fluids Monitoring,” by Knut Taugbøl, SPE, Equinor, and Bengt Sola and Matthew Forshaw, SPE, Baker Hughes, et al., prepared for the 2021 SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Stavanger, 9–11 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper presents new units for automatic drilling-fluids measurements with emphasis on offshore drilling applications. The surveillance of fluid properties and the use of data in an onshore operations center is discussed. The authors present experiences from use of these data in enabling real-time hydraulic measurements and models for automatic drilling control and explain how these advances can improve safety in drilling operations and drilling efficiency. Introduction An operator has worked with different suppliers for several years to find and develop technology for automatic measurements of drilling-fluid properties. In the described study, methods for measuring parameters such as viscosity, fluid loss control, pH, electrical stability, particle-size distribution, and cuttings morphology and mineralogy were all fitted into a flow loop in an onshore test center. These tests, however, were all performed with prototype equipment. Since then, work has continued to optimize equipment for offshore installations, made for operating in harsh environments and requiring limited maintenance to provide continuous and reliable data quality. The fluid-measuring technique presented in this paper is based on rheology measurement through a pipe rheometer and density measurements through a Coriolis meter. This rheometer measures at ambient temperature. Dual DP is the terminology that refers to pressure measurements between two differential pressure sensors. The dual-DP pipe rheometer is set up with high-accuracy pressure transducers to measure pressure loss inside the straight section of the pipe rheometer. By varying the flow rate through pipes of different dimensions, a rheology profile at varying shear rates can be calculated. Field Implementation Installation of a unit begins with a rig survey conducted in concert with the drilling contractor to find the best location and sampling point. Fluid normally is taken from the charge manifold for the mud pumps, ensuring measurement of the fluid going into the well. The first installation in the North Sea of an automatic fluid-monitoring (AFM) unit was in 2017. This unit is still operational, sending data to an onshore support center. Fig. 1 shows such a unit installed offshore. The AFM unit has only one movable part, the monopump supplying drilling fluid through the unit. Once the dual-DP rheometer was factory-acceptance-tested in the yard, it was sent offshore to be commissioned and verified on a fixed installation in the North Sea. The related data presented in the complete paper were acquired in the field while drilling the 355-m, 8½-in. section with 1.35-SG low-equivalent-circulating-density oil-based drilling fluid, with drilling conducted at approximately 4000 m measured depth. The mud engineer onboard was requested to perform rheology checks on a viscometer at equal ambient temperature to the AFM so that the results could be compared; the AFM also measures rheology at ambient temperature.
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Hazel, Terence. "Never Take Safety for Granted: Safety As Main Design Criteria for All Electric Power Distribution Systems." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2012.2186001.
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Kaliberda, I. V., S. S. Nefedov, and A. V. Pomerantsev. "Problems of Ensuring Seismic Resistance of Power Grid Facilities during Earthquakes." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-10-40-47.
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The electric grid system is the basis for functioning of the Unified electric power system of Russia and technologically isolated electric power systems. One of the most serious problems in the electric power industry is the aging of the fixed assets of already built and operating power grid facilities. The second problem is to clarify the seismic hazard of the territories of the Russian Federation in the direction of its growth. As a result, the number of power grid facilities fall into the zones of increased seismic hazard. In the zone of 7 points or more, approximately 30 % of the entire length of electric networks and transformer capacities are located. Information is provided about the characteristics of seismic load and how the objects respond to an earthquake. The experience of earthquakes testifies to the high vulnerability of the overhead power lines, cable power lines, substations, power transformers, relay protection equipment and automation under intense seismic loads. Information is provided about massive damage to the power grid during earthquakes in the territory of Russia, Armenia, and other countries of the world. Frequently occurring short circuits during earthquakes in electrical networks, at transformer substations, in electrical equipment elements of power grid facilities lead to fires. It is determined that power grid facilities have less seismic resistance than electric power generation facilities, than buildings and structures where electrical equipment is located. The problem of insufficiency of the current regulatory framework for ensuring seismic resistance of electric power facilities was also identified. Possible measures to prevent accident rate and increase the resistance, reliability, and seismic stability of power grid facilities in case of earthquakes are considered. The development of normative regulation will allow to take measures to ensure the seismic stability of power grid facilities in operation, and to ensure that control and supervision activities are carried out at a higher level.
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Chen, Junling, Jinwei Li, Qize Li, and Youquan Feng. "Strengthening Mechanism of Studs for Embedded-Ring Foundation of Wind Turbine Tower." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030710.
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The embedded-ring wind turbine foundations were widely applied in the early development stage of wind power industries because of its properties such as easy installation and adjustment. However, different damages occurred on some embedded-ring wind turbine foundations in recent years. Based on the common damage phenomena of embedded-ring wind turbine foundations, the structural defects and damage mechanisms of embedded-ring wind turbine foundations are analyzed in a gradual way. Cheese head studs are proposed to be welded on the lateral wall of the steel ring to strengthen the connection between the steel ring and the foundation concrete. The foundation pier is elevated 1 m to increase the embedded depth of the steel ring. The circumferential confining pressure is applied on the lateral side of the foundation pier to lead it into a state of pressure. One simplified method is proposed to calculate the contribution of welding studs in this strengthening method. Taking an embedded-ring wind turbine foundation as an example, the numerical analyses for the original foundation and the reinforced one are carried out to compare the stress and strain distribution changes. Based on the numerical results corresponding to the peak and valley value loads, the fatigue life of the concrete and studs are evaluated according to the relevant design codes. The numerical results show that this strengthening method can coordinate the deformation of the embedded steel ring and the foundation concrete by circumferential prestressing and welding studs. The maximum principal stresses of the foundation pier and the fatigue stress range of the concrete around the bottom of the steel ring have been greatly reduced after strengthening. The gaps between the embedded steel ring and the foundation pier are also obviously decreased because of these strengthening measures. The stress concentration phenomena of the concrete around the T-shaped flange have been remarkably improved. The fatigue life can meet the requirements of relevant design codes after strengthening. Therefore, it can be concluded that the safety performance and service life of the embedded-ring foundation can be guaranteed.
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Zhao, Xiang Dong, Xian Feng Li, Feng Zhen Liu, De Li Zhao, Chang Bo Zhang, and Xiu Yan Chang. "Exploration and Study on Reducing Regional Distribution Network Losses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1467.
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Network loss rate is an important technical power system economic indicators used to measure power integrated enterprise management level, but also an important symbol of the development of the electric power industry is one of great significance to control them. Strengthen the network loss management, implementation of loss reduction measures, has become an important power supply enterprise content management one. The regional distribution network loss reduction and feasibility of specific measures are given in this paper, to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the grid under the premise of reducing losses from management and technical measures two aspects in detail, in a bid to obtain the actual operation of the grid better social and economic benefits.
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Banasiak, Rafał, and Szymon Ptak. "IMPACT OF ELECTRIC ENERGY QUALITY ON FIRE SAFETY OF TRANSFORMERS." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 84 (December 22, 2022): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1799.
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The use of non-linear devices causes unfavourable changes in the operation of the power system. First of all, they are a source of higher harmonics in network waveforms, which tend to increase the eddy currents. Their effect consists in raising the temperature of transformer cores. This, in turn, translates into their failure rate and fire safety, including reducing the actual value of rated power. The article describes the results of experimental studies carried out on a large scale. An analysis was performed of the quality of electric power depending on the type of network load. The results have shown that the increase in the use of non-linear receivers such as LED lighting, electronic chargers, inverters, etc. may have a tangible impact on the fire hazard of distribution transformers. Examples of calculations have been presented, which prove the necessity of taking into account the influence of higher harmonics on the reduction of the real rated power of power transformers.
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Fang, Li. "Building Electrical Design and Energy-Saving Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1811.
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At present, building energy consumption is increasingly prominent. Energy conservation and emissions reduction have already become the hot topic in the whole society. It is imperative for electric energy conservation design to "saving energy and decreasing power consumption" . Efficient utilization of building electrical energy saving measures, will promote energy conservation and reasonable utilization, alleviate the contradiction between energy supply and economic development in our country, accelerate the development of circular economy and realize sustainable development in natural society. This article has carried on the research and analysis from the building power supply, distribution system, power system, electric lighting system and intelligent building technology. And some energy-saving measures on building electrical design are put forward.
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Wang, Shuchun, Xiaoguang Sun, Jianyu Geng, Yuan Han, Chunyong Zhang, and Weihua Zhang. "The Key Techniques of Constructing the Database of Treatment Measures for Hidden Troubles in Electric Power System." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501027.
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This article adopts a research method that combined with theoretical analysis and system design, analyzes multiple dimensions of common safety hazard events, uses support vector machine classification algorithms to filter and mine valuable information in massive data, and establishes a common safety hazard event feature set. This kind of technology can realize the automatic classification of safety hazards and extract their characteristic information, introduce the semantic analysis, word segmentation clustering method to determine the typical processing measures of events, and generate knowledge items to add methods and models to the processing measures database, which can solve the grid safety hazard data entry specifications, In-depth analysis and other issues.
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Zheng, Junjun, Hiroyuki Okamura, Taoming Pang, and Tadashi Dohi. "Availability importance measures of components in smart electric power grid systems." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 205 (January 2021): 107164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2020.107164.
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Spremić, Siniša, and Dušan Obradović. "Consideration of Losses in Low Voltage Lines with a Presentation of Calculation Results." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIV, no. 1 (2022): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee22-1.68s.
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The largest part of the total technical losses of power and of electric energy in the distribution of electricity are the technical losses of low voltage lines. Technical losses of electric energy are losses of electric energy that occur in the distribution of electric energy to consumers in electricity distribution equipment, as opposed to commercial losses that include unauthorized use of electricity and losses due to errors in metering equipment. Most of these losses are in low-voltage overhead lines, especially those made of non-insulated conductors. The main source of technical electricity losses is the flow of electric current through conductors. Load asymmetry can significantly increase electric energy losses. Certain measures have been taken to reduce these losses, but not systematically. The calculation of technical power losses for different types of loading of low voltage lines and for load asymmetry is presented and considered. The calculation [1] was done in Microsoft Excel. Input data is entered manually for each calculation. Calculations show that significant savings on losses can be expected with the implementation of measures to balance the load and shift the load (consumer) towards the beginning of the low voltage line, i.e. proper distribution of consumers. These measures need to be implemented in the long term and systematically.
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Liu, Yongmei, Songhuai Du, and Wanxing Sheng. "Classification and identification of electric shock current for safety operation in power distribution network." IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cps.2019.0072.
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Ni, Changsong, Xuesong Lin, Guicai Liu, and Shijun Liu. "Electric Equipment Image Recognition Based on Sparse Representation for the Safety of Power Distribution." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 592 (September 10, 2019): 012157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/592/1/012157.
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KRYZHNIY, Vladuslav. "PRINCIPLES OF THE WHOLESALE ELECTRICITY MARKET FUNCTIONING IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-3-15.
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Introduction. In modern society, power safety is priority direction of activity in every country. The key aspect of power safety is the state of generation of electric power and prospect of their short-term and long-term development. It is critically important to have such correlation of sources of generation, to guarantee the reliable power supply of country under various conditions consumption depending on a daypart and season. The purpose of the study is to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the previous and newest wholesale electricity market in Ukraine. Results. Power safety cannot be examined separately from the state of economy of country. It should be noted that now "Renewed power strategy of Ukraine till 2035" is considered as basic with indexes and directions of activity from the different types of generations of electric power. However, as well as any strategic document, this strategy needs permanent perfection and clarification taking into account a geopolitical situation in the country and state of economy. The electricity complex is the difficult system with the lots of elements of power safety providing society needs dependent on the concerted and effective work of that. The new model of the wholesale market of electric energy began to work on July, 1, 2019, providing the specific organizational structure of market. Specific features of making and supplying such commodity as electric energy is the limit of distribution and storage possible. Introduction of new model of home power market was aimed at the evolutional way to change a market mechanism into more perfect and liberal without destroying the present, critically important mechanisms of market of energy functioning, taking into account the political and economic orientation of country; and applying the separate instruments of regulation of supply-consumption process of electric power. Conclusions. Nowadays politicians must take into account strategic directions of development, which include distribution and the use of alternative energy, providing competition level of remuneration of workforce in the industry, increase of the personal interest in creation and introduction of new technologies. Key words: power safety, power market, electric power, models of power market, alternative energy.