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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric conductivity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Aneli, Jimsher, Gennady Zaikov, and Omar Mukbaniani. "Electric Conductivity of Polymer Composites at Mechanical Relaxation." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2011): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.02.187.

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2

Kahlweit, M., G. Busse, and J. Winkler. "Electric conductivity in microemulsions." Journal of Chemical Physics 99, no. 7 (October 1993): 5605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.465953.

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3

Rácz, P., and Z. Szüle. "Relationship between the looseness of soil and the electric conductivity." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 4 (December 7, 2009): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/18/2008-rae.

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The present article reports on an experiment as part of the research in the frame of which I search after the relationship between the looseness <I>L</I> of soil characterising the operating quality of the chisel-type subsoilers of a medium working depth, and the change in the electric conductivity in the soil caused by the loosening cultivation. The investigation was carried out with the help of the mobile electric-conductivity measuring device – accounted as a novelty in field-land tests – type Veris 3100 with disc electrodes, operating in field-land conditions. As the results of the investigation, the relation between the electric conductivity and looseness L of soil are presented in this article.

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4

Jiang, Wei Ting. "A General Model for Thermal Conductivity and Electric Conductivity of Nanofluids." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.529.

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Nanoparticles in nanofluids are in the form of nanoparticle clusters caused by aggregation. In order to calculate the thermal and electric conductivity of the nanofluids, the growth process and three-dimensional space structure of the nanoparticle cluster in the host fluid is simulated, and then the thermal and electric conductivity of the cluster are calculated with the resistance network method. The thermal and electric conductivity of the nanofluid are calculated based on the simulated thermal and electric conductivity of nanoparticle clusters, the volume fraction of nanoparticle clusters to the nanofluid as well as the liquid molecule adsorption layer of the nanoparticle. The simulation method is validated by experimental data.

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5

Kazemiroodsari, Hadi, Mishac K. Yegian, Akram N. Alshawabkeh, and Seda Gokyer. "Electric Conductivity Probes to Study Change in Degree of Saturation - Bench Top Laboratory Tests." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503016.

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Sand characteristics such as liquefaction susceptibility can be affected as a result of change in degree of saturation of sand. New liquefaction mitigation technique by inducing partial saturation in sands is introduced by Yegian et al in 2007[1]. This technique requires to monitor changes in degree of saturation of sand. By nature, changes in degree of saturation of sand can lead in changes in its electric conductivity. Electric conductivity is the property of a material that represents its ability to conduct electric current. Fully saturated sand can conduct electric current better than sand with lower degree of saturation. Therefore, the change in measured electric conductivity can be used to calculate the change in degree of saturation of sand. In 1942, Gus Archie [2] expressed that the electric conductivity of soil is a function of its porosity, degree of saturation, tortuosity and electric conductivity of pore fluid. Using Archie’s law electrical conductivity can be related to the degree of saturation in sands. Typically, electric conductivity probes and meters are instruments which are used to measure electric conductivity. Using electrical conductivity probes, sets of bench top tests were conducted on Ottawa sand to study the relation between degree of saturation and electric conductivity in sand. Partial saturation in sands were created by pouring dry sand into sodium percarbonate solution with a known initial concentration. By nature, sodium percarbonate in water, generates oxygen gas bubbles in time. The changes in electric conductivity in the specimen were measured using electric conductivity meters and probes. In addition, changes in degree of saturation of the specimen were measured using soil phase relations equations. Measured electric conductivity data and calculated degree of saturations were correlated to explore relation between electric conductivity and degree of saturation. This paper presents results of bench top tests, and suggests a relationship between, final degree of saturation of sand and initial concentration of sodium percarbonate solution

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6

Рудяк, В. Я., А. В. Минаков, and М. И. Пряжников. "Электропроводность наножидкостей с металлическими частицами." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 9 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.09.47712.17720.

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AbstractThe electric conductivity is experimentally studied in nanofluids based on water and ethylene glycol containing copper and aluminum particles. Other properties, such as heat conductivity and rheological characteristics, were evaluated as well. The electric conductivity of nanofluids is shown to increase almost linearly with a nanoparticle concentration, but, unlike the heat conductivity, a gain in electric conductivity is due to a decrease in particle size. In this respect, the mechanisms of electric conductivity and heat conductivity are assumed to have the fundamentally different nature.

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7

Kalashnova, A. V., S. V. Plaksin, E. G. Vovkotrub, and G. Sh Shekhtman. "Electric Conductivity of Lithium Metazirconate." Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 54, no. 9 (September 2018): 709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1023193518090033.

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8

Jing-Xiang, Zhang, Li Hui, Zhang Xue-Qing, and Liew Kim-Meow. "Electric Conductivity of Phosphorus Nanowires." Chinese Physics Letters 26, no. 5 (May 2009): 056101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/26/5/056101.

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9

Puglisi, Armando, Salvatore Plumari, and Vincenzo Greco. "Electric Conductivity of the QGP." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 612 (May 19, 2015): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/612/1/012057.

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10

Wang, Jingxiu. "Electric Conductivity of Lower Solar Atmosphere." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110002964x.

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AbstractElectric conductivity tensor of partly-ionized plasma is deduced. Four atmospheric models are used then to estimate the conductivity in the lower atmosphere. The parallel conductivity reaches its minimum value in the temperature minimum zone, which is 1 to 2 orders smaller than the conductivity of fully-ionized plasmas of the same condition; the effective perpendicular conductivity, or Cowling conductivity, becomes 5 to 6 orders smaller than the fully-ionized value in the lower chromosphere.

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11

Nefedov, Vladimir G., Vadim V. Matveev, and Dmytriy G. Korolyanchuk. "INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THIN FILMS OF ELECTROLYTES." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186102.5592.

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In the work the investigations of the effect of abnormally high electric conductivity of surface of the air-electrolyte interface during electrolytic decomposition of water were continued. Experiments were carried out both at alternating current via the bridge circuit and at direct current in the four-electrode cell. Previously, it was shown that in thin air-bordering electrolyte layers specific conductivity measured in the four-electrode cell during electrolysis of water exceeds the corresponding value measured with the bridge circuit for solutions of sodium hydroxide by 1.5 times, for solutions of sulfuric acid by 1.25 times and for solutions of sodium sulfate by 2.5 times. When replacing the gas-liquid interface by the liquid-solid phase one the effect disappears. It was shown that the abnormally high electric conductivity of thin air-bordering electrolyte layers depends on temperature (at 4 °С electric conductivity of 1 mm thick solution layer increases 8-12 times), ion composition, pH (maximum 5 times increase of electric conductivity corresponds to pH of isoelectric point). This allowed suggesting that such effect is caused by tunneling of charge (without mass transfer) through ordered structures on the surface of water - giant heterophase clusters. This mechanism has been called croquet. To check the influence of surface the experiments in 1 mm and 0.1 mm thick layers of electrolyte were conducted. Thin electrolyte films were stabilized by the DC-10 surfactant and the thickness was measured by interferometric methods. It has been shown that specific electric conductivity of thin films increases by 150-250 times in comparison with conductivity of the original electrolyte. This confirmed our assumptions on the nature of the effect of abnormally high electric conductivity of the gas-electrolyte interface during electrochemical generation of uncompensated H+ and/or OH- ions. Surprisingly, it appears that specific electric conductivity of the electrolyte film of thickness below 50 μm as measured at the 10 kHz alternating current is also higher than conductivity measured with the same method in the initial electrolyte volume. The values of electric conductivity of thin electrolyte films measured by different methods were almost identical. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is related to the changed conditions of charging of the double electric layer. To test the hypothesis, the values of specific electric conductivity of 1 mm thick electrolyte layer were measured at changing from 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz frequencies of alternating current. It was shown that the effect of increase in the electric conductivity begins to occur at frequencies up to 1 kHz. Calculations showed that at these frequencies the quantity of electricity transferred to the electrodes is sufficient for charging the double layer and initiation of the Faraday process. Thus, another confirmation that the croquet mechanism of electric conductivity occurs at the two conditions – the electrolytic generation of H+ or OH- ions and the transfer of charges through ordered structures on the surface of water – was found.Forcitation:Nefedov V.G., Matveev V.V., Korolyanchuk D.G. Influence of frequency of electric current on electric conductivity of thin films of electrolytes. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 2. P. 58-64

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12

Aneli, Jimsher, Tamaz Natriashvili, and Gennadiy Zaikov. "Structuring and Electric Conductivity of Polymer Composites Pyrolysed at High Temperatures." Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2014.3.1.

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13

Aneli, Jimsher, Timur Natriashvili, and Gennady Zaikov. "Structuring and Electric Conductivity of Polymer Composites Pyrolysed at High Temperatures." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 9, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht09.03.301.

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14

Markowski, D., W. Kempiński, M. Kempiński, Z. Trybuła, K. Kaszyńska, and M. Śliwińska-Bartkowiak. "Electric Conductivity of Carbon Nanoparticles Stimulated by Electric Field." Acta Physica Polonica A 118, no. 3 (September 2010): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.118.457.

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15

Garkushin, Ivan K., Olga V. Lavrenteva, and Yana A. Andreeva. "Relationship of the s1-elements halogenides melts specific electric conductivity with alkali metals specific electric conductivity." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-116.

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The paper presents an analytical description of the relationship of the specific electrical conductivity æ of individual alkali metals haloganides melts (MHal) (M – Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr; Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) and the specific electrical conductivity æ(M) of alkali metal melts for temperatures (Тпл + n) (Tпл – melting temperature K; n = 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200° higher melting temperatures of MHal and metals) and the specific electrical conductivity of alkali metals at standard temperature using M.Kh. Karapetyans comparative methods. The relationship of properties æ(MHal при Тпл+n) = f(æ(MHal при Тпл+5)), æ(FrHalТпл+n) = f(æ(FrHalТпл+5°)) is described in the "property-property" coordinates. A comparative analysis of the specific electrical conductivity values of francium haloganides melts obtained by the proposed methods was carried out. The possibility of calculating the electrical conductivity of molten salts from the electrical conductivity of molten metals is shown. It is shown that the equation æ(MHal)0.5 = a + bæ(M)1.5 can be used to calculate the specific electrical conductivity of francium haloganides melts. The calculation of the specific electrical conductivity using various equations shows the consistency of the numerical values obtained.

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16

Prayitno, T. B., Y. P. Sarwono, E. Budi, M. A. Abdillah, and M. C. Kartika. "Temperature-dependence on thermal electric conductivity in FeCl₂ monolayer with biaxial strain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2672, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2672/1/012009.

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Abstract The dependence of thermal electric conductivity on temperature in a 1T-FeCl2 monolayer has been explored using the semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory. We provided the temperatures from near critical temperature up to room temperature. We observed different tendencies of thermal electric conductivity based on the existence of magnetism due to working temperature. As we applied the biaxial strain, we obtained the same contribution from both the magnetic and non-magnetic states to the thermal electric conductivity. We also found that the highest thermal electric conductivity may be shifted by employing low concentrations of doping.

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17

CHARBONNEAU, JOSÉE, ANDRÉ GOSSELIN, and MARC-J. TRUDEL. "INFLUENCE DE LA CONDUCTIVITÉ ÉLECTRIQUE DE LA SOLUTION NUTRITIVE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE LA TOMATE DE SERRE CULTIVÉE AVEC OU SANS ÉCLAIRAGE D’APPOINT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-033.

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Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’ and ’Carmelo’) were cultivated under different electric conductivities (2, 4 and 6 mS cm−1) of a continuously or intermittently supplied nutrient solution. The plants were grown in an NFT system, with or without supplementary lighting using high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps. Raising electric conductivity reduced the shoot dry weight but increased root dry weight. The number of fruit on the first truss and the fruit weight were not affected significantly by electric conductivities. The use of supplementary lighting with an electric conductivity of 6 mS cm−1 increased the number of marketable fruit. High electric conductivity modified the mineral composition of leaf tissue mainly P, Ca and Mg. The vegetative growth was reduced and better yield was obtained with tomato plants grown under supplementary lighting and high electric conductivity.Key words: Tomato, supplementary lighting, nutrient solution, HPS, electric conductivity, salinity

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18

Jörgens, Christoph, and Markus Clemens. "Modeling the electric field at interfaces and surfaces in high-voltage cable systems." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2020-0041.

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Purpose In high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems, space charges accumulate because of the constant applied voltage and the nonlinear electric conductivity of the insulating material. The change in the charge distribution results in a slowly time-varying electric field. Space charges accumulate within the insulation bulk and at interfaces. With an operation time of several years of HVDC systems, typically the stationary electric field is of interest. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of interfaces on the stationary electric field stress and space charge density. Design/methodology/approach An analytic description of the stationary electric field inside cable insulation is developed and numerical simulations of a cable joint geometry are applied, considering spatial variations of the conductivity in the vicinity of the electrodes and interfaces. Findings With increasing conductivity values toward the electrodes, the resulting field stress decreases, whereas a decreasing conductivity results in an increasing electric field. The increased electric field may cause partial discharge, resulting in accelerated aging of the insulation material. Thus, interfaces and surfaces are characterized as critical areas for the reliability of HVDC cable systems. Research limitations/implications This study is restricted to stationary electric field and temperature distributions. The electric field variations during a polarity reversal or a time-varying temperature may result in an increased electric conductivity and electric field at interfaces and surfaces. Originality/value An analytical description of the electric field, considering surface effects, is developed. The used conductivity model is applicable for cable and cable-joint insulations, where homo- and hetero-charge effects are simulated. These simulations compare well against measurements.

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19

Khorasani, Amir. "A numerical study on the effect of conductivity change in cell kill distribution in irreversible electroporation." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2020-0008.

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AbstractIntroduction: irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a tissue ablation technique and physical process used to kill the undesirable cells. In the IRE process by mathematical modelling we can calculate the cell kill probability and distribution inside the tissue. The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of electric conductivity change in the IRE process into the cell kill probability and distribution.Methods: cell death probability and electric conductivity were calculated with COMSOL Multiphysics software package. 8 pulses with a frequency of 1 Hz, pulse width of 100 µs and electric field intensity from 1000 to 3000 V/Cm with steps of 500 V/Cm used as electric pulses.Results: significantly, the electrical conductivity of tissue will increase during the time of pulse delivery. According to our results, electrical conductivity increased with an electric field intensity of pulses. By considering the effect of conductivity change on cell kill probability, the cell kill probability and distribution will change.Conclusion: we believe that considering the impact of electric conductivity change on the cell kill probability will improve the accuracy of treatment outcome in the clinic for treatment with IRE.

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20

Poznyak, I., A. Pechenkov, and A. Shatunov. "Electric conductivity measurement of oxides melts." Magnetohydrodynamics 43, no. 2 (2007): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/mhd.43.2.10.

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21

Salem, R. R. "To the electric conductivity of solutions." Protection of Metals 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0033173206010115.

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22

Likalter, Alexander. "Electric conductivity of expanded transition metals." Physica Scripta 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/55/1/023.

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23

Firlej, L., A. Zahab, F. Brocard, and P. Bernier. "Electric conductivity in C70 thin films." Synthetic Metals 70, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 1373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)02883-z.

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24

Asinovskii, E. I., and V. V. Markovets. "The limiting electric conductivity of plasma." Physics Letters A 319, no. 5-6 (December 2003): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2003.11.004.

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25

Grabar, A. A. "Light-induced electric conductivity in sn2P2S6." Ferroelectrics 192, no. 1 (February 1997): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199708216184.

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26

Arutyunov, Konstantin Yu, Anatoli S. Gurski, Vladimir V. Artemov, Alexander L. Vasiliev, Azat R. Yusupov, Danfis D. Karamov, and Alexei N. Lachinov. "Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 13 (December 19, 2022): 1551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.13.128.

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Poly(diphenylene phthalide) (PDP) belongs to the class of carbocyclic organic electroactive polymers, which exhibits electric conductive properties when an external electric field and/or mechanical stress is applied. In this work, the transport properties of thin-film layered lead–PDP–lead structures were experimentally studied in a wide temperature range. At sufficiently high temperatures, the current voltage characteristics are satisfactorily described in terms of the injection model of currents limited by the space charge. At temperatures below ≈8 K, a number of samples exhibit features that can be explained by the effect of induced superconductivity in a thin film of conducting polymer enclosed between two massive superconductors (lead).

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27

Liu, Jin, Dong Wei Li, and Zhong Hui Xu. "Research on the Impact of Different VG on Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metal Wastes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1099.

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This paper aims to investigate the effects of different VG (voltage gradient) on electrokinetic removal technology, and examine electrode pH, electric conductivity, voltage drop in the sample, electric current, and the electroosmotic flow. It is indicated that with the increase of VG, the electrolytic reaction rate accelerates during the electric removal experiment, which has affected both system current and the pH value & electric conductivity of electrolyte solutions. The higher VG is, the faster the electrolyte solution pH varies；the higher VG is, the faster the electric conductivity changes. Meanwhile the magnitude of electroosmotic flow increases with the increase of the VG.

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28

Gou, Bin, Je Hyun Lee, Ji Ho Gu, Kwang Jun Euh, and Seung Zeon Han. "Study on Micro-Hardness and Electrical Conductivity in as Cast Cu-Fe-P Alloys." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.267.

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The micro-hardness and electric conductivity was studied in as cast alloy Cu-Fe-P alloys which were solution treated at 980°C and aging treated at 400-800°C for 1-20 hours. The micro-hardness peak value was 180 HV and the conductivity peak value was 65% IACS. The hardness and the electric conductivity all depended on precipitation principally. The addition of C in Cu-Fe-P alloy reduced the grain size and accelerated precipitation which resulted in enhancing hardness and electric conductivity together.

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29

Megahed, Sandra, Florian Fischer, Martin Nell, Joy Forsmark, Franco Leonardi, Leyi Zhu, Kay Hameyer, and Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum. "Manufacturing of Pure Copper with Electron Beam Melting and the Effect of Thermal and Abrasive Post-Processing on Microstructure and Electric Conductivity." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010073.

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Due to the increasing demand for electrification in the automotive sector, the interest in the manufacturing and processing of pure Copper (Cu; purity 99.99%) is also increasing. Laser-based technologies have proven to be challenging due to Cu’s high optical reflectivity. Processing pure Cu with Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is a promising manufacturing route, allowing for high design freedom. The highest priority is to achieve outstanding thermal and electric conductivity in manufactured Cu components. Chemical contamination or manufacturing defects, such as porosity, significantly reduce the thermal and electric conductivity. The literature on post-processing (thermal and abrasive) of additively manufactured Cu is scarce. Therefore, this study discusses the correlation between as built and heat treated microstructure, as well as surface roughness on the EBM electric conductivity. EBSD analysis is performed to analyze the effect of microstructure on electric conductivity. The effect of sandblasting and vibratory finishing on surface roughness and electric conductivity is investigated. Additionally, the samples are mechanically tested in terms of hardness.

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30

Studenyak, I. P. "electric conductivity studies of composites based on (Cu1-xAgx)6PS5I superionic conductors." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo17.04.425.

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31

Neagu, Eugen R., and José N. Marat-Mendes. "Electric Field Strength Dependent Electric Conductivity in Highly Insulating Materials." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.920.

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The electric conductivity σ in highly insulating materials is determined by the equilibrium thermally generated carriers and by the injected carriers. The injected excess electrons will dominate the thermally generated electrons when the total number of injected electrons substantially exceeds the total number of initially empty electron traps existing in the material. Under these circumstances the electrical charge transport mechanism is no longer ohmic. In order to analyze the dependence of σ upon injected/trapped charge, isothermal and non-isothermal currents in Teflon FEP have been investigated at various temperatures, field strengths, in a vacuum or in ambient air conditions. At temperatures below 413 K, for charging times longer than about 10 s but shorter than about 600 s, the electric conductivity is almost electrical field strengths independent proving that the injected charge plays a minor role. For these conditions the charge is mostly trapped in superficial traps. At higher temperatures σ is field dependent. The final thermally stimulate discharge current has a peak around 500 K with a mean apparent activation energy around 1.35 eV. For a well conditioned sample the peak current is strongly dependent on the charging electric field and on the mean trapping depth of the injected charge. The relaxation time of the trapped charge is around 106 s at 523 K, proving that the injected charge is very stable, a fact of significant importance for applications.

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32

Jung, Young Joon, Young Seok Kim, Kyu Ho Lee, Tae Ho Kim, and Bong Ki Ryu. "Analysis of Electric Conductive Activation Energy from the Electric Conductivity of Silicate and Borate Glasses." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1451.

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This work is to compare the electric conductive activation energies with increasing Na2O in SiO2 and B2O3 glasses. The electrical conductivity is measured by TER2000 analyzer and it is compared with value calculated by Arrhenius equation. The conductivity of SiO2 system glasses is higher than B2O3 system glasses, and the highest value is 1.36 × 10-4 cm-1 in 60SiO2-40Na2O glass. The activation energy from conductivity is proportion to temperature and inverse proportion to Na2O contents. The activation energy is analyzed from density and CTE (thermal expansion coefficient).

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33

Chen, Qing Guo, He Qian Liu, Xiang Li Zhuge, Ming He Chi, and Xin Lao Wei. "Analysis of Electric Field Homogenization of Converter Transformer Barrier System Based on Nano Modification of Pressboard." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 940–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.940.

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In order to solve the problem of non-uniform electric field distribution in converter transformer barrier system caused by conductivity difference between the transformer oil and pressboard, the SiC(silicon carbide) modified pressboard was developed by nano doping method. The conductivity of modified pressboard was measured. The measuring results show that the conductivity of modified pressboard increases exponentially with the increase of nano SiC doping ratio. The electric field strength has obvious influence on conductivity at high nano doping ratio, which shows great nonlinear characteristic. Based on the nonlinear conductivity characteristic of modified pressboard, the homogenizing effect of the nano modified pressboard on electric field distribution was verified by simulation. The simulation results show that the electric field distribution under DC and polarity reversal voltage in barrier system can be well homogenized by using the nonlinear characteristic of nano modified pressboard.

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34

Alfeel, Faten, Fowzi Awad, and Fadi Qamar. "Changes of Thermal Conductivity , Optical Conductivity and Electric Conductivity of Porous Silicon with Porosity." Journal of New Technology and Materials 3, no. 1 (2013): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0010281.

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35

Shablovskii, Yaroslav Olegovich. "Conductivity of solid electrochemically inert polymers." Electrochemical Energetics 11, no. 2 (2011): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2011-11-2-87-92.

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Theoretical research of conductivity of polymeric insulators in the normal state and at emergency is carried out. Analytical description of temperature and electric effects on the normal conductivity of a polymer and on its electric longevity is given.

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36

Zhang, Li Peng, Xian Jin Yu, Zhi Wei Ge, Yun Hui Dong, Dang Gang Li, and Ya Li Zhang. "Research on Properties of SiC Coating Inert Anode for Aluminum Electrolysis." Materials Science Forum 686 (June 2011): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.686.623.

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The carbon composite materials with silicon carbide coating were prepared for aluminum electrolysis as inert anode. The oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity are researched respectively. The results showed that the inert anode had high anti-oxidation, corrosion resistance and high conductivity. The oxidation kinetics curve of the material obeys typical line-logarithmic law. The corrosion occurs mainly before 25 hours. The electric conductivity was stable and good, had the electric conductivity property of the semiconductor. The conductivity increased with temperature increasing, the conductivity at 850°C was 102S/cm

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37

Hosseini, Seyed Hossein, Amir Abbas Kazemi, and Seyed Arash Hosseini. "Preparation of Polycarbazole Nanofibers Using an Electric Field and the Investigation of Its Electrical Conductivity." Nanomanufacturing 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing3010007.

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In conventional chemical and electrochemical oxidation methods, it is very difficult to control the active centers, and the average prepared polymers are short and wide. The use of an electric field creates the most stable intermediate form of active centers, as well as permitting a longer half-life. Therefore, this increases the physical resistance and electrical conductivity of the polymer. In this paper, polycarbazole nanofibers were prepared using an electric field, reporting on its influences on the polymerization of carbazole. Therefore, its electrical conductivity and some physical properties were investigated. We observed the nanofibers’ shape, increasing electrical conductivity, thermal resistance and a higher molecular weight with the synthesized polycarbazole under an electric field compared to the polymer synthesized in the same conditions in the absence of an electric field. First, we chemically synthesized polycarbazole at different times. Additionally, to find the optimizing conditions, we changed certain parameters, such as the ratio of the obtained molar of initiator to monomer, the oxidant, initiator and solvent, separately, and compared the obtained results. Then, we repeated this reaction in the best conditions and under different electric fields in constant time, allowing us to characterize the shape, mass and conductivity. Next, the polymerization was carried out at the best electric field in different times. Finally, the best time and amount of electric field for polymerization were determined. The electrical conductivity of polycarbazoles was studied with the four-probe method. The conductivity of the films oxidized using FeCl3 (dry) and protonated with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) at 3 h was higher than 8.9 × 10−4 S/cm under a 12 KV/m electric field. Additionally, the results showed an enhanced thermal resistance to ageing.

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Liu, Shili, Wei Wei, Tao Liu, Zhaoyu Hui, Yuhua Hang, Huan Zheng, Changyou Suo, and Zhonghua Li. "Conductivity Characterization of Insulation and Its Effects on the Calculation of the Electric Field Distribution in HVDC Cables." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 17, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6647731.

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The calculation of an electric field distribution provides the basis for the structural design of the insulation, and an accurate characterization of conductivity as a function of temperature and electric field forms an important basis for the simulation of the electric field distribution in HVDC (high-voltage direct current) cables. However, the conductivity functions that describe the insulating materials used for HVDC cables in different studies are different, and very little has been reported regarding how to choose the most accurate function. In this work, the conductivity of insulating materials used for HVDC cables is characterized, and the effects of the conductivity characterization on the simulation of the electric field in HVDC cables are studied. First, eight common conductivity functions are compared qualitatively. Then, the conductivities of XLPE for different temperatures and electric fields are measured, and a data fitting technique is used to analyze the coincidence degree between different functions and the test results. Finally, the steady-state electric field distributions of HVDC cables for different temperature gradients are simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. The results show that the sum of the square of the relative errors of the fitting when using the original functions is larger than that achieved when using the logarithmic form of the functions. The deviations in the electric field caused by taking the logarithm of different functions are smaller.

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39

Khorasani, Amir, Seyed Mohammad Firoozabadi, and Zeinab Shankayi. "Conductivity change with needle electrode during high frequency irreversible electroporation: a finite element study." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0031.

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Abstract Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a process in which the cell membrane is damaged and leads to cell death. IRE has been used as a minimally invasive ablation tool. This process is affected by some factors. The most important factor is the electric field distribution inside the tissue. The electric field distribution depends on the electric pulse parameters and tissue properties, such as the electrical conductivity of tissue. The present study focuses on evaluating the tissue conductivity change due to high-frequency and low-voltage (HFLV) as well as low-frequency and high-voltage (LFHV) pulses during irreversible electroporation. We were used finite element analysis software, COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0, to calculate the conductivity change of the liver tissue. The HFLV pulses in this study involved 4000 bipolar and monopolar pulses with a frequency of 5 kHz, pulse width of 100 µs, and electric field intensity from 100 to 300 V/cm. On the other hand, the LFHV pulses, which we were used, included 8 bipolar and monopolar pulses with a frequency of 1 Hz, the pulse width of 2 ms and electric field intensity of 2500 V/cm. The results demonstrate that the conductivity change for LFHV pulses due to the greater electric field intensity was higher than for HFLV pulses. The most significant conclusion is the HFLV pulses can change tissue conductivity only in the vicinity of the tip of electrodes. While LFHV pulses change the electrical conductivity significantly in the tissue of between electrodes.

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Pathan, TS, and SE Shinde. "Water quality Parameters in Sindphana dam near Shirur Kasar, Beed District, Maharashtra State, India." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 49, no. 3 (April 28, 2022): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v49i3.58514.

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Water analysis is essential to preserve and protect the natural ecosystem, which depends on their physical, chemical and biological characteristics; these are directly linked with human welfare. This study was evaluated the physicochemical features of water and their relationships in Sindphana Dam near Shirur Kasar, Breed district, Maharashtra state, India between January and December 2012. This study shows the water quality parameters were fluctuated during the summer, monsoon and winter seasons in Sindphana Dam. In this study, air temperature was positively related to water temperature, transparency and pH while it was negatively related to electric conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO). The water temperature was positively related to air temperature, transparency and pH, while it was negatively related to electric conductivity and DO. Water transparency also negatively related to turbidity, electric conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Electric conductivity was positively related to turbidity, BOD and COD. The pH was negatively related to electric conductivity, DO, BOD and COD. The study indicated that the Sindphana Dam water quality parameters were acceptable limits for aquatic biota. Bangladesh J. Zool. 49 (3): 403-410, 2021

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41

Fang, Zhi Gang, and Chun Fang. "Novel Radar Absorbing Materials with Broad Absorbing Band: Carbon Foams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.246.

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Carbon foams were prepared by a polymer sponge replication method and their microwave absorbing properties were investigated in this paper. It was found that the electric conductivity of carbon foams increases quickly with the improvement of carbonization temperatures. Moreover, the electric conductivity of carbon foams strongly affects their microwave absorbing performances. As the electric conductivity increases from 0.02 S/m to 1.03 S/m, the dominant electromagnetic behavior of carbon foams changes from transmission to reflection with regard to the incident electromagnetic wave. The best microwave absorbing performance was achieved for the carbon foam with an electric conductivity of 0.46S/m when other parameters are fixed at constants, and absorbing values for the carbon foam exceeds 7dB almost in the whole measured frequency range of 4-15GHz, while the frequencies range for absorbing values exceeding 8dB are about 7 GHz, demonstrating a characteristic of broad absorbing bandwidth. It is to be noted that the absorbing characteristic for the carbon foam with an electric conductivity of 0.46S/m is obtained without any impedance match design, which indicates that carbon foams have the possibility to be applied as broad absorbing bandwidth RAMs.

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Li, Yuan, Kai Zhou, Guangya Zhu, Mingzhi Li, Shiyu Li, and Jiangong Zhang. "Study on the Influence of Temperature, Moisture and Electric Field on the Electrical Conductivity of Oil-Impregnated Pressboard." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163136.

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The main insulation of converter transformers consists of transformer oil and oil-impregnated pressboard. Under operating conditions, the valve-side winding of the converter transformer is subject to DC voltage components. Therefore, studies on the characteristics of oil-impregnated pressboard conductivity are necessary. In this paper, the temperature, moisture and electric field dependency of pressboard conductivity are investigated based on a specially designed three-electrode experimental chamber, which allows for a variation in temperature ranging from 25 °C to 120 °C and an electric field strength ranging from 0 to 30 kV/mm. The experimental results show that, within the experimental conditions, the conductivity of oil-impregnated pressboard increases exponentially with increasing moisture and temperature. High moisture and temperature will increase both the carrier concentration and carrier mobility, which explains the exponential correspondence. Furthermore, the electric field dependency of the conductivity is more obvious for wet pressboard than for dry pressboard. Protons in the wet pressboard are more easily accelerated by the electric field than the impurity ions in the oil of the dry pressboard, which leads to an obvious electric field dependency of the wet pressboard conductivity.

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Wang, Yi Chun, Xiao Xia Sun, Xiao Rong Tang, and Fa Cheng Wang. "Investigation of Thermal Conductivity of Alumina/Silicone Oil Electrorheological Fluids." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.421.

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Electrorheological (ER) fluids are new materials with good properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss or conductivity, which display remarkable rheological behavior, being able to convert rapidly and repeatedly from a liquid to solid when an electric field is applied or removed. In this study, suspensions of alumina (A) were prepared in silicone oil (SO). The effects of electric field strength and temperature of the suspensions on thermal conductivity were determined. Thermal conductivity measurement in different conditions was carried out via experimental instrument with high-voltage power supply and water heating device to investigate the effects of electric field strength and temperature on ER performance and thermal conductivity. The results show that the thermal conductivity is in accordance with ER properties enhanced by increasing the field strength and decreasing the temperature.

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44

Li, Bao Ping, Ben Niu, Jie Qiang Wang, Ping Li, and Sun Hao Wang. "Fabrication and Properties of Aluminum Nitide Ceramics Doped Carbon Nanotubes." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.559.

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Aluminum nitride ceramics doped carbon nanotubes were fabricated by dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into AlN powders homogenously. The densification, electric resistance, thermal conductivity and relative dielectric constant of AlN ceramics were investigated. It was found that MWNTs additives could purify the grain boundaries. Furthermore, it induced the increase of the thermal conductivity and the decrease of the relative dielectric constant. However, the linear shrinkage and electric resistance decreased with increasing MWNTs amount. AlN ceramics with high thermal conductivity and low relative dielectric constant were obtained without apparent decrease of electric resistivity.

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45

Zhu, Yankai, Gang Bai, Wei Li, and Cunfa Gao. "Phase-field simulation of nonvolatile ferroelectric-domain-wall memory." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 23 (December 21, 2022): 234102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123297.

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Ferroelectric domain walls differ in their electrical conductivity under different electric and elastic boundary conditions, and this performance can be used to design memories. A phase-field model is developed to explore the effect of elastic, temperature, and toroidal electric fields on the electrical conductivity for a prototype domain-wall memory unit embedded in a center-type quadrant topological domain structure. It shows that the toroidal electric field can switch two states of the domain wall with high and low conductivity repeatedly, and the conductivity can be tuned by the temperature, misfit strain, and thickness. This work might provide significant reference and technical guidance for the design and application of ferroelectric-domain-wall memory.

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46

Ilgenfritz, G., and F. Runge. "Electric field induced percolation in microemulsions: simulation of the electric conductivity." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 181, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(92)90197-x.

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47

Yang, Wei, Carlos Torres-Verdín, Junsheng Hou, and Zhiyi (Ian) Zhang. "1D subsurface electromagnetic fields excited by energized steel casing." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 4 (July 2009): E159—E180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3131382.

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We use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of enabling steel-cased wells as galvanic sources to detect and quantify spatial variations of electrical conductivity in the subsurface. The study assumes a vertical steel-cased well that penetrates electrically anisotropic horizontal layers. Simulations include a steel-cased vertical well with a finite-length thin wire of piecewise-constant electric conductivity and magnetic permeability. The steel-cased well is energized at the surface or within the borehole at an arbitrary depth with an electrode connected to a current source of variable frequency. Electromagnetic (EM) fields excited by the energized steel-cased well are simulated with an integral-equation approach. Results confirm the accuracy of the simulations when benchmarked against the whole-space solution of EM fields excited by a vertical electric dipole. Additional simulations consider a wide range of frequencies and subsurface conductivity values for several transmitter-receiver configurations, including borehole-to-surface and crosswell. The distribution of electric current along the steel-cased well is sensitive to vertical variations of electric conductivity in the host rock. In addition, numerical simulations indicate that crosswell and borehole-to-surface receiver configurations could reliably estimate vertical variations of electric conductivity within radial distances of up to [Formula: see text] for frequencies below [Formula: see text] and for average host rock electric conductivities below [Formula: see text].

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48

Kaminskii, V. M., Z. D. Kovalyuk, V. I. Ivanov, I. G. Tkachyuk, and V. V. Netyaga. "Electrical Properties of Cd Doped InSe Crystals." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 19, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.19.2.159-162.

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The measurements of electrical conductivity along (alternating electric field) and across (direct electric field)the crystallographic C axis of Cd‐doped indium selenide single crystals are carried out. The parameters of thehopping conductivity of InSe <Cd> are calculated.

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49

Kudryashov, M. A., A. A. Logunov, L. A. Mochalov, Yu P. Kudryashova, M. M. Trubyanov, A. V. Barykin, and I. V. Vorotyntsev. "Hopping Conductivity and Dielectric Relaxations in Ag/PAN Nanocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 3251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193251.

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The dependence of the conductivity and electric modulus of silver/polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites on the frequency of an alternating electric field has been studied at different temperatures and starting mixture AgNO3 contents. The frequency dependences on the conductivity of the nanocomposites in the range of 103–106 Hz are in good agreement with the power law f0.8. The observed relaxation maxima in the relation of the imaginary part of the electric modulus on the frequency can be explained by interfacial polarization. It was shown that the frequency dispersions of conductivity and electric modulus were well described by the Dyre and Cole-Davidson models, respectively. Using these models, we have estimated the relaxation times and the activation energies of these structures. A mechanism of charge transport responsible for the conductivity of nanocomposites is proposed. An assumption is made regarding the presence of Ag42+ and Ag82+ silver clusters in the polymer.

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Sorokin, V. M., A. K. Yaschenko, and M. Hayakawa. "A perturbation of DC electric field caused by light ion adhesion to aerosols during the growth in seismic-related atmospheric radioactivity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2007): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-155-2007.

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Abstract. The influence of variations in conductivity and external electric current variations in the lower atmosphere on DC electric field over a seismic region is investigated. The external current is formed with the occurrence of convective upward transport of charged aerosols and their gravitational sedimentation in the atmosphere. This effect is related with the occurrence of ionization source due to seismic-related emanation of radon and other radioactive elements into the lower atmosphere. An increase in atmosphere radioactivity level results in the appearance of additional sources of ionization, and altitude dependence of the ion formation rate is calculated. Ionization source varies the atmospheric conductivity and the external current through appearance of ions with equilibrium number density and their adhesion to aerosols. We have calculated the perturbation of conductivity and external electric current as a function of altitude. Variation of conductivity and external current in the lower atmosphere leads to a perturbation of electric current which flows in the global atmosphere-ionosphere circuit. Finally, perturbations of DC electric field both on the Earth's surface and in the ionosphere are estimated.

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