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Journal articles on the topic 'Electric Arc Plasma'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ramakrishnan, S. "Technological Challenges in Thermal Plasma Production." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 3 (1995): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950377.

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Thermal plasmas, generated by electric arc discharges, are used in a variety of industrial applications. The electric arc is a constricted electrical discharge with a high temperature in the range 6000-25,000 K. These characteristics are useful in plasma cutting, spraying, welding and specific areas of material processing. The thermal plasma technology is an enabling process technology and its status in the market depends upon its advantages over competing technologies. A few technological challenges to enhance the status of plasma technology are to improve the utilisation of the unique characteristics of the electric arc and to provide enhanced control of the process. In particular, new solutions are required for increasing the plasma-material interaction, controlling the electrode roots and controlling the thermal power generated by the arcing process.

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2

Anshakov, A. S., E. K. Urbakh, S. I. Radko, A. E. Urbakh, and V. A. Faleev. "Electric-arc steam plasma generator." Thermophysics and Aeromechanics 22, no. 1 (January 2015): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869864314010096.

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3

Kruchinin, A. M., M. Ya Pogrebissky, E. S. Ryazanova, and A. Yu Chursin. "Thermal characteristics of an arc column in the stabilization zone of an air-operated laminar plasma torch." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 6 (2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2020-6-56-61.

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The method of universal characteristics of an electric arc is described as a mathematical basis for the heat exchange model of an electric arc in the processes of electric arc heating in electrical engineering. Application of this method for calculation of the temperature characteristics of an arc column compressed by the walls of the discharge channel in the stabilization zone of a laminar plasma torch operating in air is considered. An example of the temperature profile calculation of a wall-stabilized arc for a plasma generator with a discharge channel diameter of 5 mm operating in air at an arc current of 60 A is presented. Calculated results are compared with the results of experimental studies of this plasma generator.

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4

Tazmeev, K. K., R. N. Tazmeeva, and B. K. Tazmeev. "Low-current arc in plasma flow from discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2270, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2270/1/012028.

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Abstract The effect of plasma flow from a discharge with a solution cathode on the properties of a low-current electric arc has been experimentally studied. Electric power was supplied to the arc from a GORN-type inverter source. A rectifier served as a power source for the discharge with a solution cathode. The output voltage was 1700 V. Aqueous solutions of table salt were used in the experiments. The specific electrical conductivity of the solutions was in the range of 10–15 mS/cm. The electric arc was ignited between horizontally oriented rod electrodes. The interelectrode distance varied within 2–15 mm. The discharge current with a water cathode was established within 8–15 A. The arc burned in the current range of 1–8 A. The conditions under which stable burning of the electric arc is ensured are revealed.

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5

Et. al., Evseev Alexei Mikhailovich,. "Rectifilter for electric arc plasma plant." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 3130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2358.

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This article presents the results of the development and research of a new type of AC-DC converter - a filter-rectifier (or rectifilter). The object of application of the proposed device is an industrial plant of electric arc plasma processing, the operation of which requires maintaining a constant value of the arc current and is accompanied by a high level of harmonic distortion and consumed reactive energy. From the point of view of the reactive power compensation and harmonic filtering strategy, the rectifilter can be attributed to active electric power filters and FACTS, however, from the position of the main function performed, it is a direct current source, an AC to DC converter, an active rectifier. This work describes in detail the principles of operation of the control system and the hardware architecture of the device. Mathematical modeling of the rectifilter and analysis of the graphs of the consumed alternating current, rectified current, analysis of the harmonic composition and power factor in comparison with the thyristor rectifier of an electric arc plasmatron were carried out.

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6

Sawicki, Antoni. "Selected Properties of High-Frequency Electric Arc Initiators and Stabilisation Oscillators. Part 2. Devices with Compressed Electric Arc." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 3 (June 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2021.3/5.

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The second part of the overview article discusses general features of the design and operation of selected industrial arc plasma torches. Because of their structural and operating differences, plasma torch power supply systems with internal and partly external arc are discussed separately. Particular attention was paid to the design of electric systems used for the initiation of arc discharges. Because of the fact that the operation of plasma torches with partly external arc is often accompanied by the formation of double arc, the article also presents measures and methods enabling the prevention of the aforesaid unfavourable phenomenon. In addition, the article discusses selected technological properties of plasma torches and micro-plasma torches used for joining, cutting, surfacing and hardening.

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7

Tazmeev, K. K., and A. K. Tazmeev. "Features of a burning electric arc superimposed on gas discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2270, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2270/1/012021.

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Abstract The conditions for burning an electric arc in a discharge plasma with a solution cathode have been studied. Both discharges were connected to the same metal anode. The electric arc burned in the current range of 5–10 A. The discharge current with a solution cathode varied within 8-15 A. In the experiments, aqueous solutions of common salt were used. The specific electrical conductivity of the solutions was 10–15 mS/cm. Spectral investigations of arc plasma radiation and discharge with a solution cathode have been carried out. Calculations of the parameters of the electron gas in the plasma column have been performed.

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8

Veklich, A., S. Fesenko, and V. Boretskij. "Plasma Peculiarities of Arc Discharge Between Carbon-Copper Electrodes." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 2 (2019): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.2.152.

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Composite materials on carbon-copper base have advanced electric and exploitation characteristics. They usually used as materials for sliding contacts for high-speed railway. Arc discharges appear during pantograph lowering process in pantograph-catenary system, so injection of contact material into discharge gap has place. Therefore, investigations of electric arc plasma between such composite electrodes can be useful for further optimization of materials. It would be very useful as well to examine the peculiarities of electric arc plasma and contacts’ working surface interaction. So, the aim of this work is spectroscopy investigations of electric arc discharge plasma between C-Cu composite electrodes. The mutual correlation of plasma properties and composition of contacts’ was found.

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9

Kruchinin, A. M., M. Ya Pogrebisskiy, E. S. Ryazanova, and A. Yu Chursin. "Calculation of rational modes of plasma torches for plasma arc furnaces." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 2 (2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2022-2-13-22.

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The method of universal arc characteristics developed for calculating the electrical and thermal characteristics of the cylindrical part of the Mecker model column allows simple algebraic methods to calculate the characteristics of the arc column at a distance from the cathode and, thereby, to concretize the mathematical model of Mecker. The proven conservativeness of the arc as a result of the formation of a spatial layer with increased volumetric viscosity on the surface of the column allows, in accordance with the provisions of the boundary layer theory, to apply a boundary condition of the third kind to the surface of the cylindrical part of the arc column. The method of universal arc characteristics also helps to link the boundary value of the linear heat flux density on the surface of the cylindrical part of the column with the temperature profile of the column and, thereby, to specify the dependence of the electrical, geometric and thermal characteristics of the column plasma on the conditions of arc heat exchange in the working space of the installation with electric arc heating. The proposed method makes it possible, based only on the external voltage characteristics of the arc, to identify the Mecker heat exchange model and calculate by a simple algebraic method the structure and values of the heat fluxes generated by the arc during heat exchange with the plasma torch gas jet in the melting space of the plasma arc furnace. Examples of arc characteristics are given when working on different gases for different stages of melting — at the beginning of melting and during the melting of the charge.

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10

Rutberg, Ph G., A. A. Safronov, S. D. Popov, A. V. Surov, and G. V. Nakonechnyi. "Multiphase electric-arc ac plasma generators for plasma technologies." High Temperature 44, no. 2 (March 2006): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10740-006-0024-0.

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11

Pauna, Henri, Thomas Willms, Matti Aula, Thomas Echterhof, Marko Huttula, and Timo Fabritius. "Cyanide recombination in electric arc furnace plasma." Plasma Research Express 3, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 025008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1067/abfc2a.

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12

Anshakov, A. S., V. S. Cherednichenko, A. E. Urbakh, P. V. Domarov, and V. A. Faleev. "Laboratory and technological electric-arc plasma generators." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1105 (November 2018): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1105/1/012118.

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13

Karpov, D. A., and S. N. Nazikov. "Multicomponent electric-arc source of metallic plasma." Plasma Devices and Operations 1, no. 2 (October 1991): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10519999108225542.

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14

Zhukov, M. F. "Electric arc generators of thermal plasma (review)." Plasma Devices and Operations 5, no. 1 (November 1996): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10519999608228824.

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15

Senokosov, E. S., and A. E. Senokosov. "Plasma Electric-Arc Cleaning of Metal Products." Metallurgist 49, no. 3-4 (March 2005): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-005-0064-4.

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16

Kavaliauskas, Žydrūnas, Rolandas Uscila, Romualdas Kėželis, Vitas Valinčius, Viktorija Grigaitienė, Dovilė Gimžauskaitė, and Mindaugas Milieška. "Investigations of Working Characteristics of Transferred Arc Plasma Torch Volume Reactor." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052624.

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A transferred arc plasma torch chemical rector was used to process waste formed from mixtures of dry clay powder and hydroquinone. Such reactors are best suited for the treatment of electrically conductive waste. In these types of reactors, the electric arc moves chaotically throughout the entire reactor volume, making it possible to ensure an even temperature distribution in the reaction zones. An analysis of the literature has shown that there are not many study results related to this type of reactor. The novelty of the work is that the behavior of the operating electric arc inside the reactor was recorded by using a high-speed camera. The distribution of the temperature profile at the cooled reactor wall was investigated. The electrical potential difference inside the reactor was also investigated. To better understand the behavioral properties of the electric arc when the reactor is filled with treated material, hydroquinone-contaminated clay was used. In this case, the movement of the electric arc, as well as the probability of its formation, is the greatest at the location where the thinnest layer of the material to be processed is located. In addition, it has been observed that the use of a graphite anode poses problems because, over time, the anode of such a design deforms due to interactions with the electric arc. While analyzing research results, it can be observed that these types of reactors are very suitable for the treatment of electrically conductive materials and for the treatment of small amounts of nonconductive materials when the material occupies a relatively small part of the reactor. A further development of these studies in the future is planned in order to make the reactors as versatile as possible and as suitable as possible for handling the widest range of materials possible.

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17

Zhovtyansky, V., E. Kolesnikova, Yu Lelyukh, and Ya Tkachenko. "Electric arc I–V modeling and related plasma spectrometry issues." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0006663.

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This article is devoted to studying the properties of an electric arc column as a development of the authors’ early pioneer experiments. The object of modeling is a free-burning electric arc between evaporating copper electrodes in atmospheric air as the basis for the functioning of many modern technologies. It includes the determination of fundamental characteristics, such as the radial structure, and the current–voltage characteristics of the electric arc column under the assumption of plasma equilibrium. The middle cross section between the electrodes of a spheroidal shape arc is considered in order to limit the problem to a one-dimensional cylindrical approximation. It is strictly solved from the Elenbaas–Heller energy equation, with no resorting to the simplified channel model. The radial structure of the electric arc column is carefully considered with known temperature functions of electric and heat conductivities. Convenient functional approximations depending on temperature are proposed for the mentioned coefficients of copper–air plasma. The boundary between the arc column and atmospheric air is strictly located taking into account the chemical processes in the plasma of the copper–air mixture. The paper also presents some bases features of high-speed plasma spectrometry, substantiating the reliability of the obtained experimental data. As shown, the non-monotonicity of the current–voltage characteristics can arise due to the non-monotonicity of thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. Also, the loss of energy with the so-called ionization energy diffusion is insignificant in the overall energy balance of the arc. The results of the numerical simulation are compared with the experimental data.

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18

Timerkaev, B. A., A. A. Kaleeva, D. B. Timerkaeva, and A. I. Saifutdinov. "Synthesizing Germanium Nanotubes in an Electric Arc Plasma." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 94, no. 3 (March 2020): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024420020326.

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19

Pauna, Henri, Thomas Willms, Matti Aula, Thomas Echterhof, Marko Huttula, and Timo Fabritius. "Pilot-scale AC electric arc furnace plasma characterization." Plasma Research Express 1, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 035007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1067/ab30dd.

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20

Simonin, O., C. Delalondre, and P. L. Viollet. "Modelling in thermal plasma and electric arc column." Pure and Applied Chemistry 64, no. 5 (January 1, 1992): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199264050623.

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21

Ramakrishnan, S., and M. W. Rogozinski. "Properties of electric arc plasma for metal cutting." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 30, no. 4 (February 21, 1997): 636–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/30/4/019.

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22

Rat, V., F. Mavier, and J. F. Coudert. "Electric Arc Fluctuations in DC Plasma Spray Torch." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 37, no. 3 (February 18, 2017): 549–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11090-017-9797-7.

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23

Bartlova, M., O. Coufal, A. Veklich, and J. Pokorny. "Equilibrum Composition of Thermal Plasma with Copper and Chromium Vapours Admixtures." Plasma Physics and Technology Journal 6, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.3.251.

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Thermal plasma of electric arc is widely used in various technological applications: welding, cutting, lamps, spraying, protection of electrical installations, etc. Process efficiency is defined by different parameters that determine arc operation and influence the energy transfer within the medium. All energy exchanges depend on the medium, which is modified by the presence of the arc and more particularly by the appearance of new species from contact erosion. Sintered Cu-Cr composites are widely used as electrical contacts for vacuum circuit breakers. These materials take advantage of the high thermal and electrical conductivity of Cu and of the refractory and oxygen getter properties of reinforcing Cr particles. The aim of this paper is to give results of the calculation of the equilibrium composition of argon and air plasma with various admixtures of Cu and Cr.

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24

Kruchinin, Anatoliy M., Mikhail Ya Pogrebisskiy, Elena S. Ryazanova, and Andrey Yu Chursin. "Determining the Rational Electrical Operation Modes of Industrial Electric Arc Furnaces." Vestnik MEI 3, no. 3 (2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2021-3-51-57.

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The choice of a rational electrical mode of existing or newly commissioned electric arc furnaces (EAFs) is a very difficult task for process engineers in view of the influence of external disturbing factors. Based on an electric arc heat-transfer model (EAHTM), a method is proposed, using which the problem of determining the optimal electrical operation mode can be solved with the minimal number of simplifications and assumptions, and with taking into account the specific features of a particular EAF. In solving the problem, the following factors are taken into account: the arc heat transfer conditions in the melting space; the influence of the thermal operation conditions of the electrodes and the arc length on the structure of heat fluxes during the heating by arcs, and the effect the chemical composition of the working medium has on the thermophysical properties of the arc column plasma. The radiation from EAF arcs with taking into account the column temperature profile is calculated using the method of universal arc characteristics based on the solution of a system of nonlinear algebraic equations of the EAHTM column cylindrical model. The arc length calculation is based on the EAHTM structural characteristics method and consists of comparing the arc voltage value calculated using the furnace equivalent circuit equation and the arc voltage calculated using the EAHTM. Knowing the arc length, it is possible to calculate the arc radiation power in the EAF melting space. The choice of an electrical operation mode implies specifying an electrical parameter to be maintained by the controller for a certain period of melting. The value of this parameter (arc current or the EAF phase loop impedance) governs the other electrical parameters of the electric furnace installation, such as arc power, electrical losses, power factors, efficiency, etc. In addition, the correct choice of the electrical operation mode has an influence on other important operational characteristics, such as the specific consumption of electrodes, the duration of the interval between repairs, etc.

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25

Homaee, Omid, and Ahmad Gholami. "Plasma arc interactions with electric circuit: Variability of arc V-I characteristic." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 119 (July 2020): 105926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.105926.

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26

Tazmeev, G. K., A. K. Tazmeev, and B. K. Tazmeev. "Electric arc in plasma flow of gas discharge with a liquid electrolyte." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012110.

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Abstract The properties of an electric arc ignited in a gas discharge plasma flow with a liquid electrolyte cathode are experimentally investigated. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride with a specific electrical conductivity of 10-15 mS/cm were used as a liquid electrolyte. The distance between the anode and the liquid electrolyte cathode was set in the range of 5-60 mm, and the distance between the anode and the metal cathode was varied in the range of 2-30 mm. The current of gas discharge with a liquid electrolyte cathode was set in the range of 5-10 A, and the arc current varied in the range of 1-10 A. The conditions under which the arc burns with the formation of a contracted channel are revealed.

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27

Gerasimov, Alexander, Alexander Kirpichnikov, and Leonid Rachevskiy. "Paradox of von Engel-Steenbeck and channel model of the electric arc." Thermal Science 9, no. 1 (2005): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0501131g.

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It is offered simple algorithm with which help it is possible to estimate heat flux., average temperature, and temperature profile in the channel of the electro arc plasma generator, and also the shape of the positive arc column depending on the rate afflux scavenged of plasma-forming gas through a plasma generator.

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28

Tazmeev, G. K., B. A. Timerkaev, and K. K. Tazmeev. "Combined electric discharge “arc + discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode”." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012112.

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Abstract A combination of an electric arc and discharge with a liquid electrolyte cathode in a single discharge gap has been created. The plasma column of discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode formed a “hollow cylinder”. The electric arc was burned in a vapor-gas environment inside the “hollow cylinder”. The gas discharge current with liquid electrolyte cathode was set in the range of 5-10 A, and the arc current varied in the range of 1-10 A. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride with a specific electrical conductivity of 10-15 mS/cm were used as a liquid electrolyte. Spectral studies have been carried out in the visible range of radiation. In the experiments, copper and duralumin metal cathodes were used.

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29

Veremeychik, Andrey, Evgeny Dmukhaylo, Sergey Onysko, Mikhail Sazonov, and Vitaly Khvisevich. "High-performance electric arc source of ultraviolet radiation to ozone generate." E3S Web of Conferences 212 (2020): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021201018.

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Studies of electric arc сombustion in the swirling flow of a cylindrical discharge chamber of a plasma torch at oxygen consumption of 10-160 g/s are carried out. It is established that the electric field strength is constant along the channel at the initial section of the arc, and the length of this section is determined. On the basis of the similarity theory in a wide range of changes in the parameters of the plasma torch, methods for determining the electric field strength of the arc and the length of the initial section are obtained. The length of the plasma torch is calculated, which mainly includes the length of the initial section, where the voltage is constant, and the current-voltage characteristics. The design of the plasma torch was created. Theoretical studies of near-electrode processes at the cathode and anode were carried out, on the basis of which electrode materials were selected and cathode and anode structures were created that provide high thermal efficiency and service life of the plasma torch. The developed plasma torch can be used as a highly efficient arc source of ultraviolet radiation for generating ozone, for heating oxygen, as well as in metallurgy, chemical industry, for example, the production of titanium dioxide and ozonation.

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30

Veklich, A., V. Boretskij, M. Kleshych, S. Fesenko, A. Murmantsev, A. Ivanisik, O. Khomenko, A. Tolochyn, and M. Bartlova. "Thermal Plasma of Electric Arc Discharge Between Cu-Cr Composite Electrodes." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.1.27.

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This work deals with investigations of model plasma source realised as electric arc discharge in gas atmosphere between Cu-Cr composite electrodes. Radial distributions of temperature and electron density in arc plasma column were studied by optical emission spectroscopy. The content of electrode metals' vapours in discharge was calculated on the base of experimentally obtained plasma parameters as initial data. So, in this way the erosion properties of such composition can be determined.

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31

Timerkaev, B. A., V. Y. Turutin, V. S. Feltsinger, A. A. Zalyalieva, R. R. Vakhitov, and R. S. Shamsutdinov. "Electric Arc Synthesis of Silicon Nanostructures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2270, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2270/1/012048.

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Abstract The paper proposes a method for the synthesis of silicon carbide of microscopic sizes and silicon Nano formations in the form of nanotubes and nanofilaments in an argon arc. Graphite electrodes with silicon inclusions were used as arc discharge electrodes. The electrodes were placed in a plasma reactor in an upright position at an argon pressure of 485 Torr. During the discharge, carbon and silicon atoms evaporated from the anode surface. As a result of the experiment, deposits of silicon carbide were formed on the surface of the graphite cathode, and carbon-silicon nanostructures were formed on the surface of the anode. The synthesized samples were analyzed on an electron microscope.

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32

Barati, Hadi, Abdellah Kharicha, Mohamad Al-Nasser, Daniel Kreuzer, Gernot Hackl, Markus Gruber, Anton Ishmurzin, et al. "MHD instability at the cathode spot as the origin of the vortex formation in high-intensity plasma arcs." Journal of Physics Communications 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 015008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/ac4b49.

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Abstract Magnetohydrodynamic instability in a high-intensity arc, similar to typical arcs in DC electric arc furnaces, is simulated using an induction based model under 2D axisymmetric conditions. Time-averaged results show a good agreement with steady-state calculated results expected for a stable arc. The transient results declare that z-pinch close to the cathode, occurring due to the high electrical current density, is responsible for arc instability in this region. The unstable behavior of the arc can be evaluated in a periodic procedure. Moreover, correlations between the fluctuations in total voltage drop curve and the arc shape are investigated: when the arc is in form of column (or bell) the total voltage drop is on a minimum peak; if there is an irregular expansion of the arc in form of arms, the total voltage drop shows a maximum peak.

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33

Volokitin, O., and V. Shekhovtsov. "Technology for Producing Mineral Fiber Using Electric Arc Plasma." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/45/10.

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34

Panasenko, L. N. "Determination of the Characteristics of Electric-Arc Hydrogen Plasma." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 77, no. 4 (July 2004): 794–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joep.0000045165.84435.4d.

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35

Stefanov, P., D. Garlanov, and G. Vissokov. "Electric-Arc Plasma Installation for Preparing Nanodispersed Carbon Structures." Plasma Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (August 2008): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/10/4/17.

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36

Vissokov, G. P. "Synthesis and regeneration of catalysts in electric arc plasma." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 70, no. 4 (July 1997): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663580.

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37

Krasovskaya, L. I., and A. L. Mossé. "Use of electric-arc plasma for radioactive waste immobilization." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 70, no. 4 (July 1997): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663585.

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38

Timerkaev, B. A., V. S. Feltsinger, and B. R. Shakirov. "Synthesis of silicon nanowires in electric arc argon plasma." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1588 (July 2020): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1588/1/012057.

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39

Ren, Yong, Xiaodong Li, Shengyong Lu, and Jianhua Yan. "Generation Process and Electric Arc Motion Characteristics of DC Vortex Gliding Arc Plasma." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 42, no. 10 (October 2014): 2702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2014.2348553.

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40

Murmantsev, A., A. Veklich, V. Boretskij, M. Bartlová, L. Dostál, J. Píška, D. Šimek, A. Gajdos, and O. Tolochyn. "Thermal Plasma of Electric Arc Discharge Between Composite Cu-Cr Electrsodes: Optical Emission and Electrode Surface Interaction." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 2 (December 19, 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2020.2.43.

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This work deals with investigations of thermal plasma of electric arc discharge between sintered composite Cu-Cr electrodes, which can be used in electrical contacts of vacuum circuit breakers. Breaking arcs between composite Cu-Cr as well as single-component copper electrodes were used to study the electrical properties, plasma optical emission and electrodes surface modification behavior. In particular, the temporal evolution of plasma emission spectra of electric breaking arcs in air atmosphere was investigated by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) were applied to analyze the cross-section of working layer of electrodes surface modified by the heat flux from the discharge.

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Hou, Chun Guang, Shi Yu Zhang, Yun Dong Cao, and Shu Xin Liu. "Design on Arc Plasma Temperature Online Detecting System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (June 2013): 1427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.1427.

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Aiming at the arc plasma characteristics of high voltage circuit breaker, a set of multichannel, high speed, the synchronous detecting system is designed. The space distribution and time variation law of electric arc plasma, specially electric arc shape change law, are well reflected. Based on the ARM + CPLD + SDRAM detecting schemes, the system realized the functions of 64 groups optical fibers sampling, 4M/s sampling rate of every sampling channel, and the synchronous sampling. Through the detailed research and design to EMC, system error analysis, visual interface and database as well as the related interface program of ARM, CPLD, SDRAM and so on, has completed the multichannel, high speed and the real-time synchronized sampling, and mass data memory, computation, analysis, curve and animation demonstration and so on functions. The stability, feasibility and accuracy of the detecting system are proved by the practical application.

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Darakov, D. S., V. I. Vishnyakov, A. A. A. Ennan, and S. A. Kiro. "Fume emissions by electric arc during gas metal arc welding." Physics of Aerodisperse Systems, no. 60 (December 15, 2022): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/0367-1631.2022.60.267071.

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The influence of welding arc regime on the welding fumes formation is studied by numerical modeling via description of separate processes inside the space charge regions near electrodes in the welding arc with consumable electrode. The modeling comprises the calculation of temperature profiles for electrons and heavy component, calculation of space distribution of gas components’ number densities, of gas particles’ mean free pathes, of electric potential and field, calculation of the heat transfer from electrode wire (anode) to molten pool (cathode). The formation of high temperature metal vapor from molten pool to environment as a function of arc current is demonstrated. The nucleation in the plasma of welding fumes is considered with taken into account ionization of vapor atoms via their interaction with nucleus surface. The growth of nucleus droplets via vapor condensation and coalescence is calculated. The coagulation of solid primary particles for various values of welding current is calculated and inhalable particle size distribution is demonstrated.

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Meng, Jian Bing, Xiao Juan Dong, and Wen Ji Xu. "Numerical Simulation of a Combined Plasma Arc Based on Sequentially Coupled Physics Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.708.

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A three-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model, including the influence of the swirl exiting in the plasma torch, was developed to describe the heat transfer and fluid flow within a combined plasma arc. In this model, a mapping method and a meshing method of variable step-size were adopted to mesh the calculation domain and to improve the computational precision. To overcome the problem issuing from a coexistence of non-transferred arc and transfer arc and a complicated interaction between electric, magnetic, heat flow and fluid flow phenomena in the combined plasma arc, a sequential coupling method and a physical environment approach were introduced into the finite element analysis on the behaviors of combined plasma arc. Furthermore, the characteristics of combined plasma arc such as temperature, velocity, current density and electromagnetic force were studied.

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Kühn-Kauffeldt, Marina, Marvin Kühn, Michael Mallon, Wolfgang Saur, and Fabian Fuchs. "Vacuum Arc Plasma Coating for Polymer Surface Protection— A Plasma Enhanced In-Orbit Additive Manufacturing Concept." Plasma 5, no. 4 (November 9, 2022): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma5040035.

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In-orbit additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising approach for fabrication of large structures. It allows to expand and accelerate human space exploration possibilities. Extrusion-based AM was demonstrated in zero gravity, while the realization of such a process in orbit-like vacuum conditions is currently under exploration. Still, a solution for protection of the UV and IR radiation sensitive polymers is needed in order to prevent their early mechanical failure under space conditions. Vacuum arc plasma based process is widely applied on earth for thin protective coating deposition. Its major advantage is its scalability — from tiny size used in electric propulsion to large scale coating devices. The usability of the vacuum arc process in space conditions was shown in electric propulsion applications in nano-satellites. In this work we discuss and demonstrate the integration of vacuum arc process as a post processing step after Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for additive manufacturing and functionalization of long polymer structures. Here we address the concept for technical realization, which integrates the vacuum arc into additive manufacturing process chain. More over we present a laboratory prototype, which implements this concept together with a use case, where a previously printed PEEK structure is coated with aluminum based coating suitable for UV radiation protection.

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Subbotin, D. I., S. D. Popov, E. O. Serba, N. A. Charykov, V. R. Lizander, A. V. Surov, and N. V. Obraztsov. "Fullerenes production by electric arc pyrolysis of methane in an AC three-phase plasma torch." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401028.

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The article deals with a high-voltage three-phase AC plasma torch working as a part of a plasma-chemical facility. The plasma torch consists of three electric arc channels and three rod copper electrodes. The initial breakdown occurs with high voltage (10 kV) provided by a high voltage power supply. The electric arc plasma oxygen-free pyrolysis of methane was realized on the facility. The fullerene-containing fraction was extracted from the carbonaceous material by extraction with orthoxylene. The produced carbon-black and the selected extract were analyzed by modern methods of physical and chemical analysis: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, IR spectroscopy.

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Pak, A. Ya, G. V. Arysheva, R. S. Martynov, and A. I. Kokorina. "Synthesis of Quasi-two-dimensional Carbon Nanostructures in Atmospheric Plasma of the Arc Discharge Using WC-Co Hard Alloy Waste as a Catalyst." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-1-12-18.

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The results of experimental studies on carbon nanomaterials production in the plasma of an arc discharge initiated in an open air were presented. The possibility of using waste carbide tools as a catalyst for obtaining quasi-two-dimensional carbon nanostructures by the proposed non-vacuum electric arc method was revealed. It was concluded that the process of synthesis of carbon nanostructures and electric arc processing of waste based on tungsten and cobalt are compatible.

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Anshakov, A. S., A. I. Aliferov, and P. V. Domarov. "Investigation of service life characteristics of hot cathodes in arc plasmatrons." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2119, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012044.

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Abstract Among the applied challenges associated with the use of electric-arc plasma, the most urgent is the erosion of electrodes in plasmatrons, which determine the continuous operation of an electric-plasma device. Investigation results on the thermal state of hot cathodes and their erosion are presented depending on the main defining parameters, namely geometrical dimensions of electrodes, Joule heating, current of the arc discharge, and the gas medium. The conditions for the minimum specific erosion and long service life of tungsten thermionic cathodes are established experimentally.

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Cho, Young-Tae, Gwang-Ho Jeong, Chan-Kyu Kim, Won-Pyo Kim, and Young-Cheol Jeong. "Arc Plasma Flow Variation by Obstruction Structures between Anode and Cathode." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091416.

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Arc plasma flow between electrodes has been investigated in several studies. However, in the industrial field, arc plasma flow between electrodes is hindered by interfering materials such as filler metal in arc welding, substrates in chemical vapor deposition, and powders in sintering. Therefore, in this study, high temperature arc plasma flow analysis via three obstruction structure shapes was performed to understand the inter-electrode interference phenomena. COMSOL Multiphysics was used for the analysis; COMSOL interface such as electric field, magnetic field, heat transfer, and fluid flow (laminar flow) was applied and Multiphysics such as plasma heat source and temperature coupling were considered. The temperature and velocity of the arc plasma were determined and the energy transfer between the electrodes was analyzed. We confirmed that the concave shape has a lower average heat flux than the other shapes, with the arc pressure evenly distributed in the anode. It is concluded that the concave shape can reduce the flow of the plasma from the anode and obtain even distribution of the arc plasma in the radial direction.

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Krioni, N. K., A. D. Mingazhev, and I. R. Kuzeev. "Application of Ion-Plasma Coatings with Low Droplet Phase Content." Materials Science Forum 870 (September 2016): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.870.334.

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Ion-plasma coating application technologies are the most advanced ones providing high performance characteristics for the parts of modern machinery and equipment. Further development of these technologies is connected with the improvement of efficiency, production processes, and quality of protective and strengthening coatings. The methods and installations for applying protective coatings by deposition of coating materials from vacuum arc plasma with the use of electric arc evaporators of metals are widely known. However, one of the main shortcomings of the existing technologies based on the use of electric arc evaporators is a high content of the droplet phase in the coating, resulting in a sharp performance reduction. In this paper, the authors propose a new approach to the process of ion-plasma material application, providing the implementation of a number of principles that improve the quality of the applied coating due to the significant reduction of the droplet phase.

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Danielides, M. A., and A. Kozlovsky. "Rocket-borne investigation of auroral patches in the evening sector during substorm recovery." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 3 (March 31, 2003): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-719-2003.

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Abstract. On 11 February 1997 at 08:36 UT after a substorm onset the Auroral Turbulence 2 sounding rocket was launched from Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska into a moderately active auroral region. This experiment has allowed us to investigate evening (21:00 MLT) auroral forms at the substorm recovery, which were discrete multiple auroral arcs stretched to, the east and southeast from the breakup region, and bright auroral patches propagating westward along the arcs like a luminosity wave, which is a typical feature of the disturbed arc. The rocket crossed an auroral arc of about 40 km width, stretched along southeast direction. Auroral patches and associated electric fields formed a 200 km long periodical structure, which propagated along the arc westward at a velocity of 3 km/s, whereas the ionospheric plasma velocity inside the arc was 300 m/s westward. The spatial periodicity in the rocket data was found from optical ground-based observations, from electric field in situ measurements, as well as from ground-based magnetic observations. The bright patches were co-located with equatorward plasma flow across the arc of the order of 200 m/s in magnitude, whereas the plasma flow tended to be poleward at the intervals between the patches, where the electric field reached the magnitude of up to 20 mV/m, and these maxima were co-located with the peaks in electron precipitations indicated by the electron counter on board the rocket. Pulsations of a 70-s period were observed on the ground in the eastern component of the magnetic field and this is consistent with the moving auroral patches and the north-south plasma flows associated with them. The enhanced patch-associated electric field and fast westward propagation suggest essential differences between evening auroral patches and those occurring in the morning ionosphere. We propose the wave that propagates along the plasma sheet boundary to be a promising mechanism for the evening auroral patches.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents)

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