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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric meters Calibration'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Olencki, Andrzej, and Piotr Mróz. "Testing Of Energy Meters Under Three-Phase Determined And Random Nonsinusoidal Conditions." Metrology and Measurement Systems 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2014-0019.

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Abstract Electric energy meters are designed to account energy under sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal conditions, because both, old and new standards for energy meters require testing their accuracy under different conditions. The latest EN 50470 standard increases the range of meter testing under nonsinusoidal conditions, introducing new shapes of test signals such as the phase fired waveform or the burst fired waveform. This paper discusses calibration problems of electronic revenue energy meters for direct connection and for connection through current transformers, and it proposes a new calibration procedure which reproduces normal operating conditions better: three-phase configurations of measurement systems, load range during meter testing or shapes of test signals. Recently, modern Electrical Power Standards, also known as Power Calibrators, enable automatic testing of various types of electrical devices, including electricity meters in their normal operating conditions. This article presents examples of single and multi position fully automatic test systems, which employ Power/Energy Calibrator from Poland as the precision source with programmed waveforms of three phase voltages up to 560 V and currents up to 120 A conforming to EN 50470, or with random waveforms generated by PC software random wave generator. Measurement uncertainty of the energy meters under different nonsinusoidal conditions using a test system with reference to accuracy of the power calibrator or to the reference meter, are discussed. Comparative analysis of test results for different shapes of voltage and current signals is presented in the conclusions of this paper.
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2

Zhou, Wei Wei, Ji Ye Huang, Ming Yu Gao, Zhi Wei He, and Bu Sen Cai. "Design and Realization of CAN-Based Main Control System of Multi-Station Meter Testing Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 719-720 (January 2015): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.719-720.411.

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In this paper, 0.05 grade three-phase main control system of multi-station meter testing equipment (MTE) is presented. This design is based on the S3C2440 core board as the control core, and the software is based on Windows CE(WINCE) embedded operating system. The device is displayed and controlled by 7-inch Touch Screen. The main control system communicate with the error instrument and PC through Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, and the largest number of error instruments can connect to CAN bus is 100. The main control system communicates through RS232 bus with three-phase signal source and standard electric energy meter, through RS485 bus with programmable power amplifier. In this device, calibration of energy meters can not only through the PC software, but also use the main control system. Compared to the traditional design of the electric energy meter calibration device, the design’s the man-machine interface is more optimized, the number of electric energy meters can be test in the same time is more, faster communication, stronger anti-interference ability, and calibration is more efficiency.
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3

Xu, Zi Li, Tie Jie Wang, Min Lei, Jun Zhang, and Kai Zhu. "Research on Verification Device of DC Electrical Energy Meter for Electric Vehicle Charger." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.651.

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With the increasing demands of electric vehicles, many DC electrical energy meters for vehicle battery charger appear. In this paper, a verification device of DC electrical energy meter is developed that base on real-time pulse period compare method, which used PCI-6281 for data acquisition, used LabVIEW for data processing and human-computer interface. This article describes the working principle of the verification device and core technology. The practical application verify the device can use for calibration of DC electrical energy meter efficiently.
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4

Kepeshchuk, T. V. "DETERMINATION OF THE METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE PROVERS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF UNCERTAINTY." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 2(47) (December 29, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2021-2(47)-34-45.

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In this paper noted that oil metering units are used to determine the amount of crude oil. The metering units of crude oil that implement the method of dynamic measurements, the amount of oil is determined by the readings of oil meters (turbine or mass flow meters). Such flow rate transducers (flow meters) are subject to verification during operation. The main reference means used for the calibration of flow transducers are pipe provers (TPP). Calibration of such reference units can be performed using reference meters (compact-prover), reference balance and using a reference pipe prover with a comparator. The methods of calibration pipe provers with the use of reference meters (standard volume measure), as well as a reference compact-prover with a comparator have been developed. These methods of calibration approbation during the calibration of reference pipe prover installations operated at the facilities of JSC "Ukrtransnafta". The method is considered, and also the structural scheme of calibration of TPP by means of the reference compact prover with the comparator is resulted. A mathematical model is developed taking into account the influential factors and algorithms for their evaluation, as well as the metrological characteristics of TPP are determined - the uncertainty budget is formed and the uncertainty of measuring the capacity of the pipe prover calibration unit is estimated. According to the results of calibration of TPP BHP -1100 company "VEGYEPSZER", Hungary, operated in the Branch "PDMN" JSC "Ukrtransnafta" (Kremenchuk) using the reference Compact Prover company Brooks Insntrument Division Emerson Electric Co., USA comparator - turbine flow meter Smith Meter series MVTM, USA, the relative extended uncertainty of TPP capacity measurement was 0,03%. The main contributions to the extended measurement uncertainty during TPP calibration were the standard uncertainties due to the influence of liquid volume expansion (liquid temperature measurement) in TPP and compact-prover, the standard uncertainty of the reference compact-prover and the experimental standard uncertainty of pipe prover capacitance measurement result's mean value.
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5

Pang, Yan Jun, Qing Hao Wang, Xiao Tong Tong, Kai Zhi Wang, Ying Ying Yang, Chang Xin Ge, Ren Liu, Ning Zhang, Qiu Ling Zhang, and Bo Zhu. "The Modification of Electric Metering Seal Label with Barcode." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 4456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.4456.

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In recent years, with the improvement of the watt-hour meters calibration work and the demand of modern management, mechanical seal labels have many problems exposed in the process of use. Through the actual work summary of experience for many years, it is concluded that there must be a new type of seal to replace the original one, which is using the advanced computer management method to manage seal. This article in detail introduces the structure, characteristics and application of the electric energy metering seal and its development prospect. The paper expounds the bar code application technology in the role of watt-hour meter calibration work and points out the necessity to adopt modern management on seal work by using computer management
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6

Puzovic, Slavisa, Branko Koprivica, Alenka Milovanovic, and Milic Djekic. "Analysis of measurement error in direct and transformer-operated measurement systems for electric energy and maximum power measurement." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 27, no. 3 (2014): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1403389p.

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Analysis of error in measuring electric energy and maximum power within direct and half-indirect measurement system at the voltage of 0.4kV is presented in the paper. The analysis involved all the elements of the measurement system, i.e. calibration and testing of the transformer-operated and direct digital energy meters and measuring current transformers. This equipment was also used for measurements in the transformer substation aiming at error analysis at measurements made under the real conditions. The results obtained show significant negative measurement error introduced by the energy meters under overload conditions. Energy meters have lower values of both the consumed electric energy and maximum power in this operating mode, which can be interpreted as a loss.
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7

Deng, Siyang, Kaiming Chen, Yonggui Wang, and Lvchao Huang. "Piecewise and Nonlinear Power Compensation Model for Gateway Meters in Substations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2355, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2355/1/012048.

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Abstract In order to measure the electric energy and monitor the power quality in substations with accuracy, higher precisions are required for the gateway meters. Due to the wide dynamic range of the current and the nonlinearity of the compensation models, the calibration becomes complicated to guaranteeing the accuracy over the full range. For the purpose of decreasing the complexity of calibration, a piecewise and nonlinear compensation model is presented in this paper. With this model, all the values needed could be calibrated within two calibration points and the accuracy could achieve the requirements of precision over the full range. Results shows the efficiency of this method.
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8

Mhango, L. M. C., and R. Perryman. "Innovative high-speed machines with active magnetic bearings for special submerged gas processing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 216, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406021525124.

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The combination of advances in active magnetic bearings, recent developments in power electronics technology, new design techniques of electrical machines and advances in magnetic materials is contributing to innovative forms of submerged high-speed electric drives which will be suitable for special gas processing applications well into the twenty-first century. Typical applications include submerged industrial high-pressure and high-temperature gas processes, calibration of gas meters, gas circulation in nuclear power plants, etc. This paper looks at the results of case studies of high-speed drives and discusses their benefits and advantages.
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9

Bottauscio, O., M. Chiampi, G. Crotti, and L. Zilberti. "Perturbing effects of the probe support on the calibration of electric field meters." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 49, no. 3 (February 16, 2010): 31601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2010017.

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10

Bottauscio, O., M. Chiampi, G. Crotti, and L. Zilberti. "Perturbing effects of the probe support on the calibration of electric field meters." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 42, no. 3 (April 30, 2008): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2008065.

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11

Amani, Konan Lambert, Raguilignaba Sam, and François Zougmoré. "Competitiveness Level of Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): Study Based on the Domestic Electric Meters Calibration." International Journal of Photoenergy 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9698070.

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The mean cost price of electricity in Burkina Faso at the end of the last quarter of 2012 was 158 FCFA/kWh for a country where more than 46% of the population lives below the national poverty threshold. To look for solution to that problem, the resort to photovoltaic solar energy is justified for that country. The purpose of this study is to promote the integration of both technical and economical surveys in solar energy preliminary projects in Ouagadougou. To reach that, investigations were carried out in some households and attention was paid from the calibration of the domestic electric meters. Energy demands collected within each household allow us to design a corresponding solar kit through optimization rules. An estimate was edited and financial viability study for each household was also carried out thereafter. In this study, only households using the national electricity network calibration meter on their disadvantage favorably answered to all financial indicators and appear as the only one that could profit from such project. This work is helpful to note that photovoltaic solar energy still stays at a primitive level of competitiveness compared to conventional energy resources for small systems in Ouagadougou.
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12

Kootz, T., T. Schrader, and K. Münter. "Traceable electric and magnetic field calibrations of radiation monitors for amateur radio inside a parallel plate transmission line up to 30 MHz." Advances in Radio Science 10 (September 18, 2012): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-10-19-2012.

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Abstract. In many countries the electromagnetic field strength in the proximity of licensed amateur radio stations is limited to ensure public safety. If the station antenna(s) and/or the environmental situation are complex, only measurement results are acceptable as proof, and proper calibration of the field strength meters ("radiation monitors") is mandatory. A system and a procedure are described here, enabling calibration of such "radiation monitors" at a high quality level and traceable to the SI units, but with low-budget amateur equipment.
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13

Bottauscio, O., G. Crotti, S. D'Emilio, G. Farina, and A. Mantini. "Generation of reference electric and magnetic fields for calibration of power-frequency field meters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 42, no. 2 (April 1993): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.278623.

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14

Czyżewski, Dariusz, and Irena Fryc. "Luminance Calibration and Linearity Correction Method of Imaging Luminance Measurement Devices." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i2.1094.

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This paper presents that the opto-electrical characteristic of a typical CCD based digital camera is nonlinear. It means that digital electric signal of the camera's CCD detector - is not a linear function of the luminance value on camera's lens. The opto-electrical characteristic feature of a digital camera needs to be transformed into a linear function if this camera is to be used as a luminance distribution measurement device known as Imaging Luminance Measurement Device (ILMD). The article presents the methodology for obtaining the opto-electrical characteristic feature of a typical CCD digital camera and focuses on the non- linearity correction method. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD. Wüller and H. Gabele, "The usage of digital cameras as luminance meters," in Digital Photography III, 2007, p. 65020U CrossRef P. Fiorentin and A. Scroccaro, "Detector-Based Calibration for Illuminance and Luminance Meters-Experimental Results," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1375-1381, 2010 CrossRef M. Shpak, P. Kärhä, G. Porrovecchio, M. Smid, and E. Ikonen, "Luminance meter for photopic and scotopic measurements in the mesopic range," Meas. Sci. Technol, vol. 25, no. 9, p. 95001, 2014, CrossRef P. Fiorentin, P. Iacomussi, and G. Rossi, "Characterization and calibration of a CCD detector for light engineering," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 171-177, 2005, CrossRef I. Fryc and E. Czech, "Application of optical fibers and CCD array for measurement of luminance distribution," in Proc. SPIE 5064, Lightmetry 2002: Metrology and Testing Techniques Using Light, 2003, pp. 18-21, CrossRef I. Fryc, "Accuracy of spectral correction of a CCD array for luminance distribution measurement," in Proc. SPIE 5064, Lightmetry 2002: Metrology and Testing Techniques Using Light, 2003, pp. 38-42, CrossRef I. Fryc, "Analysis of the spectral correction errors of illuminance meter photometric head under the influence of the diffusing element," Optical Engineering, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1636-1640, 2001. CrossRef D. Czyzewski, "Monitoring of the subsequent LED lighting installation in Warsaw in the years 2014-2015," in Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries, Lumen V4 2016, 2016, pp. 1-4, CrossRef M. Sielachowska, D. Tyniecki, and M. Zajkowski, "Measurements of the Luminance Distribution in the Classroom Using the SkyWatcher Type System," in 2018 VII. Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), 2018, pp. 1-5, CrossRef W. Malska and H. Wachta, "Elements of inferential statistics in a quantitative assessment of illuminations of architectural structures," in 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries (Lumen V4), 2016, pp. 1-6, CrossRef T. Kruisselbrink, R. Dangol, and A. Rosemann, "Photometric measurements of lighting quality: An overview," Building and Environment, vol. 138, pp. 42-52, 2018. CrossRef A. Borisuit, M. Münch, L. Deschamps, J. Kämpf, and J.-L. Scartezzini, "A new device for dynamic luminance mapping and glare risk assessment in buildings," in Proc. SPIE 8485. Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Solar Concentration IX, 2012, vol. 8485, p. 84850M, CrossRef I. Lewin and J. O'Farrell, "Luminaire photometry using video camera techniques," Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 1999, CrossRef D. Czyżewski, "Research on luminance distributions of chip-on-board light-emitting diodes," Crystals, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1-14, 2019, CrossRef K. Tohsing, M. Schrempf, S. Riechelmann, H. Schilke, and G. Seckmeyer, "Measuring high-resolution sky luminance distributions with a CCD camera," Applied optics, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1564-1573, 2013. CrossRef D. Czyzewski, "Investigation of COB LED luminance distribution," in Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Lighting Conference of the Visegrad Countries, Lumen V4 2016, 2016, pp. 1-4, CrossRef A. de Vries, J. L. Souman, B. de Ruyter, I. Heynderickx, and Y. A. W. de Kort, "Lighting up the office: The effect of wall luminance on room appraisal, office workers' performance, and subjective alertness," Building and Environment, 2018 CrossRef D. Silvestre, J. Guy, J. Hanck, K. Cornish, and A. Bertone, "Different luminance- and texture-defined contrast sensitivity profiles for school-aged children," Nature. Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 13039, 2020, CrossRef H. Wachta, K. Baran, and M. Leśko, "The meaning of qualitative reflective features of the facade in the design of illumination of architectural objects," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2019, vol. 2078, no. 1, p. 20102. CrossRef CIE, "Technical raport CIE 231:2019. CIE Classification System of Illuminance and Luminance Meters.," Vienna, Austria, 2019. CrossRef DIN, "Standard DIN 5032-7:2017. Photometry - Part 7: Classification of illuminance meters and luminance meters.," 2017. DirectLink CEN, "EN 13032-1:2004. Light and lighting - Measurement and presentation of photometric data of lamps and luminaires - Part 1: Measurement and file format," Bruxelles, Belgium., 2004. DirectLink CIE, "Technical raport CIE 231:2019. CIE Classification System of Illuminance and Luminance Meters," Vienna, Austria, 2019 CrossRef E. Czech, D. Czyzewski, "The linearization of the relationship between scene luminance and digital camera output levels", Photonics Letter of Poland 13, 1 (2021). CrossRef
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15

Zilberti, Luca, Oriano Bottauscio, Mario Chiampi, and Gabriella Crotti. "On the use of TEM cells for the calibration of power frequency electric field meters." Measurement 43, no. 9 (November 2010): 1282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2010.07.005.

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16

Sekanov, Yu P., M. A. Stepanov, and E. L. Pavlov. "MOISTURE METER WILE 200: INVESTIGATION RESULTS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-4-94-97.

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The competitive environment orients rural producers to produce safe, high-quality products. The solution of this problem is impossible without the use of reliable and timely production information obtained by modern means of measurement. In the list of parameters of the system of operational decisionmaking in the production of grain and seeds, the determining role belongs to information about their moisture content. Reliable and timely information on humidity can significantly reduce the technical, technological and social risks affecting the economy of agricultural enterprises. Currently, the market of the necessary complex of grain moisture meters is occupied mainly by foreign developments. The most popular field electric moisture meters are not produced by domestic instrument-making companies. Foreign devices are graded on varieties of crops grown in completely different climatic and soil conditions. There are differences in the standard means and methods of grain preparation, which are used by manufacturers in the calibration of devices. In order to avoid risks when using imported devices, it is necessary to assess their adaptability to domestic crops and conditions of use. The article presents the results of a study of a new model from the line of capacitive moisture meters produced by the well-known Finnish company Farmcomp. The defining concept of the device model is the minimization of random errors caused by the user's actions, and automatic compensation of the influence of the volume density (nature) of the grain mass. The complexity of measurement technologies and the limited humidity range reduce the possibility of using the device in production conditions. The methods used in the device to compensate for factors affecting its readings do not fully provide the results expected from their use. Calibration of the device on domestic crops and varieties in the ranges of change of their basic properties (humidity, volume density), characteristic for the Russian conditions is necessary.
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17

Suehara, Ken-Ichiro, Kazuo Owari, Jiro Kohda, Yasuhisa Nakano, and Takuo Yano. "Rapid and Simple Determination of Oil and Urea Concentrations and Solids Content to Monitor Biodegradation Conditions of Wastewater Discharged from a Biodiesel Fuel Production Plant." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 15, no. 2 (April 2007): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.721.

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To prepare and maintain the optimal biodegradation conditions of wastewater discharged from a biodiesel fuel (BDF) production process with alkali–catalysis transesterification, rapid and simple methods were investigated to measure oil (carbon source of microorganisms) and urea (nitrogen source) concentrations and solids content (indicator of growth inhibition of microorganism) of the wastewater. Two non-destructive methods were investigated. First, physical properties of the BDF wastewater such as electric conductivity (EC), specific gravity (Sp.Gr.) and Brix values were measured and the values were analysed with multiple liner regression (MLR). Only solids content could be predicted by measured physical properties. However, adjustment of the C/N ratio of the BDF wastewater was also necessary to prepare the optimal condition for the microorganism growth in the wastewater treatment process. Therefore, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to simultaneous, non-destructive and rapid measurement of the constituents of the wastewater. The dominant absorptions caused by oil, urea and solids material in the wastewater were observed at 1718, 2154 and 2286 nm, respectively. These were used as the first wavelength to formulate calibration equations, a MLR analysis was carried out between the NIR spectral data and the values of conventional analyses, such as hexane extraction, enzymatic and oven-drying methods, in the calibration sample set (sample number, n = 50). To validate the calibration equations obtained, the predicted values of the oil, urea and solids in the validation sample set ( n = 40), which was not used for formulating the calibration equations, were calculated using the calibration equations. Good agreement was observed between the values of the conventional analyses and the values predicted using NIR; the multiple correlation coefficients of determination ( r2) for the validation equations for oil, solids and urea were 0.993, 0.877 and 0.960, respectively. Prediction of the solids content of the BDF wastewater using EC and Brix values is also possible with the handy EC and Brix meters which are inexpensive and easy to handle. However, these do not allow total management of the BDF production and BDF wastewater treatment processes. On the other hand, the NIR method is potentially suitable for automated process management of a BDF wastewater treatment system.
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18

Wang, San Qiang, Xing Zhe Hou, Yan Lin Liu, and Qiu Hui Zhuang. "Electronic Type Electric Energy Meter Calibrating Method Application Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.994.

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With the progress of science and technology, electronic type electric energy meter is widely used in electric energy metering and charging in China, especially in rural power network reform, investment, electronic type electric energy meter with its linearity, stability is good, the power consumption of small, voltage and frequency response speed, high measurement precision, to further improve the market share, but how to test electronic type electric energy meter, but has been puzzling the test technical staff, according to the practical experience on the above problem undertakes a few discuss. This paper analyzes the electronic type electric energy meter principle, characteristics, focus on the research of the electric energy meter calibration method, the electronic type electric energy meter calibrating idea and train of thought.
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19

Liu, Fangxing, Chengbin Liang, and Qing He. "A Data-Based Approach for Smart Meter Online Calibration." ACTA IMEKO 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v9i2.777.

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Smart meter has been considered as the key element in the smart grid and current smart meter verification method failed to coverage all deployed meters. Online calibration for is a novel approach which calculate meter error by analysing meter reading data. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and basic model of smart meter online calibration and proposed a recursive algorithm to estimate meter error. Concrete steps have been illustrated and testing case shows the higher accuracy of the method. Finally, some issues of online calibration in application were discussed.
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20

Hou, Tao, and Yan Hong Guo. "Research of Calibration Instrument of Multi-Site Single-Phase Energy Meter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.424.

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This design is a full-featured, high precision power meter on-site calibration device and integrated electrical parameter measuring device. The internal use of SCM control, you can not open the instrument case, through the keys with precision adjustment, thus increasing the reliability and stability. This study projects able to keep the case of electricity meters for a variety of electrical power meter, indicating a variety of instrumentation and electrical power transmitters to provide on-site instruments detection, but also to voltage, current, power, power factor, phase, frequency and other electrical parameters measurement.
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21

WOLLENHAUPT, N. C., J. L. RICHARDSON, J. E. FOSS, and E. C. DOLL. "A RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATING WEIGHTED SOIL SALINITY FROM APPARENT SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASURED WITH AN ABOVEGROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION METER." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-032.

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This study presents a method for calibrating electromagnetic induction instrument readings with saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe) for field mapping purposes. Each meter reading represents an integration of the apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) over the meter’s response depth. To correlate the meter readings with measured ECe within soil depth increments, several pedons representing a range of soil salinity for the survey area were sampled in 30-cm increments to a depth corresponding to the meter response. A weighting procedure based on the meter response-depth function was developed to condense the multiple ECe by depth measurements into a single weighted area specific value. These values were correlated with the apparent soil electric conductivity from the electromagnetic induction instrument by simple linear regression. This technique is designed for soil association of similar parent materials. The resulting regression equation yields a quick reliable equation that avoids complex mathematics and converts the instrument readings into weighted forms of commonly used saturated paste electrical conductivity values. Key words: Soil survey, electrical resistance
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22

Lin, Guo Ying, Shang Li Zhou, and Wei Ming Sun. "A New Method for Calibrating Digi-Data Input Power Meter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1507.

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Recently, China is developing smart grid with great strength, more and more digital substations will be built, therefore, it is time for thinking of the accuracy of the new electric energy metering devices. But the new electric energy metering devices are different from the traditional meters by using Digi-Data interface instead of voltage and current interface, requiring a new method of testing error. By equivalently transforming electric power from analog to digital, we design a special electric power standard with digital-data-interface according to IEC61850. Based on the special electric power standard, this article introduces a new method for calibrating digi-data input power meter.
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23

Wang, Quan, Hongbin Li, Hao Wang, Jun Zhang, and Jiliang Fu. "A Remote Calibration Device Using Edge Intelligence." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010322.

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Power system facility calibration is a compulsory task that requires in-site operations. In this work, we propose a remote calibration device that incorporates edge intelligence so that the required calibration can be accomplished with little human intervention. Our device entails a wireless serial port module, a Bluetooth module, a video acquisition module, a text recognition module, and a message transmission module. First, the wireless serial port is used to communicate with edge node, the Bluetooth is used to search for nearby Bluetooth devices to obtain their state information and the video is used to monitor the calibration process in the calibration lab. Second, to improve the intelligence, we propose a smart meter reading method in our device that is based on artificial intelligence to obtain information about calibration meters. We use a mini camera to capture images of calibration meters, then we adopt the Efficient and Accurate Scene Text Detector (EAST) to complete text detection, finally we built the Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) to complete the recognition of the meter data. Finally, the message transmission module is used to transmit the recognized data to the database through Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). Our device solves the problem that some calibration meters cannot return information, thereby improving the remote calibration intelligence.
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24

Kromplyas, B. A., A. S. Levytskyi, and Ie O. Zaitsev. "SMART SHIELD PANEL AC VOLTMETER CELL." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini 2021, no. 60 (December 10, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2021.60.065.

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In this paper smart shield panel electrical operating parameters meters of energy generating facilities functionality is analysis. The list of functions of measuring instruments supplemented, which allowed increasing their operational characteristics. Methods and results of realization of these functions given for the panel board intellectualized voltage meter of alternating current. The structural scheme of the developed panel board intellectualized meter is described and its main technical characteristics are given.A method of mobile calibration of the device is proposed, in which a calibration signal source with a separate fixed value is used, and the calibration process itself is controlled from the device keyboard. A modernized detailed and simplified calibration algorithm is present. Ref. 12, fig. 5, tabl. 2.
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Callegaro, Luca. "Maintaining a Local Reference Scale for Electrical Impedance by Means of a Digital Impedance Bridge." NCSLI Measure 13, no. 4 (December 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.4.7.

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Electrical impedance is one of the most commonly measured electrical quantities and there is a wide variety of impedance meters commercially available. Electrical calibration laboratories usually use sets of artifact impedance standards to calibrate these meters. The traceability chain for electrical impedance is described with a particular emphasis on the use of impedance bridges to calibrate the impedance standards themselves. Up to now, coaxial transformer ratio bridges have been used for this purpose, but these have a number of practical disadvantages. It is shown that digital impedance bridges, which use digital techniques to provide the accurate voltage ratios for bridge balancing, offer a viable alternative to transformer ratio bridges. The principles of operation of source-based and sampling-based impedance bridges are described. The joint research project VersICaL: A versatile electrical impedance calibration laboratory based on digital impedance bridges (2018-2021) has shown that digital impedance bridges provide, even for a laboratory with limited resources and expertise, a practical means of calibrating impedance standards at the parts per million level of accuracy. A source-based digital impedance bridge, designed and constructed within the project, is described and some measurement results presented.
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Draxler, Karel, and Renata Styblikova. "Calibration of AC Clamp Meters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 65, no. 5 (May 2016): 1156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2507413.

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Zhang, Hong. "The Design of Intelligent Watt-Hour Meter Based STM32 System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 686 (October 2014): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.686.185.

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In view of limitations function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It supports multi rate, step rate and power factor influence factor of electricity metering method, and can realize the real-time clock, timing backup data, monitoring the temperature and humidity of the environment and other functions, has the ability to forecast the next period of time energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of electrical appliances. Combined with the PC software, the backup data of smart meters to report, detailed list, and the data curve method is presented to the user, and facilitate to analysis of user. The whole embedded in smart meters and the host computer system provides a good human-computer interface, can realize the user personalized service configuration and software calibration function.
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Grødem, Edvard OS, Kieran Sweeney, and Megan N. McClean. "Automated calibration of optoPlate LEDs to reduce light dose variation in optogenetic experiments." BioTechniques 69, no. 4 (October 2020): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0077.

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Optogenetic systems use light to precisely control and investigate cellular processes. Until recently, there had been few instruments available for applying controlled light doses to cultures of cells. The optoPlate, a programmable array of 192 LEDs, was developed to meet this need. However, LED performance varies, and without calibration there are substantial brightness differences between LEDs on an optoPlate. Here we present a method for calibrating an optoPlate that uses a programmable microscope stage and optical power meter to automatically measure all 192 LEDs of an optoPlate. The resulting brightness measurements are used to calculate calibration values that tune the electrical current supplied to each optoPlate LED to reduce brightness variation in optogenetic experiments.
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Pak, Alexey, Steffen Reichel, and Jan Burke. "Machine-Learning-Inspired Workflow for Camera Calibration." Sensors 22, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 6804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186804.

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The performance of modern digital cameras approaches physical limits and enables high-precision measurements in optical metrology and in computer vision. All camera-assisted geometrical measurements are fundamentally limited by the quality of camera calibration. Unfortunately, this procedure is often effectively considered a nuisance: calibration data are collected in a non-systematic way and lack quality specifications; imaging models are selected in an ad hoc fashion without proper justification; and calibration results are evaluated, interpreted, and reported inconsistently. We outline an (arguably more) systematic and metrologically sound approach to calibrating cameras and characterizing the calibration outcomes that is inspired by typical machine learning workflows and practical requirements of camera-based measurements. Combining standard calibration tools and the technique of active targets with phase-shifted cosine patterns, we demonstrate that the imaging geometry of a typical industrial camera can be characterized with sub-mm uncertainty up to distances of a few meters even with simple parametric models, while the quality of data and resulting parameters can be known and controlled at all stages.
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Cheng, K., and Da-Ming Zhu. "On Calibration of pH Meters." Sensors 5, no. 4 (April 27, 2005): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s5040209.

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31

Godo, K., Y. Tamura, and O. Watari. "Illuminance meter calibration with an LED spectrally tunable light source." Lighting Research & Technology 52, no. 8 (February 19, 2020): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153520905618.

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Calibration of an illuminance meter is indispensable for accurate measurement of the illuminance of indoor lighting and daylight. In recent years, because of the phasing-out of incandescent lamps and their replacement with LED lamps, it has become difficult to obtain an incandescent type standard lamp to calibrate an illuminance meter. To replace the standard lamp method, we constructed an illuminance meter calibration system based on an LED-based spectrally tunable light source. The approximate CIE Illuminant A spectrum realized by the LED-based spectrally tunable light source was controlled at various illuminance values (800–10,000 lx). A test illuminance meter was calibrated by comparison against a reference photometer with the realized approximate Illuminant A spectrum. The illuminance values measured using the reference photometer and using the test illuminance meter in the calibration system agreed within 2.5% without reference plane correction of the test illuminance meter, and within 1% with reference plane correction. Reference plane correction depends strongly on the measurement distance and the illuminance meter structure. This study demonstrated that it can be improved. Therefore, we infer that an illuminance meter calibration method using an LED-based spectrally tunable light source is a promising means of overcoming difficulties posed by the phasing-out of incandescent standard lamps.
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Suppan, Thomas, Markus Neumayer, Thomas Bretterklieber, Stefan Puttinger, and Hannes Wegleiter. "A Model-Based Analysis of Capacitive Flow Metering for Pneumatic Conveying Systems: A Comparison between Calibration-Based and Tomographic Approaches." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030856.

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Pneumatic conveying is a standard transportation technique for bulk materials in various industrial fields. Flow metering is crucial for the efficient and reliable operation of such systems and for process control. Capacitive measurement systems are often proposed for this application. In this method, electrodes are placed on the conveyor systems transport line and capacitive signals are sensed. The design of the sensor with regard to the arrangement and the number of electrodes as well as the evaluation of the capacitive sensor signals can be divided into two categories. Calibration-based flow meters use regression methods for signal processing, which are parametrized from calibration measurements on test rigs. Their performance is limited by the extend of the calibration measurements. Electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters use model-based signal processing techniques to obtain estimates about the spatial material distribution within the sensor. In contrast to their calibration-based counterparts, this approach requires more effort with respect to modeling and instrumentation, as typically a larger number of measurement signals has to be acquired. In this work we present a comparative analysis of the two approaches, which is based on measurement experiments and a holistic system model for flow metering. For the model-based analysis Monte Carlo simulations are conducted, where randomly generated pneumatic conveying flow patterns are simulated to analyze the sensor and algorithm behavior. The results demonstrate the potential benefit of electrical capacitance tomography based flow meters over a calibration-based instrument design.
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Sanchez-Sutil, Cano-Ortega, Hernandez, and Rus-Casas. "Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers." Electronics 8, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8080878.

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Smart meter roll-out in photovoltaic (PV) household-prosumers provides easy access to granular meter measurements, which enables advanced energy services. The design of these services is based on the training and validation of models. However, this requires temporal high-resolution data for generation/load profiles collected in real-world household facilities. For this purpose, this research developed and successfully calibrated a new prototype for an accurate low-cost On-time Single-Phase Power Smart Meter (OSPPSM), which corresponded to these profiles. This OSPPSM is based on the Arduino open-source electronic platform. Not only can it locally store information, but can also wirelessly send these data to cloud storage in real-time. This paper describes the hardware and software design and its implementation. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The OSPPSM demonstrated that it was capable of in situ real-time processing. Moreover, the OSPPSM was able to meet all of the calibration standard tests in terms of accuracy class 1 (measurement error ≤1%) included in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for smart meters. In addition, the evaluation of the uncertainty of electrical variables is provided within the context of the law of propagation of uncertainty. The approximate cost of the prototype was 60 € from eBay stores.
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Palimąka, Piotr, Stanislaw Pietrzyk, and Tomasz Sak. "Application of CVCC Technique for Measuring Electrical Conductivity of Metallurgical Slags and Molten Salts." Key Engineering Materials 682 (February 2016): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.682.321.

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Electrical conductivity is one of the most important physico-chemical parameters in chemical engineering as well as in the technology of many industrial process. Especially in the metals production by the electrolysis from molten salts or metals recovery from slags in the electric furnaces, where the great energy is needed.In this work the continuously varying cell constant (CVCC) technique for measuring conductivity of non-ferrous slags and molten salts was used. This is high-accuracy technique, which requires no calibration. The technique was verified by measuring conductivity of standard KCl solution and molten KCl. A good agreement was obtained between measured and commonly accepted literature values. The results of measured conductivity of KF-AlF3 melts were compared with data obtained by other authors. It was proved that CVCC technique can measure accurately the electrical conductivity of high-temperature molten salts and metallurgical slags.
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35

Faifer, Marco, Gian Maria Foglia, Roberto Perini, and Luca Rocca. "The Calibration of Loop Impedance Meters: A Proposal." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 56, no. 4 (August 2007): 1285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2007.899851.

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36

Harmon, S. A. C., M. J. Hall, L. C. A. Henderson, and P. P. Munday. "Calibration of commercial conductivity meters for measuring small items." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 151, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20040701.

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37

Takuma, Tadasu, Tadashi Kawamoto, and Yoshitaka Sunaga. "Analysis of Calibration Arrangements for AC Field Strength Meters." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 2 (February 1985): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5528888.

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38

Bao, Ke Qin, Gu Xiang Ding, and Yi Bo Song. "Error Analysis and Calibration of Infra-Red Temperature Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.290.

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R temperature measurement in electrical equipment is more and more used in temperature measurement, but accuracy of temperature measurement is susceptible to outside interference. The main factors affecting the accuracy of measuring temperature, such as environmental factors, equipment emissivity and distance coefficient, are analyzed, the solution has been put forward. In the environmental conditions under the condition of relatively unchanged ,change rule of the temperature value along with the temperature measuring distance changing from 0.7 to 5 meters is found, and temperature value is calibrated . The result after calibrating shows that the method is valid,and error of temperature is less than 0.7°C within 5 meters.
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39

Velychko, O., S. Shevkun, O. Meshcheriak, and M. Dobroliubova. "Calibration of the Plants for Verification of Stopwatchs." Metrology and instruments, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.11-15.

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The method of calibration of plants for verification of stopwatches with the help of the electronic-counting CNT-90 frequency meter is presented. The measurement circuits for verification (calibration) of reference plants for verification (calibration) of stopwatches are given. The device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the motion signal of the moving part of the plant into an electrical signal of direct current using optical sensors, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of mechanical stopwatches, and, the device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the audio signal of an electronic stopwatch into an electrical signal of direct current using microphone, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of electronic stopwatches. An example of the applying of the CNT-90 electronic frequency counter software is provided, which allows you to calculate the verification and calibration results (rejections the measurements of time and instability indexes) in the automatic mode. The calibration model and uncertainty budget for calibration of stopwatches are presented. The components of Type A and B, in accordance with calibration model are recorded when calculating the combined standard uncertainty in the form of standard uncertainties. The components of Type B: standard uncertainty due to the electronic counting frequency meter readings from the nominal value is taken from the calibration certificate of the frequency meter; standard uncertainty due to the drift of an electron-counting frequency meter since its last calibration; standard uncertainty due to the discreteness of indications of the plant indicator; standard uncertainty due to the effect of the device for synchronous start. The method of verification and calibration of installations for verification (calibration) of stopwatches, which are describe in the article, can be used in scientific metrological institutions, state enterprises, metrological services of state bodies, by enterprises and organizations, conformity assessment bodies of measuring instruments and in any other laboratories which have appropriate equipment and required standards.
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Femine, A. D., D. Gallo, C. Landi, and M. Luiso. "Advanced Instrument For Field Calibration of Electrical Energy Meters." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 58, no. 3 (March 2009): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2008.2005079.

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41

Bouillod, Anthony, Georges Soto-Romero, Frederic Grappe, William Bertucci, Emmanuel Brunet, and Johan Cassirame. "Caveats and Recommendations to Assess the Validity and Reliability of Cycling Power Meters: A Systematic Scoping Review." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010386.

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A large number of power meters have become commercially available during the last decades to provide power output (PO) measurement. Some of these power meters were evaluated for validity in the literature. This study aimed to perform a review of the available literature on the validity of cycling power meters. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar have been explored with PRISMA methodology. A total of 74 studies have been extracted for the reviewing process. Validity is a general quality of the measurement determined by the assessment of different metrological properties: Accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness. Accuracy was most often studied from the metrological property (74 studies). Reproducibility was the second most studied (40 studies) property. Finally, repeatability, sensitivity, and robustness were considerably less studied with only 7, 5, and 5 studies, respectively. The SRM power meter is the most used as a gold standard in the studies. Moreover, the number of participants was very different among them, from 0 (when using a calibration rig) to 56 participants. The PO tested was up to 1700 W, whereas the pedalling cadence ranged between 40 and 180 rpm, including submaximal and maximal exercises. Other exercise conditions were tested, such as torque, position, temperature, and vibrations. This review provides some caveats and recommendations when testing the validity of a cycling power meter, including all of the metrological properties (accuracy, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and robustness) and some exercise conditions (PO range, sprint, pedalling cadence, torque, position, participant, temperature, vibration, and field test).
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42

Buber, V. B., Yu A. Pivovarov, and A. A. Sokolov. "Digital meter of electric field pulse amplitudes with automatic sensitivity calibration." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 2 (February 1987): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865874.

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43

Martucci, Adolfo, Giovanni Cerasuolo, Orsola Petrella, and Marco Laracca. "On the Calibration of GNSS-Based Vehicle Speed Meters." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030591.

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Thanks to their metrological characteristics (accuracy, dimensions, synchronization capability, easy interfacing, and so on), in the last few years, the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) based speed instruments are often used in a wide field of application. The traceability of the measurement results achieved by the GNSS instrument should be made by means of calibration procedures in compliance with the ISO/IEC 17025 standard and ILAC (International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation) policy on the traceability of measurement results. In this context, some calibration methodologies have been proposed in the literature or used by some calibration centers. In a speed range from 1 to 300 km/h, an analysis on the suitability of the experimental calibration method (based on a couple of photocells placed on the road at a certain distance) for the GNSS speed measurement systems is presented in this paper. An analysis of the measurement setup has allowed for the recognition of both all the uncertainty contributions and defines the variability range of their values. After the formulation of the relationships between the uncertainty contributions and the total calibration uncertainty due to the calibration method, the sensitivity analysis has been made. The analyzed measurement setup, even if considering a careful choice of both instrumentations and methodologies, is suitable for the calibration of high accuracy GNSS based instruments only considering distances between the photocells sufficiently large and for speed values lower than 200 km/h. In any case, the proposed analysis can be a useful tool to allow for the choices on the measurement setup to reach the desired trade-off between calibration costs and compliance with technical requirements and also the calibration of instrumentation different by GNSS.
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44

Georgakopoulos, D., and P. S. Wright. "Calibration of energy and power meters under non-sinusoidal conditions." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 153, no. 6 (2006): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:20050098.

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45

Tan, Xihe, Achim Mester, Christian von Hebel, Egon Zimmermann, Harry Vereecken, Stefan van Waasen, and Jan van der Kruk. "Simultaneous calibration and inversion algorithm for multiconfiguration electromagnetic induction data acquired at multiple elevations." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): EN1—EN14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0264.1.

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Electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a contactless and fast geophysical measurement technique. Frequency-domain EMI systems are available as portable rigid booms with fixed separations up to approximately 4 m between the transmitter and the receivers. These EMI systems are often used for high-resolution characterization of the upper subsurface meters (up to depths of approximately 1.5 times the maximum coil separation). The availability of multiconfiguration EMI systems, which measure multiple apparent electrical conductivity ([Formula: see text]) values of different but overlapping soil volumes, enables EMI data inversions to estimate electrical conductivity ([Formula: see text]) changes with depth. However, most EMI systems currently do not provide absolute [Formula: see text] values, but erroneous shifts occur due to calibration problems, which hinder a reliable inversion of the data. Instead of using physical soil data or additional methods to calibrate the EMI data, we have used an efficient and accurate simultaneous calibration and inversion approach to avoid a possible bias of other methods while reducing the acquisition time for the calibration. By measuring at multiple elevations above the ground surface using a multiconfiguration EMI system, we simultaneously obtain multiplicative and additive calibration factors for each coil configuration plus an inverted layered subsurface electrical conductivity model at the measuring location. Using synthetic data, we verify our approach. Experimental data from five different calibration positions along a transect line showed similar calibration results as the data obtained by more elaborate vertical electrical sounding reference measurements. The synthetic and experimental results demonstrate that the multielevation calibration and inversion approach is a promising tool for quantitative electrical conductivity analyses.
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46

Fiorentin, Pietro, and Alessandro Scroccaro. "Detector-Based Calibration for Illuminance and Luminance Meters—Experimental Results." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 59, no. 5 (May 2010): 1375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2010.2045036.

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47

Goswami, Mrinal, Somnath Mahato, Rowdra Ghatak, and Anindya Bose. "Potential of Multi constellation Global Navigation Satellite System in Indian Missile Test Range Applications." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.15570.

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In this paper, the potentials of using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques in the complex calibration procedure of the tracking sensors for missile test range applications have been presented. The frequently used tracking sensors in test range applications are- electro-optical tracking stations (EOTS) and tracking radars. Over the years, the EOTS are used as the reference for bias estimation of the radars. With the introduction of GPS in test range applications, especially the DGPS, the reference for bias estimation got shifted to DGPS from the EOTS. However, the achievable position solution accuracy is limited to the order of a few meters for DGPS, EOTS, and Radars. With the evolution of Multi-constellation GNSS and carrier-phase based measurement techniques in satellite navigation, achievable position solution accuracies may be improved to sub-meter level. New navigation techniques like real time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning have the potentials for use in the calibration procedures of the missile test ranges to the accuracies of centimeter-level. Moreover, because of the availability of a large number of navigation signals over the Indian region, multi-constellation GNSS receivers can enhance signal availability, reliability, and accuracies during the calibration of missile test ranges. Currently available compact, low-cost GNSS modules also offer the possibilities of using these for cost-effective, networked RTK for dynamic calibration of test ranges reducing cost and resource requirements.
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48

Karabekova, D. Zh. "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEAT FLOW METER." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 19, no. 2 (40) (June 15, 2022): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022no2/71-74.

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The problems and prospects of application of non-destructive testing methods for technical diagnostics of the thermal networks state and various technological objects are discussed. The recording of the temperature state of thermal processes by using a flow meter is due to its sensitivity to the change of thermophysical characteristics and the ability to control without the use of an external energy source, etc. The description of the developed device to measuring of the heat flow using of a thermoelectric heat flow converter of a special design is shown. A distinctive feature of the device is the heating element that installed on an insulating layer serving as a support surface. Calibration of the device is proposed to be carried out by replacing the heat flow from the investigated object with the heat flow released in the heating element when an electric current passes through it. The developed device can register the changes in the heat flux density in the range of (25-100) W/m2, which allows it possible to detect the smallest thermal insulation defects.
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49

Inoue, Takemi, Kyohei Yamamura, and Michiyuki Endo. "Automatic Calibration System for a Laser Power Meter." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-34, no. 3 (September 1985): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1985.4315364.

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50

Schwarz, Yair, Noa Konvalina, and Amir Tirosh. "A Pilot Trial to Evaluate the Accuracy of a Novel Non-Invasive Glucose Meter." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206704.

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The non-invasive self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been the subject of intense investigation over recent decades. We conducted a pilot study designed to examine a novel non-invasive glucometer, the HGR GWave, utilizing radiofrequency (RF) sensing. Blood glucose levels assessed by this HGR prototype were compared to measurements performed by a hexokinase core laboratory assay during an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) for 5 subjects with type 2 diabetes. The HGR glucose meter readings were also compared to two Abbot Freestyle® glucose meters, which were also used for calibration. The accuracy of the results was evaluated through the calculation of relative absolute difference (RAD), specified percentage differences between 43 reference glucose measurements, and using comparator measurements. The median RAD was −4.787. We detected 79.04%, 92.99% and 97.64% of HGR readings within ±10%, ±15% and ±20% of the reference glucose measurements. The HGR readings had a high correlation with reference lab glucose measurements with R2 = 0.924 (95% CI 0.929–0.979; p < 0.0001). When compared to the Freestyle® glucose meters 94.3% and 100% of the readings were within ±5% and ±10%, with R2 = 0.975 (0.975–0.994; p < 0.0001). The HGR prototype glucose meter was found to be accurate in detecting real-time blood glucose during an oGTT in this small pilot study. A study with a broader range of blood glucose levels is needed to further assess its accuracy and its suitability for clinical use.
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