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1

Hernández, Jesús V. Robicheaux Francis J. "Many-body dipole interactions." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Physics/Dissertation/Hernandez_Jesus_41.pdf.

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2

Karam, Charbel. "Optical shielding of collisions between ultracold polar molecules." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP137.

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Ce travail s'inscrit dans le contexte des recherches sur les gaz quantiques de molécules ultra-froides. Ce domaine en pleine expansion place ce type de système comme plate-forme prometteuse pour le contrôle de gaz quantiques pour des applications comme la simulation quantique ou la chimie ultra-froide.Lorsque ces molécules sont préparées dans leur état fondamental absolu et piégées, les observations révèlent la fuite rapide des molécules du piège par des processus collisionnels encore mal compris, empêchant toute application. Une solution consiste à exposer ces molécules à un champ électromagnétique pour supprimer ces pertes, en écrantant les collisions entre molécules. L'écrantage consiste à transformer les interactions attractives en interactions répulsives.Dans cette thèse, je propose une nouvelle technique d'écrantage des collisions basée sur un processus à deux photons dans le domaine optique. La principale motivation pour cette méthode est de combiner les avantages des techniques existantes dans le domaine microonde, tout en éliminant leurs limitations.Je commence par explorer et modéliser les interactions à longue portée entre les molécules polaires, dominées par l'interaction dipôle-dipôle. Je présente mes calculs des courbes d'énergie potentielle d'interaction à longue portée entre deux molécules dans leur état électronique fondamental ainsi que dans des états électroniques excités. Ce calcul, effectué dans la base couplée des moments angulaires dans le référentiel du laboratoire, a permis d'identifier des configurations où l'interaction entre les molécules est répulsive.Il convient donc de coupler l'état initial attractif des molécules en collision, à cet état répulsif. J'ai modélisé l'interaction entre deux molécules dans un schéma de type Raman à deux photons. A l'infini, les molécules individuelles sont placées dans les conditions de la transparence électromagnétiquement induite (EIT), pour les protéger de la diffusion de photons, qui contribue au réchauffement du gaz quantique.Lorsque les molécules interagissent, j'ai montré que leur exposition aux deux photons se modélise au travers d'un schéma à 5 niveaux, chacun d'entre eux étant composé de multiples composantes. Cela impose la prise en compte de cette complexité intrinsèque pour une représentation fidèle du comportement des molécules, s'éloignant ainsi des modèles connus à petit nombre de niveaux. Les fréquences de Rabi et le décalage en fréquence des deux lasers permettent de contrôler l'évolution de la collision entre molécules. En appliquant la théorie de la diffusion indépendante du temps, j'ai propagé la fonction d'onde des deux molécules, dont l'interaction est décrite par les courbes de potentiel habillées par la lumière, en considérant un formalisme purement quantique. J'ai calculé les taux de collisions élastiques, inélastiques et réactives induites par les lasers. L'objectif a été de déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles le taux de collisions élastiques domine les taux de collisions inélastiques et réactives, traduisant les pertes observées. Pour des valeurs de fréquence de Rabi et de décalage en fréquence compatibles avec les conditions expérimentales typiques, le taux de collisions élastiques demeure inférieur aux autres taux, ce qui empêche un écrantage efficace, tout en démontrant l'influence réelle des lasers. La principale raison de cette efficacité limitée est que le schéma proposé repose sur des interactions dipôle-dipôle du 2ème ordre, qui ne sont pas suffisamment fortes pour induire des couplages assez intenses pour protéger les molécules des pertes.Pour y remédier, nous proposons d'utiliser un faible champ électrique statique, qui pourrait coupler des états au 1er ordre, induisant des interactions dipôle-dipôle plus fortes et donc un écrantage plus efficace. Un tel champ est nécessaire dans les futures expériences visant à étudier les effets anisotropes dans les gaz quantiques moléculaires ultra-froids
This work is part of the ongoing research into quantum gases of ultracold molecules. This rapidly expanding field positions these systems as promising platforms for the complete control of quantum gases for applications such as quantum simulation or ultracold chemistry.When these molecules are prepared in their absolute ground state and trapped, observations reveal the rapid escape of molecules from the trap due to collision processes that are still not fully understood, preventing any applications. One solution is to expose these molecules to an electromagnetic field to suppress these losses by "shielding" collisions between molecules. Shielding involves transforming attractive interactions into repulsive ones.In this thesis, I propose a new technique for collision shielding based on a two-photon process in the optical domain. The main motivation for this method is to combine the advantages of existing techniques in the microwave domain while eliminating their limitations.I begin by exploring and modeling long-range interactions between polar molecules, dominated by dipole-dipole interactions. I present my calculations of the potential energy curves of long-range interactions between two molecules in their electronic ground state as well as in electronically excited states. This calculation, carried out in the coupled angular momentum basis in the laboratory frame, allowed me to identify configurations where the interaction between the molecules is repulsive.Thus, it is necessary to couple the attractive initial state of the colliding molecules to this repulsive state. I modeled the interaction between two molecules in a two-photon Raman-type scheme within the dipole approximation. At infinity, the individual molecules are placed in conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), to protect them from photon scattering, which contributes to the heating of the quantum gas.When the molecules interact, I showed that their exposure to the two photons is modeled through a 5-level scheme, each of which is composed of multiple components. This imposes the need to consider this intrinsic complexity for a faithful representation of the molecules' behavior, departing from known small-level models. The Rabi frequencies and the detuning of the two lasers allow control over the evolution of the collision between molecules.By applying time-independent scattering theory, I propagated the wave function of the two molecules, whose interaction is described by the light-dressed potential curves, using a purely quantum formalism. I calculated the elastic, inelastic, and reactive collision rates induced by the lasers.My goal was to determine the conditions under which the elastic collision rate dominates the inelastic and reactive collision rates, which account for the observed losses. For Rabi frequency and detuning values compatible with typical experimental conditions, the elastic collision rate remains lower than the other rates, preventing effective shielding, though still demonstrating the real influence of the lasers. The main reason for this limited effectiveness is that the proposed scheme relies on second-order dipole-dipole interactions, which are not strong enough to induce sufficiently intense couplings to protect the molecules from losses.To address this issue, we propose using a weak static electric field, which could couple states at the first order, inducing stronger dipole-dipole interactions and thereby more effective shielding. Such a field is necessary for future experiments aiming to study anisotropic effects in quantum gases of ultracold molecules
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3

Zhang, Yuan. "STM Investigation of Electric Polar Molecular Self-Assembly and Artificial Electric Polar Molecular Rotors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1416927903.

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4

Afrousheh, Kourosh. "Observation of Resonant Electric Dipole-Dipole Interactions Between Cold Rydberg Atoms Using Microwave Spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2970.

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This thesis reports the first observation of the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction between cold Rydberg atoms using microwave spectroscopy, the observation of the magnetic field suppression of resonant interactions, and the development of a unique technique for precise magnetic field measurements.

A Rydberg state 46d5/2 of laser cooled 85Rb atoms has been optically excited. A fraction of these atoms has been transferred to another Rydberg state 47p3/2 or 45f5/2,7/2 to introduce resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions. The line broadening of the two-photon 46d5/2-47d5/2 microwave transition due to the interaction of 46d5/2 with 47p3/2 or 45f5/2,7/2 atoms has been used as a probe of the interatomic interactions. This experiment has been repeated with a DC magnetic field applied. The application of a weak magnetic field (≤0. 6G) has reduced the line broadening due to the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction, indicating that the interactions are suppressed by the field. Theoretical models have been developed that predict the energy shifts due to the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction, and the suppression of interactions by magnetic fields. A novel technique for sensitive measurement of magnetic fields using the 34s1/2-34p1/2 one-photon microwave transition has also been presented. Using this technique, it has been possible to calibrate magnetic fields in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) apparatus to less than 10mG, and put an upper bound of 17mG on any remaining field inhomogeneity.
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5

Parsa, Nitin. "Non Linear Interaction of Microwaves with Ferroelectric Materials." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1451999954.

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6

Ilyas, Nahid. "From Growth to Electronic Structure of Dipolar Organic Semiconductors on Coinage Metal Surfaces." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321297.

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In this thesis, I present a comprehensive study of the interfacial electronic structure and thin film growth of two types of dipolar organic semiconductors on noble metals by employing a surface science approach, which underlines the critical role of surface electronic states in determining the interfacial electronic structure and self-assembly of organic semiconductors. I show that the electronic structure at organic/metal interfaces is complex and depends on important factors such as molecular adsorption configuration, surface/molecule coupling strength, reactivity of the substrate, molecular electrostatics, and local film structure. I demonstrate the fundamental capability of the image potential states and resonances in probing the local film environment, especially in systems consisting of inhomogeneous film structure. I also show that the presence of adsorbates on a surface allows one to investigate quantum mechanical interference effects otherwise not accessible on the bare surface. The dipolar organic semiconductors studied here are vanadyl naphthalocyanine (VONc) and chloroboron-subphthalocyanine (ClB-SubPc). The single crystals of gold and copper with hexagonal surface symmetry (111) were used to investigate the interfacial properties of VONc and ClB-SubPc, respectively. The fundamental understanding of self-assembly of large π-conjugated organic semiconductors on metals is a crucial step in controlling fabrication of supramolecular structures. Here, I provide a first step in this direction with a detailed and quantitative analysis of molecular nearest-neighbor distances that unravels the fundamental intermolecular interactions of organic semiconductors on transition metal surfaces. I additionally investigated the interfacial electronic structure of these organic semiconductors to examine the relation between molecular adsorption orientation and charge transfer across the interface.
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7

Alcantara, Ortigoza Marisol. "Theoretical studies of electronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties of chemisorbed surfaces and nanoalloys." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/496.

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8

Napolitano, Lia Munhoz Benati. "Estudo através da técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, em bandas X e Q, dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4 e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-24032010-171758/.

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Esta tese relata um estudo pormenorizado, efetuado através da técnica de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) em bandas X (~ 9.5 GHz) e Q (~ 34.5 GHz), de amostras nas formas cristalina e pulverizada dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Tratamentos meticulosos dos espectros de RPE pertinentes a tais compostos propiciaram determinar tanto o parâmetro de interação antiferromagnética, J0, entre pares de íons Cu(II) existentes em uma unidade dinuclear (Hex = J0 S1·S2) como também os valores principais alusivos às matrizes g e D; onde a primeira refere-se à interação Zeeman [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] e a última reporta as interações spin-spin anisotrópicas (Hani = S1·D·S2) entre pares de íons Cu(II) presentes em uma unidade dinuclear. Ademais, medidas de RPE realizadas com um monocristal do composto Cu2(TzTs)4 permitiram detectar e estimar, no contexto interdinuclear, o fraco acoplamento de exchange, |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1, existente entre unidades dinucleares vizinhas: este acoplamento existente entre uma unidade dinuclear e o meio randômico constituído pelas unidades dinucleares vizinhas conduz à decoerência (i.e. uma transição de fase quântica que colapsa a interação dipolar quando a magnitude do acoplamento de exchange isotrópico entre as unidades dinucleares vizinhas iguala-se à magnitude do acoplamento dipolar intradinuclear). No âmbito concernente ao composto [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, foi possível simular acuradamente as sete linhas de ressonância características do desdobramento hiperfino advindo de n = 2 núcleos equivalentes de centros paramagnéticos Cu2+ (I = 3/2) e, por conseguinte, os valores principais pertinentes à matriz de interação hiperfina A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) puderam ser precisamente determinados.
We report detailed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies at X-band (~ 9.5 GHz) and Q-band (~ 34.5 GHz) of powder and single-crystal samples of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Meticulous investigations of their EPR data allow determining the antiferromagnetic interaction parameter, J0, between Cu(II) ions in the dinuclear unit (Hex = J0 S1·S2) as well as the principal values of both matrices g and D, where the first one is related to the Zeeman interaction [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] and the latter is associated with the anisotropic spin-spin interactions (Hani = S1·D·S2) between Cu(II) ion pairs in a dinuclear unit. In addition, EPR measurements of single-crystal samples of the compound Cu2(TzTs)4 allow detecting and estimating very weak exchange couplings between neighbour dinuclear units with an estimated magnitude |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1: this coupling with the environment leads to decoherence (i.e. a quantum phase transition that collapses the dipolar interaction when the isotropic exchange coupling with neighbor dinuclear units equals the magnitude of the intradinuclear dipolar coupling). With reference to [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 compound, it was possible to simulate precisely the seven-line copper hyperfine splitting arising from n = 2 nonequivalent nuclei related to paramagnetic Cu2+ (I = 3/2) centers and, as a consequence of these accurate simulations, the principal values of the hyperfine interaction matrix A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) could be reliably obtained.
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9

Fratini, Simone. "Cristallisation des polarons à basse densité et transition isolant-métal : effets des interactions coulombiennes à longue portée." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10057.

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Cette these est consacree a l'etude de la transition isolant-metal dans les systemes polaires dopes. Les premiers chapitres constituent une breve introduction a la physique des polarons. Apres avoir passe en revue les differents modeles et approximations disponibles pour decrire la formation de polarons, nous nous concentrons sur le modele de frohlich, qui permet de traiter sur le meme pied la formation des polarons et les interactions coulombiennes a longue portee. Nous observons que la repulsion entre les particules est dominante dans un systeme de n polarons larges a basse densite, ce qui provoque leur cristallisation. Le troisieme chapitre est consacre a l'etude du cristal de polarons dans l'approximation de champ moyen de wigner. Les proprietes de l'etat fondamental sont analysees en fonction du couplage electron-phonon, de la densite et de la temperature, a travers la methode des integrales de chemin de feynman. En nous basant sur le critere de lindemann, nous montrons qu'il existe deux mecanismes en competition pour la transition isolant-metal : la fusion du cristal conduite par les fluctuations des particules localisees, relevante en couplage faible et intermediaire, et la dissociation des polarons, valable en couplage fort lorsque la polarisation est trop lente pour suivre le mouvement rapide des electrons. Le dernier chapitre concerne l'inclusion des interactions dipolaires entre les particules localisees. Nous developpons un modele quadratique, base sur l'approche de feynman, qui permet de decrire en premiere approximation le spectre d'excitations de basse energie et les proprietes dielectriques du cristal. La stabilite de la phase cristallisee par rapport aux excitations collectives est egalement analysee et nous proposons une signature experimentale pour la transition isolant-metal.
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10

Mahmoud, Salman. "Étude théorique des molécules diatomiques BN, SiN et LaH, structure électronique et spectroscopie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20080/document.

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Une étude théorique ab initio des structures électroniques des molécules Diatomiques polaires BN, SiN et LaH dans la représentation 2s+1Λ(+/-)Ont été effectués par la méthode du champ auto-cohérent de l'espace Actif complet (CASSCF), suivie par l'interaction de la configuration multiréférence (MRSDCI). La correction de Davidson, notée (MRSDCI+ Q), a ensuite été appliquée pour rendre compte de clusters ou agrégats quadruples non liés. L'ensemble de l'espace de configuration de CASSCF a été utilisé comme référence dans le calcul MRCI, qui a été effectués en utilisant le programme de calcul de chimie physique MOLPRO et en tirant parti de l'interface graphique Gabedit. Quarante-deux de plus bas états électroniques dans la représentation 2s+1Λ(+/-)au-dessous de 95000 cm-1 ont été étudiés de la molécule BN. Alors que vingt-huit états électroniques dans les représentations 2s+1Λ(+/-) jusqu'à 70000 cm-1 de la molécule de SiN ont été étudiés. D'autre part, les vingt-quatre bas états électroniques de LaH dans les représentations 2s+1Λ(+/-) au-dessous de 70000 cm-1 ont été étudiées par deux méthodes différentes et en prenant en considération l'effet des spin-orbite de la molécule LaH et nous avons observé la division énergétique des huit états électroniques. Les courbes d'énergie potentielle ont été construites avec la fréquence co-harmonique ωe, la distance internucléaire de l'équilibre re, les constantes de rotation Be. L'énergie électronique par rapport à l'état fondamentale Te a été calculé pour les états électroniques considérés comme des BN, SiN et la molécule LaH respectivement. En utilisant l'approche des fonctions canoniques, les valeurs propres Ev, les constantes rotationnelles Bv, la constante de distorsion centrifuge Dv et les abscisses des points de retournement Rmin and Rmax ont été calculés pour les états électroniques au niveau de vibration v=51 pour LaH molécule. Dix-huit et neuf états électroniques ont été étudiées pour la molécule BN et SiN respectivement. Pour LaH, vingt-trois états électroniques de la molécule LaH et l'effet de spin-orbite de molécule LaH sont donnés ici pour la première fois. La comparaison avec les données expérimentales et théoriques pour la plupart des constantes calculées démontre une très bonne précision. Enfin, ces résultats devraient ainsi mener à des études expérimentales plus poussées pour ces molécules. Nos résultats ont été publiés dans le Canadian Journal of Chemistry, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, nous avons deux autres articles en préparation à soumettre
In the present work a theoretical investigation of the lowest molecular states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule, in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-), has been performed via complete active space self-consistent field method (CASSCF) followed by multireference single and double configuration interaction method (MRSDCI). The Davidson correction noted as (MRSDCI+Q) was then invoked in order to account for unlinked quadruple clusters. The entire CASSCF configuration space was used as a reference in the MRCI calculation which has been performed via the computational chemistry program MOLPRO and by taking advantage of the graphical user interface Gabedit. Forty-two singlet, triplet, and quintet lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ(+/-) representation below 95000 cm-1 have been investigated of the molecule BN. While twenty-eight electronic states in the representation2s+1Λ(+/-)up to 70000 cm-1 of the SiN molecule have been investigated.On the other hand the Twenty four low-lying electronic states of LaH in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-) below 35000 cm-1 have been studied by two different methods and by taking into consideration the spin orbit effect of the molecule LaH we give in the energy splitting of the eight electronic states. The potential energy curves (PECs) together with the harmonic frequency ωe, the equilibrium internuclear distance re, the rotational constants Be and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated for the considered electronic states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule respectively. Using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constants Bv ,the centrifugal distortion constants Dv and the abscissas of the turning points Rmin and Rmax have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v =51 for LaH molecule.Eighteen and Nine electronic states have been investigated here for the first time for the molecules of BN and SiN respectively, while for LaH, news results are performed for twenty three electronic states of LaH molecule and the spin-orbit effect of LaH molecule is given here for the first time. A comparison with experimental and theoretical data for most of the calculated constants demonstrated a very good accuracy. Finally, we expect that the results of our work should invoke further experimental investigations for these molecules. Our results have been published in Canadian journal of chemistry, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer and we have two other papers in preparation to submit
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11

Garcia, Juan Fernandez. "Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Measurements and Modeling of the Electrical Mobilities of Charged Nanodrops in Gases| Relation between Electrical Mobility, Size, and Charge, and Effect of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions." Thesis, Yale University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3663632.

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Over recent years, Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry (IMS–MS) measurements have become a widely used tool in a number of disciplines of scientific relevance, including, in particular, the structural characterization of mass-selected biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, or lipids, brought into the gas-phase using a variety of ionization methods. In these structural studies, the measured electrical mobilities are customarily interpreted in terms of a collision cross-section, based on the classic kinetic theory of ion mobility. For ideal ions interacting as smooth, rigid-elastic hard-spheres with also-spherical gas molecules, this collision cross-section (CCS) is identical to the true, geometric cross section. On the other hand, for real ions with non-perfectly spherical geometries and atomically-rough surfaces, subject to long-range interactions with the gas molecules, the expression for the CCS can become fairly intricate.

This complexity has frequently led to the use of helium as the drift gas of choice for structural studies, given its small size and mass, its low polarizability (minimizing long-range interactions), and its sphericity and lack of internal degrees of freedom, all of which contribute to reduce departures between measured and true cross-sections. Recently, however, a growing interest has arisen for using moderately-polarizable gases such as air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (among others) in these structural studies, due to a number of advantages they present over helium, including their higher breakdown voltages (allowing for higher instrument resolutions) and better pumping characteristics. This shift has, nevertheless, remained objectionable in the eye of those seeking to infer accurate structural information from ion mobility measurements and, accordingly, there is a critical need to study whether or not measurements carried out in such gases may be corrected for the finite size of the gas molecules and their long-range interactions with the ions, in order to provide cross-sections truly representative of ion geometry. A first step to address this matter is undertaken here for the special case of nearly-spherical, nanometer-sized ions.

In order to attain this goal, we have performed careful and accurate IMS–MS measurements of hundreds of electrospray-generated nanodrops of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF 4), in a variety of drift gases (air, CO2, and argon), covering a wide range of temperatures (20-100 °C, for both air and CO2), and considering nanodrops of both positive and negative polarity (the latter in room-temperature air only). Thanks to the combined measurement of the mass and mobility of these nanodrops, we are able to simultaneously determine a mobility-based collision cross-section and a mass-based diameter (taking into account the finite compressibility of the IL matter) for each of them, which then allows us to establish a comparison between the two.

Over the entire range of experimental conditions investigated, our measurements show that the electrical mobilities of these nearly-spherical, multiply-charged IL nanodrops are accurately described by an adapted version of the well-known Stokes—Millikan (SM) law for the mobility of spherical ions, with the nanodrop diameter augmented by an effective gas-molecule collision diameter, and including a correction factor to account for the effect of ion—induced dipole (polarization) interactions, which result in the mobility decreasing linearly with the ratio between the polarization and thermal energies of the ion–neutral system at contact. The availability of this empirically-validated relation enables us, in turn, to determine true, geometric cross-sections for globular ions from IMS—MS measurements performed in gases other than helium, including molecular or atomic gases with moderate polarizabilities. In addition, the observed dependence of the experimentally-determined values for the effective gas-molecule collision diameter and the parameters involved in the polarization correction on drift-gas nature, temperature, and nanodrop polarity, is further evaluated in the light of the results of numerical calculations of the electrical mobilities, in the free-molecule regime, of spherical ions subject to different types of scattering with the gas molecules and interacting with the latter under an ion–induced dipole potential. Among the number of findings derived from this analysis, a particularly notable one is that nanodrop–neutral scattering seems to be of a diffuse (cf. elastic and specular) character in all the scenarios investigated, including the case of the monatomic argon, which therefore suggests that the atomic-level surface roughness of our nanodrops and/or the proximity between their internal degrees of freedom, rather than the sphericity (or lack of it) and the absence (or presence) of internal degrees of freedom in the gas molecules, are what chiefly determine the nature of the scattering process.

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12

Heresanu, Vasile. "Electrodéposition sous champ magnétique de zinc et de fer : propriétés magnétiques des arborescences de fer." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004123.

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Ce travail concerne les effets de champ magnétique sur les arborescences de zinc et de fer obtenues par électrodéposition en cellule fine et les propriétés magnétiques des arborescences de fer. Pour le zinc et sous champ magnétique normal, les changements de morphologie macroscopiques variés sont expliqués par l'action mécanique sur l'agrégat en croissance de convections fluides induites par la force de Lorentz. Un faible effet est observé à l'échelle microscopique mais pas sur la structure cristalline. Un champ plan n'influence que faiblement la croissance. Pour le fer, un champ magnétique normal a un effet faible. Un champ plan transforme une morphologie de symétrie circulaire en une morphologie à deux axes de symétrie perpendiculaires, une parallèle au champ. Ceci est expliqué par la minimisation des énergies Zeeman et dipolaires. Il est montré que les propriétés magnétiques sont très sensibles à la morphologie. Une anisotropie et une coercivité inhabituelles sont observées
This work is concerned with the effects of magnetic fields on arborescence of zinc and iron obtained by electrochemical deposition in thin cell and with the magnetic properties of iron arborescences. For zinc under normal magnetic field, the macroscopic morphology changes are explained by the mechanical action, on the growing aggregate, of fluid convection induced by the Lorentz force. A weak effect is observed at the microscopic scale but none on the crystal structure. An in-plane magnetic field influences the growth only very weakly. For iron, a normal magnetic field has a weak effect. An in-plane magnetic field transforms a morphology with circular symmetry to a morphology with two perpendicular axes of symmetry, one parallel to the field. This is explained by the minimisation of the Zeeman and magnetic dipolar energy. It is shown that magnetic properties are very sensitive to the morphology. Unusual anisotropy and coercivity are observed
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13

List, Nanna Holmgaard. "Theoretical Description of Electronic Transitions in Large Molecular Systems in the Optical and X-Ray Regions." Doctoral thesis, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-201156.

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The size and conformational complexity of proteins and other large systems represent major challenges for today's methods of quantum chemistry.This thesis is centered around the development of new computational tools to gain molecular-level insight into electronic transitions in such systems. To meet this challenge, we focus on the polarizable embedding (PE) model, which takes advantage of the fact that many electronic transitions are localized to a smaller part of the entire system.This motivates a partitioning of the large system into two regions that are treated at different levels of theory:The smaller part directly involved in the electronic process is described using accurate quantum-chemical methods, while the effects of the rest of the system, the environment, are incorporated into the Hamiltonian of the quantum region in an effective manner. This thesis presents extensions of the PE model with theaim of expanding its range of applicability to describe electronic transitions in large molecular systemsin the optical and X-ray regions. The developments cover both improvements with regardto the quantum region as well as the embedding potential representing the environment.Regarding the former, a damped linear response formulation has been implemented to allow for calculations of absorption spectra of large molecular systems acrossthe entire frequency range. A special feature of this development is its abilityto address core excitations that are otherwise not easily accessible.Another important development presented in this thesis is the coupling of the PE model to a multi-configuration self-consistent-field description of the quantum region and its further combination with response theory. In essence, this extends the PE model to the study of electronic transitions in large systems that are prone to static correlation --- a situation that is frequently encountered in biological systems. In addition to the direct environmental effects on the electronic structure of the quantum region, another important component of the description of electronic transitions in large molecular systems is an accurate account of the indirect effects of the environment, i.e., the geometrical distortions in the quantum region imposed by the environment. In thisthesis we have taken the first step toward the inclusion of geometry distortions in the PE frameworkby formulating and implementing molecular gradients for the quantum region. To identify critical points related to the environment description, we perform a theoretical analysis of the PE model starting from a full quantum-mechanicaltreatment of a composite system. Based on this, we present strategies for an accurate yet efficient construction of the embedding potentialcovering both the calculation of ground state and transition properties. The accurate representation of the environment makes it possible to reduce the size of the quantum region without compromising the overall accuracy of the final results. This further enables use of highly accurate quantum-chemical methods despite their unfavorable scaling with the size of the system. Finally, some examples of applications will be presented to demonstrate how the PE model may be applied as a tool to gain insight into and rationalize the factors influencing electronic transitions in large molecular systems of increasing complexity.

The dissertation was awarded the best PhD thesis prize 2016 by the Danish Academy of Natural Sciences.

QC 20170209

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14

Mellor, Brett Lee. "Liquid Dielectric Spectroscopy and Protein Simulation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3661.

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Protein electrical properties have been studied using dielectric relaxation measurements throughout the past century. These measurements have advanced both the theory and practice of liquid dielectric spectroscopy and have contributed to understanding of protein structure and function. In this dissertation, the relationship between permittivity measurements and underlying molecular mechanisms is explored. Also presented is a method to take molecular structures from the Protein Data Bank and subsequently estimate the charge distribution and dielectric relaxation properties of the proteins in solution. This process enables screening of target compounds for analysis by dielectric spectroscopy as well as better interpretation of protein relaxation data. For charge estimation, the shifted pKa values for amino acid residues are calculated using Poisson-Boltzmann solutions of the protein electrostatics over varying pH conditions. The estimated internal permittivity and estimated dipole moments through shifted pKa values are then calculated. Molecular dynamics simulations are additionally used to refine and approximate the solution-state conformation of the proteins. These calculations and simulations are verified with laboratory experiments over a large pH and frequency range (40 Hz to 110 MHz). The measurement apparatus is improved over previous designs by controlling temperature and limiting the electrode polarization effect through electrode surface preparation and adjustment of the cell's physical dimensions. The techniques developed in this dissertation can be used to analyze a wide variety of molecular phenomena experimentally and computationally, as demonstrated through various interactions amongst avidin, biotin, biotin-labeled and unlabeled bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and hen-lysozyme.
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Ernandes, Cyrine. "Manipuler l'émission et l'absorption de transitions dipolaires magnétiques par l'utilisation de nano-antennes optiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS091.

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Au cours des dernières années, les progrès technologiques dans le domaine de la nanophotonique ont permis le développement des nanostructures optiques. Ces dernières possèdent la particularité de modifier l'émission lumineuse de nanoémetteurs quantiques .Cependant, l’interaction lumière-matière est considérée comme étant véhiculée par le champ électrique. Les études se sont alors concentrées sur le contrôle et la modification des propriétés d'excitation et d'émission des transitions dipolaires électriques.Récemment, il a été décrit qu’il existe dans la nature des nanoémetteurs possédant des transitions magnétiques détectables : ces nanoémetteurs sont les ions lanthanides.Les nanostructures optiques développant des résonances magnétiques pourraient alors modifier l’émission et l’excitation de transitions dipolaires magnétiques, de la même manière que leurs homologues électriques.Dernièrement , il a été démontré théoriquement que certain type de nanostructure, peuvent renforcer le champ magnétique optique par deux ordres de grandeur et qu’une fois couplé à un dipôle magnétique, ils peuvent augmenter fortement la fluorescence des transitions magnétiques comme celle qui que se trouve dans les ions de lanthanide.Une étude publiée dans Physical review letters, a rapporté qu’il était aussi possible d’étudier l’excitation de transitions dipolaires magnétiques.L’objectif de ma thèse a donc été d’utiliser certaines nanostructures ayant des affinités particulières avec le champ magnétique afin d’étudier et de manipuler l’émission et l'absorbption de transitions dipolaires magnétiques
During the last years, technological progresses in the field of nanophotonic have allowed the development of optical nanostructures to manipulate the emission of fluorescent nanoemitters . However, light-matter interactions are usually considered to be mediated by the optical electric field only, discarding the magnetic side of it. Indeed, most of the past studies have been only studying the modification of the excitation or emission properties of electric dipole transitions. Recently, it was demonstrated that magnetic dipole could also be found in lanthanide ions. It was also shown that by changing the magnetic local density of states near these ions, the emission fluorescent of the magnetic transitions could be enhanced or decreased with respect to their electric counterpart. In here, we demonstrate experimentally, in perfect agreement with numerical simulations, the manipulation of magnetic and electric dipolar transitions by means of plasmonic cavities. Using a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), we bring in close proximity a nanoparticle doped with trivalent europium to plasmonic cavities of different sizes made of aluminum , allowing perfect control over the interactions between the emitter and the nanostructures. In this study, we show both an increase and decrease of electric and magnetic signal from the particle, and we also display the spatial distribution of both the electric and magnetic radiative local density of state at the surface of the cavities.Therefore, this work pave the way to the understanding of ‘magnetic light’ and matter interactions
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16

Bodea, Simona. "Arborescences magnétiques de fer et de cobalt élaborées par électrodéposition." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005942.

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Ce travail concerne la croissance d'arborescences magnétiques de fer et de cobalt par électrodéposition en cellule mince. Seules deux morphologies sont obtenues, une dense avec de nombreuses branches à faible concentration et une ramifiée avec moins de branches à forte concentration. L'effet d'un champ magnétique sur la croissance est étudié. En champ vertical, contrairement aux métaux non magnétiques, la morphologie des dépôts de fer et de cobalt ne spirale pas. Un changement de morphologie est toutefois observé, plus prononcé à forte concentration. En champ horizontal, à forte concentration, les morphologies observées sont allongées dans la direction du champ. Pour le fer à faible concentration, la morphologie isotrope et circulaire en l'absence du champ devient d'une manière surprenante rectangulaire sous champ. Ce changement s'explique par une sélection de la direction de croissance des branches, résultant des interactions dipolaires entre les branches aimantées et des branches avec le champ. Des observations en TEM montrent qu'à l'échelle nanométrique les branches sont des dendrites monocristallines, que la croissance aie lieu sans champ ou sous champ horizontal. Par contre l'effet d'un champ vertical se manifeste à cette échelle par une distorsion de la maille cubique dans le cas du fer et un basculement de l'axe c de la maille hexagonale dans le cas du cobalt. Les propriétés magnétiques des arborescences révèlent des comportements différents pour les arbres denses et ramifiés. Les premiers ont un comportement de type ‘grains fins' tandis que les seconds sont plus proches du matériau massif. Ces comportements peuvent s'interpréter comme résultant d'une large distribution de la taille des branches. Enfin, une nouvelle technique consistant à déposer une fine couche d'or sur une des lames de verre de la cellule a permis l'obtention d'arborescences adsorbées de fer. La croissance n'est alors plus dendritique et le comportement magnétique en est modifié.
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17

Modeley, Derek. "Etude des états doublement excités de H- et des processus de seuil dans les collisions H-/gaz rare par spectroscopie électronique à zéro degré." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066458.

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18

Parzefall, Ulrich. "A measurement of trilinear gauge couplings using the DELPHI detector." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366942.

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19

Touati, Selim. "Quelques aspects de la violation-CP et interactions de jauges dans le modèle standard et au-delà." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY040.

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Le modèle standard (MS) de la physique des particules est la théorie la plus précise connue pour décrire les constituants élémentaires de la matière et leurs interactions. Dès lors que ses 19 paramètres libres sont mesurés, on peut prédire toutes sortes de processus élémentaires avec une précision inégalée. Jusqu’à ce jour, aucune déviation significative par rapport au MS n’a été observée, ce qui en fait un véritable succès expérimental. Cependant, un certain nombre de pièces manquantes et de faits non compris nous amènent à penser que ce n’est pas la fin de l’histoire et que le MS serait une manifestation à basse énergie d’une théorie plus fondamentale. La recherche de nouvelle physique s’inscrit dans ce cadre. Parmi les pièces manquantes, on y trouve la baryogénèse électrofaible, ce mécanisme qui serait à l’origine de l’asymétrie matière-antimatière dans l’univers. D’après le modèle du big bang, matière et antimatière ont été créés en quantités égales, alors qu’aujourd’hui, la matière semble avoir pris le pas. Le MS n’inclut pas un tel mécanisme. En 1967, un physicien russe du nom d’Andrei Sakharov a établi trois conditions nécessaires pour que la baryogénèse puisse avoir lieu. Une de ces conditions stipule qu’il aurait existé des interactions violant les symétries C et CP. La violation CP existe déjà dans le MS. En effet, l’interaction faible peut violer CP (déjà observé) et certains arguments théoriques forts nous poussent à croire que l’interaction forte devrait pouvoir également violer CP, mais aucun processus de la sorte n’a encore été observé. En somme, il s’avère que la violation CP présente dans le modèle standard n’est pas suffisante pour expliquer l’asymétrie matière-antimatière. Par conséquent, un des défis de la recherche de physique au-delà du modèle standard est de trouver des sources de violation CP supplémentaires afin d’atteindre la quantité requise pour la baryogénèse. Dans cette thèse, nous nous penchons dans un premier temps sur quelques manifestations de la violation-CP, comme par exemple les moments dipolaires électriques (EDM) des particules élémentaires, à la fois dans le secteur faible en présence des masses des neutrinos (absentes dans le MS) ainsi que dans le secteur fort. Puis, dans un second temps, nous nous destinons à la construction d’une théorie effective pour bosons de jauges. Nous généralisons le lagrangien d’Euler-Heisenberg pour l’étude des interactions de photons, considéré comme l’archétype d’une théorie effective des champs, à des bosons de jauges d’algèbres de Lie arbitraires, plusieurs groupes de grandes unification ou encore des symétries mixtes
The standard model (SM) of particle physics is the most accurate theory known to describe the elementary particles and their interactions. Once its 19 free parameters are measured, all kinds of elementary processes can be predicted with unequalled accuracy. To date, no significant deviation from the SM has been observed, making it a true success. However, a number of missing pieces and unexplained facts lead us to believe that this is not the end of the story and that the SM would be a low-energy expression of a more fundamental theory. The search for physics beyond the SM is part of this framework. Among the missing pieces, there is electroweak baryogenesis, the mechanism that is believed to be at the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. According to the big bang model, matter and antimatter were created in equal quantities whereas today matter seems to have taken over. The SM does not include such a mechanism. In 1967, a Russian physicist named Andrei Sakharov established three necessary conditions for baryogenesis to happen. One of these conditions stipulates that there would have been interactions that violated C and CP symmetries. CP-violation already exists in the SM. Indeed, the weak interaction can violate CP (already observed) and some strong theoretical arguments lead us to believe that strong interaction should also violate CP, but no such process has yet been observed. In short, it appears that the CP-violation present in the SM is not sufficient to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry. Therefore, one of the challenges of physics beyond the standard model researches is to find additional sources of CP-violation in order to achieve the amount required for baryogenesis. In this PhD thesis, we first look at some manifestations of CP-violation, such as electric dipole moments (EDMs) of elementary particles, both in the weak sector in the presence of neutrino masses (absent in the SM) as well as in the strong sector. Then, in a second study, we build an effective field theory for gauge bosons. We generalize the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian for the study of photon interactions, considered as the archetype of an effective field theory, to gauge bosons of arbitrary Lie algebras, several grand unification groups or mixed symmetries
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20

Landis, Stefan. "Réseaux de plots magnétiques sub-microniques réalisés à partir de substrats pré-gravés." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10090.

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Le sujet de cette these est l'elaboration et la caracterisation de reseaux de lignes et de plots magnetiques de dimensions sub-microniques, obtenus a partir des substrats de silicium pre-graves. Cette approche permet d'utiliser un procede technologique independant du chois du materiau magnetique depose sur les reseaux. La lithographie electronique et la gravure ionique reactive ont ete utilisees pour la preparation des substrats de silicium. Nous avons depose des multicouches co/pt par pulverisation cathodique sur ces nanostructures de silicium afin d'obtenir des lignes et des plots a anisotropie magnetique perpendiculaire. Suivant l'epaisseur totale de la multicouche, il est possible de realiser des plots avec une configuration magnetique monodomaine ou multidomaine. Nous avons montre que la presence du depot magnetique sur les flancs des plots n'introduit pas de couplages d'echange direct entre le sommets des plots et le fond de la tranchee. En ce qui concerne l'interaction dipolaire entre les plots voisins ou entre les plots et le depot dans le fond de la tranchee, celle-ci peut suivant la geometrie du reseau (largeur des plots et de la tranchee, profondeur de la tranchee) et de l'epaisseur du depot favoriser un alignement antiparallele entre les sommets des plots ou entre les sommets des plots et le fond de la tranchee. Le champ de renversement des lignes et des plots est renforce par rapport a celui de la couche continue et le retournement de l'aimantation s'effectue par nucleation d'un domaine a aimantation inverse et propagation de la paroi dans la ligne ou le plot. Les reseaux de plots ont ete proposes comme etant une alternative possible pour la realisation de media magnetiques pour l'enregistrement magnetique ultra haute densite afin d'atteindre des capacites de stockage superieures a 200 gbit/in 2. Des tests d'ecriture avec des pointes de microscopes a champ proche montrent que l'information magnetique peut etre stockee sur de tels supports.
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Duplouy, Johan. "Wideband Reconfigurable Vector Antenna for 3-D Direction Finding Application." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24404/1/Duplouy_Johan.pdf.

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Direction finding plays a crucial role in various civilian and military applications, related to either radionavigation or radiolocation. Most of the direction finding antennas operate over a wide frequency band, but only a minority of them enable the direction of arrival estimation of an incoming electromagnetic field over a 3-D angular coverage (i.e., estimation of both azimuth and elevation angles). An original approach to obtain a 3-D angular coverage consists in measuring the six components of the incident electromagnetic field through a so-called vector antenna. The aim of this Ph.D. is to design a passive, compact and wideband vector antenna in order to cover a maximum of applications. Two vector antennas have been designed, manufactured and experimentally characterized. Unlike conventional topology, they enable the measurement of the components of an incoming electromagnetic field thanks to the radiation pattern reconfigurability of an original arrangement of Vivaldi antennas. The first prototype is mounted over a finite metallic support and enables the direction of arrival estimation of vertically-polarized electromagnetic fields over a 1.69:1 bandwidth while the second one can be used regardless of the polarization of the incoming electromagnetic fields over a 8:1 bandwidth. Moreover, the direction finding performances of these vector antennas have been improved in terms of estimation accuracy, sensitivity, robustness to angular ambiguity and polarization mismatch by synthesizing new radiation patterns in the estimation process. A method based on the Cramer-Rao lower bound has been proposed to select efficiently and rapidly the additional radiation patterns
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22

Camacho, González Francisco. "Charge-Storage mechanisms in polymer electrets." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/875/.

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In view of the importance of charge storage in polymer electrets for electromechanical transducer applications, the aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the charge-retention mechanisms. Furthermore, we will try to explain how the long-term storage of charge carriers in polymeric electrets works and to identify the probable trap sites. Charge trapping and de-trapping processes were investigated in order to obtain evidence of the trap sites in polymeric electrets. The charge de-trapping behavior of two particular polymer electrets was studied by means of thermal and optical techniques. In order to obtain evidence of trapping or de-trapping, charge and dipole profiles in the thickness direction were also monitored.

In this work, the study was performed on polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) and on cyclic-olefin copolymers (COCs). PETP is a photo-electret and contains a net dipole moment that is located in the carbonyl group (C = O). The electret behavior of PETP arises from both the dipole orientation and the charge storage. In contrast to PETP, COCs are not photo-electrets and do not exhibit a net dipole moment. The electret behavior of COCs arises from the storage of charges only.

COC samples were doped with dyes in order to probe their internal electric field. COCs show shallow charge traps at 0.6 and 0.11 eV, characteristic for thermally activated processes. In addition, deep charge traps are present at 4 eV, characteristic for optically stimulated processes.

PETP films exhibit a photo-current transient with a maximum that depends on the temperature with an activation energy of 0.106 eV. The pair thermalization length (rc) calculated from this activation energy for the photo-carrier generation in PETP was estimated to be approx. 4.5 nm. The generated photo-charge carriers can recombine, interact with the trapped charge, escape through the electrodes or occupy an empty trap.

PETP possesses a small quasi-static pyroelectric coefficient (QPC): ~0.6 nC/(m²K) for unpoled samples, ~60 nC/(m²K) for poled samples and ~60 nC/(m²K) for unpoled samples under an electric bias (E ~10 V/µm). When stored charges generate an internal electric field of approx. 10 V/µm, they are able to induce a QPC comparable to that of the oriented dipoles. Moreover, we observe charge-dipole interaction. Since the raw data of the QPC-experiments on PETP samples is noisy, a numerical Fourier-filtering procedure was applied. Simulations show that the data analysis is reliable when the noise level is up to 3 times larger than the calculated pyroelectric current for the QPC.

PETP films revealed shallow traps at approx. 0.36 eV during thermally-stimulated current measurements. These energy traps are associated with molecular dipole relaxations (C = O). On the other hand, photo-activated measurements yield deep charge traps at 4.1 and 5.2 eV. The observed wavelengths belong to the transitions in PETP that are analogous to the π - π* benzene transitions. The observed charge de-trapping selectivity in the photocharge decay indicates that the charge detrapping is from a direct photon-charge interaction. Additionally, the charge de-trapping can be facilitated by photo-exciton generation and the interaction of the photo-excitons with trapped charge carriers. These results indicate that the benzene rings (C6H4) and the dipolar groups (C = O) can stabilize and share an extra charge carrier in a chemical resonance. In this way, this charge could be de-trapped in connection with the photo-transitions of the benzene ring and with the dipole relaxations.

The thermally-activated charge release shows a difference in the trap depth to its optical counterpart. This difference indicates that the trap levels depend on the de-trapping process and on the chemical nature of the trap site. That is, the processes of charge detrapping from shallow traps are related to secondary forces. The processes of charge de-trapping from deep traps are related to primary forces. Furthermore, the presence of deep trap levels causes the stability of the charge for long periods of time.
Angesichts der Bedeutung der Ladungsspeicherung in Polymerelektreten für viele Anwendungen, wie z.B. in elektromechanischen Wandler, ist es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, zum Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der kurz- und langfristigen Ladungsstabilisierung beizutragen sowie mögliche Haftstellen zu identifizieren. Ladungs- und Entladungsprozesse in Elektreten geben Hinweise auf Ladungshaftstellen. Diese Prozesse wurden mit thermischen und optischen Methoden bei gleichzeitiger Messung von Ladungs- und Polarisationprofilen untersucht. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden an Polyethylenterephthalat (PETP) und an Cyclischen-Olefin Copolymeren (COC) durchgeführt.

PETP ist ein Photoelektret und weist in der Carbonylgruppe (C = O) ein Dipolmoment auf. Die Elektreteigenschaften ergeben sich sowohl aus der Orientierungspolarisation als auch aus der Ladungsspeicherung. Im Gegensatz zu PETP ist COC kein Photoelektret und zeigt auch keine Orientierungspolarisation. Deshalb folgen die Elektreteigenschaften des COC ausschließlich aus der Ladungsspeicherung. Die COC-Proben wurden mit Farbstoffen dotiert, um das innere elektrische Feld zu untersuchen. Diese Systeme zeigen flache Ladungshaftstellen bei 0,6 und 0,11 eV, die durch thermisch stimulierte Prozesse entladen werden sowie tiefe Haftstellen bei 4 eV, die optisch stimuliert werden können.

PETP-Filme zeigen einen transienten Photostrom mit einem Maximalwert ( jp), der von der Temperatur mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 0,106 eV abhängt. Der thermische Paarabstand (rc) kann für die Photoladungsgeneration in PETP auf ca. 4,5 nm abgeschätzt werden. Die Photoladungsträger können rekombinieren, mit den gespeicherten Ladungen interagieren, über die Elektroden entkommen oder eine leere Haftstelle einnehmen.

PETP zeigt einen kleinen quasi-statischen pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten (QPC) von ca. 0,6 nC/(m²K) für nicht polarisierte Proben, ca. 60 nC/(m²K) für polarisierte Proben und ca. 60 nC/(m²K) für nicht polarisierte Proben mit Vorspannung (E ~10 V/µm). Wenn die gespeicherten Ladungen ein internes elektrisches Feld von ca. 10 V/µm generieren können, sind sie in der Lage, einen QPC herbeizuführen, der vergleichbar mit dem von orientierten Dipolen ist. Es ist außerdem möglich, eine Ladungs-Dipol-Wechselwirkung zu beobachten. Da die QPM-Daten von PETP auf Grund des geringen Signals verrauscht sind, wurde ein numerisches Fourier-Filterverfahren angewandt. Simulationen zeigen, dass eine zuverlässige Datenanalyse noch bei einem Signal möglich ist, dessen Rauschen bis zu 3-mal größer ist als der berechnete pyroelektrische Strom.

Messungen der thermisch stimulierten Entladung von PETP-Filmen ergaben flache Haftstellen bei ca. 0,36 eV, welche mit der Dipolrelaxation der Carbonylgruppe (C = O) assoziiert sind. Messungen der photostimulierten Entladung ergaben tiefe Haftstellen bei 4,1 und 5,2 eV. Die beobachteten Wellenlängen entsprechen Übergängen in PETP analog den π - π* Übergängen in Benzol. Die beobachtete Selektivität bei der photostimulierten Entladung lässt auf eine direkte Wechselwirkung von Photonen und Ladungen schließen. Einen zusätzlichen Einfluß auf die Entladung hat die Erzeugung von Photo-Exzitonen und deren Wechselwirkung mit den gespeicherten Ladungsträgern. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Phenylringe (C6H4) und die Dipolgruppen (C = O) eine zusätzliche Ladung in einer chemischen Resonanz stabilisieren und miteinander teilen können. Daher kann die gebundene Ladung auch durch einen Photoübergang im Benzolring oder durch eine Dipolrelaxation freigesetzt werden.

Die mittels thermisch stimulierter Entladung bestimmte Tiefe der Haftstellen unterscheidet sich deutlich von den mittels photostimulierter Entladung gemessenen Werten. Flachere Haftstellen werden bei der thermisch stimulierten Entladung gefunden und können sekundären Kräften zugeordnet werden. Die tieferen Haftstellen sind chemischer Natur und können primären Kräften zugeordnet werden. Letztere sind für die Langzeitstabilität der Ladung in Polymerelektreten verantwortlich.
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23

Illien, Bertrand. "Etude theorique de molecules organiques en series benzopyranique et dithiolique pour l'optique non-lineaire quadratique. Mise en uvre et corrections apportees aux calculs des proprietes monoelectroniques dans le programme semi-empirique vamp." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN10063.

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Ce travail comporte deux parties. La premiere est consacree a l'etude theorique semi-empirique des proprietes electroniques liees aux caracteristiques non-lineaires du second ordre de molecules comportant les cinq types de groupements electroattracteurs suivants: 4h-1-benzopyrane-4-one, 4h-1-benzopyrane-4-thione, (4h-1-benzopyrane-4-ylidene)-malononitrile, 3h-1,2-dithiole-3-one, 3h-1,2-dithiole-3-thione. Apres un rappel des principales techniques de mesures mises en uvre pour caracteriser la non-linearite des molecules etudiees, nous decrivons dans le chapitre suivant les differentes formulations theoriques de l'hyperpolarisabilite quadratique et les methodes quantiques les plus couramment utilisees pour mener a bien ces calculs. La determination, dans le cadre de la methode pm3, des caracteristiques de l'etat fondamental des 17 molecules considerees et l'etude a l'aide de la methode cndo/s-cis des transitions de plus basses energies, permettent en particulier une analyse approfondie du transfert de charge sous excitation ; le caractere complexe de ce dernier, est mis en lumiere par les effets concurrents de transfert donneur-transmetteur-accepteur classique d'une part, interne au groupement electroacttracteur lui-meme d'autre part. Il est cependant possible de preciser, pour chacune des molecules etudiees, la transition a caractere de transfert de charge la plus marquee ; les calculs des hyperpolarisabilites par les methodes a champ fini (pm3/rhf/ff) et somme d'etats (cndo/s-cis/sos) viennent confirmer l'importance de cette transition dans la valeur finale de l'hyperpolarisabilite quadratique, tout en permettant une analyse detaillee des contributions non-negligeables d'un grand nombre d'etats excites. La sensibilite de l'hyperpolarisabilite a de faibles variations de certains parametres geometriques ainsi que les limites des methodes utilisees sont commentees. La seconde partie est dediee aux ameliorations apportees aux calculs des proprietes monoelectroniques dans le cadre du programme semi-empirique vamp et a leur mise en uvre: matrice densite apres interaction de configurations, moments dipolaires (d'etats et de transitions), hyperpolarisabilite quadratique (sos). Les modifications introduites sont testees sur une molecule de reference (paranitroaniline). En particulier, des resultats obtenus sur l'hyperpolarisabilite quadratique font l'objet d'une comparaison critique avec d'autres valeurs theoriques et experimentales
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24

Puthumpally, Joseph Raijumon. "Quantum Interferences in the Dynamics of Atoms and Molecules in Electromagnetic Fields." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS035/document.

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Les interférences quantiques apparaissant lors de la superposition cohérente d'états quantiques de la matière sont à l'origine de la compréhension et du contrôle de nombreux processus élémentaires. Dans cette thèse, deux problèmes distincts, qui ont pour origine de tels effets, sont discutés avec leurs applications potentielles : 1. Diffraction électronique induite par Laser (LIED) et imagerie des orbitales moléculaires ; 2. Effets collectifs dans des vapeurs denses et transparence électromagnétique induite par interaction dipôle-dipôle (DIET). La première partie de cette thèse traite du mécanisme de recollision dans des molécules linéaires simples lorsque le système est exposé à un champ laser infrarouge de forte intensité. Cette interaction provoque une ionisation tunnel du système moléculaire, conduisant à la création d'un paquet d'ondes électronique dans le continuum. Ce paquet d'ondes suit une trajectoire oscillante, dirigée par le champ laser. Cela provoque une collision avec l'ion parent qui lui a donné naissance. Ce processus de diffraction peut être de nature inélastique, engendrant la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé (HHG) ou l'ionisation double non-séquentielle, ou de nature élastique, processus que l'on appelle généralement « diffraction électronique induite par laser ». La LIED porte des informations sur la molécule et sur l'état initial à partir duquel les électrons sont arrachés sous forme de motifs de diffraction formés en raison de l'interférence entre différentes voies de diffraction. Dans ce projet, une méthode est développée pour l'imagerie des orbitales moléculaires, reposant sur des spectres de photo-électrons obtenus par LIED. Cette méthode est basée sur le fait que la fonction d'ondes du continuum conserve la mémoire de l'objet à partir duquel elle a été diffractée. Un modèle analytique basé sur l'approximation de champ fort (SFA) est développé pour des molécules simples linéaires et appliqué aux orbitales moléculaires HOMO et HOMO-1 du dioxyde de carbone. L'interprétation et l'extraction des informations orbitalaires imprimées dans les spectres de photo-électrons sont présentées en détail. Par ailleurs, nous estimons que ce type d'approche pourrait être étendu à l'imagerie de la dynamique électro-nucléaire de tels systèmes. La deuxième partie de cette thèse traite des effets collectifs dans des vapeurs atomiques ou moléculaires denses. L'action de la lumière sur ces gaz crée des dipôles induits qui oscillent et produisent des ondes électromagnétiques secondaires. Lorsque les particules constitutives du gaz sont assez proches, ces ondes secondaires peuvent coupler les dipôles induits entre-eux, et lorsque cette corrélation devient prépondérante la réponse du gaz devient une réponse collective. Ceci conduit à des effets spécifiques pour de tels systèmes, comme l'effet Dicke, la superradiance, et les décalages spectraux de Lorentz-Lorenz ou de Lamb. A cette liste d'effets collectifs, nous avons ajouté un effet de transparence induite dans l'échantillon. Cet effet collectif a été appelé « transparence électromagnétique induite par interaction dipôle-dipôle ». La nature collective de l'excitation du gaz dense réduit la vitesse de groupe de la lumière transmise à quelques dizaines de mètre par seconde, créant ainsi une lumière dite « lente ». Ces effets sont démontrés pour les transitions D1 du 85Rb et d'autres applications potentielles sont également discutées
Quantum interference, coherent superposition of quantum states, are widely used for the understanding and engineering of the quantum world. In this thesis, two distinct problems that are rooted in quantum interference are discussed with their potential applications: 1. Laser induced electron diffraction (LIED) and molecular orbital imaging, 2. Collective effects in dense vapors and dipole induced electromagnetic transparency (DIET). The first part deals with the recollision mechanism in molecules when the system is exposed to high intensity infrared laser fields. The interaction with the intense field will tunnel ionize the system, creating an electron wave packet in the continuum. This wave packet follows an oscillatory trajectory driven by the laser field. This results in a collision with the parent ion from which the wave packet was formed. This scattering process can end up in different channels including either inelastic scattering resulting in high harmonic generation (HHG) and non-sequential double ionization, or elastic scattering often called laser induced electron diffraction. LIED carries information about the molecule and about the initial state from which the electron was born as diffraction patterns formed due to the interference between different diffraction pathways. In this project, a method is developed for imaging molecular orbitals relying on scattered photoelectron spectra obtained via LIED. It is based on the fact that the scattering wave function keeps the memory of the object from which it has been scattered. An analytical model based on the strong field approximation (SFA) is developed for linear molecules and applied to the HOMO and HOMO-1 molecular orbitals of carbon dioxide. Extraction of orbital information imprinted in the photoelectron spectra is presented in detail. It is anticipated that it could be extended to image the electro-nuclear dynamics of such systems. The second part of the thesis deals with collective effects in dense atomic or molecular vapors. The action of light on the vapor samples creates dipoles which oscillate and produce secondary electro-magnetic waves. When the constituent particles are close enough and exposed to a common exciting field, the induced dipoles can affect one another, setting up a correlation which forbids them from responding independently towards the external field. The result is a cooperative response leading to effects unique to such systems which include Dicke narrowing, superradiance, Lorentz-Lorenz and Lamb shifts. To this list of collective effects, one more candidate has been added, which is revealed during this study: an induced transparency in the sample. This transparency, induced by dipole-dipole interactions, is named “dipole-induced electromagnetic transparency”. The collective nature of the dense vapor excitation reduces the group velocity of the transmitted light to a few tens of meter per second resulting in 'slow' light. These effects are demonstrated for the D1 transitions of 85Rb and other potential applications are also discussed
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25

Kosmata, Marcel. "Elastische Rückstoßatomspektrometrie leichter Elemente mit Subnanometer-Tiefenauflösung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-84041.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials
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26

Chen, Yu-An, and 陳昱安. "Detection of molecular interaction induced changes in the electric dipole moment and absorption spectrum using field effect transistors." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bmdu8y.

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Abstract:
碩士
國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
106
In this study, the photosensitive property of semiconductor was utilized to explore the application of the field-effect transistor (FET) in molecular spectrometry. This optic spectrometry is an add-on function to its original application in molecular charge sensor. Interaction between Fe2+ and APTES was employed in this proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate the said add-on function, as this interaction is known to yield prominent changes in both photon absorption as well as molecular electric field. The experiment was begun with modification of APTES on the surface of the FETS, and then Fe2+ in H2O was added for the interaction under detected. The absorption spectrum measured by using the FETs was consistent to the that obtained by commercial spectrophotometers. Both showed an increased absorption with concentration Fe2+ (0.1 ~ 10 mM). On the FET side, upon interaction the increased from 0.9 μA to 2.0 μA due to a change in the molecular charge. Compared with other commercial absorption spectroscopes, the proposed FET system provides information about changes in molecular absorption as well as molecular field associated with the molecular interaction. This is particularly useful when the change in the molecular field is the same for interactions of two different specimens. For example, both interactions between APTES-Co2+ and APTES-Fe2+ systems resulted in the same amount (1.3 μA) in the FET current, and it was not possible to distinguish between the two sets of molecular interaction. With the add-on spectrum measurement, we were able to tell the difference from the spectral characteristic peak; The peaks for Co2+ appear at 590 nm and 650 nm, where as for Fe2+ the peaks showed up at 400 nm and 450 nm. We thus illustrated an approach to improve the selectivity of the FET sensors in the detection of metal ions.
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27

Šulc, Miroslav. "Excitace molekul studenými elektrony." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311582.

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Title: Excitation of molecules by cold electrons Author: Miroslav Šulc Department / Institute: Institute of Theoretical Physics, Charles University in Prague Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: prof. RNDr. Jiří Horáček, DrSc., Institute of Theoretical Physics, Charles University Abstract: Several methods for low energy collisional processes are investigated. In the first part, attention is especially devoted to examination of applicability of the R-matrix method combined with the Schwinger-Lanczos (SL) variational principle for potential scattering with long-range forces. Next sections deal with the development of the interaction correlation-polarization (CP) potential in the framework of the Dis- crete Momentum Representation (DMR) method on the grounds of the Local Density Approximation in the Density Functional Theory (DFT) context. Obtained results are then utilized in body-frame (BF), static exchange + polarization (SEP), calcula- tions within an analysis of experimental data for e−-N2 scattering comprising a part of a larger project addressing theoretical examination of rotational excitations of small molecules in the gas phase induced by electron impact. For N2, a new phenomenon consisting in suppression of backward cross-section below 95 meV is observed and con- sequently attributed to...
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28

Kosmata, Marcel. "Elastische Rückstoßatomspektrometrie leichter Elemente mit Subnanometer-Tiefenauflösung." Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25920.

Full text
Abstract:
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert.
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials.
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