Academic literature on the topic 'Electric Cars Improvements'
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Journal articles on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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Jeon, Seungho, Minyoung Roh, Almas Heshmati, and Suduk Kim. "An Assessment of Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards for Passenger Cars in South Korea." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174533.
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The shift in consumer preferences for large-sized cars has increased the energy intensity (EI) of passenger cars, while growth in battery electric vehicle (BEV) sales has decreased EI in recent years in South Korea. In order to lower passenger cars’ EI, the South Korean government has implemented the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards with a credit system, in which the sale of one energy-efficient car (for example, a BEV) can get multiple credits. This study analyzes CAFE standards in terms of both the EI improvement sensitivity scenarios and the degree of credits for BEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) by using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM). In this study, passenger cars include small, medium, and large sedans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs) of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), BEVs, and FCEVs. The findings of this study are as follows: First, from the policy design perspective, a proper setting of the credit system for BEVs and FCEVs is a very important variable for automakers to achieve CAFE standards. Second, from the technology promotion perspective, active promotion of fuel efficiency improvements through CAFE standards are important since Better-EI and Best-EI scenarios are found to achieve CAFE standards even when a BEV or a FCEV receives a credit of one car sale in 2030.
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Revuelta Herrero, Jorge, Gabriel Villarrubia, Alberto L. Barriuso, Daniel Hernández, Álvaro Lozano, and Marco Antonio De La Serna González. "Wireless controller and smartphone based interaction system for electric bicycles." ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal 4, no. 4 (December 22, 2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/adcaij2015445968.
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Throughout the last years, great improvements have been made in the automotive industry, a sector with a high impact in both economics and social environments. Many development efforts have targeted on satisfying the need of providing smart environments to the end user in vehicles, such as cars. This paper proposes a brand-new solution in the automotive field, consisting of a new product family which aims to transform the traditional bicycle to an electric bicycle using an architecture that provides an adaptive environment to the user, improving the driving experience enabling value-added services.
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Mohammad, Khalid S., and Aqeel S. Jaber. "Comparison of electric motors used in electric vehicle propulsion system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 27, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp11-19.
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Now days, it is vital to use electric vehicles (EVs) instead of traditional cars with internal combustion engines (ICEs) in order to reduce the high level of pollution in the environment, and many researchers are investigating the possible improvements on these vehicles. The main component of EVs is the electric motor and the selection of a motor with high efficiency, excellent dynamic response and high starting torque has a strong effect on the performance of EVs. In addition to that a reasonable price for the electric motor is required. This work focuses on the selection of the most suitable electric motor for EVs. Therefore a detailed study to compare between the performance of the major types of electric motors that are used in EVs is addressed in this paper. The results of this comparative study is tabulated and by careful consideration for all these results, the appropriate electric motor for EVs has been chosen. From the other hand, the artificial intelligent (AI) techniques play a crucial role in the EVs technologies, and several kinds of AI techniques used in EVs applications are overviewed in this work.
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Sałabun, Wojciech, Krzysztof Palczewski, and Jarosław Wątróbski. "Multicriteria Approach to Sustainable Transport Evaluation under Incomplete Knowledge: Electric Bikes Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123314.
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The problem of sustainable city transport is a growing field of study, and will be addressed in this paper. With the rising significance of present transportation systems’ negative externalities on the environment, such as the unavoidable increase of air pollution levels, cities seek sustainable means of transport and reduction of combustion cars’ utilization. Moreover, improvements in the area of renewable energy sources have led to rising trends in sustainability, driving the usage and production of electric vehicles. Currently, there is an increasing tendency of looking for more sustainable transport solutions, especially in highly congested urban areas. It seems that in that case, electric bicycles can be a good option, as they yield more benefits in comparison to cars, especially combustion cars. In this paper, we identify an assessment model for the selection of the best electric bicycle for sustainable city transport by using incomplete knowledge. For this purpose, the Characteristic Objects METhod (COMET) is used. The COMET method, proven effective in the assessment of sustainable challenges, is a modern approach, utterly free of the rank reversal phenomenon. The evaluated model considers investigated multiple criteria and is independent of chosen alternatives in the criteria domain. Hence, it can be easily modified and extended for diverse sets of decisional variants. Moreover, the presented approach allows assessing alternatives under conditions of incomplete knowledge, where some data are presented as possible interval numbers.
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Chen, Pengfei, Ziwei Lin, Tian Tan, and Yongzheng Zhang. "Lithium-Ion Battery Development with High Energy Density." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3849.
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With the increasing development of technology, the battery's energy density has improved significantly, which led to improvements in numerous fields, such as the manufacture of electrical vehicles and phones. However, we found out that the battery's energy density is still not as high as expected. For example, electric aircraft are still not ready for mass production as the cost of the production is magnificent. This report will start with the introduction of batteries and how batteries are related to electrical cars to find out the energy density problems of batteries and how to solve those problems. Next, there will be an introduction to electrodes and electrolytes. We will focus on the different properties provided by different materials used to make them up and how to select them.
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Hossain, M. S., Laveet Kumar, M. M. Islam, and Jeyraj Selvaraj. "A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Development." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3868388.
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In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us understand the impact on the environment and health benefits. However, the summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there is a lack of integrative reviews that assess the global demand and development of EVs simultaneously and collectively. This review would provide insight for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.
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Spreafico, Christian, and Davide Russo. "Exploiting the Scientific Literature for Performing Life Cycle Assessment about Transportation." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 7548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187548.
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This paper provides an overview of the environmental impacts of different types of passenger transportation means (i.e., bicycles, motorcycles, cars, buses, trains, and airplanes). The method has been applied to the European scenario. The study was performed by using life cycle assessment in accordance with international standard ISO 14040/44 for assessing the CO2 eq., SO2, and PM10 of the transportation means by exploiting data (i.e., vehicles features and environmental impacts) from 24 scientific papers from the literature that have been manually analyzed. The functional unit is defined as the impact per 1 passenger over 1 km. The study identified that planes are the most impacting for CO2 eq. with up to 380 g/pkm, while cars are the most impacting for SO2 with up to 1.78 g/pkm and PM10 with 0.98 g/pkm. Electric and hybrid models proved to be significantly better than others, while buses are the most sustainable in general. Referring to the overall European scenario, cars constitute up to 95% of the overall impacts. By comparing some improvements for reducing the impacts, it emerged that the limitation of diesel cars along with the increase of buses and trains are the most effective. The provided outcomes may be useful for legislators, manufacturers, and users for favoring the choice of the transportation means in a more environmentally conscious way.
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Danielis, Romeo, Mariangela Scorrano, Alessandro Massi Pavan, and Nicola Blasuttigh. "Simulating the Diffusion of Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic, Battery Storage Systems and Electric Cars in Italy. An Exploratory Study Combining a Discrete Choice and Agent-Based Modelling Approach." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010557.
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Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems could significantly contribute to renewable energy production and reduce domestic energy costs. In Italy, as in other countries, the current incentives generate a modest annual increase after the generous fiscal incentives that kick-started the PV market in the 2008–2013 period. Several factors are, however, at play that can speed up the installation process, such as the improvements in PV technology at declining prices, the increased availability of battery-storage (BS) systems, the growing use of electric appliances, the uptake of electric cars, and the increased environmental awareness. We integrate two research methodologies, discrete choice modeling and agent-based modeling, to understand how these factors will influence households’ decisions regarding PV and BS installations and how agents interact in their socioeconomic environment. We predict that in Italy, given the preference structure of homeowners, the continuing decline in costs, and the social interaction, 40–45% of homeowners will have PV or PV and BS installed by 2030, thanks to the existing investment tax credit policy.
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Stepanović, Nemanja, and Vladan Tubić. "Analysis of ecological benefits of traffic flow electrification." Put i saobraćaj 65, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.65.02.04.
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Road transport is responsible for 22% of the total CO2 emissions, 39% of NOx emission and 10% share of particulate matters (PM10, PM2.5) emission. The use of passenger cars, as an extremely dominant category of vehicles, is at constant growth, which causes an increase or insufficient reduction of Greenhouse Gas emission, despite the technological improvements of exaust emission devices. Due to the growing harmful effects on the environment and human health, as well as the recent scandals associated with internal combustion engine tehcnology („Dieselgate scandal”), development of new technology is fast forward toward electric vehicles.The biggest automotive corporations plans dominant fleet electrification in the next 10 years. However, sudden share increase of the electric vehicles in the traffic flow can lead to the capacity overcoming of the electricity grid network, or the issue of the "ecological footprint" of such a trend. In this paper, the overall environmental impact (so-called Well-to-Wheel analysis) of the increasing number of electric vehicles was analysed. Comparison analysis of vehicles equipped with internal combustion egines and electric vehicles showed the absence of Greenhouse Gass emisson reduction in countries with low percentage of electricity gained from renewable energy sources. Well-to-Wheel analysis was also conducted for several scenarios of electric vehicles participation in traffic flow in Republic of Serbia i.e their influence on electricity grid network and its emission.
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Karamuk, Mustafa, and Orhan Behic Alankus. "Development and Experimental Implementation of Active Tilt Control System Using a Servo Motor Actuator for Narrow Tilting Electric Vehicle." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15061996.
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Light electric vehicles are alternative solutions to passenger cars in terms their lower costs and space saving in city traffic. Narrow tilting vehicles (NTV), known also as three–wheeled vehicles, can be equipped with an active tilting stability controller that tilts the vehicle automatically during cornering to enable lateral stability. There are mainly direct tilt control (DTC), steering tilt control (STC), and combined DTC–STC methods described in the literature. The DTC method is typically applied up to 10 km/h vehicle speeds. Considering city traffic and frequent start–stop cycles, the DTC method needs to be improved in terms of lower actuator torque and energy consumption. DTC can be designed by using either hydraulic or servo motor actuators. In state of the art, the servo motor actuator has not been studied in detail considering its integration and application aspects. Mostly, the actuator has been considered as a black box model. Proposed control method in this study enables improvements in the direct tilt control system (DTC) in terms of reducing the actuator peak torque and enables the application of DTC at higher vehicle speeds. Regarding the modeling of the electric actuator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor and field-oriented control model are also included in the simulation model. Modelling of the electric actuator enables accurate representation of actuator dynamics. In this way, battery Ah capacity can be sized and energy consumption of the electric actuator can be calculated for a given drive cycle. To this end, objective of this study is to design a direct tilt control method including the electrical drives and motion control concepts. In this way, an application methodology of the servo motor actuator is developed and implemented on a narrow tilting three-wheeled electric vehicle. Interactions between tilt control system and the servo motor actuator system are described from practical aspects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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Brown, Benjamin. "Harnessing opportunities for quality improvement from primary care electronic health records." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/harnessing-opportunities-for-quality-improvement-from-primary-care-electronic-health-records(eb5b7680-bd97-4a4b-9d5f-3b8a10ad5ae9).html.
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Background: UK primary care accounts for 90% of patient contacts in the NHS, and over 300 million consultations every year. Consequently, when primary is suboptimal it has important impacts on population health. At the same time, virtually all general practices use electronic health records (EHR) to capture patient data. Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems use it to highlight when individual patients do not receive care consistent with clinical guidelines, though ignore the wider population. Electronic Audit and Feedback (e-A&F) systems address the wider population, but their results are difficult to interpret. EHR data has the richness to suggest ways in which care quality could be improved, though this is currently not exploited. The aim of this thesis was to make progress towards better use of primary care EHR data for the purposes of quality improvement (QI) by focusing on e-A&F as a vehicle. Research Objectives were: 1) Develop a model and recommendations to guide EHR data analysis and its communication to health professionals; 2) Use these models and recommendations to develop a system for UK primary care; 3) Implement and evaluate the system to test the models and recommendations, and derive generalisable knowledge. Methods: The overall approach of this thesis was informed by guidance from the Medical Research Council on the development of complex interventions, and Boyrcki et al.’s evidence-based framework for the development of health information technologies (Chapter 2). Theory was first identified through a critical examination of the empirical and theoretical literature regarding CDS and e-A&F systems (Chapter 3), then built upon in a systematic literature search and metasynthesis of qualitative studies of A&F (and e-A&F) interventions (Chapter 4). This resulted in the development a new theory of A&F (Clinical Performance Feedback Intervention Theory; CP-FIT), which was used to inform the development of an e-A&F system for UK primary care – the Performance Improvement plaN GeneratoR (PINGR; version 1). PINGR was then iteratively optimised through a series of three empirical studies. First, its usability was evaluated by software experts using Heuristic Evaluation and Cognitive Walkthrough methodologies (Chapter 5). GPs then performed structured tasks using the system in a laboratory whilst their on-screen interactions and eye movements were recorded (Chapter 6). Finally, PINGR was implemented in 15 GP practices, and CP-FIT used to guide the mixed methods evaluation including examinations of usage records, and interviews with 38 health professionals. Results: There are both empirical and theoretical arguments for combining features from CDS and e-A&F systems to increase their effectiveness; a key recommendation is that e-A&F systems should suggest clinical actions to health professionals (Chapter 3). This is supported by CP-FIT, which has three core propositions: 1) A&F interventions exert their effects through health professionals taking action; 2) Health care organisations have limited capacity to engage with A&F; and 3) Health care professionals and organisations have a strong set of beliefs and behaviours regarding how they provide patient care (Chapter 4). Based on these findings, the unique feature of PINGR is that it suggests improvement actions to users based on EHR data analysis (‘decision-supported feedback’). Key findings from PINGR’s usability evaluation with software experts translated into a set of design guidelines for e-A&F interfaces regarding: summarising clinical performance, patient lists, patient-level information, and suggested actions (Chapter 5). When tested with GPs, these guidelines were found to impact: user engagement; actionability; and information prioritisation (Chapter 6). Following its implementation in practice, PINGR was used on 227 occasions to facilitate the care of 725 patients. These patients were 1.8 (95% CI 1.6-1.9) times more likely to receive improved care according to at least one clinical guideline. Barriers and facilitators to its success included: the resources available to use it; its perceived relative advantages; how compatible it was with pre-existing beliefs and ways of working; the credibility of its data; the complexity of the clinical problems it highlighted; and the ability to act on its recommendations (Chapter 7). Conclusion: It is both feasible and acceptable to health professionals to make better use of EHR data for QI by enabling e-A&F systems to suggest actions for them to take. When designing e-A&F interfaces, attention should be paid to how they summarise clinical performance, and present patient lists and detailed patient-level information. Implementation of e-A&F interventions is influenced by availability of resources, compatibility with existing workflows, and ability to take action based on their feedback results. Unresolved tensions exist regarding how they may deal with patient complexity. Policymakers should consider the relevance of these findings for National Clinical Audits and pay-for-performance initiatives.
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Jaishankar, Gayatri, Dina Alshunnaq, and Amanda Gutwein. "East Tennessee Asthma Quality Improvement Project: Can Electronic Records Help Improve Asthma Care in an Academic Practice?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8879.
Full textBooks on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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1947-, Schilp Jill Lenk, and Gilbreath Roy E. 1953-, eds. Health data quest: How to find and use data for performance improvement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 2000.
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Office, General Accounting. Year 2000 computing crisis: State Department needs to make fundamental improvements to its Year 2000 program : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Toxic substances: PCB enforcement in Kansas City region substantiates need for further program improvements : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.
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Mukherjee, Joia S. Monitoring, Evaluation, Disease Surveillance, and Quality Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0010.
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Quality data are necessary to make good decisions in health delivery for both individuals and populations. Data can be used to improve care and achieve equity. However, systems for health data management were historically weak in most impoverished countries. Health data are not uncommonly compiled in stacks of poorly organized paper records. Efforts to streamline and improve health information discussed in this chapter include patient-held booklets, demographic health surveys, and the use of common indicators. This chapter also focuses on the evolution of medical records, including electronic systems. The use of data for monitoring, evaluation, and quality improvement is explained. Finally, this chapter reviews the use of frameworks—such as logic models and log frames—for program planning, evaluation, and improvement.
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Doyle, Christine A. Health Information Technology Use for Quality Assurance and Improvement. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0015.
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Health information technology (HIT) has become an important part of patient care, and can provide useful solutions for a quality assurance and improvement (QA&I) program by illustrating current quality and demonstrating gaps in quality that can be targeted for improvement. Like any other information technology project, however, HIT solutions can give misleading results if the wrong information is selected for review or if there are systematic errors in data handling. Although many health information systems are sometimes maligned as a glorified statistical tool or billing document, well-designed and implemented anesthesia information management systems (AIMS), perioperative electronic health records (EHR), and other software solutions can provide an excellent vehicle for use in quality programs. When planning the implementation of a major HIT project, it is usually best to start at the “end”—the desired workflow and goals of the project—and then work backward.
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McInerny, Thomas K., Henry M. Adam, Deborah E. Campbell, and Deepak M. Kamat, eds. American Academy of Pediatrics Textbook of Pediatric Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581106411.
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For more than 75 years, the American Academy of Pediatrics has been the nation’s leading and most trusted child health expert. The all-new full color AAP Textbook continues the tradition by providing a wealth of expert guidance spanning every aspect of current clinical practice and sets a new standard for one-stop pediatric references! Directed by a distinguished editorial team, and featuring contributions from experienced clinicians nationwide, the new AAP Textbook of Pediatric Care is a resource you’ll use with complete confidence. Look here for expert guidance spanning every aspect of current clinical practice. Comprehensive scope: Covers screening, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, management, prevention, critical care, practice management, ethical and legal concerns and much more. Practical focus: Directly addresses day-to-day practice concerns for efficient patient problem-solving. Essential clinical guidance: Step-by-step recommendations on what to do, when and how to do it, when to admit, and when to refer. Evidence-based approach: State-of-the-art approach includes the evidence base for recommendations and lists detailed references within each chapter. Topical coverage: Highlights new priorities for 21st century practice: evidence-based medicine, environmental concerns, electronic health records, quality improvement, community-wide health approaches, confidentiality, cultural issues, and psychosocial issues.
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Schilp, Jill Lenk, Roy E. Gilbreath, Jill Schilp, and Roy Gilbreath. Health Data Quest : How to Find and Use Data for Performance Improvement. Jossey-Bass, 2000.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.
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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic which to many means “madness.”The cause of this functional impairment may fall into one of the following categories:• Conversion reaction: conversion of psychological stress to physical symptoms. This may include paralysis, hemisensory or distal sensory loss, or conversion spasms. It affects younger age groups.• Somatization: chronic multiple physical and cognitive symptoms due to chronic stress. It affects older age groups.• Factions disorder: induced real physical symptoms due to the need to be cared for, such as injecting oneself with insulin to produce hypoglycemia.• Hypochondriasis: overconcern about body functions such as suspicion of ALS due to the presence of rare fasciclutations that are normal during stress and after ingestion of a large amount of coffee. Medical students in particular are targets for this disorder.The following points are to be made on this topic. FNMD should be diagnosed by neuromuscular specialists who are trained to recognize actual syndrome whether typical or atypical. Presentations that fall out of the recognition pattern of a neuromuscular specialist, after the investigations are negative, they should be considered as FNMDs. Sometimes serial examinations are useful to confirm this suspicion. Psychatrists or psychologists are to be consulted to formulate a plan to discover the underlying stress and to treat any associated psychiatric disorder or psychological aberration. Most patients think that they are stressed due to the illness and they fail to connect the neuromuscular manifestations and the underlying stress. They offer shop around due to lack of satisfaction, especially those with somatization disorders. Some patients learn how to imitate certain conditions well, and they can deceive health care professionals. EMG and NCS are invaluable in revealing FNMD. A normal needle EMG of a weak muscles mostly indicates a central etiology (organic or functional). Normal sensory responses of a severely numb limb mean that a lesion is preganglionic (like roots avulsion, CISP, etc.) or the cause is central (a doral column lesion or functional). Management of FNMD is difficult, and many patients end up being chronic cases that wander into clinics and hospitals seeking solutions and exhausting the health care system with unnecessary expenses.It is time for these disorders to be studied in detail and be classified and have criteria set for their diagnosis so that they will not remain diagnosed only by exclusion. This chapter will describe some examples of these disorders. A video clip can tell the story better than many pages of writing. Improvement of digital cameras and electronic media has improved the diagnosis of these conditions, and it is advisable that patients record some of their symptoms when they happen. It is not uncommon for some Neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), such as myasthenia gravis (MG), small fiber neuropathy, and CISP, to be diagnosed as functional due to the lack of solid physical findings during the time of the examination. Therefore, a neuromuscular evaluation is important before these disorders are labeled as such. Some patients have genuine NMDs, but the majority of their symptoms are related to what Joseph Marsden called “sickness behavior.” A patient with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may unconsciously develop numbness of the entire side of the body because he thinks that he may have a stroke.
Book chapters on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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Mun, Jongho, Jiye Kim, Woongryul Jeon, Youngsook Lee, and Dongho Won. "An Improvement of Encrypted Remote User Authentication Scheme by Using Smart Card." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 451–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54900-7_64.
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Peng-Keller, Simon, and David Neuhold. "A Short History of Documenting Spiritual Care." In Charting Spiritual Care, 11–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47070-8_2.
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Abstract The first chapter of this edited volume traces the history of documenting spiritual care. By referring to ancient and early modern practices, the relationship between spiritual (self-) care and various forms of documentation is outlined. The focus lies on developments in the twentieth and the twenty-first century, although the question of what constitutes an adequate practice of documenting healthcare chaplaincy is as old as the profession itself. The pioneers of Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) – Richard Cabot, Anton Boisen, Russell L. Dicks, and others – developed distinctive forms of recording for different purposes. For example, procedures of documentation that are prepared for and helpful to the pastors themselves as “self-criticism,” “self-improvement,” or even “self-revelation” have been distinguished from documentation practices that are intra- or interprofessional. Regarding more recent developments in documentation, the introduction of electronic patient records (EMRs) was critical. We present a case study from Kenya to show how the issues discussed here are encountered in a non-Euro-American context.
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Bardfield, Joshua, Bruce D. Agins, Margareth Jasmin, Nicasky Celestin, Nirva Duval, Jean Gabriel Balan, Patrice Joseph, Jean Solon Valles, and Yves Marie Bernard. "Haiti’s National HIV Quality Management Program and the Implementation of an Electronic Medical Record to Drive Improvement in Patient Care." In Improving Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 43–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43112-9_4.
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Călin, L., M. Bilici, and A. Samuilă. "Improvement of the Fluidized Bed Tribocharging Device for Electrostatic Separation of Plastics from Electronic Medical Waste." In 6th International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology; 17–20 October 2018, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 341–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6207-1_53.
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Nishigaki, Tomoki, Jan-Dirk Schmöcker, Toshiyuki Nakamura, Nobuhiro Uno, Masahiro Kuwahara, and Akira Yoshioka. "Location planning for one-way carsharing systems considering accessibility improvements: the case of super-compact electric cars." In Demand for Emerging Transportation Systems, 101–22. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815018-4.00006-1.
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Debbarma, Sohana, and Geetanjali Kaushik. "Assessing the impact of Transportation on Climate Change." In Research Anthology on Environmental and Societal Impacts of Climate Change, 156–80. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch009.
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India's North-East Region has greater demand for road and personalized modes of transport powered by fossil fuels. And due to emissions, there has been evidence of climate change. It has been found that diesel cars cause greater emissions (per kilometer travelled) as compared to petrol cars; therefore, the use of diesel should be discouraged. The chapter suggests that the emissions in case of public transport passenger-km are lesser than other modes of transport. However, in the North-East Region, there is negligible share of public transport due to poor infrastructure and service facilities. Therefore, improvements should be made with regard to public transport system so that considerable number of passengers shifts to public transport modes. Further, it is inferred that use of alternate vehicle or fuel technologies like hybrid electric vehicles, biofuel, biodiesel, hydrogen fuel need to be initiated to mitigate the climate change.
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Debbarma, Sohana, and Geetanjali Kaushik. "Assessing the impact of Transportation on Climate Change." In Handbook of Research on Environmental Policies for Emergency Management and Public Safety, 275–99. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3194-4.ch015.
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India's North-East Region has greater demand for road and personalized modes of transport powered by fossil fuels. And due to emissions, there has been evidence of climate change. It has been found that diesel cars cause greater emissions (per kilometer travelled) as compared to petrol cars; therefore, the use of diesel should be discouraged. The chapter suggests that the emissions in case of public transport passenger-km are lesser than other modes of transport. However, in the North-East Region, there is negligible share of public transport due to poor infrastructure and service facilities. Therefore, improvements should be made with regard to public transport system so that considerable number of passengers shifts to public transport modes. Further, it is inferred that use of alternate vehicle or fuel technologies like hybrid electric vehicles, biofuel, biodiesel, hydrogen fuel need to be initiated to mitigate the climate change.
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"- Introduction to Workflow and Process Management in Health Care." In Process Improvement with Electronic Health Records, 26–41. Productivity Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12082-8.
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Stone, Peter. "An Introduction to Women's Health and Informatics." In Medical Informatics in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1–12. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-078-3.ch001.
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Improving women’s health is a vital task for the world. The consequences of obstetric and gynecological disease are serious both for the women involved, their families, and communities. This introductory chapter introduces the reader to the field of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The continuum of pregnancy from conception to childbirth, and the postnatal period are discussed. There is coverage of the pathology that can arise within the female reproductive tract. Data collection and use has a long history in this area. In order to improve care, evidence-based medicine has been strongly emphasized and women’s health has often led the way. Audit of practice, governance, and quality reviews are all areas where electronic information systems are assisting with improvements. Increasing use of e-health technologies are a major influence on the improvement.
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Wax, David B. "The Electronic Health Record as a Monitor for Performance Improvement." In Modern Monitoring in Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, 154–63. Cambridge University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108610650.016.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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Hu, Xuanyang, Yuping Qian, Bijie Yang, Chaofan Dong, Yangjun Zhang, and Weilin Zhuge. "Aerodynamic Design of Cooling Guide for Electrical Machine in Electric Ducted Fan." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82347.
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Abstract Electric ducted fan has newly emerged as the most compact type of propulsion fan for flying cars, because of its flexible configuration arrangement, low noise level and high safety level operation. Typically, an electric ducted fan is composed of a hub-driven fan and a hub-mounted inner rotor electrical machine. The thermal management of the hub-mounted electrical machine is essential because it determines the machine’s continuous output power and reliability, as well as the fan thrust force. The heat transmitted from the stator winding to the cooling fin is dissipated by introducing the air flow at hub region to the cooling fin. Therefore, in order to better improve the thermal performance of the cooling fin, an aerodynamic design of cooling fin is proposed in this paper for better thermal management of stator end-windings. Firstly, for a certain desired power output of electrical machine under temperature constraints of stator winding, lumped thermal network is established to derive the requirement of heat transfer coefficients of the cooling fin. Then, from engineering feasibility, three different cooling fin designs including straight type, arc-shape type and airfoil shape type are tested by computational fluid dynamics. The evaluation of the cooling fin designs includes the flow characteristics, power requirements and thermal characteristics for stator winding cooling purposes. In comparison with the conventionally straight type cooling fin, improvements are gained from the designed arc-shape type and airfoil shape type cooling fin configurations, whereas the fan thrust force remains the same simultaneously. It is verified that the arc-shape type and airfoil shape type cooling fins are promising in enhancing the thermal management performance of the electrical machine stator winding with little power requirement.
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Jeong, D. Y., and J. E. Gordon. "Evaluation of Rail Test Frequencies Using Risk Analysis." In 2009 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2009-63009.
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Several industries now use risk analysis to develop inspection programs to ensure acceptable mechanical integrity and reliability. These industries include nuclear and electric power generation, oil refining, gas processing, onshore and offshore exploration and production, chemical processing, and pipelines. Risk analysis may also be used as a decision-making tool in the railroad industry to develop systematic improvements in track maintenance and inspection strategies. In the course of conducting research in support of the Federal Railroad Administration, a Monte Carlo risk assessment model has been developed to simulate certain aspects of rail inspection (also referred to as rail testing) to find and remove defects that may grow to sufficient size to cause rail failures. In this paper, the model is used to examine the relationship between the occurrence of rail failures and various operational factors. These operational factors include rail size, average axle loading, and inspection frequency. In addition, the risk assessment model is used to evaluate an alternative rail testing concept in which detector cars would conduct inspections at speeds higher than those used in current practice.
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Schmidt, Sebastian, Martin G. Rose, Markus Müller, Siegfried Sumser, Elias Chebli, Thomas Streule, Michael Stiller, and Johannes Leweux. "Variable Asymmetric Turbine for Heavy Duty Truck Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94590.
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Turbochargers with variable turbine geometry (VGT) are established in diesel engines for passenger cars because of the beneficial effect on transient operation. The variability permits the reduction of exhaust back pressure, resulting in lower fuel consumption. There are only a few applications in heavy duty truck engines due to increased mechanical complexity and vulnerability to failure. This paper presents a turbine concept with a simple variability developed for a heavy duty engine. The variability is achieved upstream of the rotor by changing the sectional area of the volute. This can be done through a rotationally movable ring which shifts the circumferential position of the volute tongues. These separate both scrolls of a double segment turbine and can be rotated by an electric actuator. The performance maps measured at the hot gas test stand show the large variability of the flow parameter and the high efficiency levels over the operating range of the variable asymmetric turbine (VAT). The flow field is computed by the use of 3D-CFD simulations in order to analyze the loss-generating mechanisms that occur within the machine. Test runs on an engine test stand demonstrate the high potential of the concept concerning reduction of fuel consumption and a wide scope of realizable EGR rates in order to reduce NOx emissions in a cost-effective way. The resultant large mass flow variability allows the deletion of the waste gate and enables efficiency improvements.
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Holden, Paul, David Moen, Mario DeCorso, and John Howard. "Alabama Electric Cooperative Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Plant Improvements." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0595.
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This paper presents a review of recent developments that were made to improve the reliability and maintenance costs associated with operation of the AEC CAES plant in McIntosh, Alabama. The combustor, fuel injector, and igniter of the LP expander were redesigned by Power Tech Associates, Inc., (PTA) of Media, Pennsylvania to improve durability, facilitate maintenance as required, and reduce cost. The modified combustor system was fitted with special instrumentation, installed and tested through an in-situ development program. Test data shows significant improvement in liner metal temperatures, transition gas temperature profile and pattern factor. Combustor system dynamics and emissions were maintained at acceptable levels.
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Gangula, Lokesh babu, G. Srikanth, Cheggoju Naveen, and Vishal R. satpute. "Vision Improvement in Automated Cars by Image Deraining." In 2018 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sceecs.2018.8546979.
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Jang, Kyung Min, Jun Young Kim, Cholongi Eum, and KwangSun Kim. "Numerical Analysis on Cooling Performance for FET Heat Sink." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39220.
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With the improved performance of IT devices like car microprocessors, the heat generated in the electric devices are being increased in amount. The increased heating value degrades the performance of devices and circuits, which will affect the durability and reliability of products eventually by causing their failure. Therefore, a study on the cooling performance improvement of heat sinks is essential to decrease the temperatures of the field effect transistors (FETs) in cars. In this study, numerical analysis and experimental tests were carried out to develop a new heat sink design for a different FET material, heat conductive resin. Without the heat sink, the new FET had a temperature distribution of 70–90 Celsius, which was measured in the laboratory environment similar to the real chamber within a car. Based on the numerical and experimental test and analysis of the FET new heat sink system, the improved shape and array of the fins are developed that meet the target temperature of the FET. For heat sinks, efficient cooling design and reduced manufacturing costs are derived from the comparison with those of old heat sink material, Aluminum.
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Ishizuka, Akane, Narimasa Ueda, Yoshitaka Morimoto, Akio Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, and Naohiko Suzuki. "Study on Non-Axisymmetric 3D Curved Surface Turning by Driven-Type Rotary Tool Synchronized With Spindle." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-65062.
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Abstract Since shifting to electric vehicles as a countermeasure against global warming is not always easy to complete, the hybrid car has been considered as another possible solution. However, based on the calculation of total CO2 emissions, all hybrid cars which will constitute 90% of all cars are expected to be equipped with an internal combustion engine even after 2030. Therefore, further efficiency improvement of the internal combustion engine is necessary. One of the key factors is the variable valve timing and variable lift with the 3D cam mechanism. Since conventional technology uses a complicated link mechanism and servo motor control, this leads a problem to set into small cars or motorcycles because they cannot afford to install the variable valve timing and variable lift with cam mechanism. To solve this problem, a cam shape with a three-dimensional curved surface has been proposed. In order to create this shape, the machining method for non-axisymmetric curved surface turning (NACS-Turning) is required. To build the new system, our research group has proposed a new machining method using a driven type rotary tool and a linear motor driven moving table to enable to achieve NACS-Turning. In this new system, a new tool rotation axis (B axis) is adopted to synchronize its rotational position with the rotational position of the spindle (C axis) holding the workpiece, the X1-, X2-, and Z-Axis positions in total. In this paper, the new hardware configuration is proposed to overcome the present machining accuracy.
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Ishizuka, Akane, Kensuke Nakagawa, Yoshitaka Morimoto, Akio Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Kaneko, Naohiko Suzuki, and Ryo Hirono. "Study on Non-Axisymmetric 3D Curved Surface Turning by Driven-Type Rotary Tool Synchronized With Spindle." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8505.
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Abstract Since shifting to electric vehicles as a countermeasure against global warming is hard to complete, the hybrid car has been considered as another possible solution. However, based on the calculation of total CO2 emissions, all hybrid cars which will constitute 90% of all cars are expected to be equipped with an internal combustion engine even after 2030. Therefore, further efficiency improvement of the internal combustion engine is necessary. One of the key factors is the variable valve timing and variable lift of the cam mechanism. Since conventional technology uses a complicated link mechanism and servo motor control, this creates a problem to build small cars or two-wheeled vehicles because they are not big enough for the size and weight of the two important parts: the variable valve timing and variable of cam mechanism, which won’t fit. To solve this problem, a cam shape with a three-dimensional curved surface has been proposed. In order to create this shape, the machining method for non-axisymmetric curved surface turning (NACS-Turning) is required. To build the new system, our research group has proposed a new machining method using a driven rotary tool and a linear motor driven moving table to enable to achieve NACS-Turning. In this new system, a new tool rotation axis (B axis) is adopted to synchronize its rotation position with the rotation position of the spindle (C axis) holding the workpiece and the X1-, X2-, and Z-Axis positions in total. In this paper, the new hardware configuration is proposed to overcome the present machining accuracy from the point of non-circular machining method.
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Kraljevic, Ivica, Hans-Peter Kollmeier, and Ulrich Spicher. "Rankine Cycle for Hybrid Vehicles: The Potential for CO2 Emissions Reduction." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1096.
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This paper presents the analysis of a Rankine cycle unit applied to improve overall efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Exhaust waste heat is recovered from the internal combustion engine (ICE) and is converted into electrical power that is fed into the electrical system on board. The discontinuously available exhaust waste heat from the ICE operating cycle is stored as sensible heat in a pressurized working fluid applying the principle of a Ruths storage tank. Thus, it can provide almost constant mass flows to the expansion device during discharge in contrast to the standard Rankine cycle. It is also shown that the outlined system configuration leads to faster engine warm up resulting in optimum ICE operating conditions improving fuel economy. The benefits of a mild HEV versus conventional car powertrain are outlined step by step in a vehicle simulation. Additionally, improvement in fuel economy achieved by applying an additional Rankine cycle is demonstrated in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).
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Amaral, Janaína R., Harald Göllinger, and Thiago A. Fiorentin. "Improvement of Vehicle Stability Using Reinforcement Learning." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4420.
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This paper presents a preliminary study on the use of reinforcement learning to control the torque vectoring of a small rear wheel driven electric race car in order to improve vehicle handling and vehicle stability. The reinforcement learning algorithm used is Neural Fitted Q Iteration and the sampling of experiences is based on simulations of the vehicle behavior using the software CarMaker. The cost function is based on the position of the states on the phase-plane of sideslip angle and sideslip angular velocity. The resulting controller is able to improve the vehicle handling and stability with a significant reduction in vehicle sideslip angle.
Reports on the topic "Electric Cars Improvements"
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Skelly, Andrea C., Roger Chou, Joseph R. Dettori, Erika D. Brodt, Andrea Diulio-Nakamura, Kim Mauer, Rongwei Fu, et al. Integrated and Comprehensive Pain Management Programs: Effectiveness and Harms. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer251.
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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and harms of pain management programs that are based on the biopsychosocial model of care, particularly in the Medicare population. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from 1989 to May 24, 2021; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Given lack of consensus on terminology and program definition for pain management, we defined programs as integrated (based in and integrated with primary care) and comprehensive (referral based and separate from primary care) pain management programs (IPMPs and CPMPs). Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IPMPs and CPMPs with usual care or waitlist, physical activity, pharmacologic therapy, and psychological therapy in patients with complex acute/subacute pain or chronic nonactive cancer pain. Patients needed to have access to medication support/review, psychological support, and physical function support in programs. Meta-analyses were conducted to improve estimate precision. We classified the magnitude of effects as small, moderate, or large based on predefined criteria. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for the primary outcomes of pain, function, and change in opioid use. Results. We included 57 RCTs; 8 evaluated IPMPs and 49 evaluated CPMPs. Compared with usual care or waitlist, IPMPs were associated with small improvements in pain in the short and intermediate term (SOE: low) and in function in the short term (SOE: moderate), but there were no clear differences at other time points. CPMPs were associated with small improvements in pain immediately postintervention (SOE: moderate) but no differences in the short, intermediate, and long term (SOE: low); for function, improvements were moderate immediately postintervention and in the short term; there were no differences in the intermediate or long term (SOE: low at all time points). CPMPs were associated with small to moderate improvements in function and pain versus pharmacologic treatment alone at multiple time frames (SOE: moderate for function intermediate term; low for pain and function at all other times), and with small improvements in function but no improvements in pain in the short term when compared with physical activity alone (SOE: moderate). There were no differences between CPMPs and psychological therapy alone at any time (SOE: low). Serious harms were not reported, although evidence on harms was insufficient. The mean age was 57 years across IPMP RCTs and 45 years across CPMP RCTs. None of the trials specifically enrolled Medicare beneficiaries. Evidence on factors related to program structure, delivery, coordination, and components that may impact outcomes is sparse and there was substantial variability across studies on these factors. Conclusions. IPMPs and CPMPs may provide small to moderate improvements in function and small improvements in pain in patients with chronic pain compared with usual care. Formal pain management programs have not been widely implemented in the United States for general populations or the Medicare population. To the extent that programs are tailored to patients’ needs, our findings are potentially applicable to the Medicare population. Programs that address a range of biopsychosocial aspects of pain, tailor components to patient need, and coordinate care may be of particular importance in this population.
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Schnabel, Filipina, and Danielle Aldridge. Effectiveness of EHR-Depression Screening Among Adult Diabetics in an Urban Primary Care Clinic. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0003.
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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) and depression are important comorbid conditions that can lead to more serious health outcomes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) supports routine screening for depression as part of standard diabetes management. The PHQ2 and PHQ9 questionnaires are good diagnostic screening tools used for major depressive disorders in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This quality improvement study aims to compare the rate of depression screening, treatment, and referral to behavioral health in adult patients with DM2 pre and post-integration of depression screening tools into the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients aged 18 years and above with a diagnosis of DM2 and no initial diagnosis of depression or other mental illnesses. Chart reviews included those from 2018 or prior for before integration data and 2020 to present for after integration. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from a pool of 33,695 patients in the clinic with DM2 from the year 2013-2021. Thirty of the patients were prior to the integration of depression screening tools PHQ2 and PHQ9 into the EHR, while the other half were post-integration. The study population ranged from 18-83 years old. Results All subjects (100%) were screened using PHQ2 before integration and after integration. Twenty percent of patients screened had a positive PHQ2 among subjects before integration, while 10% had a positive PHQ2 after integration. Twenty percent of patients were screened with a PHQ9 pre-integration which accounted for 100% of those subjects with a positive PHQ2. However, of the 10% of patients with a positive PHQ2 post-integration, only 6.7 % of subjects were screened, which means not all patients with a positive PHQ2 were adequately screened post-integration. Interestingly, 10% of patients were treated with antidepressants before integration, while none were treated with medications in the post-integration group. There were no referrals made to the behavior team in either group. Conclusion There is no difference between the prevalence of depression screening before or after integration of depression screening tools in the EHR. The study noted that there is a decrease in the treatment using antidepressants after integration. However, other undetermined conditions could have influenced this. Furthermore, not all patients with positive PHQ2 in the after-integration group were screened with PHQ9. The authors are unsure if the integration of the depression screens influenced this change. In both groups, there is no difference between referrals to the behavior team. Implications to Nursing Practice This quality improvement study shows that providers are good at screening their DM2 patients for depression whether the screening tools were incorporated in the EHR or not. However, future studies regarding providers, support staff, and patient convenience relating to accessibility and availability of the tool should be made. Additional issues to consider are documentation reliability, hours of work to scan documents in the chart, risk of documentation getting lost, and the use of paper that requires shredding to comply with privacy.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.