Journal articles on the topic 'Electric Cars Improvements'
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1
Jeon, Seungho, Minyoung Roh, Almas Heshmati, and Suduk Kim. "An Assessment of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Passenger Cars in South Korea." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174533.
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The shift in consumer preferences for large-sized cars has increased the energy intensity (EI) of passenger cars, while growth in battery electric vehicle (BEV) sales has decreased EI in recent years in South Korea. In order to lower passenger cars’ EI, the South Korean government has implemented the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards with a credit system, in which the sale of one energy-efficient car (for example, a BEV) can get multiple credits. This study analyzes CAFE standards in terms of both the EI improvement sensitivity scenarios and the degree of credits for BEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) by using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). In this study, passenger cars include small, medium, and large sedans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs) of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), BEVs, and FCEVs. The findings of this study are as follows: First, from the policy design perspective, a proper setting of the credit system for BEVs and FCEVs is a very important variable for automakers to achieve CAFE standards. Second, from the technology promotion perspective, active promotion of fuel efficiency improvements through CAFE standards are important since Better-EI and Best-EI scenarios are found to achieve CAFE standards even when a BEV or a FCEV receives a credit of one car sale in 2030.
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Revuelta Herrero, Jorge, Gabriel Villarrubia, Alberto L. Barriuso, Daniel Hernández, Álvaro Lozano, and Marco Antonio De La Serna González. "Wireless controller and smartphone based interaction system for electric bicycles." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 4, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij2015445968.
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Throughout the last years, great improvements have been made in the automotive industry, a sector with a high impact in both economics and social environments. Many development efforts have targeted on satisfying the need of providing smart environments to the end user in vehicles, such as cars. This paper proposes a brand-new solution in the automotive field, consisting of a new product family which aims to transform the traditional bicycle to an electric bicycle using an architecture that provides an adaptive environment to the user, improving the driving experience enabling value-added services.
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Mohammad, Khalid S., and Aqeel S. Jaber. "Comparison of electric motors used in electric vehicle propulsion system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp11-19.
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Now days, it is vital to use electric vehicles (EVs) instead of traditional cars with internal combustion engines (ICEs) in order to reduce the high level of pollution in the environment, and many researchers are investigating the possible improvements on these vehicles. The main component of EVs is the electric motor and the selection of a motor with high efficiency, excellent dynamic response and high starting torque has a strong effect on the performance of EVs. In addition to that a reasonable price for the electric motor is required. This work focuses on the selection of the most suitable electric motor for EVs. Therefore a detailed study to compare between the performance of the major types of electric motors that are used in EVs is addressed in this paper. The results of this comparative study is tabulated and by careful consideration for all these results, the appropriate electric motor for EVs has been chosen. From the other hand, the artificial intelligent (AI) techniques play a crucial role in the EVs technologies, and several kinds of AI techniques used in EVs applications are overviewed in this work.
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Sałabun, Wojciech, Krzysztof Palczewski, and Jarosław Wątróbski. "Multicriteria Approach to Sustainable Transport Evaluation under Incomplete Knowledge: Electric Bikes Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123314.
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The problem of sustainable city transport is a growing field of study, and will be addressed in this paper. With the rising significance of present transportation systems’ negative externalities on the environment, such as the unavoidable increase of air pollution levels, cities seek sustainable means of transport and reduction of combustion cars’ utilization. Moreover, improvements in the area of renewable energy sources have led to rising trends in sustainability, driving the usage and production of electric vehicles. Currently, there is an increasing tendency of looking for more sustainable transport solutions, especially in highly congested urban areas. It seems that in that case, electric bicycles can be a good option, as they yield more benefits in comparison to cars, especially combustion cars. In this paper, we identify an assessment model for the selection of the best electric bicycle for sustainable city transport by using incomplete knowledge. For this purpose, the Characteristic Objects METhod (COMET) is used. The COMET method, proven effective in the assessment of sustainable challenges, is a modern approach, utterly free of the rank reversal phenomenon. The evaluated model considers investigated multiple criteria and is independent of chosen alternatives in the criteria domain. Hence, it can be easily modified and extended for diverse sets of decisional variants. Moreover, the presented approach allows assessing alternatives under conditions of incomplete knowledge, where some data are presented as possible interval numbers.
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Chen, Pengfei, Ziwei Lin, Tian Tan, and Yongzheng Zhang. "Lithium-Ion Battery Development with High Energy Density." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3849.
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With the increasing development of technology, the battery's energy density has improved significantly, which led to improvements in numerous fields, such as the manufacture of electrical vehicles and phones. However, we found out that the battery's energy density is still not as high as expected. For example, electric aircraft are still not ready for mass production as the cost of the production is magnificent. This report will start with the introduction of batteries and how batteries are related to electrical cars to find out the energy density problems of batteries and how to solve those problems. Next, there will be an introduction to electrodes and electrolytes. We will focus on the different properties provided by different materials used to make them up and how to select them.
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Hossain, M. S., Laveet Kumar, M. M. Islam, and Jeyraj Selvaraj. "A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Development." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3868388.
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In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us understand the impact on the environment and health benefits. However, the summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there is a lack of integrative reviews that assess the global demand and development of EVs simultaneously and collectively. This review would provide insight for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.
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Spreafico, Christian, and Davide Russo. "Exploiting the Scientific Literature for Performing Life Cycle Assessment about Transportation." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 7548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187548.
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This paper provides an overview of the environmental impacts of different types of passenger transportation means (i.e., bicycles, motorcycles, cars, buses, trains, and airplanes). The method has been applied to the European scenario. The study was performed by using life cycle assessment in accordance with international standard ISO 14040/44 for assessing the CO2 eq., SO2, and PM10 of the transportation means by exploiting data (i.e., vehicles features and environmental impacts) from 24 scientific papers from the literature that have been manually analyzed. The functional unit is defined as the impact per 1 passenger over 1 km. The study identified that planes are the most impacting for CO2 eq. with up to 380 g/pkm, while cars are the most impacting for SO2 with up to 1.78 g/pkm and PM10 with 0.98 g/pkm. Electric and hybrid models proved to be significantly better than others, while buses are the most sustainable in general. Referring to the overall European scenario, cars constitute up to 95% of the overall impacts. By comparing some improvements for reducing the impacts, it emerged that the limitation of diesel cars along with the increase of buses and trains are the most effective. The provided outcomes may be useful for legislators, manufacturers, and users for favoring the choice of the transportation means in a more environmentally conscious way.
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Danielis, Romeo, Mariangela Scorrano, Alessandro Massi Pavan, and Nicola Blasuttigh. "Simulating the Diffusion of Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic, Battery Storage Systems and Electric Cars in Italy. An Exploratory Study Combining a Discrete Choice and Agent-Based Modelling Approach." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010557.
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Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems could significantly contribute to renewable energy production and reduce domestic energy costs. In Italy, as in other countries, the current incentives generate a modest annual increase after the generous fiscal incentives that kick-started the PV market in the 2008–2013 period. Several factors are, however, at play that can speed up the installation process, such as the improvements in PV technology at declining prices, the increased availability of battery-storage (BS) systems, the growing use of electric appliances, the uptake of electric cars, and the increased environmental awareness. We integrate two research methodologies, discrete choice modeling and agent-based modeling, to understand how these factors will influence households’ decisions regarding PV and BS installations and how agents interact in their socioeconomic environment. We predict that in Italy, given the preference structure of homeowners, the continuing decline in costs, and the social interaction, 40–45% of homeowners will have PV or PV and BS installed by 2030, thanks to the existing investment tax credit policy.
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Stepanović, Nemanja, and Vladan Tubić. "Analysis of ecological benefits of traffic flow electrification." Put i saobraćaj 65, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.65.02.04.
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Road transport is responsible for 22% of the total CO2 emissions, 39% of NOx emission and 10% share of particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5) emission. The use of passenger cars, as an extremely dominant category of vehicles, is at constant growth, which causes an increase or insufficient reduction of Greenhouse Gas emission, despite the technological improvements of exaust emission devices. Due to the growing harmful effects on the environment and human health, as well as the recent scandals associated with internal combustion engine tehcnology („Dieselgate scandal”), development of new technology is fast forward toward electric vehicles.The biggest automotive corporations plans dominant fleet electrification in the next 10 years. However, sudden share increase of the electric vehicles in the traffic flow can lead to the capacity overcoming of the electricity grid network, or the issue of the "ecological footprint" of such a trend. In this paper, the overall environmental impact (so-called Well-to-Wheel analysis) of the increasing number of electric vehicles was analysed. Comparison analysis of vehicles equipped with internal combustion egines and electric vehicles showed the absence of Greenhouse Gass emisson reduction in countries with low percentage of electricity gained from renewable energy sources. Well-to-Wheel analysis was also conducted for several scenarios of electric vehicles participation in traffic flow in Republic of Serbia i.e their influence on electricity grid network and its emission.
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Karamuk, Mustafa, and Orhan Behic Alankus. "Development and Experimental Implementation of Active Tilt Control System Using a Servo Motor Actuator for Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15061996.
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Light electric vehicles are alternative solutions to passenger cars in terms their lower costs and space saving in city traffic. Narrow tilting vehicles (NTV), known also as three–wheeled vehicles, can be equipped with an active tilting stability controller that tilts the vehicle automatically during cornering to enable lateral stability. There are mainly direct tilt control (DTC), steering tilt control (STC), and combined DTC–STC methods described in the literature. The DTC method is typically applied up to 10 km/h vehicle speeds. Considering city traffic and frequent start–stop cycles, the DTC method needs to be improved in terms of lower actuator torque and energy consumption. DTC can be designed by using either hydraulic or servo motor actuators. In state of the art, the servo motor actuator has not been studied in detail considering its integration and application aspects. Mostly, the actuator has been considered as a black box model. Proposed control method in this study enables improvements in the direct tilt control system (DTC) in terms of reducing the actuator peak torque and enables the application of DTC at higher vehicle speeds. Regarding the modeling of the electric actuator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor and field-oriented control model are also included in the simulation model. Modelling of the electric actuator enables accurate representation of actuator dynamics. In this way, battery Ah capacity can be sized and energy consumption of the electric actuator can be calculated for a given drive cycle. To this end, objective of this study is to design a direct tilt control method including the electrical drives and motion control concepts. In this way, an application methodology of the servo motor actuator is developed and implemented on a narrow tilting three-wheeled electric vehicle. Interactions between tilt control system and the servo motor actuator system are described from practical aspects.
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Broadbent, Gail Helen, Thomas Oliver Wiedmann, and Graciela Isabel Metternicht. "Electric Vehicle Uptake: Understanding the Print Media’s Role in Changing Attitudes and Perceptions." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (September 30, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040174.
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Passenger motor vehicle transport is a significant and growing emissions source contributing to climate change. Switching from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EV) would significantly reduce most countries’ emissions, but for many consumers perceived barriers deter EV adoption. Consequently, government policies designed to incentivise a transition to EVs could benefit from consideration of the utility of communication channels such as print media for influencing consumer behaviour. This research explores the role that media and other communication channels writing about EVs play in consumer perceptions and awareness of government-initiated programs and policies to incentivise EV market transition. Using mixed methods of a media review and New Zealand car buyer surveys (questionnaires, interviews) (n = 893), we identified car buyers’ media use to update knowledge about cars, perceptions about EVs, and likelihood to buy, and tested awareness and popularity of incentives. We derive recommendations for policy improvements to accelerate EV uptake, including a significant role for the print media to disseminate relevant information, increase awareness of policies, and shift perceptions about EVs. We argue that social marketing programs should be enhanced to overcome lack of knowledge and misinformation, focusing on the market segment next most likely to buy EVs.
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Jeon, Young-Eun, Suk-Bok Kang, and Jung-In Seo. "Hybrid Predictive Modeling for Charging Demand Prediction of Electric Vehicles." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 5426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095426.
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In recent years, the supply of electric vehicles, which are eco-friendly cars that use electric energy rather than fossil fuels, which cause air pollution, is increasing. Accordingly, it is emerging as an urgent task to predict the charging demand for the smooth supply of electric energy required to charge electric vehicle batteries. In this paper, to predict the charging demand, time series analysis is performed based on two types of frames: One is using traditional time series techniques such as dynamic harmonic regression, seasonal and trend decomposition using Loess, and Bayesian structural time series. The other is the most widely used machine learning techniques, including random forest and extreme gradient boosting. However, the tree-based machine learning approaches have the disadvantage of not being able to capture the trend, so a hybrid strategy is proposed to overcome this problem. In addition, the seasonal variation is reflected as the feature by using the Fourier transform which is useful in the case of describing the seasonality patterns of time series data with multiple seasonality. The considered time series models are compared and evaluated through various accuracy measures. The experimental results show that the machine learning approach based on the hybrid strategy generally achieves significant improvements in predicting the charging demand. Moreover, when compared with the original machine learning method, the prediction based on the proposed hybrid strategy is more accurate than that based on the original machine learning method. Based on these results, it can find out that the proposed hybrid strategy is useful for smoothly planning future power supply and demand and efficiently managing electricity grids.
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Ewert, Amelie, Mascha Brost, Christine Eisenmann, and Sylvia Stieler. "Small and Light Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of Feasible Transport Impacts and Opportunities for Improved Urban Land Use." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 8098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198098.
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Improvements in battery technology have resulted in small and light electric vehicles (LEVs) appearing on the market in Europe since 2011—however, their market share is still comparatively low. Low energy requirements and small size can potentially contribute to sustainable mobility in terms of climate protection and reduced local emissions. Our study evaluates how three-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, categorised as L-Class according to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013, can contribute to more efficient use of space in urban areas. Evaluations of expert interviews, an extensive literature research, and analyses of the German national household travel survey (MiD) serve as the basis of the study. First, the substitution potential of trips through LEVs is explored using MiD data. Our findings show that between 17% and 49% of trips made and 6% to 30% of the distance covered by private trips can theoretically be substituted by LEVs. Thus, reorganisation of current land use offers potential and additionally, LEVs are an attractive and sustainable addition to other means of transport and contribute to achieving the climate protection goals of the transport sector. Due to the fact that technology application is restricted by travel behaviour and political support, our study discusses possible support by public bodies towards sustainable mobility. Here, the promotion of LEVs in combination with restrictive measures for cars is necessary.
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Monti, Alessandro. "Urban Cycling Mobility in the European Green Deal." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 19, no. 1-2 (April 5, 2022): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-19010005.
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Abstract The European Green Deal aims at achieving a 90% reduction in transport emissions by 2050. To this end, it sets forth a Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, providing a roadmap for the reduction of transport-related emissions. Investments in alternative fuels, electric cars and the renewal of public transport fleets rank high on the agenda. On the contrary, comparatively less attention is devoted to the promotion of cycling mobility, despite the well-demonstrated benefits of increasing the cyclability of urban areas. Such benefits encompass, on one hand, substantial environmental improvements that would arise from the replacement of motorized transport with human-powered forms of mobility, in terms of both ghg emissions reduction and air quality improvement. On the other hand, investing in cycling mobility also has important health and social co-benefits, for instance in terms of prevention of cardiovascular diseases and economic affordability. Against this background, this paper examines whether, and how, the policy framework laid out in the European Green Deal can drive the growth of cycling mobility in European cities. The paper is structured as follows. First, it introduces the concept of cycling mobility, focusing in particular on its environmental and economic benefits. Then, it turns to an analysis of cycling mobility policies in the EU law, with special focus on the European Green Deal. Lastly, it explores how the EU normative framework can be strengthened in order to enhance the promotion of urban cycling mobility.
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Li, Haimei, Li Han, Yibin Ao, Yan Wang, and Tong Wang. "Influences of the Built Environment on Rural School Children’s Travel Mode Choice: The Case of Chengdu." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 9008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159008.
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Since the reform and opening up of China, the rural built environment has changed dramatically. There is a need to understand how such changes have impacted rural children’s school travel mode choice to design the built environment and plan schools accordingly. This paper combines field measurement methods and questionnaires to obtain data on rural children’s school travel behavior and uses the multinomial logit (MNL) model to investigate the impacting factors. The results show the following insights: Age has a significant positive impact on children’s choice of bicycles and buses. The improvements in road layout and facility conditions are significantly and positively associated with children’s choice of electric bicycles for school. There is a significant positive correlation between a good and safe public environment and children’s choice of cycling. Furthermore, distance from home to school has a significant impact on the choice of children’s school travel mode: the greater the distance to school, the higher the probability that children will choose motorized modes of travel such as buses and private cars. This study provides empirical data and evidence in designing rural transport systems for school children based on their preferences concerning built environment factors.
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Chkaiban, Rami, Elie Y. Hajj, Muluneh Sime, Gary Bailey, and Peter E. Sebaaly. "Asymmetric Logistic Model for Estimation of Mileage-Related Vehicle Depreciation Function of Roadway Characteristics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 12 (October 22, 2020): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120953162.
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This paper describes an approach for the development of prediction models for the estimation of mileage-related vehicle depreciation that can be used in the estimation of the benefits derived from transportation network improvements. The approach takes advantage of published online data for vehicle valuations. A new asymmetric logistic prediction model for total vehicle depreciation, including initial and mileage-related depreciations, is proposed and fitted to collected valuations data. The added benefit of this prediction model is that it takes into consideration both vehicle age (i.e., years since manufacture) and vehicle usage (i.e., miles of travel). Six small light-duty vehicles (SLDVs), five large light-duty vehicles (LLDVs), three two-axle trucks, one single-unit truck, and two combination trucks were considered in this study. Vehicle fuel sources included gasoline, diesel, gasoline-ethanol blend of up to 85% ethanol (E85), and hybrid-electric, resulting in 26 combinations of vehicle type and fuel source. Additionally, the developed models were adjusted to account for the effects of average speed of vehicle and roadway characteristics (e.g., grade, curvature) on vehicle depreciation. The practicality of the developed models for large sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and midsize cars was illustrated using select examples highlighting the models’ sensitivity to vehicle average speed and roadway characteristics.
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Zajacs, Aleksandrs, Jurgis Zemitis, Aleksejs Prozuments, Kristina Tihomirova, and Anatolijs Borodinecs. "Sustainable City Development: Implementation Practices in Riga." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1470.
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To develop potential of the cities in the field of energy efficiency improvements and use of renewables, there is a need for new and more ambitious goals in line with the actual situation. Growing concern of smart city development and urban resilience has become increasingly embedded in urban planning, national security and energy policy. One of the main city documents focused on actions and measures to be implemented in City is Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP), which is the key document in which the Covenant signatory outlines how it intends to reach its CO2 reduction target by 2020. Taking into account specifics of modern cities and future city development at Smart City level the existing SEAP should be enhanced. Nowadays it is necessary to bring existing standalone energy actions at cross sector level in order to ensure urban resilience. Currently there are 3414 cities across the Europe and eastern partners which already have developed SEAP. The paper draws attention to areas with high impact to smart city development. In terms of Smart Cities the most powerful actions are those which directly affect at least these three sectors - energy, ICT and transport. Paper provides some good practice examples from the city of Riga. The losses of the heat transmitted to consumers by JSC "Rigas Siltums" - main heat supplier of Riga have been decreased by 667 thous. MWh or 2.45 times in comparison to year 1996/1997. Following the completion of reconstruction of the boiler houses, construction of a biofuel fired water heating boiler, construction of the biofuel fired cogeneration plant, installation of flue gas condensers for biofuel fired boilers at the DHP the share of biofuel utilization within the fuel balance of the JSC „RĪGAS SILTUMS” will reach 20.4% in fiscal year 2013/2014. The total energy produced from renewable energy sources since 01.01.1996 until 8.04.2014 is 920463.107 MWh. The project “Heat meters automatic remote reading system” proved to be a successful and reliable solution for the control and accounting of consumed heat, as well as related tasks enabling “online communication” with 8000 individual heating units throughout the Riga city. Development and introduction of electric cars and filling station infrastructure in Riga was one more step on the way to the SMART CITY status. Despite a fairly long payback period electric cars are quite beneficial solution for some companies whose activities are related with vehicles’ high mileage within the city as LLC “Rigas Satiksme
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Mehlig, Daniel, Huw Woodward, Tim Oxley, Mike Holland, and Helen ApSimon. "Electrification of Road Transport and the Impacts on Air Quality and Health in the UK." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111491.
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Currently, many cities in Europe are affected by concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 above the WHO guidelines on the protection of human health. This is a global problem in which the growth of road transport constitutes a major factor. Looking to the future, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered to be the choice technology for reducing road transport greenhouse gas emissions, but their impact on air quality needs to be considered. Taking the UK as a case study, this paper begins by understanding the trajectory of a future scenario without the introduction of EVs, reflecting on the latest emission control improvements in internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). This is then compared to a 2050 scenario in which the introduction of EVs, based on the UK government’s Transport Decarbonisation Plan, is reviewed. This plan includes a ban on the sale of ICEV cars and LGVs, beginning in 2030, with the subsequent electrification of heavier vehicles. By 2030, population exposure to NOx was found to be significantly reduced in the ICEV scenario, with a marginal further reduction found for the EV scenario. The EV scenario further reduced NOx exposure by 2050, with most of the benefits being realized before 2040. For the ICEV and EV scenario, PM2.5 emissions were largely unchanged due to the primary contribution of non-exhaust emissions, suggesting that EVs are likely to yield relatively smaller changes in exposure to PM2.5 than for NOx.
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Katti, Hrishikesh. "ROLE OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SOLUTIONS IN MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijirae.2022.v0901.002.
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To ensure a successful implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) on the roadways, we must have an accurate assessment of the current condition of our transportation network and we need to continually monitor its performance and make necessary improvements as needed. To better understand how technologies like ITS are helping to optimise time on the road, it is good to gain a basic understanding of how this technology works. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are networks that offer users the option to either drive on a pre-programmed route that takes an average of around 40 to 45 minutes, or choose a different route that would take around 30 minutes. This often results in users spending less time in their cars when compared to a traditional drive-through model. A 2021 report from McKinsey & Company states “A typical smart city is envisioned, featuring shorter trips (either for commute, errands, or entertainment), along dedicated, on-demand routes to reduce the need to travel long distances as well as the physical inefficiencies of vehicle miles traveled". Integrated transportation services could also offer modern commutes a greater range of options, such as having the ability to purchase and use an electric vehicle (EV) onsite, or utilise public transit on the go. This multi-modal approach is proving more and more popular with businesses and cities, and many are making it a priority when it comes to implementing new infrastructure. Cities like Beijing, for example, have already started to incorporate autonomous vehicle (AV) fleets, which services drivers as they travel during their commute. Plans such as these portray a great future for the transportation network, but we have some way to go to reach this goal. Here we will discuss some other efficient solution for Intelligent Traffic Management.
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Lazarenko, O. V., O. D. Synelnikov, I. M. Bykov, and A. S. Kuskovets. "FIRE EXTINGUISHING AND OTHER URGENT WORK IN ELECTRIC CARS." Fire Safety, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.09.
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The development of modern technologies simultaneously with the improvement of the conditions of human existence creates additional risks that had been solved to ensure the safety and comfortable conditions of people's stay. One of these areas of human development is the gradual transition to alternative energy sources and modes of transport, including electric vehicles. Modern versions of electric vehicles, by their tactical and technical characteristics, practically do not concede cars with engines of internal combustion, but the research shows that from the point of view of fire safety and tactics of firefighting, the batteries of electric cars require some other approaches and algorithms for carrying out of emergency rescue works. Considering the modern experience and experimental results of research on the tactics of firefighting of electric vehicles, it turned out that the normative intensity of water supply (aqueous solutions) should be increased and make not less than 1,2 l/(c·m2). An increase in the normative intensity of water supply requires the fire-extinguishing chief to ensure in advance the uninterrupted supply of the extinguishing agent to the fire brigade, necessarily installing a tanker truck on a fire hydrant or reservoir. The specificity of the extinguishing of electric cars also shows the ineffectiveness of the use of a fire-extinguishing agent of air-mechanical foam and the necessity of compulsory dismantling of the battery pack of an electric vehicle after the elimination of the fire. The main results of the work are summarized in the general list of the algorithm of actions of the fireextinguishing chief after his arrival at the place of the emergency related to the ignition of electric vehicles. Compliance by the fire-extinguishing chief of the given algorithm of action will minimize the risks for the personnel of the rescue unit and accelerate the elimination of the fire. Accordingly, to the analysis and scientific results, the future directions of scientific research should be aimed: at improving the algorithm of action and tactics of elimination the fire of electric cars, the development of technical devices for extinguishing the battery of electric cars, the development of automatic fire extinguishing of electric cars, the development of more effective fire extinguishing means for extinguishing the rechargeable battery of electric cars.
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Lim, Sze Wei, Khin Fai Chen, and Eng Hwa Yap. "System Dynamics of Electric Cars (EC) Usage and Support Infrastructure in Malaysia." Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (September 2014): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.342.
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Using system dynamics, this paper investigates the feasibility of implementing an integrated infrastructure for Electric Cars (EC) in Malaysia by understanding the intrinsic relationships, compounded effects and dynamics of policies, public knowledge, technology maturity, private investment and network of support infrastructure required upon its deployment in Malaysia. All key enablers are assumed to have a feedback relationship with the demand and the scale of overall EC sold. From the results, it can be concluded that governmental subsidies, environmental policies and effective marketing strategies are needed to support the EC market along technological advancements such as improvement in the EC's battery life.
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Yu, Minji, and Jang-Seok Park. "Development of Dash insulation with PU elastomer based sound insulation materials for increasing the sound insulation performances of electric vehicle noise derived from motor." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1954.
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At present, fuel efficiency improvement technologies for example weight, engine efficiency improvement, design modification, and eco-friendly car are being proceed due to the tightened international regulations. Therefore, production of eco-friendly cars specially electric car has increased. Due to that, the main noise source has changed from engine to motor noise and road noise as it has been changed from engine cars that have led engine technology to eco-friendly cars. As the noise source has changed, it is necessary to manufacture sound absorption/insulation structure for the noise characteristics generated by electric vehicles. In this work, the elastomer sheet was applied to the Dash outer as automotive terior parts for reducing engine noise. We applied the elastomer sheets for generation Dash outer layers (nonwooven/PU foam/nonwooven) to improve sound insulation properties. The elastomer sheet showed surface wetting between PU foam and elastomer sheets by optical microscopy. The acoustic properties were measured by APAMAT-II and BUCK tests.
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Michaelides, Efstathios E. "Taking the Measure of Electric Vehicles." Mechanical Engineering 143, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2021-jan8.
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Abstract An engineer with more than 45 years’ experience on efficiency claims takes a look at whether electric vehicles are much more efficient than conventional cars powered by internal combustion engines. He found that EVs are marginally more efficient than the technology they are positioned to replace. A lot of the potential for improvement is, however, contingent on where the electricity comes from and how the vehicles are charged.
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KHARIN, Serhii, and Hanna PURII. "Innovative management of projects for electric mobility development: foreign experience and Ukraine." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.5.4.
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The research considers various aspects of electric vehicle production in some leading foreign countries. Dynamics of specific weight of electric vehicles in total transport and its forecast indices are under analysis considering those of the countries planning complete transition to electric mobility. Urgency of building an expanded network of charging stations of various capacity is pointed out. It is revealed that Volkswagen, the world largest automobile concern, is going to introduce much more new designs of electric vehicles than it considered before – 70 instead of 50 by 2028. It is planned to produce more electric vehicles – from 15 to 22mln in the decade to follow. Besides, the share of electric vehicles in the concern’s total production is to exceed 40% by 2030. It is indicated that 44bln euros will be invested into designing new VW automobiles in the nearest 5 years. It is significant that in many foreign countries there are subsidies and tax reduction for electric vehicle owners which are used as an important tool of the state’ incentives. Besides, special attention is paid to improvement and development of production of batteries for electric cars, especially in the EU countries. The authors suggest schemes of elaborating electric mobile innovations and power supply for electric mobility providing green and economic solutions for generating power for electric cars by wind generators. Potential production of Ukrainian electric cars is under analysis. It is highlighted that electric vehicle production allows combining two economically beneficial factors – innovative character of a product and its large-scale production. In this case, there will be a novelty effect and huge unsatisfied demand as well as scale saving.
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Shakhov, S., and D. Saveliev. "ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS OF THE STATE EMERGENCIES SERVICE OF UKRAINE WHILE EXTINGUISHING FIRES ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 168 (March 25, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-1-168-75-80.
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Electric and hybrid vehicles, which involve road accidents and fires, present unique risks associated with high voltage systems. These hazards are divided into three separate categories: chemical, electrical and thermal. The possible effects may vary, but are not limited to the size, configuration, and chemical composition of the battery. Operational and rescue units of Ukraine in case of road accidents are guided by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and methodological recommendations. These documents cover actions during fires and emergencies in electric vehicles are quite concise and need to be significantly expanded and provide the necessary recommendations to prevent injuries to personnel during rescue operations and firefighting in this type of vehicle. The article comparative analysis of normative documents, methods and actions of rescue units of Ukraine with recommendations and methods of other states, in case of fires on hybrid and electric vehicles, identification of shortcomings in order to further provide recommendations for improving existing management documents, taking into account experience and practice abroad. According to the results of the analysis, the guidelines of the Rescue Service of Ukraine do not contain a clear list of exercises that can coordinate the actions of rescuers and increase their personal safety with the following sequence of actions: car identification, immobilization, disconnection of power sources, rescue. Actions on extinguishing cars are very briefly reviewed, it is not clear for what reasons the use of air-mechanical foam is prohibited. Methods of extinguishing ordinary cars with internal combustion engines on gasoline and diesel, and recommendations for the use of fire extinguishers during firefighting on these vehicles in the regulations are not available at all. electric and hybrid vehicles need significant revision and improvement, taking into account the experience of other countries in the field of rescue and firefighting.
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Shakhov, S., and D. Saveliev. "ANALYSIS OF ACTIONS OF THE STATE EMERGENCIES SERVICE OF UKRAINE WHILE EXTINGUISHING FIRES ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 168 (March 25, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/https://doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-1-168-75-80.
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Electric and hybrid vehicles, which involve road accidents and fires, present unique risks associated with high voltage systems. These hazards are divided into three separate categories: chemical, electrical and thermal. The possible effects may vary, but are not limited to the size, configuration, and chemical composition of the battery. Operational and rescue units of Ukraine in case of road accidents are guided by the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and methodological recommendations. These documents cover actions during fires and emergencies in electric vehicles are quite concise and need to be significantly expanded and provide the necessary recommendations to prevent injuries to personnel during rescue operations and firefighting in this type of vehicle. The article comparative analysis of normative documents, methods and actions of rescue units of Ukraine with recommendations and methods of other states, in case of fires on hybrid and electric vehicles, identification of shortcomings in order to further provide recommendations for improving existing management documents, taking into account experience and practice abroad. According to the results of the analysis, the guidelines of the Rescue Service of Ukraine do not contain a clear list of exercises that can coordinate the actions of rescuers and increase their personal safety with the following sequence of actions: car identification, immobilization, disconnection of power sources, rescue. Actions on extinguishing cars are very briefly reviewed, it is not clear for what reasons the use of air-mechanical foam is prohibited. Methods of extinguishing ordinary cars with internal combustion engines on gasoline and diesel, and recommendations for the use of fire extinguishers during firefighting on these vehicles in the regulations are not available at all. electric and hybrid vehicles need significant revision and improvement, taking into account the experience of other countries in the field of rescue and firefighting.
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Gren, Ing-Marie, and Abenezer Zeleke Aklilu. "Costs and Distributional Effects of Climate Transformation of the Vehicle Fleet in the EU." Climate 9, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9060088.
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This study estimates the minimum total cost and distributional effects among countries transforming the car fleet in the EU to reduce emissions of carbon dioxides by 2050 by switching from fossil fuel-driven passenger cars to hybrid and electric-driven cars. Minimum cost is estimated using a dynamic optimization model in which costs are calculated as decreases in consumer surplus in the demand for vehicles under given annual increases in travel demand, carbon efficiency and technological improvement of electric cars. Distributional effects are calculated for the cost-effective allocation of costs among the EU member states and UK. Calculations are made for different emission reductions, and the cost for achieving a 60% reduction from the 1990 emission level ranges between 0.13% and 0.61% of the EU’s GDP depending on assumptions about development of travel demand and carbon efficiency. The results indicate a slightly regressive allocation in most scenarios, where the cost share is relatively high for low income countries.
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Wang, Bao Yi, Chen Wei, and Shao Min Zhang. "The Research of Microgrid Optimized Dispatching Method Based on MEA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1841.
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Integration of large scale renewable energy sources and electric cars into power grid will bring new opportunities and challenges to the operation, control of the power grid and the power market .The microgrid , which integration the distributed generation systems, energy storage element and loads ,has been seen as one effective way to solve the problems. This paper proposed a MEA-based scheduling algorithm, and studied a microgrid that contains 32 nodes and 50 electric cars. Both the MEA algorithm and mixed integer nonlinear programming algorithm (MINLP) can solve the energy resource scheduling problem,but the results of our simulation shows that the total cost of MEA is higher than that of the MINLP,but there is a significant improvement in the efficiency of execution.The results shows that we can use MEA to achieve optimal scheduling,it also verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Najjar, Yousef S. H., Osama H. Ghazal, and Kutaeba J. M. AL-Khishali. "Performance improvement of green cars by using variable-geometry engines." Journal of the Energy Institute 87, no. 4 (November 2014): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2014.03.017.
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German Galkin, S., D. Tarnapowicz, M. Staude, T. Zaleski, and M. Jaśkiewicz. "Improvement of energy efficiency in the drive system of an electric car with PMSM." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1247, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1247/1/012043.
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Abstract Thanks to the advantages, i.e. high overload, high power density factor, wide range of rotational speed, low moment of inertia, as well as high torque-to-inertia ratio, PMSM AC motors are currently widely used in electric cars. The article presents a new method of PMSM control through the modification of the Clarke and Park transforms that enables to improve the efficiency of the mechatronic system due to the energy criterion. The article shows analytical tests confirming the possibility of maintaining the reactive power at zero level in the inverter-PMSM circuit. The analytical tests were supported by simulation tests with the use of the MATLAB-SIMULINK program.
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Jiang, Qi, Jianfeng Ma, Guangsong Li, and Xinghua Li. "Improvement of robust smart-card-based password authentication scheme." International Journal of Communication Systems 28, no. 2 (September 18, 2013): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.2644.
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Zhu, Gang. "The Application of SOPC Technology in the Motor Driving Control of Electric Motor Car." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.445.
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Along with the development of advanced control system, in order to achieve the goal of low energy consumption, low pollution and high degree of automation, the coordination matching work of the motor driving electric motor car and the car body has a better future. By using GW48 hardware development platform and the SOPC technology of nuclear NiosII in FPGA as the central processing unit, and with the aid of the Avalon the peripheral circuit of the motor driving electric motor car is completely under control. This is a improvement of the classic control of the motor (i.e. based on single chip or DSP motor control). This article introduces the design method of the drive control system for electric motor cars. A function module design is conducted for the hardware part, which includes the PWM module and control module, and the PWM module and the VHDL language program is used to form the interface function module. A overall design discourse is conducted for the the software part, design processes of each function module are expounded in this paper. Finally the experimental results are given and they have been analysed. The experiment proves that the precision of SOPC technology in the application of electric motor drive control is high and the application is reasonable. It may become the trend of the development of the electric motor cars in the future.
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Bogusz, P. "A switched reluctance motor control method limiting the maximum dc source current in the low-speed range." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2016-0022.
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Abstract This paper presents a proposal of a new control method of the switched reluctance motor (SRM) in the low-speed range. The proposed method limits the maximum value of SRM drive supply current. The application of this method results also in improvement of the drive efficiency compared to the classical current control method, so it can be applied to control switched reluctance motors designed to the electric vehicles drive. The method may be effective especially in congested traffic. Nowadays, the urban traffic is characterized by frequent occurrence of traffic jams in which cars move at low speeds. The sources of supply for electric vehicles are mainly electrochemical batteries. Reduction of the maximum value of supply current allows to extend the service life of batteries and improvement of the drive efficiency extends the vehicle range.
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Wang, Hong Liang, Juan Liu, Min Cao, Xian Fu Chen, Da Da Wang, and Shao Quan Zhang. "Safety and Reliability of Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles Based on the Yunnan Power Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 518 (February 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.518.324.
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Electric cars are emerged as the energy crisis and environmental problems have become more severe. Electric vehicles charging include contact and non-contact. The battery technology has not been solved absolutely for Contactless charging, in addition, charging pile construction will take up a lot of urban land, normal charge is slow, fast charge will have a huge impact to grid, the high cost of change the batteries, these drawbacks of electric vehicles has been hampered the large-scale development of EV. With the development and gradual improvement of wireless power transmission technology .wireless charging technology applied to electric vehicles has great prospects. In the wireless power charging process safe, reliable transmission is very important. In this paper, security and reliability problems have been discussed for the various aspects of wireless charging systems and combined analysis of the characteristics of Yunnan Power Grid for wireless charging systems of electric vehicles.
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S. Rangarajan, Shriram, Suvetha Poyyamani Sunddararaj, AVV Sudhakar, Chandan Kumar Shiva, Umashankar Subramaniam, E. Randolph Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Lithium-Ion Batteries—The Crux of Electric Vehicles with Opportunities and Challenges." Clean Technologies 4, no. 4 (September 21, 2022): 908–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040056.
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With the widespread use of lithium-ion batteries in a wide range of consumer electronics products, the CE industry has undergone a dramatic shift. The Li-ion battery has emerged as the heart of electric cars, and the focus has now shifted to the automotive sector. Liquid crystal displays have evolved over time to meet the demands of automobiles. International research groups and the performance of production electric vehicles are used to discuss and inform vehicle-driven battery targets. There is still a lot of room for improvement in terms of energy, life expectancy, cost, safety, and fast-charging capabilities for LIBs suited for the automotive sector. In this study, a review of lithium-ion battery applications in electric vehicles is presented.
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Nikitin, V. V., and B. A. Trifonov. "Improvement of passenger car power supply." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042086.
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Abstract A significant part of the fleet of passenger cars in operation on Russian railways are equipped with an autonomous power supply system, in which the main source of energy is an undercar generator, which is rotated from the axle of a wheelset. The disadvantage of such a system is the limitation of the speed range in which it is possible to power consumers of electric power of a passenger car from the main source: as a rule, the lower limit of this range is 35 km/h. The article proposes a variant of a technical solution that will expand the speed range of using the undercar generator by lowering the lower limit to 25 km/h: it is proposed to provide self-excitation of the undercar generator through an inverting-type DC voltage pulse converter. The parameters of the elements of the pulse converter circuit and the possibility of expanding the boundaries of the high-speed range of operation of the EGV.08.1U1 undercar generator are estimated.
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Chakraborty, Mitul Ranjan, Subhojit Dawn, Pradip Kumar Saha, Jayanta Bhusan Basu, and Taha Selim Ustun. "System Profit Improvement of a Thermal–Wind–CAES Hybrid System Considering Imbalance Cost in the Electricity Market." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 9457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249457.
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Studying a renewable energy integrated power system’s features is essential, especially for deregulated systems. The unpredictability of renewable sources is the main barrier to integrating renewable energy-producing units with the current electrical grid. Due to its unpredictable nature, integrating wind power into an existing power system requires significant consideration. In a deregulated electricity market, this paper examines the implications of wind farm (WF) integration with CAES on electric losses, voltage profile, generation costs, and system economics. Comparative research was done to determine the impact of wind farm integration on regulated and deregulated environments. Four randomly chosen locations in India were chosen for this investigation, together with real-time information on each location’s real wind speed (RWS) and predicted wind speed (PWS). Surplus charge rates and deficit charge rates were created to assess the imbalance cost arising from the discrepancy between predicted and real wind speeds to calculate the system economics. When the effect of imbalance cost is considered, the daily system profit shows a variation of about 1.9% for the locations under study. Customers are always seeking electricity that is dependable, affordable, and efficient due to the reorganization of the power system. As a result, the system security limit could be exceeded or the system might function dangerously. The final section of this paper presents an economic risk analysis using heuristic algorithms such as sequential quadratic programming (SQP), artificial bee colony algorithms (ABC), and moth flame optimization algorithms (MFO). It also discusses how the CAES is used to correct the deviation of WF integration in the real-time electricity market. Economic risk analysis tools include value-at-risk (VaR) and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR). The entire piece of work was validated using a modified IEEE 30-bus test system. This works shows that with a three-fold increase in wind generation, the risk coefficient values improves by 1%.
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Hichem, Chergui, Nasri Abdelfatah, and Korhan Kayisli. "A Novel Method of Electric Scooter Torque Estimation Using the Space Vector Modulation Control." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.33403.
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In recent years, there are many studies have been conducted in the field of light electric vehicles, especially electric scooters. These are preferred in large urban areas that are crowded with cars and cause traffic congestion in the European and Asian continents. In this study, the three-wheel electric scooter contained two BLDC motors that drove the rear wheels and, each of these motors were controlled independently via an electronic differential. This paper aims to implement a Space Vector Modulation for the Direct Torque Control unit (SVM-DTC) of the BLDC wheel-motor of each driving wheel. The proposed system had been designed and simulated by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The performance of the overall system (scooter stability control system - energy storage system -power quality, etc.) with using SVM-DTC control was compared with the classical Direct Torque Control (DTC) algorithm by using the same electric scooter model. The obtained results showed clearly the improvement made by the proposed control loop system at different stages, where it could reduce the THD of the stator current from 30.99% to 6.16%,as well as it was able to achieve more than 0.2% of the charging state of the battery in 18 seconds only.
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Koroma, Michael Samsu, Nils Brown, Giuseppe Cardellini, and Maarten Messagie. "Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236236.
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The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35–48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO2 intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption.
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LEE, N. Y. "Improvement of One-Time Password Authentication Scheme Using Smart Cards." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 3765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.9.3765.
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Domanskyi, I. V., and V. O. Vasenko. "Improvement of Video Measuring Systems for Electric Traction Network Diagnostics." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/230232.
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Purpose. The purpose of the article is system analysis of the state of electric traction networks, as well as methods of complex diagnostics of the contact network from a moving laboratory car to increase the resolution capability of the systems for monitoring the quality of interaction between the contact network and current collectors. Methodology. The problem was solved by theoretical analysis and experimental studies of the current collection parameters, a generalized model of the device for monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and its functional units in order to determine the factors affecting the control error, as well as the development of methods that reduce the specified error. The apparatus of factor analysis, the theory of optoelectronic circuits and methods of statistical information processing were used. Findings. Innovative approaches and qualitatively new diagnostic tools are proposed that allow expanding the functionality of the laboratory cars for testing the contact network for power supply enterprises of electrified railways, industrial and urban electric transport. Hardware and software have been developed to improve the system for measuring the parameters of the overhead wire and other components of the contact network. Originality. The theoretical maximum permissible, from the point of view of the contact network operation, error in monitoring the wear of the overhead wire and other components of the electric traction network has been determined. A method for increasing the resolution capability of a stereo television system and an adaptive lighting system is proposed. It consists in preliminary image transformation and expansion of the dynamic range of image measurement. The ways of introducing a high-speed real-time compression algorithm and using LED backlighting are proposed. Practical value. The quality of the contact network diagnostics in difficult conditions for video surveillance has been improved. A camera with a built-in image compression module without losing its performance is proposed, which allows capturing and transmitting full-frame images to a computing complex for the application of new diagnostic algorithms for contact network components. The modernized video measuring systems for the wear of the overhead wire for monitoring the grounding of the contact network supports are proposed, as well as elements of track facilities located in the visibility zone of specialized cameras, which ensure the operability of the systems at any time of the day at speeds up to 160 km/h. An air curtain subsystem was implemented to protect the cameras.
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Pavlenko, Viacheslav, Volodymyr Kuzhel, Antonina Buda, Pavlo Chernenko, and Oleksandr Korniev. "Intellectualization of electronic systems and software of modern cars." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 16, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2022-16-2-88-95.
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This work aims to study the issue of saturation and improvement of software and electronic systems within the development of modern cars. The trends that exist today in the automotive industry create complexities and uncertainties associated with hardware, the near foreseeable future is likely to be disruptive for software and electronic architecture.Already now, the car has changed irrevocably. Electrification and artificial intelligence have improved safety, efficiency and productivity in road transport. While most drivers think about how fast they will get to where they are going, in technical terms, more and more attention is now being paid to traffic conditions and safety while traveling - how passengers will feel, and how they will get to their final destination, and monitoring the performance of all vehicle systems.The authors of the article substantiate the urgency of the problem and prove that the main need for cars is the safety and quality of automotive electronics and safety software that create an even greater level of autonomy. All this requires the automotive industry to rethink the current steps towards the development of car software, electronic and electrical architecture.The aim of the work is to study the state and prospects of development of various electronic systems and technological software of modern cars and to consider hypotheses of the future electrical and electronic architecture of road transport.In the result of the work, it is proved that intelligent vehicles created with the help of semiconductors, databases and artificial intelligence for decision-making, leads to an exponential increase in the complexity of automotive systems and requires more sophisticated design and testing technologies. To achieve the required performance as well as the goals of sustainable design and safe operation, these elements can no longer be designed separately. A new paradigm of collaborative design must be adopted, where engineers from different disciplines come together to achieve a common goal.
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Mansour, Charbel, Wissam Bou Nader, Clément Dumand, and Maroun Nemer. "Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018797819.
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Considerable efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on electrified powertrains in order to reduce passenger cars’ dependence on fossil fuels. Powertrains electrification resulted in a wide range of mass-production hybrid vehicle models, ranging from micro-hybrid, to mild, full, and battery-extended hybrids such as plug-in and range-extender electric vehicles. Fuel savings of these powertrains strongly rely on the energy management strategy deployed on-board, as well as on the technology used to recover the waste heat energy. This paper investigates the fuel savings potential of a mild hybrid vehicle using an organic Rankine cycle for generating electricity from the engine-coolant circuit. The net mechanical power and electrical power generated from the organic Rankine cycle are determined based on experimental data recorded on a 1.2-L turbocharged engine. The coolant temperature is regulated at 85°C and 105°C depending on the engine load. The R-1234yf organic fluid is used and the Rankine operating pressure has been controlled to maximize the overall system efficiency under technological constraints. The dynamic programming control is used as a global optimal energy management strategy in order to define the best strategy for the engine operation and power-split between the electric and thermal paths of the powertrain. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to find the optimal size of the electric motor while taking into account the additional weight of the organic Rankine cycle system. Results show 2.4% of fuel economy improvement on The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles.
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Kim, Dong-Yeop, Jindo Byun, Sang-Hoon Lee, Se-Jang Oh, Ki-Sang Kang, and Hai-Young Lee. "Signal Integrity Improvements of a MEMS Probe Card Using Back-Drilling and Equalizing Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 60, no. 3 (March 2011): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2009.2036343.
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Baklanov, Alexander, Nikolay Yesin, and Andrey Shilyakov. "ULL AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF NEW ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 4 (December 17, 2017): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2017-4-70-80.
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Objective: To study the specificities and parameters of the new, including innovative, freight and passenger electric locomotives, produced for domestic railways in the framework of the program of creating the new locomotives in 2004–2010. To analyze pull and energy efficiency parameters of direct current and alternating current electric locomotives. To estimate the maximum weight of trains and specific energy consumption of electric locomotives. To detect the advantages of new electric locomotives in comparison with those produced earlier. To develop guidelines on efficiency improvement of the new electric locomotives. Methods: Comparative analysis, methods of grade computations, linear regression analysis, power balance method. Results: The main design features and parameters of the new and earlier produced electric locomotives were studied, the former include the power of tractive motors, traction effort, as well as the speed at continuous rating of traction. The parameters of the new and earlier produced electric locomotives were compared. Key performance indicators of electric locomotives were analyzed, such as the maximum mass of a train and specific energy consumption on traction. The comparison of the above-mentioned indicators with performance indicators of earlier produced electric locomotives was given. According to calculation data and statistical data analysis the advantages of new electric locomotives were determined over those produced earlier. High performance of regenerative breaking was shown, specifically new electric locomotives. It was detected that in winter regeneration of electric energy was significantly reduced, in case of regenerative braking of passenger electric locomotives series EP1 with alternating current, as most of energy generated by tractive motors was spent on electric heating circuits of passenger cars. Guidelines on efficiency improvement of new electric locomotives were developed. Practical importance: The conditions in which new electric locomotives would implement the available advantages were determined, compared to those produced earlier. The elaborated offers make it possible to improve pull and energy efficiency of the new electric locomotives in operation.
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Widjonarko, W., Cries Avian, Prakosa Widyawan, and Bayu Rudiyanto. "Performance improvement on motor BLDC speed controller by using multi controller with summation technique." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 19, no. 4 (2021): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-30440.
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BLDC motor is the most widely used in the industrial world, especially in electric vehicles. With this increasing demand, a variety of research topics emerged in BLDC motors. One popular research is on BLDC motor speed control topics to maintain speed for its application, such as intelligent cruise technology in electric cars and conveyors for line assembly. However, from several existing studies, the BLDC Motor controller still uses a single controller model. The controller's output is purely from the controller without any improvement in characteristics and has a problem with the oscillating speed setpoint (error problem). In this study, the researcher proposed a combining control with the concept of summation output to handle this problem. With this concept, the control techniques used can improve each other so that better control can be produced following the control system assessment parameters. The authors used a Fuzzy Logic Controller, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and PID, which were combined and obtained seven control systems. The results show that the control system can improve several parameters using the summation concept from the seven controllers model. It has a positive overall correlation when viewed in terms of the difference between the Error and the setpoint or MAE (Mean Absolute Error) as parameter assessment.
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Duan, Gui-Jiang, Xin Yan, and Hong Ma. "An Intelligent Driver Training System Based on Real Cars." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030630.
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In driver training, the correct observation of the trainees’ operation is the key to ensure the training quality. The operation of the vehicle can be expressed by the vehicle state changes. This paper proposes a driver training model based on a multiple-embedded-sensor net. Six vehicle state parameters are identified as the critical features of the reverse parking machine learning model and represented quantitatively. A multiple-embedded-sensor net-based system mounted on a real vehicle is developed to collect the actual data of the six critical features. The data collected at the same time are bound together and encapsulated into a vector and sequenced by time with a label given by the multiple-embedded-sensor net. All vectors are evaluated by subjective assessment conclusions from experienced driving instructors and the positive ones are used as the training data of the model. The trained model can remind the driver of the next correct operation during training, and can also analyze the improvements after the training. The model has achieved good results in practical application. The experiments prove the validity and reliability of the proposed driver training model.
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Wu, Zhizhou, Xin Zeng, and Ling Wang. "A New Traffic Conflict Measure for Electric Bicycles at Intersections." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 32, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v32i3.3222.
Full textAbstract:
As electric bicycles (e-bikes) are becoming popular in China, concerns have been raised about their safety conditions. A traffic conflict technique is commonly used in traffic safety analysis, and there are many conflict measures designed for cars. However, e-bikes have high flexibility to change speed and trajectories, which is different from cars, so the conflict measures defined for e-bikes need to be independently explored. Based on e-bike driving characteristics, this paper proposes a new measure, the Integrated Conflict Intensity (ICI), for traffic conflicts involving e-bikes at intersections. It measures the degree of dangerousness of a conflict process, with consideration of both conflict risk and conflict severity. Time to collision is used to measure the conflict risk. Relative kinetic energy is used to measure the conflict severity. ICI can be calculated based on video analysis. The method of determining ICI thresholds for three conflict levels (serious, less serious, and slight) and two conflict types (conflicts between two e-bikes, and conflicts between an e-bike and a car) is put forward based on the questionnaires about safety perception of e-bike riders, which is regarded as the criterion of e-bike safety conditions at intersections. The video recording and a questionnaire survey about conflicts involving e-bikes at intersections have been conducted, and the unified thresholds applicable to different intersections have been determined. It is verified that ICI and its thresholds meet the criterion of e-bike safety conditions. This work is expected to be used in the selection of intersections for safety improvement of e-bike traffic.
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Gutierrez Samaniego, Ursula Margarita. "Gestión de la historia clínica electrónica y la mejora de la calidad de atención al paciente en el servicio de Odontología del hospital Hermilio Valdizán." Kiru 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/kiru.2021.v18n2.02.
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Mahajan, Aayush, Rushikesh Shimpi, and Sachin Patel. "Thruway Sustainable Electric Vehicles Charging." Journal of Signal Processing 8, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/josp.2022.v08i02.002.
Full textAbstract:
A significant obstacle in execution is the restricted scope of EVs. Primarily EVs need an enormous battery ability to build the scope of the EV. One of the preparations is to charge the vehicles while moving referred to as "Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (DWPT)". Charging the auto-mobile while shifting can decrease the battery energy capability restriction on the auto-mobile. To tackle the difficulty of the electrical vehicle (EV) charging sum vacillation added approximately using the form of charge in the course of moving charging, we propose an EV dynamic faraway charging control approach adjusting to speed alternate. The fundamental elements of dynamic charging are to send power by an electromagnetic field across a given space. As electric vehicles are a superior choice to control the continuous contamination, it is fundamental to make changes in the battery charging cycle to achieve more prominent dependability. Dynamic charging framework can be executed to charge the vehicle in any event, when it is moving. By utilizing inductive power or dynamic wireless charging, the power from source can be moved to the chargeable batteries through transformer windings, i.e., wireless transmission coils. For pre-arranged courses, such powerful charging stations can be set in the mood for charging batteries. This will not just expand the utilization of electric vehicles yet in addition make them productive and dependable for huge distances also. The paper extraordinarily presents an assessment on how the future EV improvement and remote charging techniques can be carried out. Dynamic remote charging of electric cars (EVs) is becoming a preferred method since it empowers energy change between the auto-mobile and the lattice while the car is shifting. Here we gift Mobile Energy Disseminators (MED), every other concept, which can paintings with EVs to increase their reach in a mean metropolitan situation.