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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric circuit-breakers Testing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Et. al., Jagadeesh Peddapudi,. "Generate Various Parameters Of Trv Envelope Synthetic Test Circuit." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 1348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1345.

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The most basic transient a circuit breaker needs to suffer during its activity is the transient recovery voltage (TRV), started by the electric force system as a characteristic response on flow interference. To test high voltage CBs, direct testing utilizing the force system or short out alternators are not practical. The testing of high voltage Circuit Breakers (CBs) of bigger limit requires huge limit of testing station. An equal infusion of short out current and transient voltage to medium and high voltage circuit breaker (CB) by a synthetic model is examined. Transient recovery voltage is made by a capacitor bank and is applied to CB. An optical set off spark gap has been utilized to interrupt short circuit and to introduce of transient recovery voltage that is applied across the contacts of circuit breaker. Transient recovery voltage examination can never be done totally, as the advancement of circuit breaker development and organization configuration goes on. The most widely recognized way to deal with TRV examination is concerning the supposed planned TRV, in which a suspicion of dismissing association between circuit breaker itself and the innate system recovery voltage is being made. Notwithstanding, it actually is by all accounts qualified to examine what circuit breaker means for transient recovery voltage. An ideal grouping to open/close of reinforcement test article and helper circuit breakers inside suitable chance to infuse of recovery voltage. The impact of reactance of inductive flaw current limiter just as distance to blame in short line issue condition on pace of ascent of recovery voltage. A 4-boundaries TRV synthetic test circuit dependent on equal current infusion technique is planned and mimicked for testing 145kV rating circuit-breakers according to new TRV prerequisites given in IEC 62271-100.

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2

Awwad, Abdullah Eial, Mahmoud Al-Soud, Alaa Al-Quteimat, and Oleksandr Ushkarenko. "Simulation-Based Analysis of Dynamics of Autonomous Electric Power Systems." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 9, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.090405.

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This paper is devoted to the development of a model of an autonomous electric power system to study random processes of voltage, current and power changes in emergency and dynamic operation modes. A diagram for calculating short-circuit currents has been presented, which was focused on a typical wide range of autonomous power plants with three diesel generator units. A model of an autonomous power plant has been developed, allowing to solve the assignments of determining short-circuit currents and starting currents of electric power machines. The equivalent network of the studied power system for transient calculations has been presented. Thus, the voltage waveforms have been obtained. A comparative assessment of theoretical calculation methods and simulation analysis demonstrated a high degree of accuracy of the simulation results. The use of approach suggested in the article and the developed model allows to increase the accuracy of conclusions when testing the abruptly variable processes and to make the most reasonable choice of measures to improve the quality of electricity and the reliability of electrical equipment. In particular, simulation analysis and obtaining transient curves for starting powerful consumers allow more accurately choose the type of circuit breakers used and the related configuration parameters.

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3

Avadhoot Kittur, Dikhsita Choudhary, and Dr. Robert Michael Slepian. "Comparison of Numerical Methods for Thermal Performance Evaluation of Circuit Protection Devices in EV Application." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.2.9.

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With the growing demand of electric vehicles, design of circuit protection devices is now an important consideration in automobile industry. Modern day circuit protection devices have been constantly undergoing miniaturization due to requirement of minimizing the foot print for use in electrical vehicles and aerospace applications. This size reduction makes thermal management one of the most important aspects of their design. Use of numerical model to predict heat transfer can significantly reduce the cost and time required in testing physical prototypes. In this paper, three different approaches for numerically predicting temperature rise of circuit breakers are discussed and compared from the point of view of accuracy and computational effort. The three methods are 1) Finite volume based analysis in which conjugate heat transfer inside and outside the breaker is modelled by solving Navier-Stokes equations 2) Finite element based heat conduction model in which convection is modelled as boundary condition instead of solving for fluid motion, and 3) Thermal network based model which uses electrical analogy of heat transfer to solve a thermal resistance network. In the first two iterative models mentioned above, heat generation from current-carrying parts is calculated by solving Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetics by Finite element method. Eddy current losses and temperature dependence of electrical conductivity is considered in the calculation of heat loss. In all three methods, electrical and thermal contact resistances are added at appropriate locations based on analytical calculations. All three methods have been validated with temperature rise test results. In this paper, the heat loss and temperature of a molded case circuit breaker have been predicted by all three methods discussed above. It is observed that the Finite volume-based method is the most accurate amongst the three methods. It can computationally predict air motion and air temperature at critical locations. However, this additional accuracy comes at the cost of added effort in terms of additional mesh count and computation. The Finite elementbased method gives good accuracy but does not predict air temperature. The analytical network-based model is less accurate compared to other methods and relies on product expertise and experience. Based on the study, the following recommendations are made:1) The finite element-based method is best suited to evaluate designs which do not alter flow pattern significantly 2) The finite volume method is recommended to evaluate effect of flow altering design changes 3) The network-based model is recommended for initial evaluation of correct cross sections of current carrying members.

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4

Thuries, E., P. Van Doan, J. Dayet, and B. Joyeux-Bouillon. "Synthetic Testing Method for Generator Circuit Breakers." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 1 (January 1986): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5528242.

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5

Runde, M., G. E. Ottesen, B. Skyberg, and M. Ohlen. "Vibration Analysis for Diagnostic Testing of Circuit Breakers." IEEE Power Engineering Review 16, no. 10 (October 1996): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1996.4311023.

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6

Thuries, E., P. Van Doan, J. Dayet, and B. Joyeux-Bouillon. "Synthetic Testing Method for Generator Circuit Breakers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1, no. 1 (1986): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1986.4307905.

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7

Vasiliev, S. A., E. G. Egorov, G. E. Egorov, E. N. Kadyshev, A. G. Kulagina, N. Yu Luiya, and I. K. Nikiforov. "Testing Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers for Ultimate Breaking Capacity." Russian Electrical Engineering 92, no. 8 (August 2021): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371221080137.

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8

van der Sluis, L., and W. A. van der Linden. "Short-Circuit Testing Methods for Generator Circuit-Breakers with a Parallel Resistor." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 10 (October 1985): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5528683.

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9

Frohlich, K. J. "Synthetic Testing of Circuit Breakers Equipped With a Low OHMIC Resistor with Special Respect to Generator Circuit Breakers." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-5, no. 8 (August 1985): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1985.5526408.

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10

Voshall, R. E., and A. Lee. "Capacitor Energy Storage Synthetic Testing of H.V.D.C. Circuit Breakers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1, no. 1 (1986): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1986.4307906.

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11

Der Sluis, L., and W. Van Der Linden. "Short Circuit Testing Methods for Generator Circuit Breakers with a Parallel Resistor." IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, no. 10 (October 1985): 2713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.319112.

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12

Cwikowski, Oliver, Roger Shuttleworth, Mike Barnes, Antony Beddard, and Bin Chang. "Fault current testing envelopes for VSC HVDC circuit breakers." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 10, no. 6 (April 21, 2016): 1393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0863.

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13

Frohlich, K. J. "Synthetic Testing of Circuit Breakers Equipped With a Low Ohmic Parallel Resistor (With Special Respect to Generator Circuit Breakers)." IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, no. 8 (August 1985): 2283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpas.1985.318810.

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14

Voshall, R. E., and A. Lee. "Capacitor Energy Storage Synthetic Testing of H. V. D. C. Circuit Breakers." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-6, no. 1 (January 1986): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1986.5528243.

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15

Su, Jiawei, Ken Chen, and Qi Wang. "Difference Analysis of Operation Stability of Vacuum Circuit Breaker in 10KV Power Distribution System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2202, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2202/1/012047.

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Abstract As an important part of power transmission and transformation equipment, vacuum circuit breakers have become the core device for protecting and controlling electrical lines in high-voltage electrical equipment. This paper expounds the different types of test methods for the preventive test of high and low voltage distribution rooms. Taking the 10kV high and low voltage distribution system in use as the analysis object, 37 units are randomly selected as samples, and statistical principles are used to analyze differences, extract point estimation and interval Estimating eigenvalues, judging the stability and balance of the overall operation of the vacuum circuit breaker in the power distribution system, and providing a basis for the safe use and preventive testing of the power distribution system.

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16

Ansyori, Ansyori, Irsyadi Yani, and Eric Rahman. "EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND TESTING TRANSFER VOLTAGE REFERRING TO IEC 156 STANDARD USING VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) WITH OIL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING." Indonesian Journal of Engineering and Science 2, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51630/ijes.v2i2.17.

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Isolation is a separator between conductors in electrical equipment that prevents flashover, resulting in a short circuit or electrical failure. Isolation is critical in electrical appliances, exceptionally High Voltage Power Equipment (HVPE), to ensure the safety of circuit breakers, capacitors, and transformers. In addition to being an isolator, the insulating liquid material also serves to cool the heat generated by electrical appliances. Isolator with mineral oil-based transformer has various environmental issues, including non-biodegradability, non-renewability, and rarity. Because it is environmentally safe and extensively used, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an alternative transformer oil insulation. This study aims to determine the properties of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) breakdown voltage using the IEC 156 standard and oil temperature conditioning. According to the test results, the oil breakdown voltage before heating (at room temperature) is 14 kV, which is much below the IEC 156 standard, and the breakdown voltage after heating at 90 ° is 35 kV, and 110 ° is 40 kV, which is even higher than the IEC 156 requirement

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17

Kaumanns, J., K. Möller, and H. Weinert. "New testing method for the classification of contact materials for vacuum circuit breakers." European Transactions on Electrical Power 10, no. 2 (September 7, 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450100206.

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18

Hopper, Warren. "One Mill's Experience Using MAC Testing to Evaluate Vacuum Interrupter Integrity in 15 kV Vacuum Circuit Breakers." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2016.2603459.

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19

Langenberg, Nils, Simon Kimpeler, and Albert Moser. "Interconnecting Power-Electronic Buck Converter Modules in a Novel High-Power Test Bench for MVDC Circuit Breakers." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 7915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217915.

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Advances in medium voltage direct current (MVDC) technologies and the penetration of extended MVDC systems are still significantly hindered by the lack of adequate direct current (DC) switching equipment. The fundamentally different fault current behavior in case of a DC fault, compared to faults in alternating current (AC) systems, with regard to the characteristics and development of fault currents and their interruption make dedicated test procedures necessary. One testing approach is the application of a power-electronic buck converter (PEBC) to simulate relevant stresses on DC switching equipment during a DC fault current interruption. Since the associated requirements, especially regarding current ratings of several kiloamperes, cannot be fulfilled by using a singular PEBC, a modularization becomes necessary. However, particularly in high-power applications, the interconnection of several PEBC modules poses significant challenges. In this article, a demonstrator PEBC-based high-power test circuit for the provision of relevant testing parameters is presented. The underlying challenges and respective solutions with regard to the interconnection of, in total, 120 individual PEBC modules are discussed. It can be shown that the harmonization of connection busbar inductances is the main contributor towards a stable and safe test circuit operation.

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20

Fu, Ruiyun, Sagar Bhatta, Joseph M. Keller, and Yucheng Zhang. "Assessment of Cable Length Limit for Effective Protection by Z-Source Circuit Breakers in DC Power Networks." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020183.

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This paper introduces groundbreaking research on how to assess the Cable Length Limit (CLL) to ensure effective protection by Z-source Circuit Breakers (ZCBs) in DC power networks. It has been revealed that the line parameters of power cables have a significant impact on the cutoff performance of ZCBs. The question of assessing the CLL has been raised as an unsolved problem. In this paper, a method of CLL assessment is proposed based on physical models and simulation tests. To verify the proposed method, two studies were performed to assess the Cable Length Limits depending on fault levels and power delivery levels, respectively. The ZCB parameters were specified for a simulation testing system for a 5 MW distribution line feeder. The effectiveness of ZCB protection was tested in groups of simulation tests with various impacting quantities, i.e., cable lengths, fault current levels, and power delivery levels. The effective cable lengths for the ZCB to detect and successfully interrupt a faulty branch in the DC network were assessed and analyzed. The testing results prove that the CLL decreases along with a decreasing fault current level, as well as an increasing power delivery level. Based on data analysis, an equation was derived to calculate the effective length of the ZCB for DC lines, and the equation can be used to generate new CLL curves for various load-power requirements. This study could increase the reliability of a ZCB’s response to a fault in DC transmission and distribution lines. It could also help power system designers/operators to maintain reliable protection with ZCBs in DC power system networks.

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21

Smeets, René P. P., Arman Derviškadić, Adriaan B. Hofstee, Roy M. Nijman, Nadew A. Belda, and Benjamin Baum. "Innovative T&D Switching Equipment and Development of its Testing Technology." B&H Electrical Engineering 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2021-0001.

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Abstract A short overview of the developments in the overall transmission and distribution industry in South East Europe is presented in this contribution. Furthermore, as the present journal focuses on breaking and switching in HV and MV switchgears, several technology innovations in T&D switchgear have been identified, at global level. In almost all cases, the ongoing energy transition is the main driver of these innovations. In this contribution, based on test-experience and overview of the industry, innovations are grouped by drivers, with each of them having its impact on testing technology. These drivers are the following: 1. Increase of ratings: the ongoing trend of co-existence of micro-, local- and super-grids. The consequences for testing of switchgear for UHV and very large current are highlighted: 2. Offshore transmission: compactness and reliability are requirements stretched to the limit for this application. Very long cables for AC and HVDC power transmission, even in a multi-terminal topology will have impact on switchgear. 3. Health safety and environment: here, the major switchgear related discussion is on SF6 replacement and reduction of electrical losses. Various issues related to SF6 replacement will be highlighted. In addition, a recent project intended to quantify the hazard of aluminium bus bars in power stations affected by long duration fault arcs is described. 4. HVDC and power electronics: circuit breakers are going to be installed in multi-terminal HVDC grids. Testing of HVDC breakers, regarding the complete interruption current process is described. 5. Digitalization: switchgear is going to be communicating with the IEC 61850 communication protocol. This will impact testing for which laboratories need to prepare. The introduction of smaller micro-electronics (sensors, IED) closer to primary HV components and its high-frequency transients need careful consideration regarding operation, endurance, and lifetime. 6. Resilience and fault mitigation: Resilience against severe weather conditions, vandalism and cyber-attacks calls for resistant equipment and robust mobile equ ipment/substations that can 6be deployed very rapidly still having an extreme degree of readiness and availability. 7. Quality assurance of products in the face of a pandemic and a lockdown requires adequate methods of a remote digital access to test, and factory sites for type testing and inspection.

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22

Valentina Lungu, Magdalena. "Tungsten-Copper Composites for Arcing Contact Applications." Material Science Research India 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/170304.

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The study presents the research findings on electrical contact materials based on tungsten-copper (W-Cu) composites containing 72 ± 3 wt.% W, rest Cu, and up to 1.5 wt.% Ni. Cylindrical sintered parts with 57 ± 0.5 mm in diameter and 12 ± 0.5 mm in height were manufactured by pressing, sintering, and liquid infiltration route, then were mechanically polished and processed as complex shape protection rings used as arcing contacts in high voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs). The surface elemental composition of the sintered parts was determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The density was determined by hydrostatic weighing in ethanol. The arithmetic mean surface roughness was measured by contact profilometry. The microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The electrical conductivity was measured by eddy current method. The thermal diffusivity and specific heat were determined by laser flash analysis. Instrumented indentation testing and two computational methods (Oliver & Pharr, and Martens hardness) were employed to study the mechanical properties under quadratic loading and continuous multi cycle (CMC) indentation mode. The functional behavior of the arcing contacts was assessed in terms of static and dynamic contact resistance in operation in minimum oil HVCBs of 110 kV. The properties investigation revealed highly dense contact parts with homogeneous microstructure, Vickers hardness of 260-374, elastic modulus of 185-311 GPa, as well as good electrical and thermal conductivity. The arcing contacts proved a good functional behavior. in service, too. The results endorse the developed sintered contact materials for implementation in practical applications.

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23

Kumpalavalee, Suphon, Thanapong Suwanasri, Cattareeya Suwanasri, and Rattanakorn Phadungthin. "D-Distance Technique to Determine Failure Probability of Power Circuit Breaker." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020847.

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In this paper, a new D-distance factor is proposed to determine the failure probability and to prioritize maintenance actions of power circuit breakers in high-voltage substations. The D-distance factor is calculated by using the condition index and renovation index of a high-voltage circuit breaker (HVCB). To facilitate effective decision-making on maintenance with a simple method and less computational effort, the proposed model incorporates the weighting–scoring method (WSM) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with the various diagnostic methods for condition index assessments as well as the operation requirements of HVCBs for renovation index assessments. Many significant parameters from circuit breaker testing, such as insulation resistance, contact resistance, contact timing, SF6 gas measurements, gas leakage rate, visual inspection, etc., have been considered for condition index determination. In addition to these, other significant parameters, such as age of the circuit breaker, age of the interrupter and mechanism, number of fault current interruptions, actual load current to rated current ratio, actual short circuit current to rated interrupting current ratio, maintenance ability, spare parts availability, maintenance expertise level, etc., are also considered for renovation index determination. To validate the proposed model, the practical test data of twenty 115 kV HVCBs in various substations of a distribution utility in Thailand were utilized and tested. By analyzing the actual condition and operation requirement of the circuit breaker, the output, as the condition index and renovation index using the proposed method, is discussed with HVCB experts in the utility to adjust the scores and weights of all criteria to obtain the most accurate and reliable model. The results show that the D-distance technique measured from the risk matrix, which is defined as the failure probability, can be used to rank the maintenance schedule from urgent to normal maintenance tasks. In addition, various failure probabilities in the risk matrix of the circuit breaker can be used to determine the appropriate maintenance strategies for the power circuit breaker in each group. Finally, the proposed method could help the utility managers and maintenance engineers manage the maintenance planning effectively and easily for thousands of HVCBs in the grid, and it can be further applied with other high-voltage equipment in both transmission and distribution systems to facilitate the maintenance activities according to available costs and human resources.

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24

Guo, Ze, Linjing Li, Weimeng Han, and Zixuan Guo. "SF6 High-Voltage Circuit Breaker Contact Status Detection at Different Currents." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 8490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218490.

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Currently, the online non-destructive testing (NDT) methods to measure the contact states of high-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) with SF6 gas as a quenching medium are lacking. This paper aims to put forward a novel method to detect the contact state of an HVCB based on the vibrational signal. First, for a 40.5-kV SF6 HVCB prototype, a mechanical vibration detection system along with a high-current generator to provide the test current is designed. Given this, vibration test experiments are carried out, and the vibration signal data under various currents and corresponding contact states are obtained. Afterward, a feature extraction method based on the frequency is designed. The state of the HVCB contacts is then determined using optimized deep neural networks (DNNs) along with the method of adaptive moment estimation (Adam) on the obtained experimental data. Finally, the hyperparameters for the DNNs are tuned using the Bayesian optimization (BO) technique, and a global HVCB contact state recognition model at various currents is proposed. The obtained results clearly depict that the proposed recognition model can accurately identify five various contact states of HVCBs for the currents between 1000 A and 3500 A, and the recognition accuracy rate is above 96%. The designed experimental and theoretical analysis in our study will provide the references for future monitoring and diagnosis of faults in HVCBs.

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25

Khalyasmaa, Alexandra. "Machine learning as a tool of high-voltage electrical equipment lifecycle control enhancement." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, no. 5 (October 2020): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-5-1093-1104.

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The purpose of the study is to analyze the practical implementation of high-voltage electrical equipment technical state estimation subsystems as a part of solving the lifecycle management problem based on machine learning methods and taking into account the effect of the adjacent power system operation modes. To deal with the problem of power equipment technical state analysis, i.e. power equipment state pattern recognition, XGBoost based on gradient boosting decision tree algorithm is used. Its main advantages are the ability to process gapped data and efficient operation with tabular data for solving classification and regression problems. The author suggests the formation procedure of correct and sufficient initial database for high-voltage equipment state pattern recognition based on its technical diagnostic data and the algorithm for training and testing sets creation in order to improve the identification accuracy of power equipment actual state. The description and justification of the machine learning method and corresponding error metrics are also provided. Based on the actual states of power transformers and circuit breakers the sets of technical diagnostic parameters that have the greatest impact on the accuracy of state identification are formed. The effectiveness of using power systems operation parameters as additional features is also confirmed. It is determined that the consideration of operation parameters obtained by calculation as a part of the training set for high-voltage equipment technical state identification makes it possible to improve the tuning accuracy. The developed structure and approaches to power equipment technical state analysis supplemented by power system operation mode data and diagnostic results provide an information link between the tasks of technological and dispatch control. This allows us to consider the task of power system operation mode planning from the standpoint of power equipment technical state and identify the priorities in repair and maintenance to eliminate power network “bottlenecks”.

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26

Li, Lin. "System anti-jamming technology in the design of intelligent single chip computer constant current source of field strength machine." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, May 22, 2021, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-219073.

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With the development of the electric power industry, the technical level of automatic testing equipment for the reliability of electrical component circuit breakers in the transmission and distribution network is getting higher and higher. The stability and accuracy of the test power supply are the basis for ensuring the pass rate of the test product. Most of the electrical testing and testing equipment has defects such as inaccurate power supply current regulation, low power, and low level of intelligence, which are difficult to meet the testing requirements. Based on the theory of a closed-loop control system, this paper adopts embedded system design technology to realize a high-current, high-power, high-stability digital constant current source system for line detection. This paper studies the rule-based intelligent anti-jamming decision engine design and system anti-jamming performance analysis of NC-OFDM system. We give the design of an intelligent anti-jamming decision engine based on rule-based decision-making, and focus on two intelligent anti-jamming decision-making algorithms: Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) algorithm based on signal-to-noise ratio difference and packet error rate and Adaptive Sub-Band Selection (ASBS) algorithm. Experimental test results show that the output current range is 200 mA to 2000 mA, the system has realized a microstep adjustment of±5 mA, and the absolute error of current measurement is less than 0.3%+4 mA. The system is stable and reliable, and has high practical value in the field of high precision and low power.

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27

Jia, Shenli, Qiang Tang, Shixin Xiu, Zhisong Long, Ke Qin, Zongqian Shi, and Yongpeng Mo. "Current interruption tests of HVDC circuit‐breakers: Requirements, methods and a testing case." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, May 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/gtd2.12511.

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28

"Correction to “Testing of Reactor Switching for UHV Circuit Breakers” [Jun 15 1172-1178]." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 31, no. 2 (April 2016): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2016.2540939.

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