Journal articles on the topic 'Electric legislation'
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Sokolowski, Maciej M. "Laws and Policies on Electric Scooters in the European Union: A Ride to the Micromobility Directive?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 29, Issue 4 (August 1, 2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2020036.
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The conducted research shows that the EU-27 and the UK have a varied approach to electric scooters when it comes to law: some see them as means of micro-transportation or personal transport, others define them exclusively in their legislation (in a direct manner). In some countries electric scooters are not defined in legislation but other rules apply (e.g. rules on bicycles). Electric scooters’ users are qualified either as pedestrians using scooters, drivers, or cyclists. The limit of 20 – 25 km/h of speed is a general benchmark. The rules on the access to pavement, pedestrian zones, and pedestrian crossings vary among the Member States (some allow it, providing speed limits; others offer only the possibility of accessing bike paths or public roads). National legislation also provides some other requirements, such as age limits for electric scooter users when riding on a road or wearing protective equipment (e.g. helmet or safety vest). The research also proves that the majority of Member States do not provide any special rules on driving licences or insurance (generally not required when using electric scooters). Finally, the article addresses a seemingly basic legal European framework on electric scooters and a possible harmonization by adopting the Micromobility Directive. electric transport, electric scooters, micromobility, micro-transportation, Micromobility Directive
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Tijmes-Ihl, Jaime. "EL ARBITRAJE DE OFERTA DEFINITIVA EN LA LEGISLACIÓN ELÉCTRICA CHILENA." Jurídicas 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2015): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2015.12.2.7.
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Dishrow, R. E. "New U.S. energy legislation and its impact on electric power." IEEE Power Engineering Review 13, no. 4 (April 1993): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1993.207005.
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Stein, G. "New U.S. energy legislation and its impact on large electric." IEEE Power Engineering Review 13, no. 4 (April 1993): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1993.207006.
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Bielashov, Y. V. "The Unmanned Passenger Aerial Vehicles with Electric Propulsion in Ukraine – Perspectives of Employment." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-152-157.
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The article explores the issue of institutional provision for the employment of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion (urban electric aerial vehicles) in Ukraine. The use of such vehicles is considered a promising direction in the development of urban air transport, able to unload traffic bottlenecks of the transport system in megacities. Among the main factors that favorably distinguish urban electric aerial vehicles from traditional air transport are: safety, economic efficiency, quietness, environmental friendliness and low requirements for related infrastructure. Preparations for large-scale use of urban electric aerial vehicles are currently being carried out in Germany, the USA, South Korea and the city of Dubai. The analysis of the advantages and possibilities of using urban electric aerial vehicles is provided; the history of development and the current status of this transport type is carried out. Despite the fact that the first samples of urban electric aerial vehicles are only being tested, there is already a significant competition in this market. Among the main developers of this class of aircraft one can single out the companies EHang (PRC) and Lilium GmbH (Germany). The article reviewes legislative requirements for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles with electric propulsion in certain countries of the world. Borrowing this experience can be useful for Ukraine due to the lack of terminological definition of such a class of vehicle in the natonal legislation; uncertainty of the conditions of their operation and safety measures; lacunas in the existing classification of unmanned aerial vehicles, which does not provide for the existence of programmable aerial vehicle, the control of which does not require a special control station located outside the vehicle, or vehicles that carry out programmable flight. In order to eliminate existing lacunas in Ukrainian legislation, measures have been developed, the implementation of which will allow the use of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion and will contribute to the further development of air transport in Ukraine.
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Bielashov, Y. V. "The Unmanned Passenger Aerial Vehicles with Electric Propulsion in Ukraine – Perspectives of Employment." Business Inform 11, no. 514 (2020): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-11-152-157.
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The article explores the issue of institutional provision for the employment of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion (urban electric aerial vehicles) in Ukraine. The use of such vehicles is considered a promising direction in the development of urban air transport, able to unload traffic bottlenecks of the transport system in megacities. Among the main factors that favorably distinguish urban electric aerial vehicles from traditional air transport are: safety, economic efficiency, quietness, environmental friendliness and low requirements for related infrastructure. Preparations for large-scale use of urban electric aerial vehicles are currently being carried out in Germany, the USA, South Korea and the city of Dubai. The analysis of the advantages and possibilities of using urban electric aerial vehicles is provided; the history of development and the current status of this transport type is carried out. Despite the fact that the first samples of urban electric aerial vehicles are only being tested, there is already a significant competition in this market. Among the main developers of this class of aircraft one can single out the companies EHang (PRC) and Lilium GmbH (Germany). The article reviewes legislative requirements for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles with electric propulsion in certain countries of the world. Borrowing this experience can be useful for Ukraine due to the lack of terminological definition of such a class of vehicle in the natonal legislation; uncertainty of the conditions of their operation and safety measures; lacunas in the existing classification of unmanned aerial vehicles, which does not provide for the existence of programmable aerial vehicle, the control of which does not require a special control station located outside the vehicle, or vehicles that carry out programmable flight. In order to eliminate existing lacunas in Ukrainian legislation, measures have been developed, the implementation of which will allow the use of unmanned passenger aerial vehicles with electric propulsion and will contribute to the further development of air transport in Ukraine.
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Bregida, Fedir, Andrii Danko, Valentyn Merzhievsky, Viktor Pinchuk, Yuliya Ponomareva, and Yurii Ryndin. "About classification of wheeled vehicles of category L." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (253) ’ 2018 (March 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2018-1-253-8-14.
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A new classification of L-category vehicles needed to be approved is proposed, harmonized with European Union legislation. Keywords: categories, subcategories, criteria, propulsion (electric engine, heat engine, flywheel, hybrid (microhybrid, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, range extender battery)), weeled running gear, electric vehicle, high voltage.
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Bryhadyr, I. V. "Ecological and Legal Problems of Electrification of Motor Vehicles." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 93, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2021.2.10.
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The article is focused on studying the state policy, legislation and practice of its application in Ukraine regarding the use of electrified motor vehicles – battery vehicles that run on chemical sources of electric current. The purpose of the work is to determine the legal mechanisms to prevent the negative impact on the environment from the electrification of motor vehicles.
The methodological basis of the research included: comparative and legal method, which was used to study the requirements of EU and Ukrainian legislation; the method of system analysis allowed us to reveal the legal mechanisms of regulating the use of car batteries and the subsequent treatment of unusable power batteries of electric vehicles.
The result of the research was the justification of the need to: update the legislation of Ukraine on chemical sources of electric current, in the process of which one should take into account the expansion of such sources, increasing their number and, most importantly, the total mass; creation and introduction of a system of accounting for operations on supply and utilization of batteries of electric vehicles with the obligation of suppliers of such components to create an infrastructure for collection and subsequent transfer for disposal to manufacturers of batteries unfit for further operation; establishment of the presumption of environmental pollution by the owner of the electric vehicle in case of purchasing the element or the whole battery without transferring the fulfilled or damaged battery to utilization.
The results of the research can be used in law-enforcement practice to prevent the negative impact on the environment of by unusable power batteries of electric vehicles, as well as in lawmaking to improve legal mechanisms of preventing mass accumulation of used chemical sources of electric current in Ukraine.
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Kim, Sung Eun, Johannes Urpelainen, and Joonseok Yang. "Electric utilities and American climate policy: lobbying by expected winners and losers." Journal of Public Policy 36, no. 2 (March 3, 2015): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x15000033.
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AbstractWhen and why do individual companies lobby on environmental policies? Given the structural strength of business interests, the answer to this question is important for explaining policy. However, evidence on the strategic lobbying behaviour of individual companies remains scarce. We use data from lobbying disclosure reports on all major climate bills introduced during the 111th Congress (2009–2010). We then link the lobbying disclosure reports to detailed data on the fuel choices of all electric utilities in the United States along with socioeconomic, institutional and political data from the states where the utilities operate. The expected winners (renewable energy, natural gas users) from climate policy are much more likely to lobby individually on federal legislation than the expected losers (coal users). We find that expected winners lobby for specific provisions and rents as a private good, whereas expected losers concentrate their efforts on collective action through trade associations and committees to prevent climate legislation. The results suggest that the supporters of climate policy believed the probability of federal climate legislation to be nontrivial.
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Vasko, P. F., and M. R. Ibragimova. "SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS AS A PART OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY AND ENERGY MARKET OF UKRAINE." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 25-30 (December 7, 2018): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.25-30.073-085.
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Globalization and sustainable development necessitate joint analysis of technological and environmental trends in energy development taking into account current economic and legal provisions. Based on synthesis of the current state of Ukrainian electric power system in general and hydropower in particular, there have been underscored the importance of comprehensive approach in identifying the key tasks of building the pathway of further electric power industry development. The authors provide the characteristics of today’s organizational and technological structure of the electric power system, including the legal provisions regulating its activity. As currently there are significant legislative changes, particular attention was paid to the review of electricity market. Features of the new liberalized electricity market have been determined in comparison with the current market, and also in connection with renewable energy characteristics. Thus, amendments introduced by the new Law “On electricity market” to the green tariff policy have been detailed with the regard to incentive mechanism for development of renewable energy and liability of electricity producers operating under Green Tariff for imbalances. The article focuses on the analysis of the state and growth potential of small hydropower. Еconomic incentives are systematized according to the current legislation. Also, here is presented the potential for possible growth of small hydropower, namely, quantitative result of the exploration of the technical potential of hydropower resources of small rivers. There have been identified a number of barriers and impediments to the construction of small HPPs. Environmental restrictions to the construction of small hydropower stations have been formulated according to the accurate analysis of various branches of national legislation such as the Land Code, the Water Code, the Law “On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine”, etc., as well as valid ratified documents and other key soft-low instruments at the international level. Additionally, provisions of Сustoms and Tax legislation on small hydropower regarding to incentives for technology development have been defined. Consideration of small hydropower projects successfully implemented on the territory of the country confirms the possibility of the future development of small hydropower.
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Greig, Jamie A. "Stimulating Innovation: Statutory Influence on Electric Cooperative Telecommunications Innovation." Journal of Information Policy 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 210–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.10.1.0210.
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Abstract Despite investment in electric cooperatives to stimulate innovation in the broadband telecommunications market, an overwhelming majority (around 835 out of approximately 900) have refrained from engaging in broadband infrastructure projects. This study identifies “statutory environment” as a barrier to electric co-op innovations in the broadband market, analyzes state-by-state legislation, and makes recommendations for stimulating innovation by statutory updates.
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Hilton, Seth. "The Impact of California's Global Warming Legislation on the Electric Utility Industry." Electricity Journal 19, no. 9 (November 2006): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2006.10.002.
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Vladimirovich, Iroshnikov Denis, Nemova Ninel Yurievna, Shevchenko Kirill Vladimirovich, and Utkin Nikolay Ivanovich. "Legal Aspects of Ensuring Security When using Personal Electric Transport in Russia and Abroad." Journal of Politics and Law 13, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p235.
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Transport plays a fundamental role in the life of society. The fast pace of life, especially in metropolises and cities, imposes new requirements towards human mobility. With the development of technologies unprecedented transport solutions have become popular. Specifically, in different countries personal electric transport (segway, self-balancing scooter, electric scooter, unicycle etc.) has assumed widespread use. The number of such vehicles is constantly growing. As known, any means of transport presents a hazard. That is why it is important to pay special attention to personal security when using this kind of transport.
Based on the analysis of the current Russian and foreign legislations, case materials, scientific sources, the article investigates legal problems of ensuring personal security when using personal electric vehicles. In this respect, the authors consider the issues of ensuring safety of both a driver and a pedestrian, and third parties as well.
The conducted legal research has allowed us to make a conclusion on the necessity of improving legislation in the sphere of using personal electric transport. In the authors’ opinion, one should start with statutory recognition of the very notion of “personal electric transport”, which must include characteristic features that allow to differentiate between this particular kind of transport and other vehicles. Nothing but comprehensive legal regulation based on a detailed analysis of possible risks, can prevent personal security hazards when using personal electric transport.
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Zapanov, Oleg V., and Lidiia I. Kovernikova. "On the power quality of electrical energy supplied to joint stock company “Aleksandrovsky mine”." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020907012.
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Joint Stock Company (JSC) “Mine Aleksandrovsky” is located in the Mogochinsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory. “Mine Aleksandrovsky” concluded an energy supply agreement with JSC “Chitaenergosbyt” for the purchase of electric energy from it. In accordance with the contract, the electric energy supplier undertakes to supply electric energy that meets the requirements of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The power quality in the Trans-Baikal Territory in most regions does not meet the requirements of State Standard 32144-2013. Suppliers and the network organization are responsible to consumers for the reliability of its electric energy supply and its quality within the boundaries of their electric networks. Despite the obligations of the contract, the electric energy supplied to “Mine Alexandrovsky” does not meet the requirements. In 2017 the ball mill engine in the shredding department of the gold recovery factory failed as a result of power outages and the supply of low power quality through the 6 kV line. The article provides information on interruptions in power supply over the years of operation of the enterprise, the results of analysis of the power quality, information on damage to electrical equipment caused by low power quality, and economic damage.
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Gromov, V. V. "Antimonopoly Compliance in the Energy Sector." Russian competition law and economy, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47361/2542-0259-2021-1-25-82-87.
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The purpose of the article is to identify and clarify the main features of the functioning and implementation of the antimonopoly compliance system at electric power enterprises. The main idea of the article is to use various methods (analysis, induction, etc.) to conduct a study of changes in domestic legislation that relate to the legislative consolidation of the antimonopoly compliance system. Based on statistical data and data from scientific sources, we can identify the main areas of activity of energy companies, where violations of antitrust legislation are most common, which will be identified and prevented by the antitrust compliance system. The scientific novelty of this article is confirmed by the almost absent publications of other authors, which study the effectiveness of the antimonopoly compliance system in the field of electric power industry. The author comes to the conclusion that the antitrust compliance system is an effective mechanism that allows identifying antitrust risks both inside the company and outside it. An increase in the number of companies that have antitrust compliance services will reduce the number of illegal violations by unscrupulous market participants, while these circumstances affect not only the electric power industry, but also other areas of the Russian economy. According to the author, the implementation of antitrust compliance will help to: l) reduce the number of offences committed by companies; 2) to prevent the actions of employees, which may in its work, to violate the antitrust laws; 3) to reduce the number of anti-competitive actions. Availability of antitrust compliance within the company promotes as corporate ethics, and the adoption by the staff of the values of the organization.
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Lajda, Ján, Zuzana Lajdová, and Peter Bielik. "The Impact Of Subsidy Policy On Biogas Plants In Slovakia." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2015-0003.
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Abstract Recently, renewable energy sources (RES) have become very popular all over the EU. Subsidy policies have provided huge amount of money flowing into the sector which were necessary for its development. In Slovakia, favourable legislation was one of triggers for building biogas plants using anaerobic fermentation for biogas and further electric energy production. This paper examines how subsidy policy has stimulated biogas sector over the years and the consequences arising from the legislation.
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Taffarel, Marinês, Wesley Vieira da Silva, Claudimar Pereira da Veiga, Ademir Clemente, and Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk. "Do characteristics of the regulatory content have different impact on the risk in the electricity sector?" International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 518–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine if the Brazilian electricity sector is differently affected by the characteristics of the content in the regulatory legislation. Design/methodology/approach For better robustness of the research, the authors analyzed the period from 1995 to 2013, totaling 4,510 observations. To this end, the selection of regulatory legislation was conducted through Markov regime switching. To identify the characteristics of profile and intensity of regulatory content in each legislation, we applied the content analysis technique. Findings The main findings of this study position this research in the vanguard regarding other research in the area by showing that all regulatory measures whose characteristics denote market profile of strong and medium intensity affect the risk of electric utilities in Brazil. As contribution from this research, it can be hypothesized that for provisional measures/laws events, the profile and intensity of regulatory content are relevant and have different impact on the risk of stocks and, therefore, should be considered in the design and development of public policies. Originality/value The paper investigates by means of content analysis, the profile and intensity characteristics of the content present in the regulatory legislation and to present the impact of these characteristics on the risk of the electric energy Sector in Brazil. The research results showed that it is not all regulatory events that impact the stock market. Therefore, regulatory risk estimates must consider the intensity and scope of each legislation, given that legislation with a higher regulatory content that seeks to modify the sector’s operating rules more deeply tends to have a greater impact on the risk of companies that operate in regulated sectors. Therefore, the paper shows originality and evolution for the researchers in the area, with new and significant information.
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Banjac, Milan, Dejan Djukanovic, and Milan Petrovic. "Techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based CHP plant operation under a feed-in tariff system." Thermal Science 24, no. 6 Part B (2020): 4103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200103150b.
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This paper deals with the techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based combined heat and power production, within a current local legislation frame for the promotion of such production of energy in the Republic of Serbia. Since the legisla?tion includes plants with electric power below 10 MW, an overview of the relevant technical characteristics for a number of appropriate gas turbines was prepared. The relevant thermodynamic parameters are calculated in order to estimate the economic feasibility of combined heat and power production using these plants. The production cost of useful heat is determined by taking into account the incomes from the sale of electricity to the electric grid under a feed-in tariff. It is compared with the production cost from an equivalent boiler for the separate production of the heat. One of the main objectives is to determine the effectiveness of the implemented legislative measures in the promotion of combined production of heat and power. Clear conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained.
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Manore, Jean. "Nature’s Power and Native Persistence: The Influence of First Nations and the Environment is the Development of the Mattagami Hydro-Electric System During the Twentieth Century." Montréal 1995 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031092ar.
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Abstract To date, most analyses of hydro-electric development portray the environment and Aboriginal Peoples as victims unable to alter or resist its intrusion on to the landscape. However, an examination of the Mattagami river developments in northeastern Ontario illustrates that environmental conditions constantly influence the shape and development of the hydro-electric system. Also, while the ability of the northeastern Aboriginal Peoples to affect hydro-electric development is limited for much of this century, by the 1990s, their persistence and perseverance coalesces with changing court decisions and legislation, empowering them to negotiate with Ontario Hydro a moratorium on further development on the Mattagami River.
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Berlach, Anna Viktorivna. "Issues on the Definition of Administrative-Legal System of Principles for Regulation of Natural Monopoly Subjects’ Activities in the Sector of Electric Power Engineering in Ukraine." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 2 (November 29, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2019.2.11-21.
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The article deals with the analysis of modern scientific views on determining the content of the principles for legal regulation development. In particular, the author investigates issues of administrative and legal regulation of natural monopoly entities activity in the field of electric power engineering in Ukraine. Ths way of author’s approach can be explained by the peculiarities of relations in the sector of electric energy production in Ukraine. These peculiarities include: the necessity to regulate competition on electricity market, prevention of corruption and other negative consequences of the monopoly, as well as the increasing of investment attractiveness in the electric power sector. Th author shows that the relevance of this research is determined by the dynamic development of legislation within this industry along with conditions of legal relations in the field of electricity, in particular, the launch of new entities into the electricity market. There it is shown that the current legislation of Ukraine defines the relevant standards of functioning of the electricity market, concerning general approaches to the content of state policy in this sector of economy. At the same time, it was emphasized that the system of principles for administrative and legal regulation of the subjects of natural monopolies activity in the field of electricity is subject to further investigation. The content of sectoral legislation governing the electricity sector and anti-monopoly one that defines the legal status of natural monopoly entities are analyzed in detail. It is shown that at present time the authorities that are to legislate these principles have established them just in some certain areas of administrative and legal regulation in this field without proper systematic and scientifically grounded approach. According to the author’s idea, such a situation may complicate the law enforcement practice, since the question of the application of a particular system of principles remains dim. Th author has formulated the conclusion on the need for improvement of sectoral legislation, which would ensure balance of interests between manufacturers and consumers of electricity, taking into account the whole economic system of the country.
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Laudal, Thomas. "Rising externality costs and corporate social responsibility case: EU legislation on electric and electronic equipment." Social Responsibility Journal 8, no. 2 (June 2012): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111211234897.
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Соколов, Д. В. "REGULATION FOR THE USE OF ELECTRIC SCOOTERS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA AND THE SWISS CONFEDERATION." Modern Science, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.53039/2079-4401.2021.5.3.014.
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В статье рассматривается нормативное регулирование участия в дорожном движении электрических скутеров и электрических самокатов в Федеративной Республике Германия, Австрийской Республике, Швейцарской Конфедерации. Проводится анализ требований национального законодательства к конструкции данного вида транспортных средств, участию их в дорожном движении, страхованию, управлению. Устанавливаются общие для всех рассматриваемых стран тенденции к регулированию участия в дорожном движении электроскутеров. The article discusses the regulation of the participation in the road traffic of electric scooters, electric scooters in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Austrian Republic, the Swiss Confederation. The analysis of the requirements of national legislation for the design of this type of vehicles, their participation in road traffic, insurance, management is carried out. The study identifies trends in the regulation of electric scooter participation in road traffic that are common for all countries under consideration.
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Vujadinovic, Radoje, Esad Tombarevic, and Uros Karadzic. "Valorization of potentials of wind energy in Montenegro." Thermal Science 21, no. 5 (2017): 1893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci161201016v.
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Investments in energy sector are usually long term processes both in construction and exploitation phase, and therefore require many conditions to be satisfied, mostly from legislative and technical sector. While the legislative can change in accordance with economy activities in the country, technical data (on-site measurements) which are the main base for energy facility design, need to be reliable as much as possible. Wind energy has a significant global potential which exceeds the world?s electrical energy consumptions. This paper presents the estimation of wind energy potentials in Montenegro, based on all previous available studies in this field. The wind energy potential in Montenegro is based on a combination of 3-D numerical simulations of wind fields on the entire territory, and comprehensive on-site measurements. The preliminary studies show that there is a potential of areas with high and mean values of a capacity factor about 400 MW, and annual production of 900 GWh of electric energy. The share of wind parks in the total installed power in Montenegro is planned to be about 8%, while an adequate ratio of wind parks in an annual production from renewable sources (large hydro power plants are included here) is estimated to be 11.4%. The paper presents the current state of art in the field of building of wind parks in Montenegro. A particular attention was paid to the legislation framework and strategic documents in the energy area in Montenegro.
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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Dariusz KLIMKIEWICZ, Joseph WOODBURN, and Andrzej SZCZOTKA. "Exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s legislative and development emission testing laboratories." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-316.
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The latest legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption determines not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design and additionally leads to the development of new research methods. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in an updated, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber and in parallel investing in a completely new laboratory designed with incoming and future legislative requirements in mind. This paper presents BOSMAL’s improved M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber and BOSMAL’s standard chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with European Union, US and Japanese standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling, analysis and development research possi-bilities and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner, light duty road vehi-cles (including hybrids and electric vehicles). The recently-renovated laboratory with extended standard temperature range and the laboratory with climatic chamber are described in the context of the newest European Union legislation on the emission in the range of Euro 6d testing requirements. The laboratories permit BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.
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Ferro, Giulio, Riccardo Minciardi, Luca Parodi, Michela Robba, and Mansueto Rossi. "Optimal Control of Multiple Microgrids and Buildings by an Aggregator." Energies 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051058.
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The electrical grid has been changing in the last decade due to the presence of renewables, distributed generation, storage systems, microgrids, and electric vehicles. The introduction of new legislation and actors in the smart grid’s system opens new challenges for the activities of companies, and for the development of new energy management systems, models, and methods. A new optimization-based bi-level architecture is proposed for an aggregator of consumers in the balancing market, in which incentives for local users (i.e., microgrids, buildings) are considered, as well as flexibility and a fair assignment in reducing the overall load. At the lower level, consumers try to follow the aggregator’s reference values and perform demand response programs to contain their costs and satisfy demands. The approach is applied to a real case study.
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Straka, Martin, Tomáš Chovan, Peter Bindzár, Erik Žatkovič, and Romana Hricová. "Possibilities and Limitations of Electromobiles Utilization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 708 (December 2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.708.159.
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The article is focused on the actual issues of possibilities of charging stations constructions for utilization of electromobiles. Whereas the development of the area in question is dependent on possibility to fill up the energy that drives the vehicle, it is important to determine the allocation and layout of charging points. In terms of satisfying the initial requirements of electromobilists is important opportunity to recharge an electric vehicle in places that are frequently visited and where we spend some time which is sufficient for the charging of electomobile. The current state of construction charging stations within specific sites and the Slovak Republic as such is dependent on finance, legislation, landowners, the quantity of electric cars on the market and resolution to go to these projects. Within the article is nearer remitted to the possibilities and limitations that affect locality selection and construction of charging stations for electric cars needs in Slovakia.
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Koumentakos, Agis G. "Developments in Electric and Green Marine Ships." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 4 (October 28, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2040034.
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The maritime industry, among all other industries, is being forced to gradually reduce its emissions. Legislation is one of the tools applying this pressure, and from 1 January 2020, it focuses on the reduction of sulfur percentage in the heavy fuel oil (HFO)-powered vessels to 0.5%. In the beginning of this paper, the harmful environmental contribution of the naval sector is presented, along with the current legislation. The maritime industry is in a transitional stage, diverging from fossil fuels through alternative technologies and fuels, aiming to become over the long term a zero-emission industry. However, there are many implemented technologies, mostly of a mechanical nature, that already improve the efficiency of vessels and indirectly reduce their emissions. Such technologies include shaft generators (SGs), scrubbers, etc. The aim is for alternative fuels and technologies such as solar and wind to be implemented, too. Such technologies, when combined with the advantages of digitalization and automation, can further reduce emissions toward zero-emission vessels (ZEVs) through integrated systems. The present paper serves the purpose of a common point of gathering, addressing, and explaining the latest updates, previous achievements, and future targets of the maritime sector. The very nature of the subject—electric propulsion in the maritime sector—makes it very difficult to find sufficient and trustworthy data. There are two main reasons for this problem. The first one is that electric vehicles became commercial at a large scale (electric cars) very recently, and are still in a transitional stage. The second reason is that the maritime industry is very competitive; therefore, state-of-the-art technologies and data that give each company the lead are rarely published, and when they do, it happens very discreetly. In the quantitative part of the paper, where the photovoltaic (PV) and battery system calculations take place, there is no use of a specific model rather than a simplified approach. The purpose of the calculations is to show that with the present technologies, a purely solar-powered commercial vessel (such as RoRo, passenger, etc.) is technically impossible, and that there could be only a small contribution—of around 7%—to the electricity needs of a roll-on/roll-off (RoRo)-passenger ship. The state of the art finds a very short number of vessels that already use battery propulsion, but is expected to increase in the upcoming years. The present paper not only presents an overview of the state-of-the-art achievements in the electric propulsion of vessels, it also considers the exploitation of the continuous growth that the battery market is facing. As stated before, batteries are on the up, and this is due to the emerging need for energy storage in electricity grids that depend increasingly on renewable energy sources (RES). The paper makes a first consideration about the feasibility and possible benefits of implementing grid-like battery systems on-board vessels. In such a scenario, vessels would acquire significantly bigger energy capacity, allowing greater travel distances, a possible contribution of 44% of the vessel’s total power requirements (propulsion included), and a surplus as far as electricity requirements are concerned. There is also the more futuristic long-term scenario where Green Ports would charge vessels purely from RES dedicated to the port’s needs. The last part of the paper contains a qualitative assessment about the possible impacts that a battery-powered maritime industry could have.
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Bryhadyr, I. V., and I. V. Panova. "Role of Legislation and State Policy in Minimizing the Impact of Threats to Environmental Safety in the Automobile Transport Sector." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 91, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2020.4.04.
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The role of legislation and state policy in minimizing the impact of threats to environmental safety in the field of automobile transport has been studied. The main directions of the development of state policy and legislation in the field of reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and public health have been defined.
The main problems of reducing the negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment and public health, as well as the development of state and legal mechanisms to overcome them have been determined.
The main environmental problems faced by governments are the use of internal combustion engines and fuel quality indicators. Many EU countries are refusing to further impose more strict requirements on the operation of motor fuel engines, instead introducing mechanisms to completely abandon such vehicle propulsion systems. However, such a refusal raises another problem of greening of road transport – the problem of electrification of transport, in the process of which it is necessary to solve the problems of transport energy and disposal of used batteries of electric vehicles.
The authors have emphasized on inexpediency that to be limited in the long run only to mechanisms for setting more strict emission requirements for cars. The authors have indicated the need for a comprehensive approach to solving environmental problems to prevent the emergence of new significant difficulties – the accumulation of used batteries of electric cars, the depletion of non-renewable resources for their manufacture, etc. It has been offered to join Ukraine to the pan-European initiative of electrification of road transport, to develop the state program for the transformation of the motor transport industry with clear deadlines for the introduction of restrictions on the use of internal combustion engines, to introduce mechanisms to financially stimulate the transition from internal combustion engines to electric combustion engines.
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Myslyvyy, Volodymyr. "Criminal-legal meaning of traffic and vehicle operation safety rules." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-118-126.
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The author has considered criminal-legal matters related to practice of application of criminal and other branch legislation and regulations in the field of road safety. The article highlights problems of the use in investigative and judicial practice of criminal law and related rules of sectoral traffic law, as well as the requirements of traffic safety and vehicles operation rules during the assessment of criminal offenses under Art. 286 of the Criminal code of Ukraine. The author has proved the organic interrelation of blanket dispositions of criminal legal rules with the corresponding provisions of branch legislative acts and traffic safety and vehicle operation rules which are most often broken by actors of these criminal offenses. He has examined the characteristic of the specified rules in view of their criminal-legal value during the criminal-legal analysis and assessment of the socially dangerous actions which are considered. The classification of the specified rules has been offered. Based on the analysis of case law, the peculiarities of the application of certain types of road safety rules, as well as some issues of their improvement have been considered. The proposals on optimization of the branch legislation on road traffic with inclusion in it as a component of traffic rules have been supported. An improved version of Art. 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in view of the normative and legal content of its blanket disposition, as well as the need to further improve its legislative and regulatory framework has been supported. The author has pointed out the need to eliminate the gaps caused by the lack of timely legal regu-lation of road safety issues that arose with the emergence and operation of new vehicles (electric scooters, jet skis, unicycles, etc.).
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Dewar, Kenneth C. "Private Electrical Utilities and Municipal Ownership in Ontario,1891-1900." Urban History Review 12, no. 1 (October 23, 2013): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018994ar.
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In June, 1897, the electrical utility companies of Ontario launched their first organized offensive against municipal ownership. Their objective was to secure an amendment to the Ontario Municipal Act that would protect the vested interests of local utilities and perhaps slow the reform movement then gathering momentum throughout the province. Two years later, they achieved success in the form of the so-called "Conmee Clauses", requiring municipalities to buy out privately owned local electrical and gas utilities before inaugurating their own systems. The industry united behind the campaign only with difficulty. Its spokesmen expressed a view of the role of the state at once flexible in its conception of the limits of government regulation, and fixed in its perception of government's responsibility to protect fundamental business interests. In the short term, opponents of the legislation were unable to prevent its passage; in the long term, this dispute was but one episode in the conflict over municipal ownership which culminated in the establishment of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario.
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Kadhum, Mohaimen Ismael. "Commitment to Passenger Safety in Arab Jurisdictions." Al Hikmah International Journal of Islamic Studies and Human Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/hkmh.5.1.22b.
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Considering the expanding literature on public transportation, which covers topics as diverse as railway disruption management and electric vehicle scheduling, few people are aware of the legal frameworks that support public transportation networks. Nonetheless, such regimes are critical to successful public transportation management because they define the rights and duties of public transportation operators and passengers, with the goal of limiting passenger annoyance and injury while also improving their overall safety. We look at a key component of public transportation, namely the transporter's dedication to passenger safety, as it is practiced in Arab countries like Egypt and Iraq. We do so by drawing on the French legal system, which has impact-ed the development of pertinent legislation in those countries substantially. Our research is qualitative and analytic in nature, and it is based on legislation, textbooks, journals, and official governmental publications. It helps to raise knowledge about the legal implications of public transportation.
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Anpilov, A. M., E. M. Barkhudarov, N. Christofi, V. A. Kop'ev, I. A. Kossyi, M. I. Taktakishvili, and Yu V. Zadiraka. "The effectiveness of a multi-spark electric discharge system in the destruction of microorganisms in domestic and industrial wastewaters." Journal of Water and Health 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2004.0024.
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The aim of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of a high voltage multi-spark electric discharge, with pulse energy of 1 Joule, in killing microorganisms in wastewater. Wastewater from primary treated effluent arising from domestic and industrial sources was abstracted for continuous pulsed discharge disinfection. The wastewater contained a large mixed population of microorganisms (∼107 CFU ml−1 [109 CFU 100 ml−1] total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria) including vegetative cells and spores. The electrical conductivity of the wastewater ranged from 900–1400 μS cm−1 and it was shown that a specific energy of 1.25–1.5 J cm−3 was required to achieve 1 log reduction in bacterial (faecal coliforms/total aerobic heterotrophs) content. This is higher than that previously shown to reduce the population of E. coli in tap water of low conductivity, demonstrating the role of total wastewater constituents, including dissolved and particulate substances, water colour and the presence of microbial spores, in effective disinfection. The system can be engineered to eradicate microbial populations to levels governed by legislation by increasing treatment time or energy input.
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Kachmar, N., O. Mazurak, A. Dydiv, and T. Bahday. "Experience of certain countries in electronic and electric waste management." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9010.
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The paper present result of research concerning the problems of handling electronic and electrical waste that households produce at home and analysed the main problems associated with this issue in Ukraine and in the world. The object of the study was telephones (ukrainians use 53.6 million mobile communication devices), refrigerators, washing machines and TVs. The production of electrical and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. This development has resulted in an increase of waste electric and electronic equipment which constitute a risk to the environment and sustainable economic growth. Recycling of electronic and electrical waste is very expensive. There is a problem with electronic and electrical waste in Ukraine. To accumulate in the soil or to burn these waste is harmful. Every year on our planet about 50 million tons of electronic waste are generated. It was established that 53% of the interviewed students changed 1 phone in the last three years, 24% – 2 phones and 7% – more than 3. Students wanted a new phone. Most of the phones are at home, and the rest were given to their relatives or thrown into the trash. Ukrainians replace refrigerators, TVs and washing machines less often. Most Ukrainians change refrigerators. The largest amount of electronic waste is produced in Australia, New Zealand and Oceania (17.3 kg per inhabitant), in Europe – 16.6 kg per inhabitant and 11.6 kg waste per inhabitant of North and South America. In Japan, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Poland, the process of disposal of used home appliances is well organized. However, economically developed countries utilize only part of the waste in their territory, while the rest are exported to landfills in Pakistan, Vietnam, Nigeria. The world's largest dump of electronic and electrical waste is in Ghana. To address potential environmental problems that could stem from improper management of WEEE, many countries and organizations have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, recycling and other forms of material recovery from WEEE to reduce the amount and types of materials disposed in landfills.
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Buongiorno, Luigi, Alessandra Stellacci, Gerardo Cazzato, Pierluigi Caricato, Benedetta Pia De Luca, Francesca Tarantino, Stefania Lonero Baldassarra, Giuseppe Ingravallo, and Maricla Marrone. "Slow and Steady Wins the Race: A Comparative Analysis of Standing Electric Scooters’ European Regulations Integrated with the Aspect of Forensic Traumatology." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 6160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106160.
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Fuel-driven cars are widely considered unsustainable and contrary to the new paradigm of smart growth planning. The need to reform transport behavior, policies, and infrastructure is among the priorities in urban policies around the world. Electric vehicles are an emerging technology that could advance sustainability programs. In the past year, there has been a rapid increase in the diffusion of electric scooters in several European cities, but various states have been unprepared for the rapid spread of green micro-mobility from a regulatory point of view. In addition, in parallel with the spread, there have been numerous road collisions involving standing electric scooters. The aim of this study was to obtain a detailed view of this phenomenon. We focused on the current legislation on electric micro-mobility at the European level to study and summarize the different attitudes adopted by various states whose regulations are present on the web. (It was not possible to evaluate the regulations of all European countries because they are not all available on online platforms.) The elements assessed in the various regulation were age limits, speed limits, compulsory use of helmets, administrative penalties, and the obligation to insure the new e-vehicle (standing scooter). In this study, we analyze the state of the art in electric micro-mobility, highlight the current situation’s limits, and propose new strategies to adequately integrate this new smart vehicle into the urban transport network.
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Boiko, Evgeny, and Aleksandr Strashnikov. "Analysis of existing methods of distribution of fuel costs in the combined generation of electric and thermal energy." E3S Web of Conferences 289 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128901012.
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The analysis of the data obtained both according to the official, approved by the regulatory documents of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, methods of fuel separation in the combined generation of electric and thermal energy at CHPP and known alternative methods is carried out. It is shown that all methods have significant disadvantages in their application and need to be replaced by the only one method that will be a compromise for the entire professional community. The target area of the distribution of specific indicators for the desired only one method is identified and justified.
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Silva, Elton Jorge da, José Carlos de Jesus Lopes, Rosamaria Cox Moura-Leite Padgett, Jeovan De Carvalho Figueiredo, Erlaine Binotto, and Frederico Fonseca da Silva. "O uso de energia elétrica nas universidades federais brasileiras, sob o enfoque do Plano de Gestão de Logística Sustentável." Ciência e Natura 41 (July 16, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x36296.
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The Sustainable Logistics Management Plan (SLMP) is one of the initiatives of the Brazilian Federal Government to promote the rationalization of spending and sustainable practices at Public Administration. So, this research aims to evaluate, as far as the PLMS implementation of Brazilian Federal Universities (FU), actions related to the minimum electric energy theme. The SLMP, the Action Plans (AP), and the Follow-up Reports (FR) of all FU were collected as well in order to answer the central question. The actions were classified into categories, created based on the literature and legislation that deals with the use of electric energy in the public sector, mainly at the FU. The analysis of the documents appointed that half of the UF have not complied with the legal determinations imposed, mainly in what concerns the publication of documents. In addition, although the AP contemplate, most of the created categories, the FR demonstrate that the success in the implementation of the actions is not high.
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Vilela Junior, Wagner A., Antonio P. Coimbra, Gabriel A. Wainer, Joao Caetano Neto, Jose A. G. Cararo, Marcio R. C. Reis, Paulo V. Santos, and Wesley P. Calixto. "Analysis and Adequacy Methodology for Voltage Violations in Distribution Power Grid." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144373.
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This paper proposes a computational process development capable of filling the electric power sector shortage regarding voltage non-conformities identification in electric distribution power grid accounting for loads dynamic behavior at medium and low voltages. Actual distribution power grid data are used, with georeferencing to signal voltage transgressions locations, generate a report with voltage transgression indices and financial reimbursement values provided by legislation. The methodology compares regulatory requirements and makes available in software some possible actions in an attempt to adjust voltage levels, avoiding inconvenience and penalties for energy utilities providers. The method involves a data extractor construction for electricity provider company’s databases, computer simulations and comparison of obtained results with values established in electricity quality control standards. Thus, finding non-conformity locations and determining network adjustments to correct tension indexes in permanent regulation. The proposal features a reduction in electricity utilities operating costs, increasing efficiency in operation and energy quality available to consumers.
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PILKINGTON, ALAN, and ROMANO DYERSON. "INCUMBENCY AND THE DISRUPTIVE REGULATOR: THE CASE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN CALIFORNIA." International Journal of Innovation Management 08, no. 04 (December 2004): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919604001106.
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For much of the past century, the automobile sector has been dominated by a handful of oligopolistic firms, protected through path dependencies and the build up of complementary assets. But that very dominance built upon years of experience and translated into the periodic release of incrementally innovative new car designs, may now be threatened by the actions of regulators in California and elsewhere, in mandating emission friendly cars. The biggest challenge in this area has been the demand for zero emission vehicles resulting from Californian regulations. Zero emission legislation mandates the use of technologies radically different from those used in the development of internal combustion engines. Such technology acts in a disruptive manner on the existing skills base of the automobile firms, negating some of the benefits of incumbency. With little or no experience of the systems needed to develop a viable electric vehicle — batteries, electric motors and controllers — the established automobile manufacturers have struggled with a strategic question: how to incorporate disruptive elements into a mature organisation. This paper explores the nature of the regulatory threat and the strategic responses generated by the automobile firms.
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MArkovski, Blagoja, Leonid Grčev, and Marija Kacarska. "OVERVIEW ON THE REFERENCE LEVELS FOR LOW FREQUENCY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE LEGISLATION OF SOUTHEAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Safety Engineering 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2012): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7562/se2012.2.01.07.
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Coleman, W. "The changing world of environmental management: rapid growth in legislation and regulation and its impact on electric power utilities." IEEE Power Engineering Review 13, no. 7 (July 1993): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1993.222493.
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Chen, Ming. "Investigation on end-of-life electric and electronic equipment recycling and disposal system in China: legislation, education and dissemination." Journal of Central South University of Technology 12, no. 2 (October 2005): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-005-0029-6.
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Florez, David, Henry Carrillo, Ricardo Gonzalez, Max Herrera, Ronald Hurtado-Velasco, Martha Cano, Sergio Roa, and Tatiana Manrique. "Development of a Bike-Sharing System Based on Pedal-Assisted Electric Bicycles for Bogota City." Electronics 7, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110337.
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The lack of sustainable solutions to mobility and transportation is a major problem in Latin American cities and requires prompt solutions. The main issues in Latin America are the high-cost of solutions, no inclusion of renewable energies, poor energy management, the use of foreign systems not adapted to local contexts, ineffective regional legislation and politics, among others. In this paper the main technical issues concerning the implementation of a bike-sharing system using pedaling-assisted (PAS) electric bicycles for Bogota City are discussed and a solution is proposed. To solve such problems, a methodology to design a tailored solution well suited to Bogota citizen’s needs is developed. Such methodology starts with the development of an on-board-computer (OBC) in order to characterize bike-users by collecting a rider’s data in real-time. Furthermore, the proposed solution develops a low-cost middle-drive (mid-drive) propulsion system for the PAS in the electric bike using brushless-DC (BLDC) motors and by implementing a field-oriented controller (FOC). The reported bike-sharing system also includes the development and implementation of two charging-stations that enable charging the battery on the electric bikes exclusively by using photovoltaic energy. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
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Nikolić-Savin, Isidora. "Unbundling in the field of generation, supply, transmission and distribution of electrical energy in the laws of Republic of Serbia and the European Union." Pravo i privreda 58, no. 4 (2020): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/pip2004098n.
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This paper synthetizes provisions of the primary and secondary EU legislation, as well of the applicable Energy Act and decisions rendered by energy entities of the Republic of Serbia in relation to unbundling in respective energy activities, such as the generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy. A particular emphasis has been put therein on regulation of this issue by the EU Energy Packages and the consequent reorganization of the electricity sector in the Republic of Serbia. The text also discusses the modes of unbundling in horizontal and vertical terms and per its respective forms - established according to the nature thereof, i.e. unbundling in accounting, functional, legal and proprietal terms.
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Hite, Diane, D. Lynn Forster, and Jon Rausch. "Optimal Use of Smokestack Scrubber By-Product." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, no. 1 (April 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s008130520002882x.
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AbstractFederal legislation mandates substantial reduction of air pollution emissions from electric utilities. Utilities in Appalachia that use locally mined high-sulfur coal must choose among abatement options such as fuel mixing and smokestack scrubbing technologies. Wet scrubbers are the most frequently adopted abatement technology in Ohio. This paper investigates beneficial reuses of by-product from wet scrubbers. By-product is most often disposed of in landfills, resulting in large external costs. We combine social cost and benefit transfers with a linear optimization model to investigate potential benefits of by-product recycling. Results suggest that significant incentives exist to find beneficial uses for by-product.
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Hughes, K. E. "The Value Relevance of Nonfinancial Measures of Air Pollution in the Electric Utility Industry." Accounting Review 75, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2000.75.2.209.
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This study examines the relation between the market value of equity and nonfinancial pollution measures (sulfur dioxide emissions) that capture firms' exposure to future environmental liabilities. I find that a nonfinancial pollution proxy is value-relevant for high-polluting electric utilities targeted for air pollution abatement by Phase One of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). On average, these utilities' exposure to (unbooked) future environmental liabilities decreased their mean 1990 share price by 16 percent. Moreover, the value relevance of the nonfinancial pollution proxy (1) increased in response to the passage of the stringent 1990 CAAA environmental legislation, and then (2) declined as the market subsequently reduced estimated compliance costs in response to changing economic and technological factors. Utilities not targeted by Phase One of the 1990 CAAA faced minimal exposure to future environmental liabilities and I find no significant relation between their pollution indicators and share prices. I also find that investors in the high-polluting rate-regulated utilities that were targeted by Phase One positively value a favorable regulatory climate.
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Brey, Baerte de, Lotte Gardien, and Ellen Hiep. "Smart Charging Needs, Wants and Demands, Charging Experiences and Opinions of EV Drivers." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (September 28, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040168.
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To reduce emissions of harmful substances (such as CO2, NOx and particulate matter) from transportation a fuel transition is essential. Electric transport is one of the most promising options for achieving this. In order to make this new electric transport market function efficiently, new interactions between new and existing parties are required. The growth of electric transport increases the peak demand for electricity. This creates a greater mismatch between moments of supply and moments of demand. In other words, EV drivers want to have their car charged before departure, and grid operators need to allocate resources to meet this demand. Flexibility from both players is required. Charging must be further optimised (become “smarter”) to facilitate this flexibility. Smart charging means: controlling and optimising the time and speed of charging. For example, when there is a large supply of solar and wind energy, there is little other demand for electricity and the price for electricity is low. With the contribution of many organisations, the Vereniging Elektrische Rijders (VER) and ElaadNL have jointly investigated the experiences and opinions of electric drivers about the smart charging of electric cars with a broad survey called the “National Charging Research”. In total, more than 1800 Dutch electric drivers took part in this study. Among other things, the research paid attention to the way in which EV drivers charge their electric cars, which bottlenecks they experience (at home and away) and what the experience is with smart charging. The main finding was that many EV drivers are familiar with smart charging. They are willing to apply smart charging, but they want to be in control of their sessions. To give them that control, both insight and transparency are essential. To meet the needs and wants of both EV drivers and grid operators, alignment with the momentum of European legislation is required to avoid a mismatch of energy between moments of supply and demand.
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Falsafi, Mohammadtaghi, and Rosanna Fornasiero. "Explorative Multiple-Case Research on the Scrap-Based Steel Slag Value Chain: Opportunities for Circular Economy." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042284.
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This paper analyses the scrap-based steel slag from the electric arc furnace and secondary metallurgy and proposes a framework for valorising its value chain. Toward this aim, the role of slag features, technological advancements for the treatment of slag, applications, legislation, and their value chain in the circular economy and industrial symbiosis opportunities are discussed within the proposed framework. By interviewing a group of Italian steelmakers, accounting for around 30% of Italian scrap-based steel volume, we analyse various value chain key factors, namely, technology, legislation, production volume, and economic aspects. Consequently, we assess the as-is situation of the sector and elaborate on the challenges and expectations for the future in terms of collaboration frameworks. The results show how vertical (by internal treatment) and horizontal integrations (by collaborating with other potential industries) support decisions on material flow and facilitate circularity in sharing this kind of material. The most influential enabler in a vertical integration is the economic aspect, while in the horizontal integration the enablers are the market and technology. We also address the importance of raw-material self-sufficiency through analysing closed-loop supply chains and collaborative supply-chain networks.
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Rosa, Marlison Noronha, Yan Machado Sousa, Karla Emmanuela Ribeiro Hora, Katia Kopp, and Getulio Antero de Deus Junior. "Environmental Education and Energy Efficiency as Strategies for Reducing Energy Consumption in Public School Building in Goiânia." International Journal on Alive Engineering Education 6 (April 2, 2019): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ijaeedu.v6.54740.
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Electrical energy is essential for the quality of life of people, who use it in different socioeconomic activities and for technological development. In view of the gradual increase in the demand for electricity and the future possibility of not serving all the consumer sectors, it is necessary to optimize it. The objective of this study was the application of strategies based on the pillars of energy efficiency and environmental education in order to minimize the expenditure of electric energy in public buildings, which were selected for this project due to the fact that, its users show a lack of concern about the correct consumption of electric energy since the expenses are tied to the public coffers and are not always perceived by the people as resources coming from the taxes paid by the citizens. Among the public buildings that consume the most electric energy, the most important are those in the education sector. In fact, a larger project called the Energy Efficiency Project in Public Buildings in Goiânia (PEEEPG), to which this work is linked, found that among the municipal public buildings, the education sector is responsible for approximately 30% of the electricity consumption and, therefore, this specific sector was selected for the application of the selected strategies. The methodology used was based on research-participant, environmental education together with replacement of lamps by LED system (Light Emitting Diode) at strategic locations in the building and monitoring of results. The actions carried out included the lamp replacement, and educational lectures offered to students of different age groups in three school shifts with a partnership of employees and teachers of the municipal school selected on energy efficiency and strategies to reduce the consumption of electricity. The project mobilized directly about 200 people belonging to the target audience and indirectly 800 students who were part of the teaching unit. It was collected a data base among 2012 to 2016. The methods of data collection and analysis were based on documentary research, analyzing the electric energy bills of the building, as well as documents and legislation of the municipality itself on the consumption of electric power and the architecture model applied to school environments in Goiânia. The results obtained, after a monitoring period of six months (November to April) during the years 2016 and 2017, indicated an analyze to reduction of 16% of the consumption of electric energy in the building, compared to the same period in the previous year. Therefore, this result regard to the possibility of investments in energy efficiency projects for public buildings, subsidizing actions in the design, retrofit and maintenance of public buildings.
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Abodakpi, Joseph Yaw, Patrick Collins, and Aidan Giasson. "Net-Zero Emissions With Renewable Energy Certificates: A Public Policy for a Massachusetts Municipal Light Plant." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 5 (June 10, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n5p180.
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The promotion, desire and need for renewable energy generation and transmission to electric grids to provide clean, non-carbon-based power has increased in recent years with more focus on climate change mitigation in both the public and private sectors. Renewable Energy Certificates, also known as “RECs” are the established public policy mechanism for incentivizing, verifying, tracking and supporting renewable energy. REC markets are created and managed by state governments to allow selling, purchasing and trading of these “green commodities'' to substantiate environmental attribute claims. A new legislation in Massachusetts requires all stakeholders, businesses and sectors to reduce emissions, which means electric utilities, both public and private, must participate in REC markets to green their power supply portfolios that they provide to consumers. This paper explores and analyzes the role of REC markets, monetary policy, trends, stakeholders, participants, and the current public policy debates in this area. A specific public policy making case is explored for this research, the Municipal Light Plant in Shrewsbury, MA, utilizing RECs to achieve a 100% non-carbon power supply or “net-zero” emissions. A financial analysis based on REC market research and debate is conducted to inform a rules-based and judgement-based fiscal Power Supply Policy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standard for SELCO (Shrewsbury Electric and Cable Operations), a public electricity utility.
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BIELACZYC, Piotr, Joseph WOODBURN, and Ameya JOSHI. "World-wide trends in powertrain system development in light of emissions legislation, fuels, lubricants, and test methods." Combustion Engines 184, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-134785.
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Both the light- and heavy-duty sectors of the automotive industry are currently under unprecedented pressure from a wide range of factors, particularly in terms of environmental performance and fuel consumption. Test procedures have undergone massive changes and continue to evolve, meaning that standards are becoming much harder to meet, especially in Europe but also in other continents. Such developments force changes in testing methodology, the development of powertrains themselves and their aftertreatment systems and strategies and calibrations. A range of strategies are available to overcome these difficulties, as explored during the VIII Congress on Combustion Engines organised by the Polish Scientific Society of Combustion Engines (PTNSS) and hosted at Krakow University of Technology, Poland in June 2019. This paper reports and summarises the topics of the VIII PTNSS Congress and attempts a synthesis on the current status of the field of LD ad HD IC engines, hybrid powertrains and electric vehicles, engine fuel and oil and what the coming years may hold for the automotive and fuel industries and other allied fields.