Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Electric and electronic equipment'
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Zhang, Shunli. "Recycling and processing of end-of-life electric & electronic equipment : fundamentals and applications /." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16902.
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This thesis presents a concept of scrapology of end-of-life electric and electronic equipment (EOL EEE) as a basis on which to develop effective recycling techniques. Various study approaches associated with this concept are detailed in this thesis. In addition, the present work investigates materials separation techniques, in particular eddy current separation (ECS) technology. Based on our research work, a number of novel design alternatives for further developing ECS have been proposed. Major challenges encountered in processing and recycling of EOL EEE are discussed. The main results obtained in this study should be helpful in designing, implementing and improving a recycling system for EOL EEE.Godkänd; 1999; 20061117 (haneit)
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Thapar, Alok. "Investigation of power quality catagorisation and simulating its impact on sensitive electronic equipment /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18160.pdf.
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Chu, Beatrice C. B. "Novel optical methods for flowmetering and electric current sensing." Thesis, University of Kent, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314488.
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Chongwatpol, Jongsawas. "Analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Thailand and implementation of risk management plan to comply with future WEEE regulations." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2004/2004chongwatpolj.pdf.
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Dirkse, van Schalkwyk W. J. "The placing of line surge arresters and fuses on 11 and 12 kV lines to protect equipment against lightning." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52553.
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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Unshielded distribution lines has a poor performance during lightning activity. Lightning initiates flashovers between the phases and earth and causes line breakers to trip several times during a lightning storm. In addition equipment like fuses, surge arresters and transformers are damaged by lightning and cause in some cases long power interruptions to customers. The application of line surge arresters on distribution lines is a solution that is implemented worldwide to limit the lightning related problems. This thesis investigated using line surge arresters in conjunction with bushing-mount fuses to decrease nuisance fusing and transformer damage during lightning activity. Two new pieces of equipment (dropout surge arresters and transformer bushingmount fuses) were developed and strategically placed on 4 different distribution lines. Equipment failures decreased by 90 % while financially the project had an excellent return on investment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distribusie lyne sonder skermdrade presteer swak gedurende weerlig aktiwiteit. Weerlig veroorsaak oorvonking tussen fases en aard geleiers wat lei tot breker klinke. Transformators, sekerings, stuwingsafleiers en ander toerusting word ook deur weerlig beskadig en veroorsaak in sommige gevalle lang toevoer onderbrekings. Installering van lyn stuwingsafleiers op distribusielyne is 'n metode wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om oorvonking en weerligskade te beperk. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die installering van lyn stuwingsafleiers en deurvoerder gemonteerde sekerings om transformator skade en onnodige blaas van sekerings te beperk tydens weerlig aktiwiteit. Nuwe toerusting (uitval stuwingsafleiers en transformator deurvoerder gemonteerde sekerings) was ontwikkel en strategies op 4 verskillende distribusie lyne geïnstalleer. 'n Negentig persent vermindering in toerusting beskadiging is behaal terwyl die projek finansiël 'n goeie opbrengs op belegging meegebring het.
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Zhang, Ruoju, and 張若菊. "A new PM hybrid motor drive for electric vehicles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31472849.
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Pennock, Michael. "Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) creating an electronics equipment takeback program in light of current European Union directives and possible U.S. legislation /." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003pennockm.pdf.
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Bodegren, Patrik. "Doseringsutrustningen SafeBond Electronic." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1788.
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This thesis for the Master of Science degree was performed at Oppunda Electronics AB. The assignment was to further develop an existing prototype of a dispensing equipment. The dispensing equipment doses a kind of glue, bonding which dentist use to mend teeth. The dispensing equipment is adjusted to dose 12 micro litres of bonding. With the dispensing equipment SafeBond Electronic the user can reduce the bonding consumption with approximately 50 percent. Furthermore will the handling of the bonding be more hygienic, because the photoelectric sensor allows the user to start a dosage without touching any part of the dispensing equipment.
The main requirements for the development was to reduce the size of the existing prototype and implement functions to makeit possible to change the dose time and display the current dose time. Some parts and components have been replaced and reorganized to reduce the size of the dispenser. The choice of a steep motor, which makes the rotation when a dosage is performed, is the largest contribution to shrink the size of the equipment. Also the new designed circuit board makes it possible to reduce the size of the dispensing equipment.
A LCD is used to show the current dose time. The LCD is a part of a LCD module. To change the dosing time two push buttons are being used. A microcontroller is controlling the steep motor. The microcontroller is a PIC16F877A from Microchip. The microcontroller in the dispensing equipment is controlling all the functions. The program code is designed to function in an interrupt routine. This makes it possible to set the processor in a sleep mode when the dispenser is not in use and decrease the power consumption.
More functions have been implemented in the dispenser and it is now more suitable for itsassignment. In the mean time it has been possible to reduce the size of the equipment. The chosen parts andcomponents make a good price function ratio. During the product development a lot of documentations have been done. Which make the dispensing equipment ready to be implemented in production.
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Feszty, Katalin. "An economic appraisal of collection systems for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289505.
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Md, Ali Umi Fazara. "Electrochemical separation and purification of metals from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7108.
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This thesis reports on results of a novel process to recover metals selectively by electrodeposition by pumping aqueous acidic chloride solutions produced by leaching of shredded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) through the potentiostatically controlled cathode of an electrochemical reactor. The WEEE solutions contained low concentrations of precious metals, including Ag, Au, Pd and high concentrations of Cu. Electrodeposition from low concentrations of such dissolved metals requires electrodes with high mass transport rate coefficients and specific surface areas to increase cross-sectional current densities and optimise capital and operating costs. Hence, to recover gold from solutions with concentrations < 10 mol m-3 in the WEEE leachate, a three-dimensional cathode was used consisting of a circulating particulate bed of 0.5-1.0 mm diameter graphite particles, on which (AuIIICl4 - + AuICl2 -) ions were reduced. The temporal decay of the solution absorbance of AuCl4 - ions at 312 nm was recorded on-line by a quartz flow cell connected to a UV-visible spectrophotometer using fibre optics, enabling its time dependent concentration to be determined in real time. Total dissolved gold concentrations were determined by Inductively-coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results from the reactor experiments were modelled in terms of a mass transport controlled reaction in a plug flow electrochemical reactor operated in batch recycle with a continuous stirred tank reservoir. As copper is the dominant element in WEEE, and hence in the leach solution, its electrodeposition was investigated using an electrochemical reactor with a Ti/Ta2O5-IrO2 anode, cation-permeable membrane and a Ti mesh cathode in a fluidised bed of 590-840 μm glass beads to enhance mass transfer rates and to improve copper deposit morphologies. As for other metals, the effects were determined of cathode potential and solution flow rate on electrodeposition rates, charge yields, specific electrical energy consumptions, and deposit morphologies, imaged subsequently by scanning electron microscopy, and purities determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). While depleting CuII concentrations from 500 to 35 mol m-3, copper purities of > 99.79 %, as required for commercial purity Cu, were achieved with charge yields of 0.90 and specific electrical energy consumptions of 2000 kW h tonne-1. In addition, the circulating particulate bed cathode depleted solutions rapidly from 15 mol m-3 CuII ca. 100 ppm. Experiments with a rotating vitreous carbon cathode confirmed predictions from a kinetic model for a small electrode potential window within which to achieve selective electrodeposition of tin from synthetic SnIV-PbII aqueous chloride solutions, from which Pb could be electrodeposited subsequently. AlIII, FeII, ZnII and NiII remained in solution after the recovery of Au, Cu, Sn and Pb from the WEEE leachate. Unlike Al, it is possible to electrodeposit Fe from aqueous solution, and it was decided to add NaOH (+ air) to increase the pH to ca. 3.25 to precipitate ‘Fe(OH)3’, which was recovered by filtration. This option also enabled subsequent electro-co-deposition of Ni and Zn with high charge yields, as the higher pH decreased the driving force for H2 evolution. A one- dimensional mathematical model was developed in MAPLETM to predict the kinetics of Ni-Zn electro-co-deposition, which was validated experimentally. The model also considered the potential and concentration profiles in the cathode | electrolyte boundary layer for conditions in which migration and convective diffusion all contribute to overall transport rates, to predict the behaviour and optimize the process parameters of the electrochemical reactors.
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Weir, Edward A. "The impact of humidity and moisture on electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413314.
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Chen, Jue. "Shielding characteristics of a commercial 19-inch rack-based cabinet." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Chen_09007dcc803e6a55.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 5, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 82).
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Larsson, Anders. "High frequency distortion in power grids due to electronic equipment." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet/Tillämpad fysik, maskin- och materialteknik/Energiteknik, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/63/LTU-LIC-0663-SE.pdf.
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Lindström, Anton. "Design and implementation of a power distribution network for control equipment for electric vehicle charging." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-137674.
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This thesis treats the design and implementation of a power distribution network for a controller PCB for controlling charging of electric vehicles. The controller PCB is powered by mains power, and thus needs both AC to DC conversion and DC to DC conversion in order to operate. The thesis focuses on the design of an isolated flyback topology AC to DC converter, while also describing the design and implementation of the DC to DC converters needed for the controller PCB to operate. The work started with some theoretical study, and then progressed into designing the converters. The AC to DC and the DC to DC converters where designed in parallel. After the design phase was complete the converters where implemented on PCBs for evaluation. The evaluation of the AC to DC converter involved evaluation of several different transformers from different suppliers, as well as evaluation of the circuit design itself. All converters designed proved functional after evaluation.
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Martin, Alexander Dennis. "Risk assessment and the management of environmentally hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492991.
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Producers that distribute and/or sell electrical and electronic equipment in the EU must ensure compliance with a raft of legislation that restricts environmentally hazardous substances in such equipment. Producers must also address the concerns of their stakeholders (e.g. consumers and pressure groups) regarding environmentally hazardous substances in their products. Producers are at risk of losing sales, profitability and market share as well as diminishing the value of their bands and tarnishing their reputations if they do not comply with legislation or address stakeholder expectations. For example, an enforcement official could detect non-compliance with the law and impose a distribution block that stopped a producer from supplying products and subsequently bring an abrupt end to its trading. Ensuring compliance with the law involves identifying and understanding the requirements of relevant legislation and devising and implementing plans to meet these requirements. This is challenging when the legislation restricts substances in individual product parts that, in the case of electronic products, are numerous as well as sourced by producers from hundreds of suppliers. Hence producers must manage their supply chains to manage the risks that they are exposed to. While producers use risk assessment in product design and manufacture, few producers have assessed risks in their supply chains. A tool was developed for use by producers to assess their exposure to such risks. This tool was tested at Sony Computer Entertainment Europe and proved a powerful method for identifying and prioritising key risks in the management of environmentally hazardous substances in products. The tool could be readily adapted and used by other producers that wished to assess the same or similar risks in their supply chains and complements existing management practices (e.g. auditing, product testing).
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Asvestas, Ioannis. "Pyrolysis of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Plastics for Energy and Material Recovery." Thesis, KTH, Energi- och ugnsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240087.
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The society is striving to tackle the over-extraction of Earth’s resources due to the ongoing population rise. The increased needs of energy and material resources leads to a growing volume of materials waste, which include a variety of dangerous pollutants among them. Waste of electrical and electronic equipment poses a universal problem due to its vast quantities, responsible for environmental pollution and numerous diseases to humans and animals. The high demand in electrical and electronic equipment along with its short-life time due to its obsolescence, leads to the expansion of WEEE waste stream. Energy and material recovery from WEEE can minimize significantly the over extraction of precious metals and minerals along with fuels towards a more sustainable future. Currently, there are several ways to treat WEEE and recover material fractions along with energy, such as incineration and landfilling. Thermochemical treatment of WEEE offers the possibility to convert waste into energy and material simultaneously, in an environmentally friendlier way, resulting in a more sustainable waste management. In this research, pyrolysis is examined as a method for energy and material recovery from WEEE. Brominated plastics along with Polyethylene plastic mixtures have been acquired from Stena and Boliden AB separation processes respectively. Both materials are subjected to pyrolysis in a fixed bed and an auger reactor. The pyrolysis products show their strong relation to the pyrolysis temperature, the type of the reactor and the initial composition of the feedstock material. The carried-out experiments depict the upward trend of the gaseous products in favor of the oils as the pyrolysis temperature increase. The amount of solid residue remained almost at the same levels throughout the temperature range, meaning that no higher temperatures are needed in order to achieve higher decomposition rates of the tested material. Unreacted carbon and inorganic compounds end up in the solid residue that could be used as fuel in a combustion process. The metal fraction can be separated and recycled, as it possesses commercial value. Main oil compounds listed were, styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha methylstyrene benzene, phenol. Compounds such as benzene, indene and p-xylene were produced as the organic compounds were further decomposed during the experiments at the highest temperatures. Chlorine and bromine content must be separated in order to be a formidable fuel. The amount of combustible gases was increasing and their energy potential with the temperature rise. The gaseous fraction consists mainly of: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Both the gaseous and oil compounds can be used as fuels in a combustion process. The amount of halogens was measured at low levels within the product range, though their separation is important. Pyrolysis of WEEE is a promising method for energy and material recovery that can boost the sustainability of our society.Samhället strävar efter att ta itu med överutvinningen av jordens resurser på grund av den pågåendebefolkningsökningen. De ökade behoven hos energi och materiella resurser leder till en ökandemängd materialavfall, vilket inkluderar en mängd farliga föroreningar bland dem. Avfall av elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning utgör ett universellt problem på grund av sin stora mängd, ansvarig förmiljöföroreningar och många sjukdomar hos människor och djur. Den stora efterfrågan på elektriskoch elektronisk utrustning tillsammans med den korta livslängden på grund av dess föryngring ledertill utvidgningen av WEEE-avfallsströmmen. Energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE kanbetydligt minska över-extraktion av ädelmetaller och mineraler tillsammans med bränslen mot en merhållbar framtid. För närvarande finns det flera sätt att behandla WEEE och återvinna materialfraktioner tillsammansmed energi, såsom förbränning och deponering. Termokemisk behandling av WEEE erbjudermöjlighet att omvandla avfall till energi och material samtidigt, på ett miljövänligare sätt, vilketresulterar i en mer hållbar avfallshantering.I denna forskning undersöks pyrolys som en metod för energi och materialåtervinning från WEEE.Bromerad plast tillsammans med polyetylenplastblandningar har förvärvats från Stena och BolidenAB separationsprocesser. Båda materialen utsätts för pyrolys i en fast bädd och en skruvreaktor.Pyrolysprodukterna visar deras starka förhållande till pyrolys-temperaturen, reaktortypen och denursprungliga sammansättningen av råmaterialet. De utförda experimenten visar den uppåtgåendetrenden hos de gasformiga produkterna till förmån för oljorna som pyrolystemperaturökningen.Mängden fast substans förblev nästan vid samma nivåer genom temperaturintervallet, vilket innebäratt inga högre temperaturer behövs för att uppnå högre sönderdelningshastigheter för det testadematerialet. Oreagerat kol och oorganiska föreningar hamnar i den fasta återstoden som kan användassom bränsle vid förbränningsprocessen. Metallfraktionen kan separeras och återvinnas, eftersom denhar kommersiellt värde. De angivna huvudolja-föreningarna var styren, toluen, etylbensen, alfa-metylstyrenbensen, fenol.Föreningar såsom bensen, inden och p-xylen framställdes när de organiska föreningarnasönderdelades vidare under försöken vid de högsta temperaturerna. Klor och brominnehåll måstesepareras för att vara ett formidabelt bränsle.Mängden brännbara gaser ökade och deras energipotential med temperaturökningen. Den gasformigafraktionen består huvudsakligen av: H2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8. Bådegasformiga och oljeföreningar kan användas som bränslen i en förbränningsprocess. Mängdenhalogener mättes vid låga halter inom produktsortimentet, fastän deras separation är viktig.Pyrolys av WEEE är en lovande metod för energi och materialåtervinning som kan öka vårt samhälleshållbarhet.
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Zhang, Chan. "The impact of and solutions to electronic and electrical waste management in Hong Kong SAR." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1176.
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Corcoran, Samantha L. "Energy analysis of manufacturing equipment in a production setting." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3475.
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Manufacturers are increasingly looking at ways to reduce operating costs through energy
savings. While research has been done to identify energy usage throughout a facility--such as
lighting, computers, heating and cooling--very little research has been done on reducing the
energy consumption of manufacturing equipment. Sample literature review shows the bulk of
research on equipment is for tip energy, the energy when a tool makes contact with a work piece.
This excludes the energy of all the machine’s background processes: motors, pumps, fans, etc.
Several models have been created to predict the energy usage of a machine including both the tip
energy and the energy of the background processes; however, these models are experimental
laboratory studies. The purpose of this thesis is to collect and analyze real-time data of
manufacturing equipment in a production setting. Real-time data is important to understand
energy consumption at the machine level and the product level. This thesis reports on a method
to collect and analyze real-time manufacturing equipment energy data for a simple part. It also
reports on the use of that data to validate the uplci method to estimate the energy consumed for a
part using three uplci’s: turret punch uplci, brake forming uplci and drilling uplci. A data logger
recorder was connected to each machine to record the energy usage as it produced parts. This
data was then broken down into energy modes and analyzed. The results for each machine
showed how the machine utilized energy as it produced parts. The real-time data did not validate
the uplci calculations; however, the method to collect the real-time data was proven and shown
to be easily repeatable by manufacturers. This research provides a solid method for
manufacturers to use to identify areas to reduce their energy costs through improved production
scheduling and CNC programming.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering.
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Söderström, Charlotte. "Measuring microbial activity with an electronic tongue /." Linköping : Univ, 2003. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2003/tek816s.pdf.
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Rodgers, Cheryl. "Producer responsibility and the role of industry in managing waste from electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264632.
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Orgill, Christopher H. "Plankton population density measurement by acousto-electronic testing." Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278548.
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Bar-Shalom, Doron. "Altitude effects on heat transfer processes in aircraft electronic equipment cooling." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39011.
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Cheng, Xiufang. "Recycling of plastics derived from end-of-life (EOL) electronic equipment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3689.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 75 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).
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Preston, Trevor J. "The research and development of an electronic gauging system." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1985. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27600.
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There is scarcely an engineering company in Britain which has not had to face radical changes in technology and world economic climate during the past decade. These companies have been forced to reorganise both their product policy and personnel and have either foundered or emerged the stronger as a result of these inevitable pressures from sources beyond their control. This thesis tells the story of just such a well-established mechanical engineering company which was forced out of its complacency of fifty years into a new aggressive and extremely competitive market, that of electronic gauging and measurement, and was able to recover from the brink of financial collapse because of its thrust into new technology and the resultant research, design and development of new and different products. For the first time in fifty years British Indicators Ltd was forced to innovate in order to survive.
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Ylä-Mella, J. (Jenni). "Strengths and challenges in the Finnish waste electrical and electronic equipment recovery system:consumers’ perceptions and participation." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209821.
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Abstract The production and use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) have significantly increased during the last three decades due to technological innovations and new applications of EEE. Fast technological progress, EEE becoming a part of everyday life and rising incomes have led to the situation where EEE are more replaceable than ever causing the rapid growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In order to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and to improve the recovery of valuable substances from WEEE, the European Union has implemented Directives related to EEE. In this thesis, the national implementation of the WEEE Directive and the development of the WEEE recovery infrastructure in Finland were studied. Furthermore, consumers’ awareness and perceptions toward the WEEE recovery system were assessed through a survey conducted in the Oulu region. Finally, the role of consumer behaviour in storing electronics at home and its impact on the realisation of the waste hierarchy were considered. Results indicate that the implementation of the WEEE Directive has succeeded in Finland. The legislative basis and functional WEEE recovery system with high collection and recovery rates have been enacted within a few years. The study revealed that consumers’ awareness of the importance and existence of WEEE recovery system is high among the residents in Oulu; however, the high storing rates of mobile phones indicate that the proximity and the convenience of the WEEE recovery system are inadequate to motivate the return of small WEEE. Analysing the lifespan of electronics indicates that stockpiling deprives the re-use potential of mobile phones and thus hinders waste prevention. Storage also delays the return of valuable substances for recycling and risks the realisation of the waste management hierarchy. It is concluded that education and awareness raising will continue to be a crucial element in the progress towards a more environmentally conscious WEEE recovery in FinlandTiivistelmä Sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden (SE-laitteiden) tuotanto ja käyttö ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana uusien teknologisten ratkaisujen ja sovellusten myötä. Nopea teknologinen kehitys, SE-laitteiden jokapäiväistyminen sekä elintason nousu ovat johtaneet tilanteeseen, jossa ne ovat helpommin vaihdettavissa kuin koskaan aikaisemmin. Tämän seurauksena myös sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromun (SE-romu, SER) määrä on nopeassa kasvussa. Vähentääkseen SE-romun aiheuttamia haitallisia ympäristö- ja terveysvaikutuksia sekä tehostaakseen hyödyllisten materiaalien talteenottoa SE-romusta Euroopan Unioni on ottanut käyttöön sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteisiin liittyviä direktiivejä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu SER-direktiivin kansallista käyttöönottoa ja keräysverkoston kehittymistä Suomessa. Lisäksi kuluttajakäsitystä ja -tietoisuutta arvioitiin Oulun alueella toteutetulla kyselytutkimuksella. Työssä on arvioitu myös kuluttajien roolia käytöstä poistettujen SE-laitteiden kotivarastoinnissa ja sen vaikutuksia jätehierarkian toteutumiseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että kansallinen implementointi on onnistunut Suomessa; kansallinen lainsäädännöllinen perusta ja toimiva keräysjärjestelmä on saavutettu vain muutamassa vuodessa. Tutkimuksesta selviää, että kuluttajatietoisuus keräysjärjestelmän tärkeydestä ja sen olemassaolosta on hyvällä tasolla; matkapuhelinten korkea säilytysaste kotitalouksissa viittaa kuitenkin nykyisen järjestelmän riittämättömyyteen motivoida kuluttajia palauttamaan pientä SE-romua keräysjärjestelmään. SE-laitteiden elinkaaren vaikutusten tarkastelu osoittaa, että varastointi estää matkapuhelinten uudelleenkäyttöä ja estää jätteen synnyn ehkäisyä. Lisäksi se viivästyttää hyödyllisten materiaalien palautumista kierrätykseen vaarantaen myös jätehierarkian toteutumisen. Siksi koulutus ja tietoisuuden lisääminen ovat tärkeässä roolissa ympäristömyötäisemmän keräysjärjestelmän saavuttamiseksi Suomessa
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Abu, Baker Muhammad Shahzad. "An integrated approach to planning of recycling activites for the waste from electrical and electronic equipment." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500380.
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SENA, FABRICIO ROBERTO. "EVOLUTION OF MOBILE PHONES TECHNOLOGY AND THE IMPACT ON THE WASTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22231@1.
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Os produtos da indústria de eletroeletrônicos possuem alta empregabilidade no dia a dia. No entanto, por terem um ciclo de vida curto impactam na demanda por recursos naturais não renováveis. Dentro do universo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, os telefones celulares estão entre os mais complexos e os que empregam maior quantidade de elementos químicos diferentes. Apesar de pequenos, são vendidos aos milhares, em parte devido a sua curta vida útil. Esses fatores aliados indicam a existência de riscos à saúde e ao meio ambiente, o que faz repensar como destinar corretamente esses aparelhos no pós-consumo. A proposta do trabalho é fazer uma análise de como os telefones celulares impactam no volume e na complexidade dos Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos, explicar a razão desse bem essencial ter uma vida útil tão curta e expor os motivos que tornam a sua reciclagem absolutamente necessária para continuar o seu desenvolvimento tecnológico, atender a demanda dos consumidores e reduzir o impacto ambiental da produção ao descarte.In the last century, through new production processes, the industry has increased the variety and availability of products offered to the population, providing better quality of life. This has happened because the inception of series production has offered a greater supply of consumer goods, including the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). The evolution of electronics technology has provided, and will continue to provide a better quality of life than the one we used to have. However, the technology of these products is continuously evolving, and this brings advantages and disadvantages.
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Flood, Ian. "Graph theoretic methods for radio equipment selection." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/50910/.
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In the 1970s and 1980s, a small group of American engineers recognised the importance of the graph-colouring ideas studied by mathematicians and the potential for these ideas to be used in practical radio frequency assignment procedures. Some groundbreaking work led to a long period of study in academia where many variants on the Frequency Assignment Problem have been considered and some advanced algorithms developed. This thesis has investigated the Frequency Assignment Problem for microwave fixed links and, taking account of the constraints experienced in professional practice, extended this to include the problem of Equipment Selection. For a particular data-rate, standard radio equipment using relatively lower-or higher order modulation schemes can be deployed by the fixed link operator. While the higher-order options use less bandwidth, they radiate at higher powers and require more protection in the radio interference environment. That is, they are more potent interferers and present a greater challenge to distant interferers. Therefore, when the assigner’s objective is to minimise the span of frequencies used by a network, the higher-order modulation radio is not always the most spectrally efficient. The thesis has hypothesised that by doubling the bandwidth requirement on selected links, the assigner can actually reduce the overall span of frequencies used to support a frequency assignment for the entire network. With a minimum span objective, fixed link deployment scenarios have been exposed to a standard IP Solver that gives exact solutions. Using graph-theoretic methods, equipment selection heuristics have been developed and tested in offline and online environments. This work has gathered significant evidence in support of the hypothesis.
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Kane, Amol S. "Refurbished electronics assembly equipment case studies for R & D and manufacturing /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1424172.
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Dahlgren, Linus. "Case Study on Applications of Measurement Equipment for Dynamic Line Rating." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284242.
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Dynamic Line Rating is the concept of rating the ampacity of power lines depending on the thermodynamicconditions of the lines. It is an alternative to Static Line Ratings, which are set to maintainnetwork safety requirements under unfavourable operating conditions. Thus Dynamic Line Rating allowsthe network operator to utilise unused capacity of the lines, and operate network assets closer to theirlimits while still maintaining network safety requirements.This thesis explores the potential of Dynamic Line Rating through an analysis of a pilot project fromEllevio AB and Heimdall Power. The goal is to ascertain the ideal placement of monitoring equipment forDynamic Line Rating purposes, determine an estimate of the transmission capacity increase, and studythe economic impact of Dynamic Line Rating implementation.Data from the measurement equipment used in the pilot project has been analysed to ensure that it isoperating correctly. This analysis showed that the line temperature measurements were malfunctioning.Because of this, the analysis of Dynamic Line Rating in this thesis is strictly weather based.The most critical spans along a line have been identied through a method that has been developed forthis thesis. The capacity increase is estimated to 23% when Dynamic Line Rating is implemented. Aneconomic analysis quantied the potential value of this capacity increase from both the perspective of awind power producer and a DSO. This analysis also showed that DLR show a correlation towards windpower generation and no correlation towards the general load prole of the line.Dynamisk gradering är ett alternativt sätt att gradera utrustning i elkraftsystem (luftledningar, transfor-matorer). Den rådande normen är en statisk gradering som är satt för att säkerställa att systemet håller sig inom säkerhetsgränserna även vid ofördelaktiga förhållanden. En dynamisk gradering beräknar lastbarheten kontinuerligt utifrån realtids eller prognosticerade mätvärden. Detta tillåter drift närmare de faktiska säkerhetsgränserna, vilket ökar utrustningens överföringskapacitet. Det är således ett attraktivt forskningsområde inom elkraftmarknaden, då utbyggnad av överföringskapacitet i nuläget ofta är förenat med stora kostnader och långa handläggningstider.I Oktober 2019 påbörjade Ellevio AB tillsammans med Heimdall Power ett pilotprojekt om dynamisk lastbarhet. Mätutrustning utvecklad av Heimdall Power monterades på en regionalledning, för att utforska potentialen hos både mätutrustningen och den dynamiska lastbarheten för ledningen i fråga. Det här examensarbetet har som en del i pilotprojektet haft som mål att besvara frågor gällande den potentiella ökningen i överföringskapacitet och de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av detta, samt analysera mätutrustningens tillförlitlighet och optimala placering längs ledningen.En metod för att finna de mest kritiska punkterna längs ledningen har tagits fram i samband med examensarbetet. Metoden är baserad på en litteraturstudie av tidigare metoder, och använder tre faktorer för att göra en riskskattning av varje span på ledningen. Metoden applicerades sedan på ledningen i pilotprojektet för att finna de mest kritiska punkterna för att placera mätutrustning.Analysen av mätutrustningens tillförlitlighet visade att temperaturmätningarna hos Heimdalls neuroner inte fungerade korrekt. Detta har senare bekräftats genom tester från Heimdall.Den potentiella överföringskapaciteten ökade i genomsnitt med 23% då dynamisk gradering implementerades. En positiv korrelation mellan den dynamiska graderingen och lastprofilen från vindkraftsproduktion i området har också påvisats. Den ekonomiska analysen visade att det potentiella ekonomiska värdet från denna ökning beror på mängden nyetablering av vindkraft, och att värdet från implementering av dynamisk gradering då som mest är 4.1 MSEK.Sammanfattningsvis har det här examensarbetet påvisat både möjligheter och utmaningar kring dynamisk gradering. Vidare behöver ovanstående analyser göras ånyo då mer mätdata samlats in, för att kunnabekräfta eller förkasta slutsatserna i rapporten.
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Charles, Rhys G. "Assessment and exploitation of the inherent value of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) for circular economy." Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa39601.
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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a global environmental and resource-efficiency crisis. However, WEEE is a valuable urban mine of economically, strategically and environmentally important materials e.g. precious metals (PMs) and critical raw materials (CRMs). Economic value derived from WEEE can drive solutions to the ‘WEEE problem’ which are conducive to circular economy, enhance global resource-efficiency, and generate environmental and social benefits. This thesis examines the value of WEEE, and methods for its exploitation to the benefit of global sustainability. The ‘WEEE problem’ is examined in the context of global sustainability, considering environmental & resource-efficiency implications and linear resources use by the electrical & electronic equipment (EEE) industry. Solutions are considered which exploit WEEE as an ‘urban mine’ and embrace circular economy. Within this context, recycling potential of future WEEE is evaluated through projections of PM & Cu content of PCBs, based on temporal trends in historic RAM modules. CRMs are then identified in WEEE and methods of enhancing their recovery through intervention in pre-processing stages of recycling are evaluated. An industrial symbiosis process which recovers Pt from waste thermocouples for use in solar cells is presented as an example of the greater value generation potential offered by circular economy and the potential of such processes to overcome barriers to CRM recovery. Challenges and opportunities in lifecycle optimisation of printable photovoltaics for circular economy is considered as a means of enhancing the industrial ecology of this industry to avoid WEEE generation, reduce primary materials demand and enhance the value derived from these technologies at all stages of their lifecycles. Appropriate battery selection for solar off-grid systems in South Africa is then considered, demonstrating that greater value can be derived from EEE for local economies if compatibility of technologies with local skills and infrastructure for in-use and EoL management.
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Overton, William Ernest. "Digital Circuit-Level Emulation of Transistor-Based Guitar Distortion Effects." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10566.
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The objective of this thesis was to model the Fuzz Face , a transistor-based guitar distortion effect, digitally at the circuit level, and explore how changes in the discrete analog components change the digital model. The circuit was first simulated using SPICE simulation software. Typically outputs and how they changed based on transistor gains were documented. A test circuit was then constructed in lab to determine true transistor gains. An analog Fuzz Face circuit was then constructed, and physical parameters were recorded. A digital model was then created using MATLAB. Capacitive filtering effects were found to be negligible in terms of the guitar signal and were not modeled. The transistors were modeled using the Ebers-Moll equations. A MATLAB algorithm was written to produce Fuzz Face type distortion given an input guitar signal. The algorithm used numerical techniques to solve the nonlinear equations and stored them in a look-up table. This table was used to process the input clips. The sound of the Fuzz Face was not perfectly modeled, but the equations were found to provide a reasonable approximation of the circuit. Further study is needed to determine a more complete modeling equation for the circuit.
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Dongale, Prasad J. "Equipment condition assessment and its importance in estimation and prediction of power system reliability." Thesis, WIchita State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2027.
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Transmission and Distribution Electric Utilities have a vast amount of assets distributed over their system in the form of various equipment. As part of an asset management program, electric utilities keep focusing on the inspection and maintenance activities of these assets to improve system performance, reliability, and to ensure cost-effective expenditures. Therefore methodology that will reflect these inspection and maintenance efforts in terms of overall condition of the equipment is needed. Also techniques are needed to assess the impact of inspection and maintenance activities on the overall reliability of systems performance. To achieve this, a methodology for the assessment of equipment condition and the estimation of the health index for transformers and circuit breakers was developed. After that, a technique to estimate the failure rate from the equipment health index was used. Then an IEEE test case was selected to demonstrate its impact on system reliability indices with the help of a predictive reliability assessment software tool, Milsoft Utility Solution. As part of equipment condition assessment method for transformer and circuit breaker, failure modes and maintenance practices for these equipment was reviewed. Based on this review, parameters were selected for condition assessment which will provide significant information about the equipment condition and will also justify the cost and efforts. For each of the parameters, a score and weight were defined, and guidelines were developed to assign them. Also, ways in which online monitoring systems can contribute to equipment condition assessment were presented briefly. A technique was used to convert the equipment health index into its failure rate. Then an IEEE reliability test case was modeled using the Milsoft software, incorporating this estimated failure rate and studied system’s behavior in terms of reliability indices. It was observed that developing such models will provide more realistic information about the system’s actual performance and will demonstrate the way in which impact of the inspection and maintenance efforts can be accounted.Thesis (M.S) - Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Science Engineering
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Dongale, Prasad J. Jewell Ward. "Equipment condition assessment and its importance in estimation and prediction of power system reliability." A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2027.
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Vasudevan, Vivek. "Evaluation of the separation involved in recycling end-of-life (EOL) electronic equipment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=45.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 92 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-76).
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Piemontesi, Fulvio Rolando. "A micro computer based test set for telecontrol equipment." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2178.
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Thesis (Diploma (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, 1986.A micro computer based SELTA test set, that simulates the Selta master was developed and tested to display the following: Breaker status (open/close), alarms and analogue quantities as Volts, Amps, Freq etc. The unit is also capable of sending remote controls to the SELTA remote thus changing the breaker status.
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Kofer, Wolfgang. "Decision aid for planning the maintenance of electronic equipment in the German Army." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23608.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.In the early stage of the Weapons Acquisition Process (Concept Exploration and Concept Demonstration/Validation Phases) no exact and reliable data are available about expected Mean Times Between Failures (MTBF) and Mean Times to Repair (MTTR) for both the components of a new system or the new system itself. Nevertheless, appropriate decisions have to be made about the number of maintenance facilities at certain military command levels, about the needed quantity of (military and/or civilian) maintenance personnel, and about adequate spare stock levels at the appropriate locations. Wrong planning in this early stage can cause a degradation of the new system's future availability. This is problematic especially with electronic equipment, because maintenance personnel have to be highly specialized, and can not be replaced and retrained as easily as support personnel for trucks or tanks. A decision aid for the early stages of the acquisition process is needed that offers insight into the behavior of a multi-indenture level electronic system within a three echelon maintenance system, develops alternatives for upcoming decisions, and finally provides information about sensitive factors and their possible tradeoffs, essentially used in budgetary discussions. The purpose of this thesis is the exact definition of all relevant factors pertaining to the necessary decisions, the review of existing models and tools and their review for applicability. Because the modification of existing programs can not solve the whole scope of the problem due to the use of early generation computer languages, and due to the necessarily new and different approach to the topic, a new simulation program has to be developed. Using object oriented simulation language MODSIM-II, first steps towards this program are made, but remain to be improved and completed in further research work.
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Viljoen, Daniël Albertus. "A process model for the development of airborne electronic equipment / by D.A. Viljoen." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3699.
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Developments in systems engineering concepts and in the regulatory environment necessitated improvements to the processes used by Denel Aviation for the development of electronic equipment and software for use on board aircraft. A project was undertaken to improve the existing systems and software development processes.
Shortcomings in the existing development processes used by the organisation were identified.
A set of process requirements was determined, referring to general characteristics of airborne electronic equipment and to regulatory standards.
A process model, the Airborne Electronic System Development Process (AESDP) to be used by Denel Aviation, was developed. This proposed process model was designed to support incremental and iterative development. The process employs a strict requirements based development methodology in accordance with the standards and recommended best practises.
Important aspects of the proposed model include the following: (i) verification of requirement implementation commences in the definition stages of the project and (ii) a parallel (in time) bread boarding process is used to validate requirements and test implementation strategies and trade-offs - this is done without using the rigorous configuration management and other control process applicable to the life cycle data of the item under development.
The process model represents hierarchical development, i.e. system (or product), software and hardware layers. The organisational context of the model was delineated, project stages and decision gates were identified and different development “threads” and associated activities were described. Requirements for detailed methods and procedures associated with theses activities were identified.
The process model that resulted from this work, was approved by Denel and SAAB and is currently being applied to manage the upgrade of the Oryx helicopter fleet of the South African air force.Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer and Electronical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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McGrath, Steven J. "The electromagnetic pulse environment and its influence on tactical electronic and communications equipment." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23655.
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Michel, Florence. "Transient numerical computation of the temperature of the electronic equipment in passengers cars." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/0c0e0027-679d-4983-a115-263443a25c8a.
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Afin d’assurer la fiabilité des composants électroniques d’un véhicule, leur situation thermique est évaluée successivement à chaque phase du processus de développement. En particulier, il s’agit d’estimer la durée pendant laquelle le système électronique travaille dans son régime optimal de température, alors qu’il est soumis à des conditions de fonctionnement critiques. Pour le calcul de sa température dans des conditions de charge thermique instationnaires, différents modèles numériques et méthodes de simulation ont été développés et validés dans l’étude présente. Dans une première partie, deux stratégies innovatrices de couplage de codes pour le calcul des différents modes de transfert sont proposées, selon les conditions limites convectives, à partir d’une analyse de système. Pour réduire le temps de calcul dans le processus de développement, l’écoulement convectif est calculé avec une approche stationnaire. Dans la deuxième partie, plusieurs modèles numériques pour le calcul du mode de transfert convectif sont examinés sur des cas test, et vérifiés en comparaison avec la littérature, en particulier avec une analyse du maillage et des modèles de turbulence. Dans la troisième et dernière partie, les stratégies de co-simulation sont vérifiées pour deux systèmes électroniques complexes, d’une part une batterie au plomb assemblée dans une cavité de roue de secours, et d’autre part un amplificateur audio placé dans une cavité située entre le compartiment moteur et la cabine. Finalement, l’efficacité et la fiabilité de chacune des stratégies de co-simulation sont discutées en considérant l’implémentation dans le processus de développement digitalIn order to ensure a reliable operation of the electronic devices of a passenger car, its thermal situation is successively evaluated during each phase of the development process. Of particular interest is to predict the time period, during which the electronic system works within its optimal temperature range, while it is subjected to critical operating conditions. In order to compute its temperature under time-dependent thermal loads, different numerical models and computational methods have been developed and validated in the present study. In a first part, several innovative coupling codes strategies for the computation of the different heat transfer modes are proposed according to the convection boundary conditions and based on a system analysis. For reasonable computing times in the development process, a steady-state approach is used to solve the convective flow. In a second part, numerical models for the computation of the convective heat transfer mode are examined with test cases, in particular in view of mesh requirements and turbulence modeling, and verified in comparison with literature. In the third and last part, the co-simulation strategies are verified by means of two complex electronic systems, on the one hand a lead-acid battery situated in a spare-wheel cavity, on the other hand a sound amplifier assembled in cavity located between the engine compartment and the cabin. Finally, the efficiency and the reliability of both co-simulation strategies are discussed for implementation in the digital development process
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Michel, Florence. "Transient numerical computation of the temperature of the electronic equipment in passenger cars." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000128997/04.
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Korampally, Venumadhav. "An instrumentation system design for the testing of a micro sensing mechanism /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426078.
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Austin, Blanca L. "Performance analysis and scaling opportunities for bulk CMOS inversion and accumulation devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15433.
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Kunrath, Jorge Luiz. "Resíduos eletroeletrônicos : um diagnóstico da cadeia de processamento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/118849.
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Reconhecido como um problema mundial, o crescente volume de resíduos eletrônicos tem representado uma preocupação quanto às práticas de descarte destes equipamentos por utilizar na fabricação produtos e metais tóxicos com possíveis danos à saúde dos seres humanos e ao ambiente. Os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos também possuem em sua composição metais preciosos como ouro e a prata, além de teores significativos de cobre, representando fonte de interesse comercial na recuperação destes materiais, reduzindo a necessidade de exploração destes recursos na natureza. Estes fatores associados à rápida obsolescência e posterior descarte impulsionou uma complexa cadeia produtiva formada por empresas que coletam, separam, fracionam, recuperam, armazenam e reciclam estes materiais. Neste fluxo ocorrem várias interações entre as empresas e a sociedade com consequentes impactos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Esta pesquisa realizou um diagnóstico de uma parte desta cadeia, compreendida pelos “processadores de resíduos”, entendido como as empresas que realizam a coleta, armazenagem, segregação e descaracterização dos equipamentos. Seus processos são em sua maioria manuais e, em alguns casos, algumas etapas de processamento mecânico. Operam na etapa de pré-processamento como fornecedores de insumos para o restante da cadeia. Estas empresas não realizam os procedimentos mais complexos da reciclagem, como a pirometalurgia, hidrometalurgia e eletrometalurgia. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado direcionado a empresas previamente selecionadas e de abrangência nacional. Os dados coletados foram tabulados e analisados em seus contextos qualitativos e quantitativos, com o cruzamento de informações. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram um conjunto de informações a respeito do sistema produtivo, dos volumes processados e de aspectos econômicos e de gestão do setor. Foi possível identificar os vários níveis de amadurecimento e gestão, onde algumas empresas operam com consistente estrutura administrativa, conhecimento, cumprimento da legislação e consciência ambiental, e outras, com sistemas de gestão deficientes e quase informalidade. Possuem capacidade média de processamento de resíduos de 100 toneladas/mês, e utilização de 50% desta capacidade. A parcela reciclável dos resíduos é em média 80% do total do material coletado. Os setores da sociedade que mais contribuem com resíduos são a indústria com 41,25% seguido do comércio e doméstico. No contexto econômico, 70% do faturamento tem origem no processamento de placas de circuito integrado. Quanto à comercialização dos produtos 75,39% tem como destino outros recicladores no Brasil ou exterior. Os dados coletados sobre os custos de processamento não foram satisfatórios pelo reduzido número de respostas, demonstrando que a questão poderia ter sido mais bem formulada ou a técnica de coleta melhor estudada. As principais contribuições resultantes deste trabalho são fornecer uma visão do fluxo e do volume de resíduos processados, possibilitar uma compreensão das interações econômicas entre os diversos interessados e das dificuldades que o setor enfrenta para alcançar um sistema de gestão sustentável para os resíduos eletroeletrônicos.Recognized as a world problem, the increasing volume of electronic waste gives rise to as much concern as the practice of discarding this equipment because, in its fabrication, toxic metals are used, which causes possible health risks for human beings and for the environment. Electronic equipment waste also has precious metals within its composition, such as gold and silver, besides significant levels of copper, which represents a source of commercial interest in terms of the recuperation of these materials and a subsequent reduction in the necessity of exploration of these natural resources. These factors, together with the rapid transformation into obsolescence and later disposal of the equipment, has stimulated a complex production chain made up of companies who collect, separate, break up, recuperate, store and recycle these materials. In this interchange, various interactions occur between the companies and the society with a consequent social, economic and environmental impact. The present research has made a diagnosis of one part of this chain, as in the “waste processors”, that means the companies which carry out the collection, storage, separation and transformation of the equipment. The majority of the processes are manual with a few cases of mechanical processes in some stages. They operate at the pre-processing stage as input suppliers for the rest of the chain. These companies do not carry out the more complex procedures of recycling, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy or electrometallurgy. To achieve the proposed objective, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, directed towards previously selected companies on a national scale. The collected data were tabled and analyzed within their qualitative and quantitative context with a cross-check information. The results of the research produced information in relation to the productive system, the volume which is processed, the economic aspects and the sector management. It was possible to identify the various levels of maturation and management, where some companies operate with a consistent administrative structure, knowledge, compliance with the law and environmental consciousness but where others operate with deficient management and a lack of formality. They have an average capacity of waste processing of residues of 100 tons per month with 50% utilization of this capacity. The recycled part of the waste represents an average of 80% of the total amount of collected material. The sectors that more generate this kind of waste are the industrial sector, with 41.25%, followed by the commercial and domestic sectors. Within an economic context, 70% of the income originates from Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Regarding the commercialization of the products, 75.39% are destined for other recycling plants in both Brazil and abroad. The collected data were not satisfactory in relation to the processing costs because of the low number of replies, demonstrating that the questions in relation to this could have been better formulated or the information collecting method should be improved. The main contributions resulting from this study are: create a vision of the volume flux of processed waste and allow for comprehension of the economical interactions between the various interested parties and the difficulties which the sector faces to achieve a sustainable management system for electronic waste.
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Price, Alfred W. "The evolution of electronic warfare equipment and techniques in the USA, 1901 to 1945." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1985. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7410.
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This work describes the evolution cf electronic warfare equipment and techniques in the USA, from the first instance of radio jamming in that country in 1901 until the end of World War II in 1945. It begins with a review of early work on telegraph, radio and radar systems throughout the world, and countermeasures used during trials or in combat prior to World War II. Immediately after the USA ertered the conflict in 1941, the Radio Research Laboratory was set up near Boston to develop radio countermeasures equipment for the US armed forces. The organisation rapidly outgrew the capacity of a angle laboratory and in October 1942 Division 15 of the National Defense Research Committee was formed, to co-ordinate US work on countermeasures. The activities of RRL and Division 15 are described in detail, using cortemporary records and accounts from participants. Radar jammers developed by Divison 15 were first used in action in July 1943 during the invason of Sicily, and went on to play important roles in support amphibious landings and strategic bombing operations in the European and Pacific theatres of operations. The jamming devices and tactics employed, the enemy attempts to develop counter-countermeasures and the US moves to counter these counters are all described in detail. Conclusions are drawn on the effectiveness of the various types of jamming, based on post-war interrogation of German and Japanese serving officers and technical personnel. Appendices give technical details of the countermeasures devices produced in the USA during World War II, and the development of radar and radar countermeasures in Germany and Japan.
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Arteta, Bertha M. "A heuristic algorithm to generate test program sequences for moving probe electronic test equipment." FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1317.
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The electronics industry, is experiencing two trends one of which is the drive towards miniaturization of electronic products. The in-circuit testing predominantly used for continuity testing of printed circuit boards (PCB) can no longer meet the demands of smaller size circuits. This has lead to the development of moving probe testing equipment. Moving Probe Test opens up the opportunity to test PCBs where the test points are on a small pitch (distance between points). However, since the test uses probes that move sequentially to perform the test, the total test time is much greater than traditional in-circuit test. While significant effort has concentrated on the equipment design and development, little work has examined algorithms for efficient test sequencing. The test sequence has the greatest impact on total test time, which will determine the production cycle time of the product. Minimizing total test time is a NP-hard problem similar to the traveling salesman problem, except with two traveling salesmen that must coordinate their movements.
The main goal of this thesis was to develop a heuristic algorithm to minimize the Flying Probe test time and evaluate the algorithm against a "Nearest Neighbor" algorithm. The algorithm was implemented with Visual Basic and MS Access database. The algorithm was evaluated with actual PCB test data taken from Industry. A statistical analysis with 95% C.C. was performed to test the hypothesis that the proposed algorithm finds a sequence which has a total test time less than the total test time found by the "Nearest Neighbor" approach. Findings demonstrated that the proposed heuristic algorithm reduces the total test time of the test and, therefore, production cycle time can be reduced through proper sequencing.
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Nie, Qihong. "Experimentally validated multiscale thermal modeling of electronic cabinets." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26492.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Joshi, Yogendra; Committee Member: Gallivan, Martha; Committee Member: Graham, Samuel; Committee Member: Yeung, Pui-Kuen; Committee Member: Zhang, Zhuomin. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Al-Meshaiei, Eisa Abdullah Eisa S. "An expert system for material handling equipment selection." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36429/.
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Manufacturing Systems are subject to increasingly frequent changes in demand in terms of number and type of products they produce. It is impractical to continually reconfigure the facilities, but it is possible to modify the material handling arrangements so that the selected equipment is the most appropriate for the current requirements. The number of decisions that need to be made coupled with the rate at which decisions must be taken adds significant difficulty to the problem of equipment selection. Furthermore there are relatively few experts who have the necessary range of knowledge coupled with the ability to use this knowledge to select the most appropriate material handling solution in any situation. Access to such experts is therefore greatly restricted and decisions are more commonly made by less experienced people, who depend on equipment vendors for information, often resulting in poor equipment selection. This research first examines the significance of appropriate material handling equipment choice in dynamic environments. The objective is to construct a computer based expert system utilising knowledge from the best available sources in addition to a systematic procedure for selection of material handling equipment. A new system has been produced, based on the Flex language, which elicits from the inexperienced user details of the handling requirements in order to build an equipment specification. It then selects from among 11 handling solution groups and provides the user with information supporting the selection. Original features of the system are the way in which the knowledge is grouped, the ability of the procedure to deal with quantifiable and non-quantifiable equipment and selection factors, selection of decision analysis method and the validation of the final choice to establish confidence in the results. The system has been tested using real industrial data and has been found in 81% of cases to produce results which are acceptable to the experts who provided the information.
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Sielinou, Patrick Tchankue. "An intelligent multimodal interface for in-car communication systems." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1495.
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In-car communication systems (ICCS) are becoming more frequently used by drivers. ICCS are used in order to minimise the driving distraction due to using a mobile phone while driving. Several usability studies of ICCS utilising speech user interfaces (SUIs) have identified usability issues that can affect the workload, performance, satisfaction and user experience of the driver. This is due to current speech technologies which can be a source of errors that may frustrate the driver and negatively affect the user experience. The aim of this research was to design a new multimodal interface that will manage the interaction between an ICCS and the driver. Unlike the current ICCS, it should make more voice input available, so as to support tasks (e.g. sending text messages; browsing the phone book, etc), which still require a cognitive workload from the driver. An adaptive multimodal interface was proposed in order to address current ICCS issues. The multimodal interface used both speech and manual input; however only the speech channel is used as output. This was done in order to minimise the visual distraction that graphical user interfaces or haptics devices can cause with current ICCS. The adaptive interface was designed to minimise the cognitive distraction of the driver. The adaptive interface ensures that whenever the distraction level of the driver is high, any information communication is postponed. After the design and the implementation of the first version of the prototype interface, called MIMI, a usability evaluation was conducted in order to identify any possible usability issues. Although voice dialling was found to be problematic, the results were encouraging in terms of performance, workload and user satisfaction. The suggestions received from the participants to improve the system usability were incorporated in the next implementation of MIMI. The adaptive module was then implemented to reduce driver distraction based on the driver‟s current context. The proposed architecture showed encouraging results in terms of usability and safety. The adaptive behaviour of MIMI significantly contributed to the reduction of cognitive distraction, because drivers received less information during difficult driving situations.
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Brundrett, David L. "Analysis, design, and applications of subwavelength diffraction gratings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15370.
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