Journal articles on the topic 'Electric industries Australia Prices'

We report the upper and lower bounds for the levelized cost of high-temperature industrial process heat, supplied from electricity generated with solar-photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines in combination with either thermal or electric battery storage using hourly typical meteorological year (TMY) data, in systems sized to supply between 80% and 100% of continuous thermal demand at a site in the northern part of Western Australia. The system is chosen to supply high-temperature air as the heat transfer media at temperatures of 1000 °C, which is a typical temperature for an alumina or a lime calcination plant. A simplified model of the electrical energy plant has been developed using performance characteristics of real PV and wind systems and TMY data of renewable energy resources. This was used to simulate a large sample of possible system configurations and find the optimal combination of the renewable resources and storage systems, sized to provide renewable shares (RES) of between 80% and 100% of the yearly demand. This allowed the upper and lower bounds to be determined for the cost of heat based on two scenarios in which the excess energy is either dumped (upper bound) or exported to the electricity grid (lower bound) at the average generating cost. The lower bound of the levelized cost of energy (LCOEL), which occurs for the system employing thermal storage, was estimated to range from USD 10/GJ to USD 24/GJ for RES from 80 to 100%. The corresponding upper bound (LCOEU), also estimated for the system using thermal storage, are between USD 16/GJ and USD 31/GJ, for RES between 80% and 100%. The utilization of electric battery storage instead of thermal storage was found to increase the LCOE values by a factor of two to four depending on the share of renewable energy. Compared with current Australian natural gas cost, none of the systems assessed configurations is economical without either a cost for CO2 emissions or a premium for low-carbon products. The estimated cost for CO2 emission that is needed to reach parity with current natural gas prices in Australia is also presented.

The paper aims to summarize and analyze the statistical data on the generation structure and price behavior in the Russian electric power industry and, based on the analysis, make a statistical contribution to the discussion on the outcomes of the electricity reform in Russia. A brief review of this topic is provided. The study states that the electric power industry should be regarded as a combination of four sub-industries when regulation, market design, and industrial organization problems are discussed. These four sub-industries are generation, transmission, distribution, and sales because of different regulations applied to these businesses. The main trends in the retail price index and some other indexes in the four sub-industries are observed from 2009 to 2018. The trends in electricity consumption and generation structure are discussed as essential components of economic processes in the industry. The findings suggest that the four sub-industries make different contributions to the overall growth of the electricity supply costs for end consumers. Most growth was determined by regulated government-granted monopolies in network businesses (transmission and distribution companies). The sales business is represented in the research by suppliers of last resort.

Despite three decades of reform, China's electricity sector is still organized by a “new reformed plan” where capacity investment has been liberalized but prices and production remain controlled. This paper examines the impact of the current plan prices on end-users with reference to the OECD and how the plan price of electricity supply is formed. We argue that the plan price is set in an attempt to balance the interests of the public and the power industry. We find that China's industries do not pay a cheaper price for electricity than the West, and the plan price is formed through bargain between the firm and the state, which allows the firm to have a soft price constraint on its costs.

The liberalization trend has led to electric restructuring in market industries. At the start of the 1990s, it was recommended to shift the electricity business from a monopoly to a competitive system. The electric power problem becomes more complex from competition because competitors must be ready to win or lose. The method that has succeeded in determining energy prices in competition is the locational marginal price method implemented by the New York Service Operator. In general, the characteristic of the supplier offers are in step function forms, so optimizing prices and allocating transmission losses are a problem. This paper proposes a method for determining electrical energy prices on the consumer side in each location. The method uses a quadratic approach to perform direct method optimization. The transmission losses are calculated through the B-loss matrix approach, and then allocations of the transmission losses are separated with the proportional method. Simulation results for three locations with six suppliers, as well as on a larger scale (118 buses, 54 generators) were obtained.

Summary. Several cool- and warm-season pulse crops (grain legumes) are grown in rotation with cereals and pasture forming sustainable farming systems in Australia. Australian pulse production has increased rapidly over the past 25 years to about 2 x 106 t/year, mainly because of the increase in the area and yield of lupin production for stockfeed purposes. Pulses currently comprise only 10% of the cropping areas of Australia and this could be expanded to 16% as there are large areas of soil types suitable for a range of pulse crops and new better-adapted pulse varieties are becoming available. Cool-season pulses will continue to dominate pulse production in Australia and the majority of the expansion will probably come from chickpea and faba bean industries. There appears to be no major constraint to pulse production in Australia that cannot be addressed by breeders, agronomists and farmers. Of the current major pulse crops, field pea faces the most number of difficulties, in particular the lack of disease management options. A recent strategic plan of the Australian pulse industry predicts the production of 4 x 106 t/year by 2005 but this will largely depend upon export demand and pulse prices. It is predicted that the growth in pulse production will come from increased productivity in the existing areas, from 1.0 to 1.4 t/ha, through improvements in crop management and the development of superior varieties. The area of pulse production will also expand by an additional 1.2 x 106 ha probably yielding 1.0 t/ha. If trends in grazing stock prices continue, the increased area under pulse production will mostly come at the expense of those areas under unimproved pasture and continuous cereal cropping.

The contraction in investment activity and capital reversals from the electric power industry to other energy sectors in Russia poses a potential threat to the country’s energy supply. Identifying the causes of low investment attractiveness of the electric power industry in order to justify directions of regulatory impacts relates to a comparative assessment of the industry profitability. It gives greater urgency to the development of the relevant methodological guidelines.The paper presents the study of the two mutually reinforcing methods for measuring the profitability of the Russian energy industries and comparative analysis of electric power industry and industries related to the extraction and processing of oil and gas using data from Rosstat. The authors identified the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods used. In particular, it is shown that the method for calculating macroeconomic profitability thought versatile and straightforward is sensitive to changes in the initial data generation technique and its quality. Whereas, the application of the second method based on the aggregation of data on prices and structure of intermediate consumption of enterprises is limited to industries not participating in export-import operations.Through the practical application of the abovementioned methods, the author did not find any gaps in profitability between the power industry and other energy sectors. Hence, the relatively low investment attractiveness of the power industry is mainly due to structural causes (for example, pricing; low market efficiency). Economic and statistical analysis of the current situation allows, in the authors’ opinion, to make target government actions. Moreover, adequate management is a precondition for further improvements to the methodology of profitability analysis of energy sectors, primarily, advancement towards disaggregation of the considered indicators and data availability.

In this paper, we explore the economic impact of promotion and realization of an electric vehicle society (EVS). More concretely, this paper emphasizes a computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling approach to evaluate the following issues: economic impacts of subsidies for promotion of an EVS, the possibility of price reductions, industrial structure change toward an EVS, and modal shift occurring toward an EVS. Our simulation results demonstrate that after applying 5–25% up subsidies to five industries, such as electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, EV transport, solar power, cogeneration and other transport, the total industrial output and city GDP increase. A large growth rate is found in industries where subsidies are introduced alone with non-ferrous metal industry. However, it is interesting that decreasing proportions are found in oil and coal product, mining, heat supply and gasoline vehicle (GV) transport industries. Moreover, all the commodity prices decrease since subsidies are given to some industries. Hence Toyohashi City’s economy shows a direction where the demand for conventional vehicles and energy use are decreased, conversely, the demand for EVs and renewable energy are increased illustrating a different life style from the current one. However, it does not mean that the total CO2 emission is decreased. EV society makes some industrial outputs larger. Due to the fact that some industrial outputs are increased, CO2 emissions of EV manufacturing and nonferrous metal are increased more than decreased industries. Thus, introducing 5–25% subsidies to EV manufacturing, EV transport, solar power, cogeneration and other transport can really represent a realistic alternative society to EVS if the total CO2 emission can be reduced. Therefore, we have to think what can make the total CO2 emission reduced.

Ernest Fisk was the dominant figure in early wireless in Australia. He headed Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia), AWA, 1917–44, and was managing director of Electric and Musical Industries (EMI) in London, 1945–51. Arriving in Australia in 1911 at a critical moment in wireless development, Fisk became the main local representative for an industry that was born global. He was not, however, the first, as is often claimed. This article examines his predecessors, whose failures tell a good deal about Fisk's strengths, the good fortune of his timing and the business strategies of early multinational wireless companies.

Current use of reproductive technology in the Australian livestock industries is limited, though it increased in line with higher prices for beef and wool through the 1980s. The required techniques, many of which were developed in Australia, are available and the level of expertise is comparable to the best in the world. However, the extensive pastoral industries do not readily lend themselves to these procedures. Only in the dairy industry is artificial insemination used to a significant degree. On the other hand, application of the technology in the pastoral industries is confined largely to studs and breeding cooperatives which provide breeding animals for producer flocks and herds. Hence the impact of applied technology may be more widespread than first appears. Until recently, little regard was paid to application of the technology along sound breeding principles. Artificial insemination and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) have not been used so much in planned breeding programmes aimed at local improvement of stock, but more to proliferate genes of reputedly superior stock, imported either from overseas or elsewhere in Australia. This is particularly true of MOET, where the incentive to use it is commonly a short term cash gain made from proliferating breeding stock of a particularly valuable and usually novel strain or breed. Recent technological improvements which render the use of reproductive technology cheaper and more effective will lead to its more widespread use in commercial practice. Techniques for embryo freezing and splitting have been greatly simplified and quickly put into practice. The novel livestock technologies of in vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization have already found commercial application overseas. Fecundity-enhancing products have also been adopted by the livestock industries. There is potential value for greater use of reproductive technology in the livestock industries provided it is implemented according to sound breeding principles and provided associated management practices are applied simultaneously.

Australia has a world-leading mining industry as a producer for some 16 commodities including gold, bauxite, iron ore, rare earths, zinc, nickel and coal. In 2021, Australia’s mineral exports (excluding petroleum products) amounted to $200 billion which was 58% of all good’s export and 46% of all exported goods and services. In 2021, mining accounted for more than 10% of gross national product. In addition, the mining industry employed some 240 000 people, with many more employed by related industries. Australia is richly endowed with many minerals, that are regarded as critical, or strategic, minerals by many trading partners. Growing markets for these commodities, particularly for those associated with emerging technologies such as battery storage, renewable energy and electric vehicles have stimulated exploration and resource delineation in Australia in recent years

This paper is a compilation of material from state and territory jurisdictions regarding onshore acreage and its availability for petroleum exploration in 2017. Australian state and territory governments continue to support investment in the petroleum industry through the provision of acreage for exploration, which is promoted nationally and internationally. Updates are provided on recent upstream developments and government initiatives. Present and future policy directions that relate to onshore petroleum exploration are described, particularly for jurisdictions that are not making land available this year. When the APPEA conference was last held in Perth, in 2014, the oil price and exploration outlook were very different from today. In 2016, the petroleum industry experienced the full impact of the downturn, with the price for oil reaching a low of under $27 USD/barrel (WTI) early in the year. Several companies departed the onshore, exploration was at a fifteen-year low and much acreage has been surrendered across Australia. However, 2017 is showing signs of improvement with oil prices in the mid-50s and some hope that the industry will turn the corner this year. Low levels of exploration activity may have implications for future domestic gas supplies, and rising gas prices are of concern to local manufacturing industries and consumers throughout Australia. However, this may present marketing opportunities for successful explorers.

To facilitate grating and maintain hygiene and increase grating capacity in households and small industries, tools or coconut grating machines have been made, many coconut grater machines are designed or made with various models and prices vary. One of the designs or designs circulating in the market is a grate engine that uses a motorized engine with gasoline fuel. This machine is designed in such a way as to increase safety for users, speed up the coconut grating process, increase capacity, and maintain the hygiene of grated coconut. However, coconut grating machine tools for household and small industries are still relatively expensive. In this design a tool is made with a redesign of the mini coconut grater machine to reduce material costs and manufacturing costs. Make changes to shape and dimensions for frames and supports. Besides that, there are also changes to engine components with household-scale electric motors with a power of 220 volts.

Purpose This paper aims to explore principal drivers affecting prices in the Australian housing market, aiming to detect the presence of housing bubbles within it. The data set analyzed covers the past two decades, thereby including the period of the most recent housing boom between 2012 and 2015. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the application of combined enhanced rigorous econometric frameworks, such as ordinary least square (OLS), Granger causality and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework, to provide an in-depth understanding of house price dynamics and bubbles in Australia. Findings The empirical results presented reveal that Australian house prices are driven primarily by four key factors: mortgage interest rates, consumer sentiment, the Australian S&P/ASX 200 stock market index and unemployment rates. It finds that these four key drivers have long-term equilibrium in relation to house prices, and any short-term disequilibrium always self-corrects over the long term because of economic forces. The existence of long-term equilibrium in the housing market suggests it is unlikely to be in a bubble (Diba and Grossman, 1988; Flood and Hodrick, 1986). Originality/value The foremost contribution of this paper is that it is the first rigorous study of housing bubbles in Australia at the national level. Additionally, the data set renders the study of particular interest because it incorporates an analysis of the most recent housing boom (2012-2015). The policy implications from the study arise from the discussion of how best to balance monetary policy, fiscal policy and macroeconomic policy to optimize the steady and stable growth of the Australian housing market, and from its reconsideration of affordability schemes and related policies designed to incentivize construction and the involvement of complementary industries associated with property.

With the transition to a low-carbon economy, electric energy is growing in importance. For renewable energy sources to make up a big share of the energy mix, it is necessary that a profound institutional change should take place in the functioning of infrastructure industries, one of which is the electric power industry. The success of institutional transformation depends on the initial conditions and the directions of the evolutionary change of the institutional environment. The initial conditions include the fact that the country’s electric power industry used to develop according to a unified national plan before being restructured to promote competition among energy producers and on the electricity market within the Unified Power System. The institutional environment that stimulates the transition of Russia to a low-carbon economy includes international, national, corporate levels and individual consumers, within which renewable energy sources and intelligent power systems are promoted. The major issues that Russia’s energy market has include cross subsidization, excess capacity, and high electricity prices. In Russia’s system services market, the most rapidly growing sector is energy demand management. The principal barriers to the development of Russia’s electric power industry within the framework of the 3Ds concept are technological and psychological. Compared with other countries, Russia is less prepared for energy transformation.

The application of fertilisers to pastures in the high rainfall regions of southern Australia has contributed to large increases in carrying capacity following the widespread adoption of the practice since the late 1940s. Recently, large shifts in the worldwide demand for fertiliser inputs have lead to large rises in the cost of fertiliser inputs. These increasing costs have significant potential ramifications on the future management of soil fertility and its interaction with the persistence and profitability of sown pastures, especially during periods of climatic uncertainty. A dynamic pasture resource development simulation model was used to investigate the implications of fertiliser rates and costs on the efficient management of soil fertility under climatic uncertainty. The framework also allowed the investigation of how the management of soil fertility interacts with the utilisation of pasture resources through different stocking rates. In the application of this method to the Cicerone Project farmlets case study, fertiliser input costs were found to influence the optimal combination of fertiliser inputs and stocking rate. Analyses of the dynamic interaction between fertiliser application and cost, stocking rate and the persistence of desirable species enabled the identification of the most risk-efficient strategies. The implications for grazing industries in the high rainfall regions of southern Australia are discussed.

The purpose of this comparative study is to examine the extent to which information is available to stakeholders on the environmental issues from the annual reports of listed companies in Singapore and Malaysia focusing on Sectors (Construction and manufacturing) that are environmentally sensitive. Many studies in the past had tried to capture the relationship between environmental reporting against financial performances, management motives and effects on share prices of the companies operating in respective countries. This study is striving to capture the extent of information on environmental aspects available to stakeholders in Malaysia and Singapore focusing only on Sectors (Construction and manufacturing) that are environmentally sensitive. The researchers used cross sectional content analysis based on the annual reports of companies listed in the Construction and manufacturing/ industrial sector for the year 2007. The companies were selected from Stock Exchange of Singapore (SGX) and Bursa Malaysia (KLSE). A framework developed by Adams & Frost (2007) identified seven parameters to perform content analysis and observed performance related disclosure among organizations in Australia against organizations in the U.K. This study also used similar framework with addition of just one more parameter. It was found that the extent of information disclosed by organizations in Singapore for both construction and Manufacturing /Industrial sector is lower compared to organizations in Malaysia in both the sectors. This alerts the analysts that while talking about green accounting, one could walk the talk better by disclosing more information and making environmental issues or concerns more transparent.

Tata is a household name in India. Starting well over a century ago, the Tatas began their foray into industry, and the brand represents more than a diversifed conglomerate. The Tatas are well-respected, having endeared themselves in every walk of Indian life. Their businesses are all-pervasive, from building automobiles and generating electric power to making steel and building supercomputers. Their charitable trusts and endowments are as extensive as their businesses. They have founded and funded outstanding educational institutions and human welfare organizations, and they have supported research on alleviating human suffering. The incumbent of the Tata Group is Ratan Naval Tata, a Cornell University graduate in architecture. In the 20 years since he took over the mantle, he has set the Tata industries on a steep growth trajectory, increasing the revenue of the Tata industries 12-fold, making automobiles—the famed Nano—available at very affordable prices in India, and introducing effcient steelmaking. The business empire he heads, the Tata Group, has over 90 companies with footholds in 80 countries. In the midst of his busy globe-trotting schedule, we managed to steal an hour of his time at the Tatas' “Bombay House” headquarters for him to tell us how he sees the global energy challenges and the opportunities they create.

The majority of dairy farmers and processors in Australia and New Zealand are considered world class due to their ability to produce dairy products at a cost that is competitive on the world market without requirement for subsidy. International and domestic forces beyond the farm influence the international competitiveness of Antipodean dairy systems, as much or more than, the within-farm characteristics of the systems. Critical external forces include: world population growth, protein demand from increasingly wealthy developing countries, dairy supply from domestic and international producers, international dairy prices and exchange rate volatility. Within farm, the keys to persistent profitability, business survival, and growth will continue to be management ability and labour skill as well as the relationship between milksolids (milk fat + milk protein) produced per system and total production costs. Domestic forces will include competition for resources such as land, water, quality labour and capital, and public expectation that farms will meet the costs of community environmental and welfare objectives. Public and industry investment in research, development and extension in innovations that increase productivity is essential if dairying is to remain competitive. The operation of the comparative advantage principle determines which industries thrive, or decline, in an economy. New Zealand dairying has a strong comparative advantage over alternative pastoral industries which will continue. In Australia, the comparative advantage of dairy farming over alternative activities is less clear-cut. History shows that the best farmers and processors handle risks such as market and climate volatility and other challenges better than others, and their prospects are positive. However, world class performers in the future dairy industry will certainly not be all, or even the majority, of the current population of dairy farmers.

Abstract This impact depends upon changes in trends of certain economic activities both in the short and long run. In the short run the impact will be different in Canada as compared to the United States. The presence of a large hydro-electric capacity will ease the impact of the crisis. Yet, the federal government intervention in the level of oil prices and in the construction of the Sarnia-Montréal pipe-line introduces enough uncertainty to postpone many investment decisions in the Montreal petrochemical complex. In the long run some substitution is possible among sources of energy. In this respect the future Bay James hydro-electrical project should endow the Province of Quebec with a locational advantage, at least in the case of some industries. On the other hand, under the hypothesis that the price of foreign oil will remain high, Montreal looses one of its advantages: the access to cheap oil. This coupled with the fact that the petrochemical industries, e.g., those linked to secondary refining processes such as cracking, reforming and alkylation, prefer a location near the market, will in the long run reduce the rate of growth of the petrochemical complex near Montreal. The market forces are so strong that even before the crisis, Montreal, from 1960 to 1973, experienced a gradual weakening of its relative importance in the secondary stages of refining; for instance in alkylation its position went from 57.3 p.c. of total Canadian capacity to 16.8 p.c. If the hydro-electric potential is not used by the Province of Quebec as a development tool, the oil crisis will slightly hurt Montreal's prospects for development.

The non-woven materials industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world with the ability to produce materials in less time, specifications, and better prices. nonwoven materials are defined as a web of guided or random fibers that are bonded by friction, interlacement or adhesion. In this research, the rotary electrospinning system was used and a prototype was made to study the process and the complete visualization in terms of the correlation of the electrostatic forces to the formation of nanofibers by preparing polymeric solutions and exposing them to the electric field between the positive electrode (the serrated cylinder) and the Grounded electrode (plate) and produced high-precision fibers with a diameter (185nm) at 25 kV, whereas the installation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was with different concentrations and the formed fibers possessed an effective surface and deposited on a collector electrode forming nonwoven webs and high productivity is the most important feature of this system compared with the traditional electrospinning system.

Wild canids (wild dogs and European red foxes) cause substantial losses to Australian livestock industries and environmental values. Both species are actively managed as pests to livestock production. Contemporaneously, the dingo proportion of the wild dog population, being considered native, is protected in areas designated for wildlife conservation. Wild dogs particularly affect sheep and goat production because of the behavioural responses of domestic sheep and goats to attack, and the flexible hunting tactics of wild dogs. Predation of calves, although less common, is now more economically important because of recent changes in commodity prices. Although sometimes affecting lambing and kidding rates, foxes cause fewer problems to livestock producers but have substantial impacts on environmental values, affecting the survival of small to medium-sized native fauna and affecting plant biodiversity by spreading weeds. Canid management in Australia relies heavily on the use of compound 1080-poisoned baits that can be applied aerially or by ground. Exclusion fencing, trapping, shooting, livestock-guarding animals and predator calling with shooting are also used. The new Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre has 40 partners representing private and public land managers, universities, and training, research and development organisations. One of the major objectives of the new IACRC is to apply a strategic approach in order to reduce the impacts of wild canids on agricultural and environmental values in Australia by 10%. In this paper, the impacts, ecology and management of wild canids in Australia are briefly reviewed and the first cooperative projects that will address IACRC objectives for improving wild dog management are outlined.

The electrification of the petrochemical industry, imposed by the urgent need for decarbonization and driven by the incessant growth of renewable electricity share, necessitates electricity-driven technologies for efficient conversion of fossil fuels to chemicals. Non-thermal plasma reactor systems that successfully perform in lab scale are investigated for this purpose. However, the feasibility of such electrified processes at industrial scale is still questionable. In this context, two process alternatives for ethylene production via plasma-assisted non-oxidative methane coupling have conceptually been designed based on previous work of our group namely, a direct plasma-assisted methane-to-ethylene process (one-step process) and a hybrid plasma-catalytic methane-to-ethylene process (two-step process). Both processes are simulated in the Aspen Plus V10 process simulator and also consider the technical limitations of a real industrial environment. The economically favorable operating window (range of operating conditions at which the target product purity is met at minimum utility cost) is defined via sensitivity analysis. Preliminary results reveal that the hybrid plasma-catalytic process requires 21% less electricity than the direct one, while the electric power consumed for the plasma-assisted reaction is the major cost driver in both processes, accounting for ~75% of the total electric power demand. Finally, plasma-assisted processes are not economically viable at present. However, future decrease in electricity prices due to renewable electricity production increase can radically affect process economics. Given that a break-even electricity price of 35 USD/MWh (without considering the capital cost) is calculated for the two-step plasma process and that current electricity prices for some energy intensive industries in certain countries can be as low as 50 USD/MWh, the plasma-assisted processes may become economically viable in the future.

Australia will increasingly need to turn to natural gas to offset declining oil production and meet an expanding global need for clean energy. The Gorgon Development Joint Venture Participants, (ChevronTexaco/Exxon- Mobil/Shell), are poised to develop the significant Gorgon gas reserves located 130 km offshore the North West Australian coast to help fulfil this need.The Gorgon Development has access to extensive proved reserves of 13.8 Tcf and a development plan that can supply gas to a Barrow Island landfall at world competitive prices. Several concepts are being considered for development of the Gorgon reserves.Technology will play a key role, with the extensive use of subsea production facilities and innovative LNG design concepts being considered.The focus is on a design that would have a low unit cost and also provide new benchmarks in safety and environmental performance. The development of the Gorgon reserves could also facilitate the establishment of other gas-based industries in Western Australia and offers the opportunity for new gas-to-liquid (GTL) plants to lead Australia’s transition to a gas-based economy.The Gorgon Development is expected to attract nearly A$4 billion investment for an LNG development and a further A$2 billion for a major industrial gas consumer. Total export income could reach A$2,500 million per year for 30 years.

Desert/remote Australia is blessed with abundant natural energy resources from solar, geothermal and other renewable sources. If these were harnessed and connected appropriately desert/remote Australia could be not only energy self-sufficient but a net exporter. Generation of abundant, clean energy can also attract energy-intensive industries and provide local income and employment. Such co-benefits should be included in any cost-benefit analysis. Regardless of renewable energy’s contribution to reducing climate change, the world is already committed to global warming and associated climate changes. Desert/remote Australia will thus inevitably get warmer, with implications for health, energy demand and other issues, and may be subject to increased extremes such as flooding, longer dry spells, more severe storms and coastal inundation. In addition, the prospect of world demand for oil from conventional sources exceeding supply will likely lead to oil shortages, higher oil prices, and additional incentives to provide alternative energy supplies. The region is heavily reliant on diesel generators and fossil fuel-powered motor vehicles and airplanes for transport for within-region mobility, the importation of goods, the tourism industry and emergency medical services. Without adaptation, climate change and peak oil will make living in desert/remote Australia less attractive, resulting in increased difficulty of attracting and retaining skilled workers, which would constrain development. This paper focuses on the climate and energy-related impacts and potential responses. These are both a challenge and an opportunity. They could provide additional employment and income, thus helping remote communities to participate in the clean energy economy of the future and thus overcome some serious social problems. The paper attempts to review current knowledge and provoke debate on relevant investment strategies, and it teases out the questions in need of further research.

In China, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have become mandatory for listed firms in 2007. While earlier research on “voluntary” adopters has provided valuable insights on the impact of IFRS disclosure, these results cannot be generalised in a mandatory setting. We expect effects from mandatory IFRS adoption to be different from those documented for voluntary IFRS adopters since the former group is essentially forced to adopt IFRS. The empirical model, relating to stock price synchronicity with adoption of IFRS, and other firm-specific control variables were analysed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. Different types of panel data estimates were used and compared so as to interpret the results with the best-suited parameters for different data sets for different markets. Studying data covering the period from 2001-2013, the present study examines whether mandatory adoption of IFRS reduces Stock Price Synchronicity for Chinese firms. The empirical results show that IFRS adoption improves information environment by the capitalization of firm-specific information into stock prices, thereby reduces the Stock Price synchronicity. The paper further examines if the information impact was homogeneous across industries. This pattern of decrease in stock price synchronicity after adoption of IFRS is different for different industries taken for analysis. Aerospace & Defense, Automobiles Beverages, Metals & Mining, Retailer& Real Estate Operations have reduced synchronicity but other industries such as Biotech, Electric utilities, Electronic, Leisure products, Renewable energy and Telecom have increased synchronicity. For these industries, the low reliance on market wide information makes reasonable economic sense because they have relatively low demand elasticity. Hence, in demand inelastic industries, future price sensitive factors remain constant and so a changed IFRS accounting regime has little marginal impact. This study provides a different methodological approach by concentrating on Industry wide information effects from the mandatory adoption. These findings have important implications that apply not only to China, but also to other emerging and transitional economies such as India where IFRS is yet to be mandated. Moreover it will help regulators, academicians and practitioners to assess the informational benefit of adopting IFRS.

Concerns over growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fuel prices have prompted researchers to look into alternative energy sources, notably in the transportation sector, accounting for more than 70% of carbon emissions. An increasing amount of research on electric vehicles (EVs) and their energy management schemes (EMSs) has been undertaken extensively in recent years to address these concerns. This article aims to offer a bibliometric analysis and investigation of optimized EMSs for EV applications. Hundreds (100) of the most relevant and highly influential manuscripts on EMSs for EV applications are explored and examined utilizing the Scopus database under predetermined parameters to identify the most impacting articles in this specific field of research. This bibliometric analysis provides a survey on EMSs related to EV applications focusing on the different battery storages, models, algorithms, frameworks, optimizations, converters, controllers, and power transmission systems. According to the findings, more articles were published in 2020, with a total of 22, as compared to other years. The authors with the highest number of manuscripts come from four nations, including China, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, and five research institutions, with these nations and institutions accounting for the publication of 72 papers. According to the comprehensive review, the current technologies are more or less capable of performing effectively; nevertheless, dependability and intelligent systems are still lacking. Therefore, this study highlights the existing difficulties and challenges related to EMSs for EV applications and some brief ideas, discussions, and potential suggestions for future research. This bibliometric research could be helpful to EV engineers and to automobile industries in terms of the development of cost-effective, longer-lasting, hydrogen-compatible electrical interfaces and well-performing EMSs for sustainable EV operations.

Abstract: In India Textile product processing industry is the only way which can help to boost the rural economy and the development of rural sector in India. Today’s customers are seeking for reduced prices, high quality product and the excellent durability of textiles. As increasing population directly increases the demand of textile in market. To meet that demand there is a necessity to replace the manual operation method by machine operation. Nowadays there are many automatic hank dyeing machines are available in the market but they are too costly and most of the rural based khadi industries or NGOs are unable to afford and maintain that machine. On the request of KVIC, MGIRI WARDHA has designed and developed the hank dyeing machine which is user friendly and cheap in cost as well as in less maintenance and also operated by unskilled operator. The developed hank dyeing machine can dye 7 kg of dry hanks in 30 minutes. This machine dyes single batch in just 30 minutes. This is cost effective, energy efficient, electric driven machine suitable for rural based small scale textile industry. Keywords: Hank: Dyeing: Coloring: Machine: Textile.

Historically, the Slovak Republic infrastructure involved monopolies, with the State operating sectors of electricity, telecommunications, postal services, gas, and water supply through state enterprises. The electric energy sector has since become privatized in the Slovak Republic. Because of insufficient competition (oligopoly), a regulatory office formed with the role of price regulation. In this pricing area, the electricity supply sector suffered turmoil in the Slovak Republic. This paper addresses some practicalities of regulation and proposes measures to minimize risks relating to decisions of the regulating authority. The current issues reflect problems of price regulation of electricity in the Slovak Republic that have resulted in political disputes. This paper describes the regulatory framework of network industries in the Slovak Republic and general assumptions for transparent and efficient regulatory process. It includes an analysis of certain aspects of price regulation and the role and responsibilities of a chairman and other stakeholders in this process. Some measures are proposed to minimize the future risks of price regulation. These measures cover internal subjects and processes as well as the external environment involving stakeholders and their influence on negotiating prices.

The electrification of vehicles from the automotive and public transport industries can reduce harmful emissions if implemented correctly, but there is little evidence of whether the electrification of heavy freight transportation vehicles (HFTVs), such as multi-articulated vehicles, used in the freight industry could see the same benefits. This work studied heavy multi-articulated freight vehicles and developed a comparative analysis between electric and conventional diesel power trains to reduce their total emissions. Real-world drive cycle data were obtained from a heavy multi-articulated freight vehicle operating around Melbourne, Australia, with a gross combination mass (GCM) of up to 66,000 kg. Numerical models of the case study freight vehicle were then simulated with diesel, through-the-road parallel (TTRP) hybrid and electric power trains over the five different drive cycles with fuel and energy consumption results quantified. Battery weights were added on top of the real-world operating GCMs to assure the operational payload did not have to be reduced to accommodate the addition of electric power trains. The fuel and energy consumptions were then used to estimate the real-world emissions and compared. The results showed a positive reduction in tailpipe emissions, but total greenhouse emission was worse for operation in Melbourne if batteries were charged off the grid. However, if Melbourne can move towards more renewable energy and change its emission factor for generating electricity down to 0.49 kg CO2-e/kWh, a strong decarbonization could be possible for the Australian road freight industry and could help meet emission reduction targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement.

There are many advantages of wind energy, including energy, environmental, economic. Relatively low investment in wind energy projects compared to traditional energy industries. The total kinetic energy of wind in the world can be estimated as 80 times higher than the total energy consumption by humans. And although only a certain fraction of this total can be used for energy needs, the future. The development of the technology itself has enormous potential. The article introduces and provides a brief analysis and historical background of existing designs of low-power wind power plants of the world's major manufacturers; the purpose of research on the proposed topic is indicated. Proposed and developed and described a promising scheme of a wind farm for the needs of small agricultural facilities, which makes it possible to receive electric current at low wind speeds in all natural and climatic zones of Ukraine. It has been established that low-power wind power plants are one of the promising areas for obtaining electrical energy and meeting the needs for small agricultural facilities. The proposed scheme for generating electrical energy. This design of a wind turbine can produce both DC and AC power for stand-alone or grid systems. The calculation of the wind turbine rotor diameter has been reduced. The advantages and disadvantages of wind energy in comparison with traditional energy industries are described. Brief conclusions are made on the proposed design of the wind farm, this will improve the environment, reducing the impact of anthropogenic factors on the environment and also, taking into account the constant increase in energy prices, save money, since such independent small wind farms allow small agricultural facilities to be provided with energy sources.

In 2019, Europe adopted the New Green Deal as a strategic plan to become a competitive, resource-efficient, and driven economy by reducing its gas emissions and carbon footprint. Due the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategic plan was recently updated to expedite the green transition of European industries. Therefore, the present paper deals with the problem of deciding an appropriate size for a biomass plant that directly produces electric energy by means of two different conversion processes: combustion and gasification. After an initial estimation of the energy potential in western Sicily, GIS data of biomass growth were used to identify the appropriate size for the power plants under investigation. The economic feasibility of biomass utilization was evaluated over a capacity range of 10 to 30 MW, considering total capital investments, revenues from energy sales, and total operating costs. Moreover, the effect of variations on incentive prices was analyzed by means of a sensitivity analysis. Comparing the different plant solutions considered, the environmental sustainability was also analyzed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The results showed that the combustion solution had a higher profitability and a lower environmental impact for each plant size. The obtained results also demonstrated that providing power from residual biomass in small agricultural communities would significantly reduce their environmental impacts while improving the economic feasibility of their waste management practices.

Many simulations of very high or 100% renewable energy electricity systems rely on existing or expanded capacity of utility scale power technologies with long construction lead times, such as hydro power or pumped hydro power. However, globally, the shorter lead time and more distributed technologies of wind power, solar PV, and batteries are expanding rapidly, and costs are falling. Can a grid get to high levels of renewable energy with these technologies alone, along with energy efficiency improvements, at reasonable cost? To address this question, scenarios of partial (<100%) renewable electricity supply were simulated for the South-West Interconnected System (SWIS) in the southwest of Western Australia. The SWIS is isolated from other grids, so power balance between supply and demand must be maintained completely within the grid, and there is no significant hydropower capacity to fall back on. Even with no improvement in cost and no carbon price, the partial renewable energy scenarios were found to be less expensive than a fossil fuel “business as usual” scenario up to about 70% renewable generation. With carbon prices of $24/tonne and $70/tonne, the same scenarios were less expensive up to around 80% and 96% renewable generation respectively. Hence at current costs, using solar PV, wind, energy efficiency and battery storage technologies are cost effective up to very high levels of renewable energy, but not 100%. However the cost of these technologies are falling rapidly. A simple way to include these continuous cost improvements into the levelised cost of energy calculation was developed, and it was found that if the costs of solar, wind and battery technologies continue to improve at current global rates, then the break even level with conventional generation increases significantly, up to 99% or above with a carbon price of $70/tonne and current Australian installed capacity growth rates. Hence a battery based system operating at almost 100% renewable energy which is no more expensive than a conventional fossil system is foreseeable for the SWIS grid, and perhaps other grids as well.

The study is relevant due to increased interest to the underground coal gasification technologies (UCG). The interest is determined by the depletion of world oil and gas reserves, the significant amount of coal deposits in various countries of the world, the growing energy demand, as well as the threat of global climate change. The possibility to use technologies of underground gasification of low-grade coal with complex geological environment is huge. Recently, interest to UCG has grown dramatically. In contrast to all major programs of the 20th century, this unprecedented interest is mainly stimulated by private capital in response to high oil and energy prices. Thus, the studies of UCG are carried out. And more than 30 tests are planned in Australia, China, India, South Africa, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. The development of competitive gas-based technologies of production of electricity and synthetic liquid fuels is a high-priority task. The studies have been carried out using a mathematical model of the unit for the production of electricity and methanol. To design a mathematical model, a software, or the system of machine programs development (SMPP) has been used. It has been developed at Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ESI SB RAS). The article presents the results of the study of the use of UCG for the coproduction of synthetic liquid fuel (methanol) and electricity. A detailed mathematical model of electricity and methanol production unit has been developed. Based on the model, technical and economic optimization of the schemes and parameters has been carried out. It made possible to estimate the competitiveness conditions of the proposed method of coal processing. In addition, the sensitivity of the economic indicators of the unit to changes in external conditions has been studied. Based on the results of the analysis of the cost of diesel fuel in the eastern regions of Russia, the authors have made the conclusion that at present methanol produced by the energy technological unit is as competitive as delivered expensive diesel fuel. The introduction of such systems is economically reasonable in the near future.

Net zero is an endeavour that will impact every corner of the world. We need global communication and collaboration. To move fast, the transition must become more efficient and spread the best solutions far and wide. For difficult to decarbonise industries, collaboration is essential. The other essential ingredient is policy. The UK banned diesel and petrol car sales from 2030. This is driving electric vehicle manufacturing and supply chains. The EU banned single-use plastics from 2021. Consequently, Coca Cola Europe announced 100% of their bottles would be based on recycled plastic. Norway introduced a carbon tax in 1991 to encourage research into low-carbon solutions. It became the first country to geologically sequester CO2 and the first to do it from an LNG facility. Ten years after the tax was introduced, Norway’s carbon emissions had dropped by 14%. Policies influence emissions. They drive not only environmental outcomes but also sustainable growth and the ability to future-proof their economies. In 2007 and 2012, the UK announced funding for a commercial-scale carbon capture and storage project, both times the programs were aborted. A third attempt, this time focussing on decarbonising four industrial clusters by 2030, was announced in 2018 along with the first ‘net-zero’ carbon cluster by 2040, with the support of a number of UK policies it is expected to progress to construction. This paper discusses the journey from policy through partnerships to the development of Carbon Capture and Hydrogen Clusters in the UK and looks at lessons learnt for Australia.

What if you knew that, 12 years from now, demand for your product would dramatically fall? What would you do? The transportation sector is responsible for more than 60% of worldwide demand for petroleum products. However, several countries have recently introduced policies banning the internal combustion engine (ICE) and/or supporting electric vehicles (EVs), which could have a major impact on this demand. Norway, India, The Netherlands, Germany, China and the UK have all made such announcements. Furthermore, the increasing affordability and reliability of EVs combined with their excellent maintenance and automation capabilities have driven EVs to become among the best-selling luxury cars available today. There is no way to be certain what the new normal of 2030 may bring for petroleum transportation fuels and the automotive industry. Forecasts range from a world dominated by EVs and substantially reduced demand for oil, to scenarios where the impact to petroleum demand is less than 10%. Whatever the future may bring, renewable energy paired with flexible and intelligent EVs is emerging as a threat, to which the petroleum and automotive industries are responding with a myriad of strategies. Throughout history, even small disruptions in supply or demand have resulted in major impacts on industry profitability. Based on case studies from around the world and work with large petroleum companies in Australia, this paper discusses how leading companies are preparing for a post-ICE world and considers what steps petroleum and automotive industry executives should be taking today to ensure that they remain vibrant and viable in the new normal of 2030 and beyond.

The brick industry in developing world is a vast, coal burning and polluting industry. Nearly 1,500 billion bricks are produced globally each year where 87% are from Asia. China dominates the world in producing bricks using coal combustion and woods as fuels where Australia placed the last. Bangladesh placed the 5th in the world, and it mostly uses woods as fuels. These industries are owned privately. It is a type of industry that is mostly driven with business mentality without emphasizing the hygiene and health aspects where government laws are barely active in practices where rapid urbanization has been increasing demand of bricks. But, in most cases, this industry uses inefficient and dirty technology that causes environmental externalities. Brick-kilns inject huge volume of effluent gases. It causes depletion of atmospheric O2 level. Addressing the issue for policy guidance, this study first analyzes the consequences of these externalities in terms of marginal damage (MD) under neoclassical partial equilibrium demand & supply theory. It further analyzes the reasons of disparity between social-cost and private-cost by conventional marginal damage analysis. Findings show that due to gases emission from brickfields, the marginal social-costs are higher than marginal private-cost. In this economic dilemma, brick-kilns are benefiting with the expense of human-society country-wise. As it has been going on, the rises of brick-prices have been causing upward trends of welfare losses where producer surplus is dominating the total surplus. This consequential economic situation has been causing higher deadweight loss year after year. The reason is that the bricks-customers distribute this expenditure away from now more expensive bricks. Now there is an urgency for national policy actions for ensuring cleaner & sustainable brick production. On this aspect, reforestation efforts can be achieved in multi-faucets including brickfields’ charity and govt. policies on planting trees and for motivational efforts inspiring citizens of this country. These motivational efforts can be in multi-faucets: (a) inspiring “birthday celebration by planting trees”, (b) forcing to use green Tech in brick kilns and (c) conducting research in both phases of govt. and academicians where financial supports can be inspirational.

The article proposes an improved system of statistical indicators for assessing the state and development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia, which defines a methodological approach to identifying factors and trends in its development. The introduction highlights the relevance of modernization of information and methodological support for reaching decisions on new tasks, including those related to the digitalization of the economy and implementation of the national projects’ portfolio. The body of the article critically examines the current configuration of official and departmental statistical information, based on which the authors selected 85 key indicators reflecting the state and development level of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. All of them can be delineated by sectors and analysis tasks. This evaluation system includes 7 blocks: general block characterizing the role of the fuel and energy complex in the economic system; key industry performance indicators; indicators of the production structure by industry; technological indicators of industries; prices for fuel and energy resources; production costs by industry; distribution indicators of fuel and energy resources. The paper analyses development trends in the fuel and energy sectors for 2008-2018. In particular, the authors’ research showed that modern oil production is characterized by a change in the territorial structure, as well as the reinstatement of the role of vertically integrated companies in the development of oil production. The article presents findings on the technological upgrading of Russian oil refining. However, the authors’ research proved that oil refining depth has ceased to be a reliable indicator of the level of technological equipment and modernization level of oil refineries. With regard to the development of the gas industry, there has been a steady increase in gas production, which is supported by maintaining a steady increase in demand for Russian gas in the domestic and foreign markets. The all-time high domestic consumer demand for gas fuel, associated with the Russian Regions Gasification Program implemented by the Ministry of Energy of Russia, was recorded. At the same time, the authors identified the main risk factors in the development of the industry related to Gazprom (a backbone of the energy sector) activities. The persistent positive growth dynamics in commodity production of associated petroleum gas was established. It was also noted that the highest percentage of its beneficial use is characteristic of operators of production sharing agreements. As for the results of the analysis of the coal industry, a matter of interest is the growth of domestic prices for coal products and related derivative trends. Particular attention is paid to the development of the possibilities of using over-the-counter coal price indicators. Replacement of coal with natural gas at a thermal power station in most regions of the country is of interest within the identified development trends of the electric power industry in Russia, which is explained by the environmental friendliness of electricity generation.

The constant rise in electricity prices, at least 10% each year, makes livestock growers pay a lot of attention to finding ways to reduce their costs. Between different types of lighting, including in the field of agriculture, the leader in developed countries is LED. The main advantage of LED technology is energy efficiency. Properly selected intensity and duration of illumination have a very positive effect on health, fertility, well-being and productivity of dairy cattle and poultry. The 16-hour illumination regime at a level of 150–200 lux followed by 8-hour darkness leads to an increase in milk yield by 15%, increased fertility, reduced intervals between calving and early diagnosis of animal diseases. We recommend to keep at least 150 lux for 16–18 hours, and then 8–6 hours of darkness for quality pig development. The farrowing room requires 16 hours of light followed by an 8-hour period of darkness. The minimum level of illumination for horses is 150–200 lux. This level of illumination coupled with the 16-hour lighting regime and the subsequent 8-hour darkness gives positive results in reproduction, making a significant impact on hormonal levels and fertility of horses. The traditional incandescent lamps, while performing their lighting functions, lose thermal energy production to 95% of electricity, and only 5% turns into useful light energy. When operating LED bulbs 40–50% of electric energy is converted into light energy. Thus, the efficiency of LED lamps is 5–10 times higher than that of incandescent lamps. The biggest drawback of LED bulbs is their value, but the use of LED devices can save up to 70% of electricity. Energy-saving lamps save up to 80% of energy, sometimes even more. Obviously this becomes, if you translate interest in hryvnia. At a considerable cost of fluorescent lamps (LEDs) and LEDs during their work (from 6-12 thousand h and up to 50 thousand h.) It is possible to save 165–1314 UAH. And this is on one lamp. The main difference is the price for the lamps themselves. LL costs about 25 UAH, and LED – 80–250 UAH. The fairly high cost is compensated for a long time. Lamps can serve from 4 years (L) to 12 years (LED lamps). In animal husbandry, as in one of the most energy intensive industries, the use of LED systems is most relevant, since it allows you to reduce the cost of production.

The article examines the effectiveness of the strategy for restoring the competitiveness of the manufacturing industry in the United States. The main vulnerabilities of the “produce more in America” policy, the course to restore and reformat broken supply chains are considered using the example of key manufacturing industries. It is stated that the policy of rehabilitation of the manufacturing industry pursued by Biden is not a unique phenomenon for the United States. It was adhered to, to a greater or lesser extent, by the Obama and Trump administrations. However, only the Biden administration ordered to put it at the center of the ideology of the American revival. It is noted in this article that structural reforms to transform the industrial sector, implemented with unprecedentedly high financial support from the federal authorities, are directed at creating new jobs, forming new industrial clusters and innovation centers. The main efforts are aimed at targeted manufacturing industries: pharmaceuticals, strategic metals and minerals, electric vehicles, and semiconductors. The use of nationally produced goods, reshoring and the formation of supply chains within the United States are proclaimed as the main preconditions for building a truly strong economy. The concept of “real energy independence” promoted by Biden, relies on renewable energy sources. A new impetus to the “greening” of the energy sector may be given to compensate companies investing in renewable energy sources for the costs associated with the forced replacement of foreign suppliers with national ones. Meanwhile, in effect, the attitude of Washington towards hydrocarbon energy remains fairly loyal, at least at the time of high fuel prices. In the domestic economic agenda, the priorities of industrial policy are being revived, aimed at achieving sole technological leadership. However, Washington’s achievements cannot be interpreted solely as the successes of Biden’s economic policy. An equally significant role was played by the expansion of domestic demand against the background of overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The vector of further development is determined by the slogan “surpass China and the rest of the world”. The White House is trying to persuade American companies to build new manufacturing facilities in the US in order to compete with Chinese suppliers. However, against the background of China’s obvious desire to develop its own research and production base, the opportunities for American diсtate are narrowing. Import substitution is a slow process – “money speaks louder than economic patriotism”. Only a small portion of the business returns to the country, because of global instability, China is considered by a large part of American investors as a fairly safe haven. Washington’s attempts to squeeze China out of the supply chains have only accelerated the implementation of Beijing’s programs aimed at achieving technological selfsufficiency and “de-Americanization”. In recent years, the epicenter of the policy of technological containment, pursued by the United States against China, has shifted towards Russia. Our country is accused by Washington of deliberately orchestrating disruptions in the supply chains in energy and agricultural commodities markets. The experience of anti-Chinese actions, accumulated in the competitive struggle against companies and state organizations, and coordinated with US allies, is being used now against Russian exporters.

The solutions are there to improve energy efficiency in all sectors. We don’t need to wait. We need action because the greenest energy is the energy we don’t use.—Kim Fausing, president and CEO, Danfoss I don’t know any other solution like energy efficiency that can simultaneously address our economic crisis, energy crisis, and climate crisis. … efficiency is the very first fuel.—Fatih Birol, executive director of the IEA Energy security, energy prices, and the cost of living were the focus of the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) 7th Annual Global Conference on Energy Efficiency held last month in Sønderborg, Denmark. Twenty-four governments from around the world issued a joint statement stressing the importance of energy efficiency to address the energy crisis, rising inflation, and greenhouse-gas emissions. IEA said, “It was the first event of its kind at which so many governments—including France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Senegal, and the United States—have made a specific call for stronger action on energy efficiency.” Although energy efficiency has long been mentioned as a means toward achieving Paris Agreement goals, the “more exciting” announcements such as carbon capture and storage grabbed attention. Big projects offering big solutions proposed by big corporations and governments outshone energy efficiency, which also called for personal actions. Although that may be an unpleasant truth, more attention may be turning to it. Global energy prices are high and volatile—an unsettling mix—and are hitting hard the wallets of individuals, households, industries, and entire economies. Gasoline, other fuels, and electricity prices are high (and likely to get higher), and added to inflation, are increasing the cost of most everything else. A threshold has been met or surpassed for what is considered “affordable,” and the critical role of demand-side actions, including energy efficiency, should gain traction. Consider this: Doubling the current rate of improvement in energy intensity, a measure of the economy’s energy efficiency, from 2 to 4% per year over this decade could potentially avoid 95 exajoule (EJ) per year of final energy consumption—equivalent to China’s current final energy consumption. (One exajoule is equal to 1018 joules.) IEA added that with each unit of energy delivering more than it does today, final energy demand by 2030 could be 5% lower yet serve an economy 40% larger. With an eye toward energy security, cutting 95 EJ per year by 2030 avoids 30 million BOPD, approximately triple Russia’s average 2021 production. And it avoids 650 billion m3 of natural gas, around four times the EU’s imports from Russia in 2021.Also highlighted was a shift in global efforts to provide clean and efficient cooking and hearting to all who lack it today. More than 20 EJ demand would be reduced for the traditional use of biomass such as wood and charcoal in 2030, dramatically improving the lives of billions of people. For example, household air pollution is linked to around 2.5 million premature deaths a year, with women and children most affected. One-third of the decreased energy demand is forecast to come from the use of more technically efficient equipment ranging from air conditioners to vehicles, including the adoption of electric vehicles. Electrification provides around 20%, for example through switching to electricity for low-temperature heat in industry and replacing fossil-fuel boilers with more-efficient heat pumps. Smart (digital) controls and an increase in recycling of plastics and scrap steel account for another 30% of the decrease in demand. Changes in human behavior, our personal actions, could cut 18% or so through changing travel patterns and turning down thermostats. Buildings, heavy industry, manufacturing, and the transport sector hold significant potential for reducing energy use. In 2020 transportation’s energy consumption totaled around 105 EJ and accounted for around 27% of total global energy-related emissions, according to IEA. Buildings accounted for 129 EJ and contributed 28%, and industrial energy consumption was 156 EJ and contributed 39% of the emissions. Although IEA said the oil market may rebalance in the second half of this year as oil demand is tempered, OPEC+ increases supply, and strategic reserves are released, it added, “This situation might prove short-lived. OPEC+ capacity constraints set the stage for 2023, when global oil supply will struggle to keep pace with demand. While non-OPEC+ continues to power ahead, OPEC+ would have to further deflate its shrunken capacity cushion to keep the implied balance from tipping into deficit.”

Relevance. In the current context, the cost of coal products is growing. Labor productivity in coal mines and open-pit mines is significantly lower than the corresponding indicator in North America and Australia, a significant proportion of unprofitable enterprises, despite the fact that a third of the world’s coal resources and a fifth of the proven reserves are concentrated in the Russian Federation. In these circumstances, the substantiation of the strategic development of the coal industry on the basis of a SWOT analysis is of great importance. Purpose of the study is to substantiate the strategic vision for the development of the coal industry, priorities for the functioning of coal mining enterprises. Research methods are scientific generalization, method of system analysis and analogies. Results. In the course of the study, the possibilities of functioning of coal mining enterprises, threats to the coal industry, strengths and weaknesses of their activities were identified. The ability to function is determined by the presence of huge coal reserves in Russia, the leadership in its production and export, and a significant share of coking coal grades. The identified threats include: a significant decrease in prices on the world market and coal consumption in the domestic market, an increase in the average transportation distance and the risks of introducing environmental restrictions. The weaknesses in the activities of coal mining enterprises, requiring appropriate measures to be taken to liquidate them, come down to the following: increased operating costs, low labor productivity, a significant number of small mines and open-pit mines that hinder the effective development of the industry as a whole. At the same time, the strategy for further development should focus on the strengths of the coal mining enterprises. These include lower capital investments based on conventional fuel, significantly lower than in the oil and gas industry, therefore, during the period of ensuring sustainable development of the economy as a whole, the development of the coal industry will require lower costs, which creates conditions for the development of other related industries, the possibility of introducing an economic mechanism of inter-fuel competition, as well as the effective functioning of the market structure within the “free” oligopoly. Increasing the competitiveness of coal mining enterprises requires the use of accelerated depreciation methods at export-oriented enterprises, the introduction of problem-solving technology at large coal mining enterprises, the establishment of a rational ratio of the used imported and Russian equipment, and the containment of the growth in the cost of railway transport services. The focus on the implementation of the concept of creating a digital industrial enterprise in the industry plays a special role. A number of measures should be taken to improve financial stability. Conclusions. The identified opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of coal mining enterprises, serve as the basis for substantiating the “Strategy for the development of the coal industry”, determine promising directions for the future of coal mining enterprises.

Based on the findings of the current study, policymakers must take a hard look at the media and themselves, because the world can no longer blame the subprime mortgage industry for causing the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The public must demand answers from the media and policymakers explaining how an economic crisis that could have been avoided resulted in the collapse of the global economy. The lack of evidence supporting the theory of a financial bubble and a real estate bubble called for further investigation of factors leading to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Evidence presented from data analysis in Walters (2018) suggested no financial bubble existed in developed or developing countries around the world, preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Based on data analysis in Walters (2018) the evidence also suggested, the lasting effect of economic policies in response to the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 for both developed and developing countries around the world, had no significant impact on the financial sector but pointed to a lack of economic growth. The findings raised significant questions about the existence of a real estate bubble in both developed and developing countries. Evidence from data analysis presented in Walters and Djokic (2019) suggested the existence of a real estate bubble in the United States real estate market preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 was a false conclusion. Data analysis in Walters (2019) resulted in, 0.989 Adjusted R-square, 194.041 Mean Dependent Variable, 5.908 Square Error of Regression, 488.726 Sum-of- Square Residual, and 0.00000 Probability (F-statistic), for correlation between the independent variable representing advancement in technology, and the dependent variable representing home purchase price in the United States preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The findings in Walters (2019) concluded the rapid increase in home purchase price in the United States real estate market, was due to increased demand for homes from the adaptation of advancement in technology in the real estate and mortgage industries. The current study expanded the investigation of the growth in home purchase price to fifteen developed countries around the world, building on the findings of previous research by the current researcher. The researcher in the current study concluded, the existence of significant and near-perfect correlation in many cases, between the dependent variable representing growth in home purchase price, and the independent variable representing advancement in technology. The analysis was based on data analyzed from fifteen developed countries around the world, which was collected between 1990 and 2006. The data analysis included home purchase price data from, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Netherlands, Australia, Ireland, Belgium, Norway, Spain, and Portugal. Data preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 were analyzed in the current study. The researcher in the current study concluded the existence of overwhelming evidence suggesting advancement in technology was responsible for the rapid increase in home prices in developed countries around the world preceding the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of data analysis in the current study provided further confirmation of the accuracy of former Federal Reserve Board Chairmen, Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke 2005 assessment which concluded, the occurrence of a real estate bubble developing was impossible due to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, before reversing course subsequent their assertion in 2005 (Belke &amp; Wiedmann, 2005; Starr,2012). The result of the current study provided additional evidence supporting Eddison Walters Risk Expectation Theory of The Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result from data analysis also confirmed the need for the adaptation of Eddison Walters Modern Economic Analysis Theory. As a result of the findings in the current study, the researcher concluded the development of a real estate bubble is impossible where there exists real estate price transparency, as is the case in most developed and developing countries. The researcher presented Walters Real Estate Bubble Impossibility Price Transparency Theory based on the findings. False information of a real estate bubble and predictions of a real estate crash disseminated through the mainstream media and social media can be a destructive force with a disastrous effect on the economy around the world. The failure by the media to hold themselves and policymakers to a higher standard resulted in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. The result of the failure by the media was a worldwide economic crisis and the Great Recession that followed the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008. Lessons learned from the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 and 2008 can assist in preventing another economic crisis in the future.

The term “coffee palace” was primarily used in Australia to describe the temperance hotels that were built in the last decades of the 19th century, although there are references to the term also being used to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom (Denby 174). Built in response to the worldwide temperance movement, which reached its pinnacle in the 1880s in Australia, coffee palaces were hotels that did not serve alcohol. This was a unique time in Australia’s architectural development as the economic boom fuelled by the gold rush in the 1850s, and the demand for ostentatious display that gathered momentum during the following years, afforded the use of richly ornamental High Victorian architecture and resulted in very majestic structures; hence the term “palace” (Freeland 121). The often multi-storied coffee palaces were found in every capital city as well as regional areas such as Geelong and Broken Hill, and locales as remote as Maria Island on the east coast of Tasmania. Presented as upholding family values and discouraging drunkenness, the coffee palaces were most popular in seaside resorts such as Barwon Heads in Victoria, where they catered to families. Coffee palaces were also constructed on a grand scale to provide accommodation for international and interstate visitors attending the international exhibitions held in Sydney (1879) and Melbourne (1880 and 1888). While the temperance movement lasted well over 100 years, the life of coffee palaces was relatively short-lived. Nevertheless, coffee palaces were very much part of Australia’s cultural landscape. In this article, I examine the rise and demise of coffee palaces associated with the temperance movement and argue that coffee palaces established in the name of abstinence were modelled on the coffee houses that spread throughout Europe and North America in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Enlightenment—a time when the human mind could be said to have been liberated from inebriation and the dogmatic state of ignorance. The Temperance Movement At a time when newspapers are full of lurid stories about binge-drinking and the alleged ill-effects of the liberalisation of licensing laws, as well as concerns over the growing trend of marketing easy-to-drink products (such as the so-called “alcopops”) to teenagers, it is difficult to think of a period when the total suppression of the alcohol trade was seriously debated in Australia. The cause of temperance has almost completely vanished from view, yet for well over a century—from 1830 to the outbreak of the Second World War—the control or even total abolition of the liquor trade was a major political issue—one that split the country, brought thousands onto the streets in demonstrations, and influenced the outcome of elections. Between 1911 and 1925 referenda to either limit or prohibit the sale of alcohol were held in most States. While moves to bring about abolition failed, Fitzgerald notes that almost one in three Australian voters expressed their support for prohibition of alcohol in their State (145). Today, the temperance movement’s platform has largely been forgotten, killed off by the practical example of the United States, where prohibition of the legal sale of alcohol served only to hand control of the liquor traffic to organised crime. Coffee Houses and the Enlightenment Although tea has long been considered the beverage of sobriety, it was coffee that came to be regarded as the very antithesis of alcohol. When the first coffee house opened in London in the early 1650s, customers were bewildered by this strange new drink from the Middle East—hot, bitter, and black as soot. But those who tried coffee were, reports Ellis, soon won over, and coffee houses were opened across London, Oxford, and Cambridge and, in the following decades, Europe and North America. Tea, equally exotic, entered the English market slightly later than coffee (in 1664), but was more expensive and remained a rarity long after coffee had become ubiquitous in London (Ellis 123-24). The impact of the introduction of coffee into Europe during the seventeenth century was particularly noticeable since the most common beverages of the time, even at breakfast, were weak “small beer” and wine. Both were safer to drink than water, which was liable to be contaminated. Coffee, like beer, was made using boiled water and, therefore, provided a new and safe alternative to alcoholic drinks. There was also the added benefit that those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert rather than mildly inebriated (Standage 135). It was also thought that coffee had a stimulating effect upon the “nervous system,” so much so that the French called coffee une boisson intellectuelle (an intellectual beverage), because of its stimulating effect on the brain (Muskett 71). In Oxford, the British called their coffee houses “penny universities,” a penny then being the price of a cup of coffee (Standage 158). Coffee houses were, moreover, more than places that sold coffee. Unlike other institutions of the period, rank and birth had no place (Ellis 59). The coffee house became the centre of urban life, creating a distinctive social culture by treating all customers as equals. Egalitarianism, however, did not extend to women—at least not in London. Around its egalitarian (but male) tables, merchants discussed and conducted business, writers and poets held discussions, scientists demonstrated experiments, and philosophers deliberated ideas and reforms. For the price of a cup (or “dish” as it was then known) of coffee, a man could read the latest pamphlets and newsletters, chat with other patrons, strike business deals, keep up with the latest political gossip, find out what other people thought of a new book, or take part in literary or philosophical discussions. Like today’s Internet, Twitter, and Facebook, Europe’s coffee houses functioned as an information network where ideas circulated and spread from coffee house to coffee house. In this way, drinking coffee in the coffee house became a metaphor for people getting together to share ideas in a sober environment, a concept that remains today. According to Standage, this information network fuelled the Enlightenment (133), prompting an explosion of creativity. Coffee houses provided an entirely new environment for political, financial, scientific, and literary change, as people gathered, discussed, and debated issues within their walls. Entrepreneurs and scientists teamed up to form companies to exploit new inventions and discoveries in manufacturing and mining, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution (Standage 163). The stock market and insurance companies also had their birth in the coffee house. As a result, coffee was seen to be the epitome of modernity and progress and, as such, was the ideal beverage for the Age of Reason. By the 19th century, however, the era of coffee houses had passed. Most of them had evolved into exclusive men’s clubs, each geared towards a certain segment of society. Tea was now more affordable and fashionable, and teahouses, which drew clientele from both sexes, began to grow in popularity. Tea, however, had always been Australia’s most popular non-alcoholic drink. Tea (and coffee) along with other alien plants had been part of the cargo unloaded onto Australian shores with the First Fleet in 1788. Coffee, mainly from Brazil and Jamaica, remained a constant import but was taxed more heavily than tea and was, therefore, more expensive. Furthermore, tea was much easier to make than coffee. To brew tea, all that is needed is to add boiling water, coffee, in contrast, required roasting, grinding and brewing. According to Symons, until the 1930s, Australians were the largest consumers of tea in the world (19). In spite of this, and as coffee, since its introduction into Europe, was regarded as the antidote to alcohol, the temperance movement established coffee palaces. In the early 1870s in Britain, the temperance movement had revived the coffee house to provide an alternative to the gin taverns that were so attractive to the working classes of the Industrial Age (Clarke 5). Unlike the earlier coffee house, this revived incarnation provided accommodation and was open to men, women and children. “Cheap and wholesome food,” was available as well as reading rooms supplied with newspapers and periodicals, and games and smoking rooms (Clarke 20). In Australia, coffee palaces did not seek the working classes, as clientele: at least in the cities they were largely for the nouveau riche. Coffee Palaces The discovery of gold in 1851 changed the direction of the Australian economy. An investment boom followed, with an influx of foreign funds and English banks lending freely to colonial speculators. By the 1880s, the manufacturing and construction sectors of the economy boomed and land prices were highly inflated. Governments shared in the wealth and ploughed money into urban infrastructure, particularly railways. Spurred on by these positive economic conditions and the newly extended inter-colonial rail network, international exhibitions were held in both Sydney and Melbourne. To celebrate modern technology and design in an industrial age, international exhibitions were phenomena that had spread throughout Europe and much of the world from the mid-19th century. According to Davison, exhibitions were “integral to the culture of nineteenth century industrialising societies” (158). In particular, these exhibitions provided the colonies with an opportunity to demonstrate to the world their economic power and achievements in the sciences, the arts and education, as well as to promote their commerce and industry. Massive purpose-built buildings were constructed to house the exhibition halls. In Sydney, the Garden Palace was erected in the Botanic Gardens for the 1879 Exhibition (it burnt down in 1882). In Melbourne, the Royal Exhibition Building, now a World Heritage site, was built in the Carlton Gardens for the 1880 Exhibition and extended for the 1888 Centennial Exhibition. Accommodation was required for the some one million interstate and international visitors who were to pass through the gates of the Garden Palace in Sydney. To meet this need, the temperance movement, keen to provide alternative accommodation to licensed hotels, backed the establishment of Sydney’s coffee palaces. The Sydney Coffee Palace Hotel Company was formed in 1878 to operate and manage a number of coffee palaces constructed during the 1870s. These were designed to compete with hotels by “offering all the ordinary advantages of those establishments without the allurements of the drink” (Murdoch). Coffee palaces were much more than ordinary hotels—they were often multi-purpose or mixed-use buildings that included a large number of rooms for accommodation as well as ballrooms and other leisure facilities to attract people away from pubs. As the Australian Town and Country Journal reveals, their services included the supply of affordable, wholesome food, either in the form of regular meals or occasional refreshments, cooked in kitchens fitted with the latest in culinary accoutrements. These “culinary temples” also provided smoking rooms, chess and billiard rooms, and rooms where people could read books, periodicals and all the local and national papers for free (121). Similar to the coffee houses of the Enlightenment, the coffee palaces brought businessmen, artists, writers, engineers, and scientists attending the exhibitions together to eat and drink (non-alcoholic), socialise and conduct business. The Johnson’s Temperance Coffee Palace located in York Street in Sydney produced a practical guide for potential investors and businessmen titled International Exhibition Visitors Pocket Guide to Sydney. It included information on the location of government departments, educational institutions, hospitals, charitable organisations, and embassies, as well as a list of the tariffs on goods from food to opium (1–17). Women, particularly the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) were a formidable force in the temperance movement (intemperance was generally regarded as a male problem and, more specifically, a husband problem). Murdoch argues, however, that much of the success of the push to establish coffee palaces was due to male politicians with business interests, such as the one-time Victorian premiere James Munro. Considered a stern, moral church-going leader, Munro expanded the temperance movement into a fanatical force with extraordinary power, which is perhaps why the temperance movement had its greatest following in Victoria (Murdoch). Several prestigious hotels were constructed to provide accommodation for visitors to the international exhibitions in Melbourne. Munro was responsible for building many of the city’s coffee palaces, including the Victoria (1880) and the Federal Coffee Palace (1888) in Collins Street. After establishing the Grand Coffee Palace Company, Munro took over the Grand Hotel (now the Windsor) in 1886. Munro expanded the hotel to accommodate some of the two million visitors who were to attend the Centenary Exhibition, renamed it the Grand Coffee Palace, and ceremoniously burnt its liquor licence at the official opening (Murdoch). By 1888 there were more than 50 coffee palaces in the city of Melbourne alone and Munro held thousands of shares in coffee palaces, including those in Geelong and Broken Hill. With its opening planned to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Australia and the 1888 International Exhibition, the construction of the Federal Coffee Palace, one of the largest hotels in Australia, was perhaps the greatest monument to the temperance movement. Designed in the French Renaissance style, the façade was embellished with statues, griffins and Venus in a chariot drawn by four seahorses. The building was crowned with an iron-framed domed tower. New passenger elevators—first demonstrated at the Sydney Exhibition—allowed the building to soar to seven storeys. According to the Federal Coffee Palace Visitor’s Guide, which was presented to every visitor, there were three lifts for passengers and others for luggage. Bedrooms were located on the top five floors, while the stately ground and first floors contained majestic dining, lounge, sitting, smoking, writing, and billiard rooms. There were electric service bells, gaslights, and kitchens “fitted with the most approved inventions for aiding proficients [sic] in the culinary arts,” while the luxury brand Pears soap was used in the lavatories and bathrooms (16–17). In 1891, a spectacular financial crash brought the economic boom to an abrupt end. The British economy was in crisis and to meet the predicament, English banks withdrew their funds in Australia. There was a wholesale collapse of building companies, mortgage banks and other financial institutions during 1891 and 1892 and much of the banking system was halted during 1893 (Attard). Meanwhile, however, while the eastern States were in the economic doldrums, gold was discovered in 1892 at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia and, within two years, the west of the continent was transformed. As gold poured back to the capital city of Perth, the long dormant settlement hurriedly caught up and began to emulate the rest of Australia, including the construction of ornately detailed coffee palaces (Freeman 130). By 1904, Perth had 20 coffee palaces. When the No. 2 Coffee Palace opened in Pitt Street, Sydney, in 1880, the Australian Town and Country Journal reported that coffee palaces were “not only fashionable, but appear to have acquired a permanent footing in Sydney” (121). The coffee palace era, however, was relatively short-lived. Driven more by reformist and economic zeal than by good business sense, many were in financial trouble when the 1890’s Depression hit. Leading figures in the temperance movement were also involved in land speculation and building societies and when these schemes collapsed, many, including Munro, were financially ruined. Many of the palaces closed or were forced to apply for liquor licences in order to stay afloat. Others developed another life after the temperance movement’s influence waned and the coffee palace fad faded, and many were later demolished to make way for more modern buildings. The Federal was licensed in 1923 and traded as the Federal Hotel until its demolition in 1973. The Victoria, however, did not succumb to a liquor licence until 1967. The Sydney Coffee Palace in Woolloomooloo became the Sydney Eye Hospital and, more recently, smart apartments. Some fine examples still survive as reminders of Australia’s social and cultural heritage. The Windsor in Melbourne’s Spring Street and the Broken Hill Hotel, a massive three-story iconic pub in the outback now called simply “The Palace,” are some examples. Tea remained the beverage of choice in Australia until the 1950s when the lifting of government controls on the importation of coffee and the influence of American foodways coincided with the arrival of espresso-loving immigrants. As Australians were introduced to the espresso machine, the short black, the cappuccino, and the café latte and (reminiscent of the Enlightenment), the post-war malaise was shed in favour of the energy and vigour of modernist thought and creativity, fuelled in at least a small part by caffeine and the emergent café culture (Teffer). Although the temperance movement’s attempt to provide an alternative to the ubiquitous pubs failed, coffee has now outstripped the consumption of tea and today’s café culture ensures that wherever coffee is consumed, there is the possibility of a continuation of the Enlightenment’s lively discussions, exchange of news, and dissemination of ideas and information in a sober environment. References Attard, Bernard. “The Economic History of Australia from 1788: An Introduction.” EH.net Encyclopedia. 5 Feb. (2012) ‹http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/attard.australia›. Blainey, Anna. “The Prohibition and Total Abstinence Movement in Australia 1880–1910.” Food, Power and Community: Essays in the History of Food and Drink. Ed. Robert Dare. Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1999. 142–52. Boyce, Francis Bertie. “Shall I Vote for No License?” An address delivered at the Convention of the Parramatta Branch of New South Wales Alliance, 3 September 1906. 3rd ed. Parramatta: New South Wales Alliance, 1907. Clarke, James Freeman. Coffee Houses and Coffee Palaces in England. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1882. “Coffee Palace, No. 2.” Australian Town and Country Journal. 17 Jul. 1880: 121. Davison, Graeme. “Festivals of Nationhood: The International Exhibitions.” Australian Cultural History. Eds. S. L. Goldberg and F. B. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. 158–77. Denby, Elaine. Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion. London: Reaktion Books, 2002. Ellis, Markman. The Coffee House: A Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004. Federal Coffee Palace. The Federal Coffee Palace Visitors’ Guide to Melbourne, Its Suburbs, and Other Parts of the Colony of Victoria: Views of the Principal Public and Commercial Buildings in Melbourne, With a Bird’s Eye View of the City; and History of the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880, etc. Melbourne: Federal Coffee House Company, 1888. Fitzgerald, Ross, and Trevor Jordan. Under the Influence: A History of Alcohol in Australia. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Freeland, John. The Australian Pub. Melbourne: Sun Books, 1977. Johnson’s Temperance Coffee Palace. International Exhibition Visitors Pocket Guide to Sydney, Restaurant and Temperance Hotel. Sydney: Johnson’s Temperance Coffee Palace, 1879. Mitchell, Ann M. “Munro, James (1832–1908).” Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National U, 2006-12. 5 Feb. 2012 ‹http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/munro-james-4271/text6905›. Murdoch, Sally. “Coffee Palaces.” Encyclopaedia of Melbourne. Eds. Andrew Brown-May and Shurlee Swain. 5 Feb. 2012 ‹http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00371b.htm›. Muskett, Philip E. The Art of Living in Australia. New South Wales: Kangaroo Press, 1987. Standage, Tom. A History of the World in 6 Glasses. New York: Walker & Company, 2005. Sydney Coffee Palace Hotel Company Limited. Memorandum of Association of the Sydney Coffee Palace Hotel Company, Ltd. Sydney: Samuel Edward Lees, 1879. Symons, Michael. One Continuous Picnic: A Gastronomic History of Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne UP, 2007. Teffer, Nicola. Coffee Customs. Exhibition Catalogue. Sydney: Customs House, 2005.

Abstract—Due to rising electricity prices, wastage of electrical energy needs to be reduced through countering the electric pollution in the circuit. Power factor correction and harmonics control is necessary in industries. Power factor correction can be done through placing capacitors in parallel in the circuit. Power factor of nearly 1 is the most efficient. Harmonics can be controlled with the help of linear reactors. In this paper we will discuss about the power factor correctors and linear reactors for harmonic attenuation. Keywords—Power factor, linear reactor, harmonics, power quality.

A surplus in global production over consumption in 2017-18, initially projected at 10 mn t of sugar mainly from boosted production in India, Thailand, European Union and other countries, resulted in a 10-year low price of sugar in August 2018. Due to the low price environment seen in 2017-18, even the most efficient sugar producing countries such as Brazil had production cost higher than the world market price. It was opportune to study the competitiveness of different sugarcane industries in Southern, Eastern, Central and Western Africa in comparison with large producers such as Brazil, India, Thailand and Australia. Parameters measured included the general situation of each industry, the production of cane (area cultivated, yield, productivity, cane quality, harvest and control, performance of small producers, price of cane and research, development and extension), milling of cane (number of factories, sugar production, milling efficiency, price of sugar locally and internationally) and diversification (biofuel, electricity cogeneration and others). The technical performance indicators usually used by sugar analysts across the world were used to compare the technical efficiency of the industries concerned in relation to their regional and world competitors. National policies implemented in each country were analysed. Explicit lessons were drawn from the complexity and diversity of sugar policy applied to industries around the globe. Armed with these lessons, stakeholders should be able to develop a reformed policy tool box for the sugar industry that will allow it to achieve the required efficiency at all levels.

Coal plays a crucial role in India as it fulfills almost 67% of the total commercial energy consumed in Indian industries. Fossil fuels are the major drivers of the country's economy. The coal price is affected by many parameters including its grade, demand at the national level and international coal price. We observed in the year 2017-18, the total production of coal in India was 675 MT but the actual demand for coal in India was 884 Million Tonnes (MT), with the actual supply falling short resulting in a demand deficit. This deficit was offset by import 202 MT of coal. Over 22.8% of coal imports in 2017-18 were sourced from Indonesia followed by import from Australia and South Africa. The study identifies some major factors that may have an influenced on Indian coal price, including coal export, coal import and international coal prices by analysing and processing of Indian coal data which is from 1993to2018 with the help of SPSS software by the regression analysis. The logarithmic coal price is the dependent variable and the hypothesized independent variables are relative value of demand and supply, export, import, stock, international coal price, international oil prices. According to the result, the factors like a relative value of demand and supply, coal production, international oil price are no significant influencing on Indian coal prices and the significant variables are helpful to developing coal pricing mode for Indian coal. The coal pricing model has useful to estimate the future price of Indian coal and also to identify the impact of import coal quantity on Indian coal prices.

The growing human population is increasing the consumption of fuels day by day in order to fulfill the requirement of human activities. This demand is also resulted in hiking the fuel prices. Also, the electric vehicles have not so far able to impress the market since their prices are comparatively higher than their counterparts that is motor fuel vehicles and hence isn't the first choice for people. Also, the rapid growing human population has introduced other problems like pollution and waste produced by humans from different activities like construction, household, industrial, etc. One of the most common waste produced in a large quantity is plastic which is nonbiodegradable. Existing way to deal with the plastic is to recycle it which itself produces toxic wastes. As an alternative pyrolysis method can be applied by treating the solid plastic wastage thermally which will break the long polymeric chain structure of the plastic. This will result in the conversion of plastic into hydrocarbon fuels like jet fuel, kerosene, gasoline, auto-gas and other inflammable products which can be used in aerospace industries, general transportation sector, thermal power plants and other industrial sectors. Different types of fuels with different properties can be obtained from different grades of plastics.

The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) was created in 2005 to price every ton of carbon dioxide emissions. Within this framework, EU carbon dioxide emission allowances can affect electric power industry stock performance. This article uses a multifactor market model and a panel data econometric technique to investigate the long-run impact of EU carbon dioxide emission allowances on the European power sector. We also use panel cointegration to check whether there is a long-run relationship, and fully modified ordinary least square and dynamic ordinary least square to estimate any such relationship. The panel data include a daily sample for the ongoing EU ETS Phase III (from 1 January 2013 until 22 April 2017) and data from six European Union members (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, and Spain). The estimated coefficients suggest that EU allowance prices have a statistically significant and positive long-run effect on the European power sector stock market in EU ETS Phase III. This potentially supports EU efforts to toughen carbon reduction regime targets in order to remove the surplus from the system.

In the context of utilizing solar ponds, this research was commenced to enhance their performance so as to rely on them as a nonconventional water resources. Primarily, literature was reviewed in the field of solar ponds. The technique can be used to develop the energy needed for pumping, lifting, collecting or treating water. The agricultural sector users claim that water and energy face problems of environmental degradation due to resources scarcity. This research paper, data was gathered and analyzed, in terms of solar pond parameters such as depth of the upper gradient, shading effect, storage zones, daylight hours, ground temperature and covered insulation for different climate zones so as for different latitudes. The analyzed results indicated that solar ponds possess high potential in arid and semi-arid climates similar to Fayoum governorate, where it is distinguished by its ability to collect heat which can be utilized in different applications. The application cover desalination, electric power generation, salt purification, food and fishing industries. The solar pond technique utilized in many countries to act as the backbone for sustainable development in arid and semi-arid zones such as Victoria desert in Australia.

Abstract Two combined cooling heating power (CCHP) plant layouts are proposed to supply the electricity, heat, and cooling energy demands of textile industries. In the first scenario, natural gas fueled internal combustion engines are integrated with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and a hot water absorption chiller to produce electricity, saturated steam, and chilled water for air conditioning purposes. In the second concept, a linear Fresnel solar field is integrated with the same CCHP to provide fuel economy during the sunny hours. The proposed plants were compared with a base case scenario in which electricity is imported from the grid, saturated steam is provided by a natural gas steam generator (NGSG), and chilled water is provided by electric chillers. Simulations were performed considering mass and energy conservation equations, information provided by equipment manufacturers and typical meteorological year (TMY) data sets for three different locations. The economic performance of plants was evaluated by calculating the net present value (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR), and the discounted payback period (DPP) of investments. As an important result, a great potential for reducing the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of hybrid concept was identified. However, the high investment of Fresnel collectors coupled with low natural gas prices showed the proposed hybrid concept as economically unfeasible. Nevertheless, it is expected that hybrid systems will have an important role once Fresnel technology costs are continuously declining and solar energy appears as a promising alternative for the sustainable transition to a low carbon future.