Journal articles: 'Electric power Australia Marketing'

1

Holt, E. A., and M. Ellis. "Trends In Green Power Marketing In Australia And The United States." IEEE Power Engineering Review 17, no. 12 (December 1997): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1997.644306.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Feng, Wei Yuan, Xue Feng Dong, Xu Dong Yu, Shuang Wen Wang, and Zhong Jing Liu. "Impact Factor Estimation on Power Quality to Electric Power Market." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2667.

Full text

Abstract:

Power quality and power marketing are comprehensive concept contains multiple indexes. This paper builds the index system of the power quality promoting the power market development. And the structural equation modeling (SEM) be used to calculate the impact factor of power quality to marketing at different times and areas. This paper firstly puts power quality and marketing which are regarded as latent variables. And select the power quality index that includes the amplitude, frequency, spectrum, modulation, the notch depth and marketing index that includes market share, electricity consumption per capita, customer satisfaction rate, install electricity rate, customer loss rate as measured variables of latent variables, and establish the causal influence path graph of power quality and power marketing. According to the path graph, which reflecting causal relationships among the latent variables and the measurement equation reflecting relationship between the latent variable and significant variables. To test the significance and the rationality of the parameter and evaluate the overall performance of the structure equation model. Finally, according to the path graph and the path coefficient, we get causal influence coefficient between the power quality comprehensive index and power marketing comprehensive index.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Danton, Ray. "Electric power marketing provides corporate “cross-training”." Natural Gas 12, no. 11 (January 9, 2007): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410121105.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Vickers, Frank. "Gas marketing opportunities in electric power generation." Natural Gas 13, no. 7 (January 9, 2007): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410130704.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Cui, He Rui, and Zhao Wei Xuan. "Research of Evaluation Indicators about Electric Power Enterprise Marketing." Advanced Materials Research 121-122 (June 2010): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.121-122.512.

Full text

Abstract:

Along with the deepening reform in power system, Electric Power Enterprise Marketing Management becomes an important management tool to ensure the effective operation of power enterprises. In this paper, on the basis of relevant principles, we have developed a market economy to adapt to the current situation of the development, marketing, and service sectors of the Power Marketing Strategy. At the same time, we designed to power enterprise marketing performance evaluation index system. And we introduced the quantitative analysis of power marketing effectiveness: AHP, according to the power of quantitative analysis method to evaluate and analyze marketing results.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Long, Jian Xiong. "Implementation of Decision Support System for Electric Power Marketing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.168.

Full text

Abstract:

A DSS of business-oriented theme has been established by using the EPM information integration platform. Under the EPM business requirements, the DSS toolkits have been solved and a comprehensive algorithm for decision support has been achieved on the basis of these toolkits. Through a practical application case, the analysis reports and the prediction evaluations for the EPM business can be processed flexibly with this system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Wang, Lei, and Anh Tuan Hoang. "Analysis of Enterprise Marketing Data Management Integration and Innovation Path Based on BD." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 18, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3886823.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, the marketing data sources of enterprises are not sufficient, and the quality of data cannot be guaranteed. In addition, although the data has the characteristics of “large amount,” there is a lot of data garbage in it, and the amount of valuable data is not large. Taking electric power enterprises as an example, electric power marketing is the key of power supply enterprises, and its development determines the survival and development of enterprises to some extent, which is of great significance to power supply enterprises. Big data (BD) not only brings many positive effects to the marketing of electric power enterprises but also brings some negative effects to electric power enterprises. Based on the background of BD, this paper studies the integration and innovation path of marketing data management in electric power enterprises. The research shows that the accuracy rate of this method is the highest, followed by machine learning, and finally AI. With the increase of the number of samples, the accuracy of this method becomes higher and higher. When the number of samples reaches 13, the accuracy of this method can reach 85%, that of machine learning is 56%, and that of AI is 43%. It can be seen that this method is more suitable for data management integration of electric power marketing. According to the characteristics of the era of BD, electric power enterprises should innovate marketing data management system, construct efficient and perfect data processing flow, fully tap the potential value of data, and make contributions to the development of electric power enterprises.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Shivery, Charles W. "Winning at electric utility restructuring: A power marketing case study." Natural Gas 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2007): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410150205.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Sun, Jie, Degui Qiu, and Zhufa Xu. "Design of Automatic Management System of Electric Power Marketing Charges and Accounts Based on Robot Process Automation." Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2022): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i1.3302.

Full text

Abstract:

In the automation construction of marketing charge accounts in power supply enterprises, the key is the automation system of electric energy measurement. It covers all levels of measurement points and collection terminals in the whole network, and integrates measurement management, analysis, monitoring and information collection. The traditional electricity charge management of electric power enterprises is the process of manual meter reading, accounting and charging. Meter readers go to each customer every month to read the meter according to the meter reading time and meter reading card, record the number of electric energy meters on the meter reading card, and then copy the data of the meter reading card on the accounting card. Manual meter reading can't meet the current demand. Therefore, this paper will study the automatic management of electric power marketing charges based on RPA (Robot process automation), and build an automatic management system of electric power marketing charges. Through the comparative analysis of experimental data, the experimental results of the response accuracy of different systems show that this system is still more advantageous, and the accuracy of this system is the highest, with an average accuracy of 81.59%. However, the accuracy of reference method and reference method are 62.72% and 46.95% respectively. A perfect charging system based on RPA can not only improve the service level and corporate image of power supply companies, but also improve the management level of power supply companies, thus improving the economic benefits of enterprises.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Wu, Weijiang, Gaojun Xu, Xusheng Qian, and Chengbo Chu. "Application of Data Mining Algorithm in Electric Power Marketing Inspection Forecast Analysis." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (August 28, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9229415.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to improve the accuracy of power load forecasting and deal with the challenge of insufficient stand-alone computing resources brought by the intelligent power system, data extraction algorithms are used in energy market analysis. Preliminary weather performance algorithms are optimized online based on the nature of the power load data. In order to improve the accuracy of the computational algorithms, the concept of classification and various agents was introduced. The MapReduce cloud computing programming framework is used simultaneously to improve design algorithms to improve the ability to process large amounts of data. The actual electronic data provided by EUNITE was selected as a sample analysis and a complete experiment of the 32-node cloud computing group. The results of the experiment show that the load data provided by EUNITE was expanded into four different data sets: 1000 times, 2000 times, 4000 times, and 8000 times. Works on older data and the cloud. Platforms with groups of 4, 8, 16, and 32 nodes are designed to calculate acceleration ratios and scale speeds. The acceleration ratio of a perfectly parallel system algorithm can reach 1. However, in practical applications, as the number of cluster nodes increases, so does the transmission cost of the node network. Conclusions. Accuracy assumptions based on this model are better than the general evaluation of supported vector regression prediction algorithms and neural network algorithms, and the planning process is well underway.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Li, Yi. "Construction and case study of total factor evaluation index system of power generation enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801028.

Full text

Abstract:

The electric power enterprises cannot cope with the current electric power system reform trend If they do not have enough competition abilities. Therefore, how to construct competitiveness evaluation system for power enterprises according to the characteristics of power market plays an important role in improving the scientific management level of electric power enterprises. This paper designs the evaluation system of total factor competitiveness of power generation enterprises, including market force, marketing force, development force, reliability, economy, flexibility, environmental protection. Analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are used to determine the weight and the final evaluation basis.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Buha, N., and A. Havrylyuk. "Improvement of marketing management at the energy enterprise by internet marketing instruments on the example of JSK "Vinnitsiaoblenergo"." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 25, no. 2 (2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.02.053.

Full text

Abstract:

In the article the features of the activity of the Energy Enterprise in the context of reforming the electric power industry are defined, the organizational structure is analyzed and its main shortcomings are identified; the main financial indicators of the enterprise are analyzed; in which indicators there is a tendency to increase and decrease are determined, possible consequences from maintaining a negative trend in the future are provided; the external environment of the enterprise is characterized, its strategic business units are highlighted; the threats and opportunities available to the enterprise under the influence of the external environment are considered. Based on the analysis, recommendations are developed for improvement of the activity of the Electric Power Industry Enterprise, using marketing tools; recommendations are given for improving the organizational structure of the enterprise by implementing a specialized full-fledged marketing department in order to solve marketing problems and establish the process of interaction with electricity consumers the economic and social effect of creating a full-fledged marketing department is justified; the company's activities in social networks are analyzed and a number of shortcomings are identified; it is recommended to improve the use of marketing tools in the economic activity of the enterprise to increase competitiveness in the electric power market by using digital marketing tools, namely, improving the design of the business page on Facebook, developing corporate style, changing the ratio of content types, using all platforms for interaction with the target audience in the social network Facebook, changing the presentation of text and visual material in order to increase the effectiveness of perception, creating a page in the promising social network Instagram.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Yang, Li Fang, Ying Xin Xie, Xiao Zhen Li, and Feng Yu Wang. "Design and Realization of Instant Computing Electric Cost System for Various Pricing Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 1572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1572.

Full text

Abstract:

Directing at the question computing electric cost was unable to be unified in the power marketing business, the design and realization technology of computing electric cost under a complex measurement method is discussed, with formula and parameter. Then the designing idea and realizing method of the system for various pricing mechanisms are stated, and successfully settles the core question of marketing business system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Peng, Bo. "Research on the Relationship between Economic Management and Marketing of Electric Power Enterprises." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 452 (December 13, 2018): 032120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/452/3/032120.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Ruan, Jing, and Yanhai Rong. "Research on the application framework design and realization technology of power Marketing management information system." Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.1.2.162.

Full text

Abstract:

In the development of modern economic construction, power production and marketing as a huge and complex system engineering, to promote the innovation and development of the power industry has a positive impact. Especially after entering the development trend of economic globalization, the pressure of market competition of Chinese power grid enterprises is increasing and the market share is expanding. As a basic component of system engineering operation, power marketing link should be done well according to the brand new changes and specific questions of industry development. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the current situation of information construction and development of power marketing system, this paper deeply discusses the application architecture and implementation technology of power marketing management information system. The final experimental results show that this system design has a positive impact on the development of the electric power industry in the new era.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Ruan, Jing, and Yanhai Rong. "Research on the application framework design and realization technology of power Marketing management information system." Advances in Economics and Management Research 2, no. 1 (September 21, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.2.1.162.

Full text

Abstract:

In the development of modern economic construction, power production and marketing as a huge and complex system engineering, to promote the innovation and development of the power industry has a positive impact. Especially after entering the development trend of economic globalization, the pressure of market competition of Chinese power grid enterprises is increasing and the market share is expanding. As a basic component of system engineering operation, power marketing link should be done well according to the brand new changes and specific questions of industry development. Therefore, on the basis of understanding the current situation of information construction and development of power marketing system, this paper deeply discusses the application architecture and implementation technology of power marketing management information system. The final experimental results show that this system design has a positive impact on the development of the electric power industry in the new era.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Zhang, Kaijie, Kan Yang, Kang Xie, Maosheng Sang, Dunjian Xie, Lixing Zhang, and Minglei Bao. "A Review of the Power Metering Systems in Australia, Britain and Guangdong Electric Market." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 486 (July 10, 2019): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/486/1/012021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Vasiliev, Mikhail, Mohammad Nur-E-Alam, and Kamal Alameh. "Initial Field Testing Results from Building-Integrated Solar Energy Harvesting Windows Installation in Perth, Australia." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194002.

Full text

Abstract:

We report on the field testing datasets and performance evaluation results obtained from a commercial property-based visually-clear solar window installation site in Perth-Australia. This installation was fitted into a refurbished shopping center entrance porch and showcases the potential of glass curtain wall-based solar energy harvesting in built environments. In particular, we focus on photovoltaic (PV) performance characteristics such as the electric power output, specific yield, day-to-day consistency of peak output power, and the amounts of energy generated and stored daily. The dependencies of the generated electric power and stored energy on multiple environmental and geometric parameters are also studied. An overview of the current and future application potential of high-transparency, visually-clear solar window-based curtain wall installations suitable for practical building integration is provided.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Li, Zhi Gang, Ze Tian Fu, and Jia Yong He. "Research of Thermoelectric Enterprise Marketing Management Information System Integration Model." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 4763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4763.

Full text

Abstract:

Domestic power marketing system means more backward, and the marketing organization system is imperfect. Due to business expansion and increased market competition, Tianfu thermoelectric original electric gas marketing system can no longer meet the needs of enterprise development which lead to information islands. According to the current operating status of the joint stock company and existing problems, this paper study a large marketing integration model, and constructed a marketing network management system platform integrated with electricity, heat and gas for the thermal power enterprises. the establishment of an integrated marketing platform with electricity, heat and gas business is built on a unified infrastructure platform in order to unify customer information, marketing basic platform capabilities and customer service platform function, centralize management of electricity, heat, gas marketing business in one of a big marketing intensive management mode including electricity, heat and gas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

MARIĆ, DRAŽEN, and PAVLE PARNICKI. "AUDIT ANALYSIS OF ENRON ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION THROUGH THE PRISM OF MARKETING (NON) ETHICS." Kultura polisa, no. 45 (July 3, 2021): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.2r.5.01.

Full text

Abstract:

In the scientific research work, under the above title, we dealt with the analysis of the already performed audits of the business of the American electric power corporation Enron which went bankrupt. We did a similar analysis through the prism of the already existing triangular connection on the relation: absence of moral vertical (by vocation, above all, business provenance) - greed - incompetence (we can say, unprofessionalism), ie. marketing unethics. Primarily, the emphasis was on the audit of Enron's financial and accounting reports but inevitably there was also an audit of compliance with the legal procedure, precisely during the procurement of certain resources necessary for business and finally an operational audit was performed, that is, an audit of the entire business. Using the technique of in-depth recording of the business vs. financial situation, in fact already performed audits, we tried to scan first and then to explain the correlation of neuralgic points which led to its bankruptcy. By pointing out the connections of at least harmful influences as well as their scope and intensity we try to , by using qualitative analysis, positively influence other current ones or corporations which will only enter the market scene

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Lin, Hong, Hong Ouyang, Xuemin Fang, Jinzhi Wang, Bao Yuan, and Wei Yang. "Architecture Design and Key Technologies Study of Omnichannel Business Platform for Electric Power Marketing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1646 (September 2020): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1646/1/012087.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Yue, Han Bing, and Fang Zhao. "Research of Customer Service Monitoring and Command System in Electric Power Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 1016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.1016.

Full text

Abstract:

According to the actual situation of electricity supply services,and problem of service work and analyze the causes. The article proposed the establishment of a monitoring command system platform; it has Marketing, supply and distribution, newspaper assembly business, video surveillance of the operating room, 95598 call center systems, interactive information system services, GIS system services for the integration of monitoring services. Construction of this system will greatly enhance the efficiency of customer service, to enhance the overall level of service for electric power enterprises have a reference.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Guang, Junhong, Zhouquan Ruan, and Jiadu Dong. "Bayesian Network-Based Marketing Risk Warning Method for Integrated Energy Companies." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 22, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1086817.

Full text

Abstract:

People’s daily life heavily depends on energy. The core business of electric power enterprises is commercial energy sales. In the daily work of power enterprises, energy marketing is the most important field which will directly affect the development of enterprises. Although national macro-control exists as a useful way to control the energy market, it also increases the risk of the energy market. Nowadays, the development of the energy market is affected with the adjustment of industrial structure. In the energy market, China’s power companies are state-owned enterprises and have their unique advantages for developing, but there are still some problems in risk awareness, which require us to take measures to control and prevent the impact risk.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Jiang, Chun Min. "Research and Implementation of Electric Power Market Analysis and Forecast System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.943.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to meet the requirements of the market economy, the power company needs to make power market analysis and forecast, it is the basic work of guarantee of the investment returns and improves operational efficiency, and it also is the basic work of network operations, planning, marketing, and the financial budget for the foundation. The accuracy of electricity demand forecast will not only affect the safe and reliable of power network, but also to network operators on the production and operational decision making and operational efficiency. To meet the power network’s commercial operation, and for the requirements of network’s modernization and scientific management; In order to predict the market’s electricity demand accurately, reduce the load forecast engineers’ frequently and complicated data processing work, also to ensure that the derive of historical data and ensure information sharing. Development of the electricity market-oriented environment for the network's power market analysis and forecast system is very necessary.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Li, Cunbin, Yi Wang, and Shuaishuai Lin. "The Risk Assessment Study for Electric Power Marketing Competitiveness Based on Cloud Model and TOPSIS." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 242 (September 2017): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/242/1/012116.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Li, Zhi Gang, Ze Tian Fu, Jia Yong He, Quan Qi, and Dong Qing Zhu. "Integration Research of Thermoelectric Enterprise Marketing Management Information System." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.578.

Full text

Abstract:

Due to business expansion and increased market competition, Tianfu thermoelectric original electric gas marketing system can no longer meet the needs of enterprise development which lead to information islands. In response to these issues, based on the business needs, this paper constructed a marketing network management system platform integrated with electricity, heat and gas for the thermal power enterprises. This system includes: 1) Establishment of enterprise data center and centralized storage of the business system data. 2) Establishment of enterprise portal system for achievement of single sign-on. 3) Establishment of power energy information collection and management system of the power purchase, supply and sale departments. 4) Establishment of "all-in-one-card" system including electricity, heat and gas IC card. 5) Creation of a marketing analysis and strategic decision-making system. The system platform can offer efficient and reliable basis for business processing capabilities to electricity, heat, and gas marketing business.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hsieh, Long-Chang, and Tzu-Hsia Chen. "THE INNOVATIVE DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC OPENING/CLOSING GULL-WING FRAME SYSTEM BY MORPHOLOGICAL CHART ANALYSIS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 5 (December 2017): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-501.

Full text

Abstract:

Gullwing vehicles, also known as "mobile stores", although belong to transportation but also belong to product marketing industry. In this paper, we focus on innovative design of opening/closing gull-wing frame system to reduce the manufacturing costs and enhance mechanical precision. By using the morphological chart analysis, many new gull-wing frames are generated. One of these designs is “Automatic opening/closing gull-wing frame with four electric power systems”. Based on the design requirements and constraints of opening/closing gull-wing frame, the driving mechanism and power system are synthesized. Finally, the prototype “automatic opening/closing gull-wing frame with four electric power systems” is carried out.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Liyanaarachchi, Gajendra, Sameer Deshpande, and Scott Weaven. "Online banking and privacy: redesigning sales strategy through social exchange." International Journal of Bank Marketing 39, no. 6 (June 24, 2021): 955–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-05-2020-0278.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThis paper advocates for banks to understand customers' online privacy concerns, use those insights to segment consumers and design tailored sales strategies to build a mutual relationship through a social exchange that produces a competitive advantage.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study involving 30 in-depth interviews with Australian and Asian millennials residing in Australia was conducted using a grounded theory approach to explore privacy concerns of online banking and determine the efficacy of their banks' existing sales strategy and practice.FindingsThe study revealed differences in customer perceptions of trust, confidence, responsibility and exchange. Adopting a power-dependency paradigm within a social exchange theoretical framework and power distance belief of national culture theory, the authors identified four consumer segments: exemplar, empiric, elevator and exponent. The authors propose a tailored consumer-centered sales strategy of communication, control, consolidation and collaboration.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the research in services marketing, sales strategy and banking in three ways: first, the authors demonstrate the importance of the social exchange theory and national culture as a premise to develop a competitive advantage; second, the authors propose an innovative set of consumer segments in regards to online privacy concerns; and, third, the authors introduce four sales strategies tailored to each of the four segments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Erskine, Wayne D., N. Terrazzolo, and R. F. Warner. "River rehabilitation from the hydrogeomorphic impacts of a large hydro-electric power project: Snowy River, Australia." Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 15, no. 1-3 (January 1999): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<3::aid-rrr532>3.0.co;2-r.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Zhao, Fei, Jinsha Yuan, and Ning Wang. "Dynamic Economic Dispatch Model of Microgrid Containing Energy Storage Components Based on a Variant of NSGA-II Algorithm." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050871.

Full text

Abstract:

With the development of microgrid, in order to improve the economy of the microgrid and intelligent service of electric power marketing, the proper management of the output of micro-source in microgrid and power exchange between grids is an urgent problem to be solved. Considering the interests of multiple stakeholders, such as users, power grids, renewable energy and battery, a dynamic economic dispatch model of microgrid is proposed in this paper based on time-of-use power price mechanism. Using a variant of Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA)-II algorithm, at the same time, an external penalty function is introduced to deal with the constraint conditions, which is convenient for solving multi-objective optimization models. Based on the data of load forecasting and renewable energy output in microgrid, the function of battery and time-of-use power price mechanism is considered to optimize the output of controllable micro-source in the system, in order to achieve the optimization of microgrid dispatch. The model established in this paper considers the overall economic optimization of multi-objective and multi-interest groups within the microgrid, and hence, can get a more comprehensive and reasonable scheduling scheme. It provides effective help for the operation of micro grid system, and realizes the electric power marketing for demand side, so as to provide help for improving the power marketing’s economy and intelligent service.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Chau, Chi-Kin, Khaled Elbassioni, and Majid Khonji. "Truthful Mechanisms for Combinatorial Allocation of Electric Power in Alternating Current Electric Systems for Smart Grid." ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 5, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2955089.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

White, Leanne. "“It’s time”: revolution and evolution in Australian political advertising." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 375–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-08-2015-0034.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine two significant political advertising campaigns which used the “It’s Time” slogan and to reflect on how these related to official, popular and commercial nationalism in Australia. The paper is primarily concerned with two main issues: identifying and examining the variety of images of Australia in two key television advertisements, and exploring the methods by which advertising agencies created positive images of Australia and Australians in the two campaigns. It specifically highlights the significance of the “It’s Time” campaign, which is relevant for scholars and advertisers seeking to understand effective political communication. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines television advertisements by using semiotics as the principal methodology. The research methodology devised for the advertisements consists of two main components: a shot combination analysis, also known as a shot-by-shot analysis, and a semiological reading of the visual and acoustic channels of the advertisement. Findings This paper examines the use of commercial nationalism in television advertising. As one of many social and cultural influences, advertisements assist the individual in understanding their notion of themselves and their relationship with the wider community – be it local, national, regional or global. The primary focus of this research is the phenomenon of commercial nationalism – the adoption of national signifiers in the marketplace. However, by examining the more general discourse on nationalism, particularly the voice of official nationalism – the promotion of nationalism by the nation-state (or those aspiring to power), the symbiotic relationship between these two complementary brands of nationalism is explored. Originality/value The methodology adopted for analysing the two political advertising campaigns offers conceptual and practical value. It provides a consistent set of terms and concepts for further research to build upon. The paper provides insights for the marketing or examination of advertising campaigns. The paper demonstrates the power of market research to inform a framing strategy for a political campaign. The paper contributes to the body of knowledge in this area and thus society’s understanding of these important periods in the nation’s history. In particular, the paper provides an exploration into the “It’s Time” campaign and how it mobilised a broader cultural awakening to engineer success at the ballot box in 1972. The two case studies examined in this paper are relevant to political scientists and media and communication scholars.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Xia, Wenjia, Qihe Shan, Geyang Xiao, Yonggang Tu, and Yuan Liang. "Distributed Optimization of Joint Seaport-All-Electric-Ships System under Polymorphic Network." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 9914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169914.

Full text

Abstract:

As a result of the trend towards auto intelligence and greening of vehicles and with the concept of polymorphic network being put forward, the power transmission mode between seaports and all-electric ships (AESs) is likely to be converted to “peer-to-peer” transmission. According to practical shore power systems and carbon trade mechanisms, an advanced peer-to-peer power dispatching model-joint seaport-AESs microgrid(MG) system has been proposed in the paper. The joint seaport–AES system model is proposed to minimize the total operational cost of power production and marketing, including distributed generation (DG) cost, electricity trading cost, and carbon emissions, and the boundary conditions are given as well. A parameter projection distributed optimization (PPDO) algorithm is utilized to solve the distributed optimization power operation planning of the proposed joint seaport–AES MG system under a polymorphic network and to guarantee the precision of power dispatching, which compensates for the insufficiency of the computing power. Finally, a case study of a five-node polymorphic joint seaport-AESs system is conducted. The feasibility of the parameter projection approach and the peer-to-peer power dispatching model are verified via the convergence of all the agents within the constraint sets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

He, Ping. "Challenges of Battery Pack to the Industrialization of Battery Electric Vehicles and the Corresponding Solutions in China." Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.571.

Full text

Abstract:

The development situation of power batteries is described in this paper. After a detailed comparison between lead-acid battery, Ni-MH battery and Li-ion battery, it is concluded that polymer Li-ion battery is the most promising power source for battery electric vehicle (BEV). Although great achievement has been obtained in Li-ion battery development, restrictions still remain on the industrialization of battery electric vehicles. Poor battery packs, patent disputes and the establishment of charging facilities are three key problems in the process of industrializing BEVs. Finally, the generalization of BEVs relies on not only marketing efforts by automotive manufacturers, but also policy support by the government.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Dapiran, G. Peter, and Sandra Hogarth‐Scott. "Are co‐operation and trust being confused with power? An analysis of food retailing in Australia and the UK." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590550310472424.

Full text

Abstract:

Category management has been promoted as a mechanism to achieve closer working relations between suppliers and retailers. The premise has been that category management should result in a reduced reliance on the use of power as an element of the relationship and increased levels of cooperation. However, power is an element of any relationship and exists even when not activated. Further, the premise rests on the notion that cooperation is a polar opposite of power. This research confirms that food industry managers perceive the use of power in solely negative terms. Power can be defined operationally as the ability of one channel member to influence the marketing decisions of another channel member and hence must be related to cooperation. This paper reviews the nature of dependence, power and cooperation and explores the role of these constructs in the practice of category management. The results of continuing research in the area of category management relationships are reported.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

G. A, Adepoju, Oshin Ola Austin, Kabir A. Lasisi, Ajayi Joseph Adeniyi, and Oluwasanmi Alonge. "Development of a Model for the Establishment of a Hydro Electric Power Generating Plant." Journal La Multiapp 1, no. 3 (December 2, 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v1i3.207.

Full text

Abstract:

Nigeria as a nation has suffered a lot when it comes to the availability of electricity. A clear comparison between this nation’s electric power supply and other countries revealed the present incessant electric power supply in the country. The average power per capital (watts per person) in the United States is 1,377 Watts. In Canada, it is as high as 1,704 Watts per person and in South Africa; it is 445 Watts per person. The average power per capital in Australia is 1,112 Watts and in New Zealand it is 1,020 W per person. Whereas, the average power per capital (watts per person) in Nigeria is 14 W person. The power system structure is characterized with a lot of faults and outages. These electric power problem has destroyed the industrial processes in the country. As a result, unemployment has increased in the country. As at February, 2020, according to the Federal Government of Nigeria, the number of unemployed youths in the country is 23 million. Data from the International Transparency in the United State stated that there are 40 million unemployed youths in the country. This has increased crime rates among the youths. The country experience a high level of hardship, insecurity and socio-economic disorder as results. Therefore, there is an urgent need to solve this incessant supply of electric power in the country. Hence, a detail study of Akure132/33kV substation Network of the Benin Electricity Distribution Company under which there are 84,264 customers was carried out.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Simões, Paulo Fernando Pereira Fabião. "Tourism as a territorial marketing strategy: the case of the electric in the landscape of the city of Coimbra." Cadernos de Geografia, no. 43 (June 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0871-1623_43_4.

Full text

Abstract:

The electric tram played an important role in people's lives, in their individual and collective experiences, becoming a symbol with cultural identity. It has a strong seductive power capable of changing the urban landscape, materializing into a geo-symbol and even transforming the use of new social spaces. The tram may be a heritage of extreme relevance in the (re) creation of new tourist territories through representations that are territorialized, as they change places and urban landscapes. On the other hand, territorial marketing is used as a strategy for planning, managing and promoting places with the aim of increasing attractiveness with internal and external audiences. The brand constitutes a core element, demonstrating the specificities of the process of building the territorial brand and it argues about its synergetic relationship with the attractiveness and competitiveness of places and explores the question of how the electric can be seen as an active capital of place marketing, but also as an attractive pole and recipient of tourism. The active capitals of places to position and communicate their attributes can present themselves as strategies at the service of place marketing, with the electric tram being a case in point.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Bentley, W. G., and John C. Evelyn. "Customer Thermal Energy Storage a Marketing Opportunity for Cooling off Electric Peak Demand." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 1, no. 4 (1986): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.1986.4335016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Austin, Oshin Ola. "Advanced Control And Development of Hydro and Diesel Generator Hybrid Power System Models for Renewable Energy Microgrids." Journal La Multiapp 2, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v2i3.383.

Full text

Abstract:

The Nigerian power problem resulted to incessant and erratic supply of electricity and this has destroyed many industrial processes in the country. It has reduced productivity and has increased unemployment rate in the country to over 50million (this figure is over 70% of Nigerian youths). This has led many of the youths in the country to crime. It has led to the deaths of many innocent people in the country. As of 2016, the electricity energy consumption in the world from the world fact book revealed that the average power per capita (watts per person) in the United States is 1,377 Watts. In Canada, it is 1704 Watts per person and in South Africa; it is 445 Watts per person and in Australia, average power per capita (watts per person) is as high as 1,112 Watts. Whereas, the average electricity consumed in watts per person in Nigeria is just 14 Watts. Unfortunately, this has put the country in a rank of 189 out of 219 countries estimated. In this research work, a Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) which comprises Hydro Electric Power Plant (HEPP) and Diesel Generator (DG) was modelled and a control algorithm was established to improve the performance of the system. Hybrid power system mathematical and Simulink models were developed. The output power of the developed Simulink model was be optimized using optimum power point optimization techniques and control algorithms. Simulink models of the two components of the Hybrid Electric Power System were produced using MATLAB/Simulink software. The develop Simulink models was interconnected and final model was developed. The results obtained revealed that the problems associated with conventional methods of power generation was overcomed by the development of this renewable and non-renewable energy resources Hybrid Electric Power System (HEPS) models.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Li, Xi, Hui Sheng Ye, Qi Wang, Jin Liu, and Xiao Xiao Liu. "Research and Design of Distributed Data Integration and Management for Electric Energy Information." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.555.

Full text

Abstract:

The fact that development and construction of electric energy information systems are based on different time periods and business needs results in the distribution of electric energy information in geographically dispersed databases, but in many cases there is need to browse, query, analyze and do other operations on all of the electrical energy information. Therefore, the integration of electric energy information is a key issue in the current power marketing work. This paper, based on current popular data integration methods, designs a distributed electric energy information integration and management model utilizing Oracle products to meet different business needs. It also gives a detailed description of the model structure and various components therein. Finally a brief analysis is given on the advantages and significance of this proposed platform.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Zhang, Yechi, Jianzhou Wang, and Haiyan Lu. "Research and Application of a Novel Combined Model Based on Multiobjective Optimization for Multistep-Ahead Electric Load Forecasting." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101931.

Full text

Abstract:

Accurate forecasting of electric loads has a great impact on actual power generation, power distribution, and tariff pricing. Therefore, in recent years, scholars all over the world have been proposing more forecasting models aimed at improving forecasting performance; however, many of them are conventional forecasting models which do not take the limitations of individual predicting models or data preprocessing into account, leading to poor forecasting accuracy. In this study, to overcome these drawbacks, a novel model combining a data preprocessing technique, forecasting algorithms and an advanced optimization algorithm is developed. Thirty-minute electrical load data from power stations in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, are used as the testing data to estimate our proposed model’s effectiveness. From experimental results, our proposed combined model shows absolute superiority in both forecasting accuracy and forecasting stability compared with other conventional forecasting models.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Schott, Paul, Johannes Sedlmeir, Nina Strobel, Thomas Weber, Gilbert Fridgen, and Eberhard Abele. "A Generic Data Model for Describing Flexibility in Power Markets." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101893.

Full text

Abstract:

In this article, we present a new descriptive model for industrial flexibility with respect to power consumption. The advancing digitization in the energy sector opens up new possibilities for utilizing and automatizing the marketing of flexibility potentials and therefore facilitates a more advanced energy management. This requires a standardized description and modeling of power-related flexibility. The data model in this work has been developed in close collaboration with several partners from different industries in the context of a major German research project. A suitable set of key figures allows for also describing complex production processes that exhibit interdependencies and storage-like properties. The data model can be applied to other areas as well, e.g., power plants, plug-in electric vehicles, or power-related flexibility of households.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Furtat, I. B., V. N. Nekhoroshikh, P. A. Gushchin, and Y. V. Chugina. "Synchronization of the Electric Power Network in the Conditions of High-Frequency Measurement Noises." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 21, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.21.584-594.

Full text

Abstract:

The problem of robust synchronization of the electrical power network with unknown parameters is considered in the present paper. The load angles of each generator with superimposed additive high frequency noises are available for measurement. An algorithm has been synthesized to reduce the influence of noises on measurement signals and to ensure synchronization of the network in normal mode and in emergency situations associated with a sudden change in the conuctivity of power lines. To synthesize the control algorithm, the new approach is used which makes it possible to independently control the quality of noise filtering and the quality of the stabilization error of the output variable. The conditions guaranteeing the stability of the system are obtained. The simulation results have shown that the designed control system of a network of electric generators, when only noisy indications of load angles are available for measurement, provides better transient quality indicators compared to schemes of R. Ortega (France) and D. Hill (Australia), where the entire state vector is available to measurements and the parameters of the generator model are partially known. Modeling also showed that the proposed algorithm ensures the stability of a closed-loop system if there are unmodeled dynamics in network model. We also note that under conditions of random measurement noises, the control goal cannot be guaranteed due to the unlimited nature of the noises, however, the simulation results illustrate the satisfactory quality of transients with nonzero random signals in noises.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Kelly, Bridget, Becky Freeman, Lesley King, Kathy Chapman, Louise A. Baur, and Tim Gill. "The normative power of food promotions: Australian children’s attachments to unhealthy food brands." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 16 (June 13, 2016): 2940–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016001452.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractObjectiveThe formation of food brand associations and attachment is fundamental to brand preferences, which influence purchases and consumption. Food promotions operate through a cascade of links, from brand recognition, to affect, and on to consumption. Frequent exposures to product promotions may establish social norms for products, reinforcing brand affect. These pathways signify potential mechanisms for how children’s exposure to unhealthy food promotions can contribute to poor diets. The present study explored children’s brand associations and attachments for major food brands.DesignA cross-sectional online survey was conducted. Fourteen study brands were used, with each child viewing a set of seven logos. The questionnaire assessed perceptions of food brands and perceptions of users of brands, using semantic differential scales, and perceived brand ‘personalities’, using Likert scales.SettingNew South Wales, Australia, October–November 2014.SubjectsChildren aged 10–16 years (n417).ResultsChildren demonstrated strong positive affect to certain brands, perceiving some unhealthy food brands to have positive attributes, desirable user traits and alignment to their own personality. Brand personality traits of ‘smart’ and ‘sporty’ were viewed as indicators of healthiness. Brands with these traits were ranked lower for popularity.ConclusionsChildren’s brand associations and attachments indicate the potential normative social influences of promotions. While children are aware of brand healthiness as an attribute, this competes with other brand associations, highlighting the challenge of health/nutrition messaging to counter unhealthy food marketing. Restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing and the persuasive nature of marketing is an important part of efforts to improve children’s diet-related health.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Monroe, Jacob G., Paula Hansen, Matthew Sorell, and Emily Zechman Berglund. "Agent-Based Model of a Blockchain Enabled Peer-to-Peer Energy Market: Application for a Neighborhood Trial in Perth, Australia." Smart Cities 3, no. 3 (September 19, 2020): 1072–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3030053.

Full text

Abstract:

The transfer of market power in electric generation from utilities to end-users spurred by the diffusion of distributed energy resources necessitates a new system of settlement in the electricity business that can better manage generation assets at the grid-edge. A new concept in facilitating distributed generation is peer-to-peer energy trading, where households exchange excess power with neighbors at a price they set themselves. However, little is known about the effects of peer-to-peer energy trading on the sociotechnical dynamics of electric power systems. Further, given the novelty of the concept, there are knowledge gaps regarding the impact of alternative electricity market structures and individual decision strategies on neighborhood exchanges and market outcomes. This study develops an empirical agent-based modeling (ABM) framework to simulate peer-to-peer electricity trades in a decentralized residential energy market. The framework is applied for a case study in Perth, Western Australia, where a blockchain-enabled energy trading platform was trialed among 18 households, which acted as prosumers or consumers. The ABM is applied for a set of alternative electricity market structures. Results assess the impact of solar generation forecasting approaches, battery energy storage, and ratio of prosumers to consumers on the dynamics of peer-to-peer energy trading systems. Designing an efficient, equitable, and sustainable future energy system hinges on the recognition of trade-offs on and across, social, technological, economic, and environmental levels. Results demonstrate that the ABM can be applied to manage emerging uncertainties by facilitating the testing and development of management strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Mumford, Lloyd G., David E. Schultz, and Marvin D. Troutt. "Using Spreadsheet Simulation to Generate a Distribution of Forecasts for Electric Power Demand." Journal of the Operational Research Society 42, no. 11 (November 1991): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2583214.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Mumford, Lloyd G., David E. Schultz, and Marvin D. Troutt. "Using Spreadsheet Simulation to Generate a Distribution of Forecasts for Electric Power Demand." Journal of the Operational Research Society 42, no. 11 (November 1991): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1991.183.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Dai, Xiangrong. "Power Metering Automation System Based on Internet of Things." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6380079.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to solve the problems of poor stability and low operation efficiency of the traditional power marketing metering production automatic scheduling system, this paper proposes a power metering automation system based on the Internet of Things. In this paper, the hardware and software of the system are designed under the environment of the Internet of Things. The hardware part is mainly divided into three platforms: basic resource layer, platform business layer, and interface presentation layer. The normal operation is realized through the network topology, and the load balancing server and business subsystem are emphatically designed. The software is completed in four steps: coding, scheduling, backup, and display. The experimental results show that the integrity rate of the electric quantity data collected by this system in the experiment with the traditional system is as high as 99%. Compared with the traditional dispatching system, the power information dispatching system designed under the Internet of Things has better stability and higher operation efficiency.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Gordon, Ross, Katherine Butler, Paul Cooper, Gordon Waitt, and Christopher Magee. "Look before you LIEEP." Journal of Social Marketing 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-04-2016-0017.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose This paper aims to present a discursive and evaluative analysis of Energy + Illawarra, an Australian Government Low Income Energy Efficiency Program (LIEEP) funded interdisciplinary social marketing energy efficiency programme. Energy + Illawarra was a community programme working with low-income older people in Australia and involving social marketers, human geographers and engineers. The paper aims to identify how ecological systems theory can inform social marketing, and what practicalities there may be in doing so. The paper also aims to assess whether a social marketing programme that draws on ecological systems theory can have a positive impact on people’s thermal comfort. Design/methodology/approach First, the paper uses critical discursive analysis to examine the use of various elements of a social marketing energy efficiency programme in relation to the different levels of ecological systems theory. Second, a longitudinal cohort survey study design is used to evaluate the programme’s influence on people’s perceptions of thermal comfort and satisfaction with thermal comfort in their homes. Findings The study found that ecological systems theory could be an effective framework for social marketing programmes. The evaluation study found that the intervention had a positive impact on participant’s perceptions of thermal comfort, satisfaction with thermal comfort and attitudes towards energy efficiency. However, the paper identifies some potential tensions in using ecological systems theory and suggests that issues of power, representation, agenda setting, the need for reflexive practice and consideration of unintended consequences are important considerations in social marketing programmes. Originality/value The work presented here suggests that multi-level social marketing programmes that draw on ecological systems theory can make a useful contribution to social change as demonstrated by the evaluation survey finding positive impacts on thermal comfort and attitudes of participants. However, issues of power, representation, agenda setting, the need for reflexive practice and consideration of unintended consequences should be considered in social marketing programmes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Noguchi, Masa, and Darragh Collins. "Commercialisation Strategies For Net Zero-Energy-Cost Housing in Japan." Open House International 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2008-b0010.

Full text

Abstract:

Today, Japanese housing manufacturers compete to produce net zero-energy-cost houses that are usually equipped with some renewable energy technologies-e.g. a solar photovoltaic electric power generating system, a CO2 refrigerant heat-pump water heater and a combined heat and power system. Interestingly, the manufacturers tend to install these costly renewable technologies as standard equipment rather than options. To initiate and maintenance the sales of their environmentally-friendly houses, the manufacturers bring into effect their quality-oriented production and user-oriented communication approaches. The manufacturers' way to commercialise their industrialised housing to some extent reflects their high cost-performance marketing strategy. This paper somewhat reflects the learning outcomes of the Zero-carbon PV Mass Custom Home Technical Mission to Japan that the first author organised in 2006 and 2007. It is aimed at identifying the manufacturers' essential commercialisation strategies being applied for the niche-marketing of their net zero-energy-cost housing.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Electric power Australia Marketing'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles