Relevant bibliographies by topics / Electric industries research

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Electric industries research'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Wu, Liping, and Man Xu. "Research on Cooperative Innovation Network Structure and Evolution Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Industry." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106048.

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The electric vehicle industry involves various technological cooperative innovations, meaning that electric vehicle companies must not only cooperate and innovate with similar enterprises in the same industry, but also collaborate with enterprises across the industry and research institutions (RIs). This paper empirically analyzed the structure and evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks, based on the patent application data in the field of electric vehicles from 2006 to 2021. It was found that the firm–firm intra-industry and inter-industry cooperative innovation networks, and firm–RI cooperative innovation networks have the characteristics of phased evolution in structure, and the network structure in the evolution process has similarities and differences. Furthermore, during the industrial formation period, inter-industry cooperative innovation focuses on the cooperation between the midstream and downstream industries of the industrial chain; but in the industrial growth period, inter-industry cooperative innovation has been widely extended to multiple industries in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the industrial chain. While the scale of intra-industry and industry–research institution cooperative innovation continues to expand with the development of the industry, the collaboration is concentrated in the five industries in the middle and downstream of the industrial chain. The research conclusion can provide a reference for different cooperative innovation partners of electric vehicles and other emerging industries to formulate differentiated policies.
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Li, Chong-Mao, Tao Cui, Rui Nie, and Xin-Yu Yan. "Measurement of the Industrial Collaboration of the Diversified Coal Industry: China Coal Energy Company as an Example." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9416279.

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With the diversified development of coal enterprises in China, the industries related to coal, including coal chemical, electric power, transportation, and building materials, have witnessed rapid development. There is a collaboration relation between the coal industries and most of the aforementioned industries. Based on the synergy theory and the theory of industrial cooperation, the collaboration among coal industries is assessed in this research. Examining China Coal Energy Company as an example, this research divides the compound enterprise system into subsystems such as coal-electric, coal-chemical, and coal-equipment. Next, collaboration indices, including market, scale, and management, are created for each subsystem. Then, the overall collaboration degree of the China Coal Energy Company since it was listed was calculated by standardizing data and estimating the order degree of order parameters and subsystems. Thus, a model measuring the industrial collaboration degree of coal enterprises was established to quantitatively reflect the collaboration degree between various industries. At the same time, the factors influencing the collaboration effect between various industries were analyzed so as to improve this effect, which then can provide a decision basis for enterprises.
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Jing, Shiyin, Yanbin Li, and Yulong Sun. "R & D Attention and Profit Performance—An Empirical Study on Listed Companies in China’s Electric Power and Electrical Industries." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158387.

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The electric power and electric industries are basic and strategic emerging industries in China’s national economy. Based on the data of listed companies in China’s electric power and electric industries from 2015 to 2019, this paper empirically studies the impact of research and development (R & D) attention on corporate profitability. The results show that attention to R & D by listed companies in electric power and electric industries will significantly improve enterprise’s profit performance, and this kind of effect has yearly heterogeneity. From 2015 to 2017, R & D attention gradually improved the profit performance of enterprises, but the profit spillover effect of R & D investment in recent years needs to be further strengthened. Further study found that R & D attention has a significant effect on corporate profitability in the private enterprise group, the R & D attention of state-owned enterprises and R & D structure adjustment should be paid more attention; R & D investment can significantly improve the profitability of the electrical industry, but the promotion effect was relatively slow in recent years, and R & D investment has a significant effect on the profitability of listed companies in the electric power industry. Although the promotion effect is not obvious, it shows a steady improvement trend. After variable and model replacement, the empirical regression conclusion of this paper is still robust. The results of this paper help to deepen the understanding of the stage characteristics of the impact of R & D attention on profit performance, and it is of great significance to optimize the efficiency of R & D investment and pay attention to the adjustment of R & D structure in the electric power and electrical industries.
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Eisler, Matthew N. "Materials Research, Super Batteries, and the Technopolitics of Electric Automobility." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 44–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2016.46.1.44.

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The protracted commercialization of battery electric passenger vehicles is often ascribed to the failure of the automobile industry to embrace the latest power sources. In this article, I argue that the pace of progress in this context was instead dictated largely by the ways researchers constructed metrics of power source performance. Such processes can in turn be seen as issuing from the conflicting agendas of academic, industrial, and state research. Knowledge of advanced power sources historically tended to be generated not in the automobile industry but in the research laboratories of allied industries and especially in state-funded academic networks. Notable in this regard was materials science and engineering, which exerted an important epistemic influence on advanced power source and electric vehicle research and development. Materials researchers tended to select compounds for reactivity rather than safety and durability, giving rise to the idea of a super battery and leading them and others to treat power sources as essentially materials rather than parts of complex technological systems. This way of thinking prevented technologists from appreciating the physical limits of power sources in real-world applications, setting up crises of expectation at later stages of electric automobile research and development. In the gap between basic research and the exigencies of industrial technoscience, the imagined super-battery electric vehicle came to be mobilized for ends consonant with multiple entrenched interests.
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Blumstein, C., and S. Wiel. "Public-interest research and development in the electric and gas utility industries." Utilities Policy 7, no. 4 (February 1999): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-1787(98)00014-9.

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Wu, Weihua, Yifan Zhang, Dongphil Chun, Yu Song, Lingli Qing, Ying Chen, and Peng Li. "Research on the Operation Modes of Electric Vehicles in Association with a 5G Real-Time System of Electric Vehicle and Traffic." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124316.

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With the popularity of 5G technology and electric vehicles, many countries around the world have adopted 5G technology to build sustainable smart city systems, and intelligent transportation is an important part of smart cities. From the perspective of 5G technology innovation bringing changes to traditional industries, in this paper, we analyze the mechanism by which 5G technology drives the transformation and upgrading of the electric vehicle industry. Based on the changes brought by 5G technology to the three industries of agriculture, industry and services, we analyzed the transformation of business models brought about by 5G with respect to electric vehicle operation. Furthermore, we analyzed the data of a 5G real-time system of electric vehicle and traffic operating in Nanjing, China, for a month in 2021, with a total of 10,610 electric vehicles and 1,048,575 cases to model the modes of electric vehicle operation associated with the platform. Based on the frequency density method, we identified three typical operating modes of urban electric vehicles: private electric vehicle use instead of walking accounts for 24.8%, passenger vehicles (Uber/Didi and taxi) account for 64.4% and logistic distribution electric vehicles account for 10.8%. We developed a method to automatically identify the operating mode of electric vehicles using data from a 5G real-time electric vehicle traffic platform, which provide a reference for the operation of electric vehicles associated with the platform. This work also provides data that can be used to support the establishment of models for the commercial operation of charging points.
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Vasilyev, M. Yu. "Generation Structure, Prices, and Tariffs in the Russian Electric Power Industry in 2009-2018." Energy Systems Research, no. 2(14) (July 23, 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2021.02.0002.

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The paper aims to summarize and analyze the statistical data on the generation structure and price behavior in the Russian electric power industry and, based on the analysis, make a statistical contribution to the discussion on the outcomes of the electricity reform in Russia. A brief review of this topic is provided. The study states that the electric power industry should be regarded as a combination of four sub-industries when regulation, market design, and industrial organization problems are discussed. These four sub-industries are generation, transmission, distribution, and sales because of different regulations applied to these businesses. The main trends in the retail price index and some other indexes in the four sub-industries are observed from 2009 to 2018. The trends in electricity consumption and generation structure are discussed as essential components of economic processes in the industry. The findings suggest that the four sub-industries make different contributions to the overall growth of the electricity supply costs for end consumers. Most growth was determined by regulated government-granted monopolies in network businesses (transmission and distribution companies). The sales business is represented in the research by suppliers of last resort.
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Wright, Tim. "Electric Power Production in Pre–1937 China." China Quarterly 126 (June 1991): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000005257.

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Many important issues in modern Chinese history are crucially affected by the magnitude and pattern of economic growth up to 1937. Despite the work of John Key Chang and more recently Thomas Rawski, however, we still know all too little about the quantitative aspects of that growth. All scholars of the period are greatly indebtedto Chang's pioneering and indispensame work on industrial production but, as he himself points out, his index remains tentative and exploratory. Although the compilation of a definitive new index will eventually depend on work by scholars in China, to my knowledge this has not yet got under way. Wherever compiled, any index of industrial output as a whole, or even of national income, will have to be based on better series for individual industries. In such a context, this research note builds on Chang's work by offering a revision of the output series for one very important and rapidly growing industry in pre-1937 China, the electric power industry.
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Zhu, Fang Siyu, Xiu Miao Chen, Rui Ke Ye, and Jian Qiang Bao. "Urban Low-Carbon Transport, Model of Pure Electric Vehicle Development Typical Research Based on Hangzhou Pure Electric Taxi Demonstration Operations." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.549.

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Pure electric vehicles, as an important part of China's strategic emerging industries with good economical potential and ecological environment and social benefits, are increasingly becoming the strategic choice to response to global warming and to achieve low-carbon transformation of urban transport. Hangzhou pure electric taxi demonstration project is a model for new energy vehicles first try, which has formed the complete and operating norms for pure electric taxies operating system and business mode. Based on the typical research of Hangzhou pure electric taxi demonstration operation status quo, the research group has summarized the practical experience of the demonstration operations and some problems of the mode of development of pure electric vehicle battery and supporting facilities, and put forward some policy recommendations.
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Abiyeva, G. S., G. B. Aldabergenova, and B. A. Balapanov. "Research of recirculation systems and air recovery systems." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102012.

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The scientific work “Research of recirculation systems and air recovery systems” is devoted to the analysis and selection of the most optimum ventilation systems that will reduce the cost of published products by reducing energy consumption. The purpose of this work is to discover and experimentally study the characteristics that affect the use of thermal and electric energy by ventilation systems and air heating in the industry, as well as to create solutions that allow to achieve a decrease in the consumption of fuel and energy resources for these systems. The relevance of the work is to reduce the cost of manufactured products and increase their own competitiveness by saving consumed energy resources. In this regard, the development of completely new solutions focused on the economic efficiency of electrical and thermal energy in ventilation and heating systems in various industries, with a simultaneous increase in sanitary hygienic efficiency, today is an urgent task of solving the problem and has economic national importance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Gupta, Pavan, University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, and School of Management. "Residential sector deregulation in the electricity industry : analysis of electricity consumption patterns." THESIS_CLAB_MAN_Gupta_P.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/744.

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The research presented in this thesis aims to improve our knowledge regarding the impact of privatisation and deregulation of public service type infrastructure industries. In recent years, Australia's industry reform policies have critically relied on rapid deregulation of major utilities such as telecommunication, gas and electricity. Although several industries have been deregulated in the last two decades, our understanding regarding the impact of deregulation on residential electricity market is still developing. In order to accomplish the research, about 400 residential customers were surveyed and their electricity consumption patterns (ECP)were monitored by installing special electronic meters. The findings are discussed in detail. As an implication to policy and practice there is an urgent need for a nation-wide standard,reshaping the practices of the electricity marketing and establishing a time-dynamic ECP monitoring system. Another important implication concerns the well-founded theories in micro-economic literature. This research has established that the price of the commodities and services charged by public service type utility suppliers should not be left entirely to the market forces concerned with demand - supply equilibrium. There is an urgent need to understand the role of different socio-economic segments in contributing to the economic efficiencies of public service type assets. More efficient segments should be equitably rewarded for their contributions rather than penalised perhaps due to the lack of their bargaining power.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Gupta, Pavan. "Residential sector deregulation in the electricity industry : analysis of electricity consumption patterns." Thesis, View thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/744.

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The research presented in this thesis aims to improve our knowledge regarding the impact of privatisation and deregulation of public service type infrastructure industries. In recent years, Australia's industry reform policies have critically relied on rapid deregulation of major utilities such as telecommunication, gas and electricity. Although several industries have been deregulated in the last two decades, our understanding regarding the impact of deregulation on residential electricity market is still developing. In order to accomplish the research, about 400 residential customers were surveyed and their electricity consumption patterns (ECP)were monitored by installing special electronic meters. The findings are discussed in detail. As an implication to policy and practice there is an urgent need for a nation-wide standard,reshaping the practices of the electricity marketing and establishing a time-dynamic ECP monitoring system. Another important implication concerns the well-founded theories in micro-economic literature. This research has established that the price of the commodities and services charged by public service type utility suppliers should not be left entirely to the market forces concerned with demand - supply equilibrium. There is an urgent need to understand the role of different socio-economic segments in contributing to the economic efficiencies of public service type assets. More efficient segments should be equitably rewarded for their contributions rather than penalised perhaps due to the lack of their bargaining power.
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Chiu, Mei-ling Connie. "Hong Kong competitiveness in research and development management : toward economic synergy with China /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18832908.

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Xi, Xiaomin. "Challenges in Electric Vehicle Adoption and Vehicle-Grid Integration." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366106454.

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Chiu, Mei-ling Connie, and 趙美玲. "Hong Kong competitiveness in research and development management: toward economic synergy with China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267907.

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Liu, Xiaoli. "Spatial Correlation Study on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397646595.

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Schrock, Eric V. "A PHIGS-based spreadsheet for conceptual design." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020217/.

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Rocha, Patricio. "Cap-and-Trade Modeling and Analysis for Electric Power Generation Systems." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3316.

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Cap-and-trade is the most discussed CO2 emissions control scheme in the U.S. It is a market-based mechanism that has been used previously to successfully reduce the levels of SO2 and NOx emitted by power generators. Since electricity generators are responsible for about 40% of the CO2 emissions in the U.S., the implementation of CO2 cap-and-trade will have a significant impact on electric power generation systems. In particular, cap-and-trade will influence the investment decisions made by power generators. These decisions in turn, will affect electricity prices and demand. If the allowances (or emission permits) created by a cap-and-trade program are auctioned, the government will collect a significant amount of money that can be redistributed back to the electricity market participants to mitigate increases on electricity prices due to cap-and-trade and also, to increase the market share of low-emission generators. In this dissertation, we develop two models to analyze the impact of CO2 cap-and-trade on electric power generation systems. The first model is intended to be used by power generators in a restructured market to evaluate investment decisions under different CO2 cap-and-trade programs for a given time horizon and a given forecast in demand growth. The second model is intended to aid policymakers in developing optimal CO2 revenue redistribution policies via subsidies for low-emission generators. Through the development of these two models, our underlying objective is to provide analysis tools for policymakers and market participants so that they can make informed decisions about the design of cap-and-trade programs and about the market actions they can take if such programs are implemented.
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Venator, Edward Stephen. "A Low-cost Mobile Manipulator for Industrial and Research Applications." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1370512665.

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Kunzler, Wesley Mont. "Fiber Optic Sensor Interrogation Advancements for Research and Industrial Use." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2608.

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Spectrally-based fiber optic sensors are a rapidly maturing technology capable of sensing several environmental parameters in environments that are unfitting to electrical sensors. However, the sensor interrogation systems for this type of sensors are not yet fit to replace conventional sensor systems. They lack the speed, compact size, and usability necessary to move into mainstream test and measurement. The Fiber Sensor Integrated Monitor (FSIM) technology leverages rapid optical components and parallel hardware architecture to move these sensors across the research threshold into greater mainstream use. By dramatically increasing speed, shrinking size, and targeting an interface that can be used in large-scale industrial interrogation systems, spectrally-based fiber optic sensors can now find more widespread use in both research labs and industrial applications. The technology developed in this thesis was demonstrated by producing two advanced interrogators: one that was one half the size of commercially available systems, and one that accelerated live spectral capture by one thousand times – both of which were operated by non-developers with little training.
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Books on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Zheng fu yan jiu fa zhan zu shui jiang li gong ju yu ye zhe fan ying zhi tan tao: Yi Taiwan dian zi ling zu jian chang shang wei li. Taibei Shi: Cai tuan fa ren Zhonghua jing ji yan jiu yuan, 1993.

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Bouvier, Yves. De l'atelier au laboratoire: Recherche et innovation dans l'industrie électrique, XIXe-XXe siècles = From workshop to laboratory : research and innovation in electrical industry, 19-20th centuries. Bruxelles: P. Lang, 2011.

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Blumstein, Carl. Public interest, research, and development in the electric and gas utility industries. [Washington, D.C.]: National Council on Competition and the Electric Industry, 1998.

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Oliver, Terry, Tugrul Unsal Daim, and Kim Jisun. Research and technology management in the electricity industry: Methods, tools and case studies. London: Springer, 2013.

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George, Wise. Willis R. Whitney, General Electric, and the origins of U.S. industrial research. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Books on Demand, 1999.

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Willis R. Whitney, General Electric, and the origins of U.S. industrial research. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.

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Materials research to meet 21st century defense needs. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.

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The making of American industrial research: Science and business at GE and Bell, 1876-1926. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

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Sissine, Fred J. Renewable energy: Key to sustainable energy supply. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1998.

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Sissine, Fred J. Renewable energy: Tax credit, budget, and electricity production issues. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Goss, W. M., Claire Hooker, and Ronald D. Ekers. "After the PhD: Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) and Marriage to Lenore Nicoll, 1934–1939." In Historical & Cultural Astronomy, 85–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07916-0_8.

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AbstractWe do not know how Pawsey envisioned the best possible life and career for himself as he neared the end of his PhD studies. The evidence suggests that he was not interested in basic research, and he would not become so until after World War II. His correspondence indicates that he considered himself best suited to applied work and wanted to undertake this in an industry context. He had sought such work before coming to Cambridge. Or was the Depression affecting his optimism about a research career?
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Savell, J. W. "Industrial Applications of Electrical Stimulation." In Advances in Meat Research, 219–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5939-5_7.

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Wang, Hongyuan. "Research on Information Technology Driven Creative Industries Business Model." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 13–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35567-7_2.

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Li, Yanjie, and Ping Yang. "Research on Wireless Monitoring System in Industrial Field." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 491–500. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9437-0_51.

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Xiong, Jianqiao, Xiaosong Xiong, Xue Li, and Bin Yu. "The Research of CNC Communication Based on Industrial Ethernet." In Electrical Engineering and Control, 689–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21765-4_86.

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Lu, Zhe, and Song Zheng. "Research on Delay Measurement of MEC Application in Industrial Internet." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 707–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6324-6_71.

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Yang, Hai-han, Xing-xia Shuai, Chun-hua Ju, and Tie-zhu Zhang. "Research on New Rural Information Service Model of Agricultural Industrial Chain." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1231–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1839-5_133.

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Shi, Xiaoyuan. "Research on Logistics Marketing Based on Local Characteristic Economy Industrial Cluster." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 85–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44674-4_8.

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Liang, Zhuang. "Research on Reformation of PE Based on Culture Rebuilding for Industrial Technology." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 551–58. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4796-1_71.

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Jang, Fusheng, and Ya Liu. "Research on Serving Technique Material of Men’s Tennis Player in Industrial Technology." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 559–65. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4796-1_72.

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Conference papers on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Eroh, M. "48. 60 Hertz Electric and Magnetic Field Health Effects Research Update." In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765158.

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Shrivastava, Pankaj Kumar, and Avanish Kumar Dubey. "Intelligent Modeling and Optimization of Material Removal Rate in Electric Discharge Diamond Grinding." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7252.

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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have wide applications in modern manufacturing industries due to their specific and improved technological characteristics such as high strength to weight ratio, high hardness, high thermal, corrosion and wear resistances. Such characteristics are highly demanded in automobile, aircraft and space research organizations. Shaping of MMCs has been a big challenge for manufacturing industries due to their superior mechanical properties and the peculiar microstructure composed of different phases in MMCs poses machining challenges. Unconventional machining methods have become an alternative to give desired shapes with intricate profiles and stringent design requirements. The aim of present research is to investigate the machining performance of copper-iron-carbide MMC using hybrid machining process, electric discharge diamond grinding (EDDG). A hybrid approach of neural network and genetic algorithm has been used to develop the intelligent model for material removal rate (MRR) and subsequent optimization with the experimental data obtained by scientifically designed experimentation.
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Feng, Mingquan, Huajun Mo, Guoyun Li, Mingyan Tong, and Xiaosong Liu. "Research Progress on Irradiation Effects of RPV Materials." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15939.

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Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is an important safety component which holds reactor core and keep on high temperature and high pressure coolant. The irradiated region of RPV is subjected to neutron damage so that the fracture toughness decrease and RTNDT of materials with neutron fluence increase. According to fracture toughness requirements based on the rule, RPV beltline materials must have Charpy upper-shelf energy of no less than 102J initially and must maintain upper-shelf energy throughout the life of the vessel of no less than 68J. Chinese manufactures (China First Heavy Industries, China National Erzhong Group Co. and Dongfang Electric Corporation, Shanghai Electric Corporation) have supplied A508-3 steel forging and fabricated RPV for many constructing NPP in China. Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC) has being put into practice a program about the irradiation tests and irradiation brettling research of Chinese A508-3 steel from these manufactures. This paper introduces the program and progressing briefly. Specimen, irradiation test parameters, irradiation facility and post irradiation mechanical tests are also described.
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Somu, Srinath, Deanna Lacoste, Saumitra Saxena, William L. Roberts, and Robert M. Keolian. "Design Optimization of a Multi-kW Thermoacoustic Electric Generator Using DeltaEC Model." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15419.

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Abstract Waste heat recovery from power plants and industries requires a new type of electricity generators and related technological developments. The current research work is aimed at the design of a multi-kilowatt thermoacoustic electric generator, which can be employed as the bottoming cycle of a gas-turbine power plant or for industrial waste heat recovery. The proposed device converts thermal energy into acoustic power and subsequently uses a piezoelectric alternator to convert acoustic power into electricity. The challenge in designing such a device is that it has to be acoustically balanced and the performance of the device is greatly affected by numerous parameters such as frequency of the traveling acoustic wave, heat exchanger parameters, regenerator dimensions, acoustic feedback loop, etc. The proposed device is a lab-scale demonstration targeted to produce a few kilowatts of electric power from a 20 kWth heat source. To achieve the acoustically balanced configuration of the device, DeltaEC software is used. The DeltaEC model outcomes are used to arrive at the optimized design of the device and its components. The analytical method, the optimized geometrical dimensions of thermoacoustic components and the minimum required conditions of heat source input are presented in this paper.
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Biancardi, F. R., G. Melikian, and C. T. Sgamboti. "Dual Energy Use Systems for Industrial, Commercial, and Building Applications." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-145.

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Integrated dual energy use systems, optimized to provide both electrical (or mechanical) and thermal energy for industrial process heating/cooling or for commercial and residential space conditioning needs, are energy efficient and economic alternatives to conventional single-purpose energy systems. Numerous prime movers, including diesels, gas engines, steam and gas turbines, combined cycles, and other advanced conversion systems, together with an array of different primary energy sources such as gas, oil, coal, biomass and municipal solid waste fuels and thermal storage and control strategies, can result in a complex variety of system configurations. The United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), working with the U.S. Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, and state and local governments, has developed methodologies and procedures to screen, evaluate, and select optimum dual energy use systems (DEUS) for industrial parks, commercial developments and residential applications or combinations thereof. This paper describes methodologies developed and provides examples of the dual use energy systems defined for use in: (1) single industries, (2) multiple-industry industrial parks, (3) recovery of waste heat from a nuclear fuel processing facility, and (4) burning of solid and municipal waste sources. In addition, specific sites are described which include residential, commercial and industrial developments being implemented in the Eastern and Western sections of the United States.
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Urrutia, Jackie D., and Faith E. Antonil. "A Markov chain grey model: A forecasting of the Philippines electric energy demand." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH SEAMS-UGM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2019: Deepening Mathematical Concepts for Wider Application through Multidisciplinary Research and Industries Collaborations. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139183.

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Jianglong, Liu, and Wu Xiangbin. "Research on development pattern of mineral resource-oriented industries based on the idea of low carbon economy in the western regions of China: Take Songtao Miao Autonomous County of Guizhou province as an example." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774540.

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Yao, Wenqing, Xuelian Shang, and Rigang Chen. "Review on Electromagnetic Compatibility Research and Practice in Nuclear Power Plants." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-91853.

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Abstract This paper studies the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for the instrumentation & control system, communication devices and electric equipments in commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs). It reviews the EMC research activities and practices for NPPs in United States, France, Russia and China. The paper first familiars the readers with electromagnetic interference (EMI) knowledge and examples that are most related to NPP EMC issues, including EMI source, coupling path and sensitive equipment. It then summarizes the historical research activities, focusing on the development of EMC standards for NPPs in those four countries. It is concluded that the current EMC standard systems are not uniform and lack of specific test procedures and quantification methods. They are insufficient for the nuclear industry to execute. At last, recent popular research topics for NPPs are reviewed including systematic EMC design, EMC design and control measures, EMC prediction and electromagnetic environment monitoring. Similar research work done in the general EMC community or by other industries has been introduced. It indicates that for NPPs EMC design especially at the system level is still immature, electromagnetic simulation can be a good tool to assist the EMC design and that EMC control regulations and environment monitoring become more and more necessary as wireless components and devices are being used.
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Azam, Reem, Tasneem ElMakki, Sifani Zavahir, Zubair Ahmad, Gago Guillermo Hijós, and Dong Suk Han. "Lithium capture in Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Brine using membrane-based Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) System." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0013.

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Lithium-battery based industries including vehicles, electronics, fusion and thermonuclear, consume lithium rapidly, which raises the need for developing a lithium recovery system. Lithium global market consumption in 2016 was reported to be 35% in batteries manufacturing. The total content of lithium in seawater and oceans is estimated at 2.5 × 1014 kg, with an average concentration of 0.17 mg/L. Salt lakes contain 1,000–3,000 mg/L of lithium, while geothermal water up to 15 mg/L. In 2020, the US Geological Survey (USGS) reported that the total Li resource is about 80 million ton. In nature, lithium does not exist as pure metal owing to its high reactivity with water, air, and nitrogen. Commonly lithium is mined from metallic minerals from earth or brine salt marsh and used in various fields in the form of lithium carbonate (60%), lithium hydroxide (23%), lithium metal (5%), lithium chloride (3%), and butyl lithium (4%). The extraction of 1 kg of lithium needs around 5.3 kg of lithium carbonate. The amount required to produce lithium-ion batteries (LIB) for cell phones or electric cars is estimated to be 0.8 kg/s of lithium metal, which is equivalent to 25,000 tons per year. As we use this much of LIB, this will end up having significant amounts of lithium battery waste, thus recovering LIBS and using it as cathode electrode in MCDI is an excellent way with benefit. This work proposes to efficiently utilize seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine as a medium to recover lithium from seawater followed by its selective capture of lithium element using SLIB as MCDI cathode electrode material. Thus, these attempts could be closer to an improved and more effective loop of lithium targeted capture-reuse system.
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Jeong, D. Y., and J. E. Gordon. "Evaluation of Rail Test Frequencies Using Risk Analysis." In 2009 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2009-63009.

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Several industries now use risk analysis to develop inspection programs to ensure acceptable mechanical integrity and reliability. These industries include nuclear and electric power generation, oil refining, gas processing, onshore and offshore exploration and production, chemical processing, and pipelines. Risk analysis may also be used as a decision-making tool in the railroad industry to develop systematic improvements in track maintenance and inspection strategies. In the course of conducting research in support of the Federal Railroad Administration, a Monte Carlo risk assessment model has been developed to simulate certain aspects of rail inspection (also referred to as rail testing) to find and remove defects that may grow to sufficient size to cause rail failures. In this paper, the model is used to examine the relationship between the occurrence of rail failures and various operational factors. These operational factors include rail size, average axle loading, and inspection frequency. In addition, the risk assessment model is used to evaluate an alternative rail testing concept in which detector cars would conduct inspections at speeds higher than those used in current practice.
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Reports on the topic "Electric industries research"

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Zhang, Yangjun. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility. SAE International, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021011.

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Flying cars—as a new type of vehicle for urban air mobility (UAM)—have become an important development trend for the transborder integration of automotive and aeronautical technologies and industries. This article introduces the 100-year history of flying cars, examines the current research status for UAM air buses and air taxis, and discusses the future development trend of intelligent transportation and air-to-land amphibious vehicles. Unsettled Topics Concerning Flying Cars for Urban Air Mobility identifies the major bottlenecks and impediments confronting the development of flying cars, such as high power density electric propulsion, high lift-to-drag ratio and lightweight body structures, and low-altitude intelligent flight. Furthermore, it proposes three phased goals and visions for the development of flying cars in China, suggesting the development of a flying vehicle technology innovation system that integrates automotive and aeronautic industries.
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Gertslberger, Wolfgang, Merle Küttim, Tarmo Tuisk, Ulrika Hurt, Tarvo Niine, Tarlan Ahmadov, Margit Metsmaa, et al. Ringmajanduslike praktikate juurutamise võimaldajad ja barjäärid: uuringu aruanne. Tallinn University of Technology; Ministry of Economics and Communication, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/taltech.circular.economy.report.2021.

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This research study focused on the business models related to the circular economy of the four industries and their enablers and barriers have been studied. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 in Estonia by Tallinn University of Technology Sustainable Value Chain Management Working Group for the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications. The industries covered by the study were: 1) the computer, electronic and optical equipment industries; 2) chemicals and chemical industry, except plastics industry; 3) the electrical equipment industry; 4) metal industry.
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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.

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Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.
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Guha, Supratik, H. S. Philip Wong, Jean Anne Incorvia, and Srabanti Chowdhury. Future Directions Workshop: Materials, Processes, and R&D Challenges in Microelectronics. Defense Technical Information Center, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1188476.

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Microelectronics is a complex field with ever-evolving technologies and business needs, fueled by decades of continued fundamental materials science and engineering advancement. Decades of dimensional scaling have led to the point where even the name microelectronics inadequately describes the field, as most modern devices operate on the nanometer scale. As we reach physical limits and seek more efficient ways for computing, research in new materials may offer alternative design approaches that involve much more than electron transport e.g. photonics, spintronics, topological materials, and a variety of exotic quasi-particles. New engineering processes and capabilities offer the means to take advantage of new materials designs e.g. 3D integration, atomic scale fabrication processes and metrologies, digital twins for semiconductor processes and microarchitectures. The wide range of potential technological approaches provides both opportunities and challenges. The Materials, Processes, and R and D Challenges in Microelectronics Future Directions workshop was held June 23-24, 2022, at the Basic Research Innovation Collaboration Center in Arlington, VA, to examine these opportunities and challenges. Sponsored by the Basic Research Directorate of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, it is intended as a resource for the S and T community including the broader federal funding community, federal laboratories, domestic industrial base, and academia.
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Medina, Enrique A., Kaitlin Schneider, Arthur Temmesfeld, Jill Csavina-Raison, Douglas Hutchens, Robert Drerup, Roberto Acosta, et al. Manufacturing Technology (MATES) II. Task Order 0006: Air Force Technology and Industrial Base Research Sub-Task 07: Future Advances in Electronic Materials and Processes-Flexible Hybrid Electronics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011193.

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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Nilsson Lewis, Astrid, Kaidi Kaaret, Eileen Torres Morales, Evelin Piirsalu, and Katarina Axelsson. Accelerating green public procurement for decarbonization of the construction and road transport sectors in the EU. Stockholm Environment Institute, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.007.

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Public procurement of goods and services contributes to about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In the EU, public purchasing represents 15% of its GDP, acting as a major influencer on the market through the products and services acquired by governments from the local to national levels. The public sector has a role to play in leveraging this purchasing power to achieve the best societal value for money, particularly as we scramble to bend the curve of our planet’s warming. Globally, the construction and transport sectors each represent about 12% of government procurements’ GHG emissions. Furthermore, these sectors’ decarbonization efforts demand profound and disruptive technological shifts. Hence, prioritizing these sectors can make the greatest impact towards reducing the environmental footprint of the public sector and support faster decarbonization of key emitting industries. Meanwhile, the EU committed to achieving 55% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Drastic emissions reductions are needed at an unprecedented speed and scale to achieve this goal. Green Public Procurement (GPP) is the practice of purchasing goods and services using environmental requirements, with the aim of cutting carbon emissions and mitigating environmental harm throughout the life cycle of the product or service. While the EU and many of its Member States alike have recognized GPP as an important tool to meet climate goals, the formalization of GPP requirements at the EU level or among local and national governments has been fragmented. We call for harmonization to achieve the consistency, scale and focus required to make GPP practices a powerful decarbonization tool. We surveyed the landscape of GPP in the EU, with a focus on construction and road transport. Through interviews and policy research, we compiled case studies of eight Member States with different profiles: Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Estonia, Poland, Spain and Italy. We used this information to identify solutions and best practices, and to set forth recommendations on how the EU and its countries can harmonize and strengthen their GPP policies on the path toward cutting their contributions to climate change. What we found was a scattered approach to GPP across the board, with few binding requirements, little oversight and scant connective tissue from national to local practices or across different Member States, making it difficult to evaluate progress or compare practices. Interviewees, including policy makers, procurement experts and procurement officers from the featured Member States, highlighted the lack of time or resources to adopt progressive GPP practices, with no real incentive to pursue it. Furthermore, we found a need for more awareness and clear guidance on how to leverage GPP for impactful societal outcomes. Doing so requires better harmonized processes, data, and ways to track the impact and progress achieved. That is not to say it is entirely neglected. Most Member States studied highlight GPP in various national plans and have set targets accordingly. Countries, regions, and cities such as the Netherlands, Catalonia and Berlin serve as beacons of GPP with robust goals and higher ambition. They lead the way in showing how GPP can help mitigate climate change. For example, the Netherlands is one of the few countries that monitors the effects of GPP, and showed that public procurement for eight product groups in 2015 and 2016 led to at least 4.9 metric tons of avoided GHG emissions. Similarly, a monitoring report from 2017 showed that the State of Berlin managed to cut its GHG emissions by 47% through GPP in 15 product groups. Spain’s Catalonia region set a goal of 50% of procurements using GPP by 2025, an all-electric in public vehicle fleet and 100% renewable energy powering public buildings by 2030. Drawing from these findings, we developed recommendations on how to bolster GPP and scale it to its full potential. In governance, policies, monitoring, implementation and uptake, some common themes exist. The need for: • Better-coordinated policies • Common metrics for measuring progress and evaluating tenders • Increased resources such as time, funding and support mechanisms • Greater collaboration and knowledge exchange among procurers and businesses • Clearer incentives, binding requirements and enforcement mechanisms, covering operational and embedded emissions With a concerted and unified movement toward GPP, the EU and its Member States can send strong market signals to the companies that depend on them for business, accelerating the decarbonization process that our planet requires.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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