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1
Sapee, Syazwana, Daing Mohamad Nafiz, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi, Azri Hizami Rasid, Muhammad Hadi Hassan, and Jiang Xiaoxia. "A review on electric two wheelers." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503014.
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South East Asian cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and Bangkok rely heavily on motorcycles. A huge number of urban residents depend on motorcycles for all types of activities such as working, ridehailing and delivery services, going to school or leisure. According to Malaysia Automotive Association (MMA) statistics, there are about 13 million registered motorcycles in Malaysia as of August 2017. The pollutants that a four-stroke-engine 50 cc motorcycle emits per kilometre are usually much higher than a 2-litre passenger car; 2.7 times higher for CO and 6.7 times higher for HC and NOX. Controlling excessive air pollution and emissions levels generated by the use of a motorcycle is one of the keys to improving air quality. Electric two-wheelers have been well adopted in Asia Pacific countries like China and Taiwan. This paper provides extensive review and analysis on development history, environmental and mobility impacts, challenge and limitation of electric two-wheelers from around the world and the potential of its emergence in Malaysia.
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Jain, Anisha, Jinal Jain, D. R. Pallavi, and Varalakshmi. "An Empirical study on- Perspective and attitude of people on Electric Vehicle in India." REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jdaai/2/1/10.
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The Paper aims to look for aspects that influence a consumer's decision to acquire an electric vehicle. India has the greatest EV market in the world, particularly for two-wheelers. The penetration of electric vehicles has greatly increased over the past years as a result of numerous automakers releasing these vehicles at a quick rate. By 2025, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to be worth at least 475 billion, according to a recent study. By 2025, the percentage of electrified two-wheelers is predicted to increase to up to 15% from the current 1% penetration rate. Environmental pollution is currently a major problem worldwide. Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines are a major source of air pollution. The globe is actively promoting electric cars (EVs) to address environmental issues and counteract the consequences of fossil fuel pollution (ECs). The Indian government desires "only Electric Vehicles" to be on the roads by 2030.
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Jain, Anisha, Jinal Jain, D. R. Pallavi, and Varalakshmi. "An Empirical study on- Perspective and attitude of people on Electric Vehicle in India." REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/10.46632/jdaai/2/1/10.
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The Paper aims to look for aspects that influence a consumer's decision to acquire an electric vehicle. India has the greatest EV market in the world, particularly for two-wheelers. The penetration of electric vehicles has greatly increased over the past years as a result of numerous automakers releasing these vehicles at a quick rate. By 2025, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to be worth at least 475 billion, according to a recent study. By 2025, the percentage of electrified two-wheelers is predicted to increase to up to 15% from the current 1% penetration rate. Environmental pollution is currently a major problem worldwide. Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines are a major source of air pollution. The globe is actively promoting electric cars (EVs) to address environmental issues and counteract the consequences of fossil fuel pollution (ECs). The Indian government desires "only Electric Vehicles" to be on the roads by 2030.
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Tampubolon, Joshua Veli, and Rinaldy Dalimi. "Impact of Electric Vehicles toward Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1199, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1199/1/012005.
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Abstract There is an observed limitation in the number of electric vehicles using batteries as power sources (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles) in Indonesia. While the number of said electric vehicles is increasing in response to the government’s commitment to shift the transportation energy source towards electric energy for a more sustainable environment, this change is followed by an inevitable impact on the current electric network and infrastructure. Indonesia’s government predicted that there will be around 20 million 2-wheelers and 4 million 4-wheelers ICE by the year 2030 with an additional load of 29.300 MW to be expected. Lessons learned from other countries have shown that the abrupt changes in the supply-demand energy for the electric vehicle, such as the deficit/surplus of energy or the duck curve phenomena, create an urgency to prevent the said phenomena and the potential financial loss that might have cross-sectoral impacts. Through an analysis of the Jawa-Madura-Bali system, an independent system that can produce 30.970 MW by the year 2020 [1], the paper focuses on the impact of this system in developing an adaptive infrastructure to address increased power needs for electric vehicles in Indonesia. Literature review and data analysis shows that the impact of Electric Vehicles on the Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System is very pronounced. The amount of energy needed for the grid to be reliable in the EV transition is significantly higher than the natural growth of the grid energy supply. It is feasible that the increasing electricity demand from EVs could be offset by adding more renewable energy sources to the grid. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, (both centralized and decentralized) can help to offset the insufficient total energy supply growth from the conventional power producer. One approach to address these challenges is to continue the development of mixed renewable and non-renewable energy sources, allowing the grid to draw on a variety of sources as needed to meet demand. This development can help to ensure a reliable and stable supply of electricity to meet the needs of electric vehicles and other customers. A supply-demand simulation and prediction, which could be a very helpful tool in the conceptualization of a management plan for the energy system to mitigate the imbalance of supply and demand of electric energy supply should be developed.
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Dikshit, Anil, and Yash Aryan. "Comparing Environmental Impacts Arising from the Use of Electric Two-Wheeler vis-a-vis Gasoline Two-Wheeler in India." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 04, no. 04 (November 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2204035.
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Electric vehicles are becoming popular among consumers while BS-VI norms have been introduced and mandated for conventional vehicles in India. In the present study, the environmental impacts from the use phase of electric two-wheeler (EV) and gasoline two-wheeler (GV) have been evaluated and compared using the life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The functional unit adopted was 1000 km driven by one vehicle under Indian road and traffic conditions. CML 2001 and ReCiPe 2016 methods were used for the assessment using GaBi 10.6 software tool. The scope of the study was limited to the use phase of two-wheelers. The study considered a total of six impact categories viz. Abiotic Depletion (ADP) fossil, Acidification Potential (AP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP) and Fine Particulate Matter Formation (PMF). The study found that EV had higher environmental impacts on five impact categories while GV had a higher impact on just one (ADP fossil) impact category. The results demonstrated that the use phase of EVs is not as environmentally preferable as it appears, mainly due to the apportioned impacts of electricity obtained from the typical grid in India for EVs charging. In this study, two improvement scenarios (S-1 & S-2) for EV were also proposed for a possible reduction in impacts. Scenario S-1 constituted the use of 50% electricity generated from photovoltaics (solar panels) to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~47% in the overall environmental impacts. Similarly, scenario S-2 constituted the use of 50% electricity provided by a waste-to-energy plant to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~40% in the overall environmental impacts. It may be concluded that the use of renewable source(s) for generating electricity will make EVs more environmentally preferable. This study will help policymakers and concerned authorities to make transportation in India more sustainable by minimizing the impacts on the environment.
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Nadeem, Anam, Mosè Rossi, Erica Corradi, Lingkang Jin, Gabriele Comodi, and Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh. "Energy-Environmental Planning of Electric Vehicles (EVs): A Case Study of the National Energy System of Pakistan." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093054.
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Energy-environmental planning for road transportation involves a vast investigation of vehicles’ technologies and electricity production. However, in developing countries where the public transportation sector is growing quickly, energy-environmental planning is urgently needed. This paper evaluates the future electricity demand, as well as fuel consumption and CO2 emissions reduction, due to the operation of an expected increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan. The planning of EVs up to 2040 is performed with the ePop simulator that calculates the future EVs’ electricity demand, while EnergyPLAN® assesses the expected new power capacities. Two scenarios are investigated by penetrating 30% and 90% of 2/3 electric wheelers and cars by 2030 and 2040 compared to 2020, respectively. To fulfill the expected energy demand, PV in the daytime and the national electric grid at nighttime are here considered. Finally, a 9 GW of PV capacity is needed to satisfy the EVs’ electricity demand of 14.7 TWh/year, and a 0.7 GW power plants capacity is needed to fulfill 4.7 TWh/year by 2040. Consequently, EVs’ charging scenarios at daytime and nighttime are assessed. Results indicated a total reduction of 10.4 Mtonnes of CO2 emissions and 9.1 Mtoe of fuel consumption by 2040 in the transportation sector.
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Sen, Vasundhara, Akanksha Hajela, G. Suneeth, Sarvesh Saxena, and Ayush Deore. "Greening of Public Transport in Pune – A Feasibility Study." Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal 17, no. 1 (2023): 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v17i1.09.
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India's commitment to Electric Vehicles (EV) is a prime program furthering the country's achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 7. However, in spite of the much-needed policy push, EV adoption in India has been slow, both in private ownership and in public mobility. The average Indian commuter still depends heavily on public transport such as public buses, railways and rickshaws. Thus, the success of the EV transition in India lies in the speed with which e-vehicles can be developed and adopted in public transport solutions. This study assesses the feasibility of converting the public transport fleet (buses and 3 wheelers) into e-vehicles for the city of Pune. Pune records high per capita private vehicle ownership, resulting in high traffic congestion, traffic indiscipline issues and high vehicular fatalities. It is thus imperative that not only should public transport usage increase in the city, but it should also be electric, such that sustainability goals are achieved. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of greening Pune's public transport fleet. This paper begins with section 1, which introduces the EV landscape in India. Section 2 details the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) framework, which evaluates financial costs associated with EVs in public transport fleets. Section 3 presents model results from the TCO analysis. Payback calculations are also presented to understand the minimum number of years to realise EV investment payback. Section 4 finally concludes this paper by presenting demand-side and supply-side interventions for a speedy EV transition for public transport fleets in Pune Metro Region.
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Bugaje, Aminu, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl, and Wilfried Zörner. "Electric Two-Wheeler Vehicle Integration into Rural Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in Kenya." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237956.
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In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique.
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Garmash, V. "CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF MANEUVERING OF A 4-WHEEL SPECIAL CHASSIS WITH A COMBINED POWER PLANT." Collection of scientific works of the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine 2, no. 40 (2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2409-7470/2022/2/40/270518.
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Cars with electric and hybrid drive of driving wheels have become widespread in the world in recent years. For a wide class of wheeled vehicles with a combined electromechanical drive, it became possible to make the front axle swivel, which makes it possible to increase their maneuverability. The use of separate control of electric motors of the front swivel drive axle makes it possible to control the turning of machines by creating a difference in tangential reactions on the front wheels. This article analyzes the controllability of a four-wheeled special chassis with a combined power plant when creating a difference in torque on the front wheels. The obtained analytical dependences make it possible to evaluate the controllability of vehicles with a front steering axle. It is determined that the indicators of controllability and turning (angular acceleration and angular velocity) with the front rotary drive axle and the creation of a torque difference on its wheels are higher than in the case of equality of certain moments. The influence of the law of changing the difference of torques on the kinematic parameters of the car turning is investigated. It is determined that for each of the three laws of changing the difference in torques, the relative angular velocity of the car turning increases with time. The proposed steering is a system with two degrees of freedom, since two independent control actions are created at its input - turning the steering wheel and creating a difference in torque on the front wheels. Therefore, the solution of the task was carried out using a complex motion model. It should be said that the rigid wheels of the car were considered. When studying the movement of a car with wheels that are elastic in the lateral direction, it is necessary to use a model of a multicomponent complex movement, consisting of one portable and two relative movements. The second relative movement is the movement due to the deformation of the tires during their lateral withdrawal.
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Jatsun, S. F., V. V. Bartenev, E. N. Politov, and D. V. Afonin. "MODELING THE MOTION OF THE ROBOT-TRACTOR FOR TRANSPORTING AIRCRAFT ON THE AIRFIELD." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-34-43.
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Towing aircraft ensures the effective functioning of the modern airport, including the military. In military aviation at alarm efficiency and coherence of work of tow trucks is the extremely important task. The article is devoted to solving the actual problem of automation of the process of towing aircraft on the territory of airfields. The paper describes the design of a three-wheeled mobile robot with two independent driving wheels, designed for the transportation of aircraft at airports. The driving wheels are located behind the center of mass, which ensures stable straight-line movement of the robot at all velocities. Robot moves along the horizontal plane along the contrast strip applied to it. Sensory system of the robot is represented by the opto-matrix that includes two opto lines. The criteria of design parameters of the robot, ensuring its stability when moving along a given trajectory are defined. The computing scheme of a three-wheeled robot as a system of three absolutely solid bodies, one of which is the platform together with the optometric matrix of electric drives, the other two-driving wheels is given. In the mathematical model of the robot, the following assumptions are made: the robot is considered as a system of absolutely solid bodies, the motion is carried out without slipping, the driven wheel moves forward. Robot has four degrees of freedom. The equations of the dynamics of the robot with two independent driving wheels on a horizontal rough plane, using the form of Maggi’s equations for electromechanical systems with non-holonomic links are given. A Coulomb model of dry friction is assumed. The conditions of steady motion of a wheeled robot without transverse sliding of driving wheels are also determined.
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Vorob’ev, A. A., and S. O. Zyazev. "Resource calculation of weared equipment for electric trains of the ES2G series." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 1 (2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2020-1-43-50.
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The article discusses the impact of operating conditions on the wear of the wheels for ES2G electric trains. Thanks to the information on the controlled parameters of the wheel pairs (rolling, flange thickness and rim diameter) of ES2G electric trains operated by the MCC (Moscow Central Circle ) and the Oktyabrskaya Railway, a comparative analysis of the wear surface intensities of the rolling surfaces for seamless-rolled wheelsets has been performed. The analysis of the dependences of the mathematical expectation for the controlled parameter on the operating time showed that the wear rate of the rim for the electric trains operated by the MCC is 2,9 % higher than by the Oktyabrskaya Railway. Similar results were obtained for milling bar (2,33 % ) and the ridge thickness (24,3). Based on the results , it was concluded that the wheelsets wear of the ES2G series electric trains differs significantly in the two compared sections of circulation. Electric trains serving the Oktyabrsky direction has the intensity wheel pair wear lower than the trains serving the MCC. This will allow more time before turning to restore the profile of the rolling surface. The estimated value for the durability indicator of 90 % of the resource before changing the wheel pairs for the maximum wear of the rim is 2 million km at the MCC and 4.4 million km at the Oktyabrskaya Railway.
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Shilin, N. D., and S. N. Prokof'ev. "Redistribution of tractive force per axle for electric locomotives with asynchronous traction motors." Russian Railway Science 81, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2022-81-2-148-156.
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Introduction. Improving the traction and adhesion properties of freight electric locomotives is currently an urgent issue for the domestic locomotive industry. The increase in the mass and speed of trains enables to seek new ways and possibilities for realising the maximum tractive force of freight locomotives in order to meet the requirements of the rapidly developing transportation methods.Materials and methods. The authors carries out the analysis of existing theoretical and practical methods of adhesion control and developed the algorithm for controlling the wheelsets adhesion of a locomotive with asynchronous traction motors.Results. The authors concerning the tests analysis of a real electric locomotive, developed a mathematical model of the locomotive movement, which included algorithms for axial control of the tractive force with the redistribution of the tractive force between the axles. Calculations of a mathematical model of the movement of a locomotive with a train on a section with the redistribution algorithm both enabled and disabled, as well as with various settings of this algorithm, were carried out. The model also took into account the change in the adhesion coefficient of the wheels with the rails depending on the numerical order of a wheelset in the direction of travel, as well as the additional loading and unloading forces that arise in the undercarriage depending on the tractive force being realised. As a result of the calculations, obtained data showed good convergence with the test data of a real electric locomotive.Discussion and conclusion. The developed mathematical model allows evaluating the realisation of the tractive force of a locomotive as close as possible to that specified by the locomotive throttle under conditions of a changing adhesion coefficient and its heterogeneity under different wheelsets of the locomotive. The obtained results can be further applied in the development of promising freight electric locomotives with asynchronous traction motors.
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Zensu, Sudarno, and Rinaldy Dalimi. "Implementation of 100% Electric Vehicle in Bali with the Supply of Potential Independent Solar Energy." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/mechta.2022.003.01.10.
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<p class="02abstracttext">Electrical vehicle is the future of transportation. This thesis is about how to transform the usage of fossil fuel vehicle to electrical vehicle in Bali. Bali is an island with the longest distance from one of its districts to Denpasar city is 95,6 km. This distance is reachable by the common electrical vehicle that available in the market now. The usage of the electrical vehicle requires good development and planning, otherwise it will cause problem for the electrical systems. The consumption of electrical energy will increase. In 2019, Bali used 5,908 GWh electricity in a year. And if all the 2 wheels and 4-wheels vehicles now are electrical vehicle, it will require extra 2,823 GWh per year. It will impact the planning of power generation in Bali.Another challenge for the electrical systems is the duck curve problem. The habit of the user charges their vehicle will also impact the daily load curve of an electrical systems. If all the two wheels and four wheels vehicles now are electrical vehicle, and all users conduct the charging at the same time in 4 hours duration, the load will increase about 1,934 GW. The practical and applicable solution is the independent power producer concept by the solar PV. If every electric vehicle user installs the solar PV for their electrical vehicle consumption, this will solve all the problem.</p>
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Antoshchenkov, Roman, Serhii Bogdanovich, Ivan Halych, and Halyna Cherevatenko. "Determination of dynamic and traction-energy indicators of all-wheel-drive traction-transport machine." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 7 (121) (February 28, 2023): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.270988.
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The results of a study of dynamic and traction-energy indicators of an all-wheel drive wheeled traction-transport machine are presented. A diagram of a dynamic transmission model for an all-wheel drive wheeled traction and transport machine and a system of equations for the transmission dynamics in the Cauchy form have been compiled. This made it possible to determine the dependences of the angular speeds of rotation of the transmission elements of the traction-transport machine, the dependences of the torques and the dependences of the contacting traction forces on the wheels on time. The method allows to determine the optimal transmission parameters, differential designs and gear ratios to improve the traction and coupling and fuel-economic performance of the machine. It has been established that the angular speeds of rotation of the front wheels of the traction-transport machine 1.29 rad/s, 1.27 rad/s are higher than the angular speeds of rotation of the rear wheels 1.24 rad/s, 1.25 rad/s, which leads to the appearance of a kinematic discrepancies and additional energy losses. The torques of the front drive wheels are 6972 Nm, the rear drive wheels are 4622 Nm. The contacting traction forces on the front wheels of the machine are 5478 N after the end of the acceleration of the machine, on the rear wheels – 3473 N. Experimental studies were carried out on the example of an all-wheel drive wheeled tractor with an articulated frame to validate the method for assessing the dynamics of the traction-transport transmission. The difference between the values of the angular speeds of rotation of the wheels and the tangential traction forces on the wheels, determined theoretically and obtained during experimental studies, is 2 %. The developed method for assessing the transmission dynamics of an all-wheel drive traction and transport machine should be considered valid. The method proposed in the paper can be used to assess the dynamics of wheeled machines
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Idris Kusumanegara, Neka Fitriyah, and Ail Muldi. "Communication perspectives on social change towards electrification for 2-wheeled vehicle users." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 16, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.1.1037.
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This study discusses the perspective of social change communication on electrification for people who use 2-wheeled vehicles. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collected from journals, articles, and books related to the perspective of social change communication related to electrification for people who use 2-wheeled vehicles which are described empirically. The conclusion obtained is that the public needs to be educated by means of good communication, as a form of the world's green campaign to welcome carbon neutrality in 2030, in this case 2-wheeled electric vehicles can be used as the right and comprehensive mobility solution for users who are currently still using fossil fuel vehicles. This can also be used as part of the social change of society in the current era to reduce the effects of global warming, and reduce the impact of greenhouse gases, especially in urban areas, especially those derived from exhaust gas expenditures in the form of carbon emissions containing pollutants. This change in the use of 2-wheeled electric vehicles also helps in the formation of social changes for the community and the environment to benefit from environmental conditions and healthier air quality.
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Patel, Amit Narayanbhai. "Optimization of Power Density of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.497.
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The main objective of this work is to optimize the power density of axial flux permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor based on genetic algorithm (GA) technique for performance improvement of electric 2-wheeler. Power density is one of the important performance parameter of motor as it significantly influences overall performance of electric 2-wheeler. Firstly, the rating of electric motor is determined according to the application requirements and vehicular dynamics. Axial flux PMBLDC motor of 250 W, 150 rpm is designed to fit in to the rim of electric 2-wheeler based on assumption of various design variables. The salient contribution of this work is to suggest the best combination of design variables with the application of GA optimization technique for power density optimization. Comparative performance analysis is carried out between initially designed motor and optimized motor. Finally, 3 dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to verify the results obtained from design optimization. Results obtained from FEA fairly validates the initial design and optimized design. It is analyzed that the power density of motor is enhanced by 42.85 % with the proposed optimization technique. The proposed technique is implementable and complexity free. It may further be applied to the performance improvement of a non-linear design comprising different design variables.
HIGHLIGHTS
Axial flux permanent magnet motors are the most compatible in electric vehicle applications
Power density is one of the important performance parameters of axial flux permanent magnet motors
Optimization of power density improves drive range and overall performance of electric vehicle
Influential design variables are identified based on parametric analysis and its optimization is carried out with an GA based optimization technique with an objective of power density optimization
Proposed optimization technique is validated with finite element analysis
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Reidemeister, O. H., and M. P. Snitko. "Mathematic simulation of vibrations electric locomotives ChS4." Science and Transport Progress, no. 42 (December 25, 2012): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2012/9399.
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Maulana, Febryan. "KONSEP DESAIN KENDARAAN LISTRIK RODA TIGA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v10i2.141.
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Dalam penelitian  ini dirancang sebuah kendaraan listrik roda tiga dengan menggunakan metode VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). Perancangan kendaraan listrik ini terfokus pada desain kontruksi rangka dan perhitungan kebutuhan motor listrik yang sesuai sebagai elemen utama kendaraan listrik. Dalam perancangan kendaraan listrik roda tiga terdapat 3 varian dan berdasarkan nilai evaluasi varian yang paling tinggi adalah varian 2 dengan nilai 0,05. Kendaraan roda tiga mempunyai dimensi panjang 2500 mm, lebar 1250 mm, tinggi 1400 mm dengan tingkat kestabilan 46%.Setelah dilakukan analisa dan pengujian terhadap kontruksi rangka yang menggunakan bahan S45C, maka dapat diketahui bahwa kontruksi rangka ini mampu menahan beban sebesar 250 kg. Dan  dengan spesifikasi motor listrik 5 Kw yang dibutuhkan pun tersedia di pasar, sehingga memungkinkan kendaraan listrik roda tiga ini untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.In this study will be designed a three-wheeled electric vehicle using the VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). The design of electric vehicles is focused on the design and calculation of required construction frame corresponding electric motor as the main element of the electric vehicle. In the design of three-wheeled electric vehicles, there are 3 variants and variants based on the value of the highest evaluation is a variant 2 with a value of 0.05. Three-wheeled vehicle has dimensions of length 2500 mm, width 1250 mm, height 1400 mm with a 46% degree of stability.After analysis and testing of construction materials using S45C frame, it can be seen that the frame construction can support the weight of 250 kg. And with a 5 Kw electric motor specifications required is available in the market, thus allowing the three-wheeled electric vehicles to be developed further.Dalam penelitian  ini dirancang sebuah kendaraan listrik roda tiga dengan menggunakan metode VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). Perancangan kendaraan listrik ini terfokus pada desain kontruksi rangka dan perhitungan kebutuhan motor listrik yang sesuai sebagai elemen utama kendaraan listrik. Dalam perancangan kendaraan listrik roda tiga terdapat 3 varian dan berdasarkan nilai evaluasi varian yang paling tinggi adalah varian 2 dengan nilai 0,05. Kendaraan roda tiga mempunyai dimensi panjang 2500 mm, lebar 1250 mm, tinggi 1400 mm dengan tingkat kestabilan 46%.Setelah dilakukan analisa dan pengujian terhadap kontruksi rangka yang menggunakan bahan S45C, maka dapat diketahui bahwa kontruksi rangka ini mampu menahan beban sebesar 250 kg. Dan  dengan spesifikasi motor listrik 5 Kw yang dibutuhkan pun tersedia di pasar, sehingga memungkinkan kendaraan listrik roda tiga ini untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.In this study will be designed a three-wheeled electric vehicle using the VDI (Verein Duetscher Ingeniure). The design of electric vehicles is focused on the design and calculation of required construction frame corresponding electric motor as the main element of the electric vehicle. In the design of three-wheeled electric vehicles, there are 3 variants and variants based on the value of the highest evaluation is a variant 2 with a value of 0.05. Three-wheeled vehicle has dimensions of length 2500 mm, width 1250 mm, height 1400 mm with a 46% degree of stability.After analysis and testing of construction materials using S45C frame, it can be seen that the frame construction can support the weight of 250 kg. And with a 5 Kw electric motor specifications required is available in the market, thus allowing the three-wheeled electric vehicles to be developed further.
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Kakkar, Riya, Rajesh Gupta, Smita Agrawal, Sudeep Tanwar, Ravi Sharma, Ahmed Alkhayyat, Bogdan-Constantin Neagu, and Maria Simona Raboaca. "A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 12096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312096.
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The deployment of charging infrastructure is one of the main challenges that need to be tackled due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, EVs associated with different charging standards can face compatibility issues while charging via public or private infrastructure. Many solutions were surveyed by researchers on EVs, but they were not focused on addressing the issue of charging infrastructure standardization. Motivated by this, we present a comprehensive survey on standardizing EV charging infrastructure. We also present a taxonomy on various aspects such as charging levels, charging modes, charging standards, charging technologies (based on the different charging types such as conductive charging and wireless charging), and types of vehicle (i.e., 2-wheeler (2W), 3-wheeler (3W), and 4-wheeler (4W)). Furthermore, we target the benefits associated with community EV charging operated by the community charging service operator. Furthermore, we propose an architecture for standardized EV community charging infrastructure to provide adaptability for EVs with different charging standards. Finally, the research challenges and opportunities of the proposed survey have been discussed for efficient EV charging.
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Evseev, Vyacheslav, and Anatoliy Savos'kin. "Simulation of Electric Braking Mode of a Diesel Locomotive with Series Excitation of Commutator Traction Motors Using a Power Semiconductor Converter." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 20, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2023-2-463-470.
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Purpose: To consider the structure, advantages and operating principle of a new transistor converter based on isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) for diesel locomotives with commutator traction motors in the electric braking mode, as well as the implementation features of this mode on diesel locomotives. To show the functional structure of the converter automatic control system for the electric braking mode. To plot a potential braking characteristic of a diesel locomotive with a new converter. Methods: Simulation modeling of the electric braking mode using a computational mathematical model of a traction drive in the Matlab Simulink environment. Analysis of the simulation results of the traction drive operation in stationary and dynamic conditions. Comparison of the obtained braking characteristic with the existing one for 2TE25KM diesel locomotive. Results: It is established that the use of the proposed transistor traction converter in the power electrical circuit of a diesel locomotive provides axis-by-axis control of a commutator traction electric drive in the electric braking mode with series excitation of traction motors and allows to significantly increase the electric brake efficiency at low speeds. The proposed solution implements the target braking force of the locomotive in a wide range of speeds, as well as its limitations due to the electromechanical parameters of the diesel locomotive assemblies. Practical significance: It is shown that the proposed solution provides the increase of the electric brake efficiency, life extension of brake shoes and wheels of the rolling stock.
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Park, Wooyoung, and Inyong Ohm. "Effectiveness Evaluation of Auto-Transmission Application for Electric Two-Wheeled Vehicle(2)." Transaction of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 31, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7467/ksae.2023.31.7.547.
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MATSUDA, Tatsuhiro, Shigeru TADANO, and Masahiro TODOH. "1041 Anti-Slipping Control System for Drive Wheels of Electric Wheelchair." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2007.6 (2007): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2007.6.0_43.
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Popov, V. Yu, A. S. Yanyushkin, and Y. I. Zamashchikov. "Diffusion Phenomena in the Combined Electric Diamond Grinding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.291.
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The problems of practical application of the combined electric diamond grinding (CEDG) are examined. Experiments were conducted on the grinding tool materials with metal-bonded diamond grinding wheels. In the presented part of the work, the roughness of the machined surface of specimens made of high-speed steel is investigated. It was established that the CEDG makes it possible to decrease the roughness of the machined surface to 30-40 % in comparison with other combined methods and 1.5-2 times in comparison with usual grinding. The application ensures the grinding by diamond wheels in the mode of self-sharpening and guarantees the continuity of its geometric form, which eliminates the defect layer on the machined surface and gives a longer period of wheel stability. The results obtained show that diamond wheels can be successfully used for grinding wide spectrum of tool materials.
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Petrov, O. I. "Electric transmission for hybrid vehicle." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012008.
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Abstract A technical solution is proposed for the electrical transmission of the torque of the internal combustion engine to the wheels (propeller) of a hybrid vehicle to set it in motion. The purpose of the technical solution is to reduce energy losses in the electrical power transmission device and reduce the cost of its implementation. The expected economic effect in the implementation of the proposed technical solution consists of a reduction in power losses during electric power transmission up to 10% of the engine power, and the cost of its implementation will reduce the cost of the vehicle by up to € 2 000. The proposed device is technically feasible using commercially available devices and can be used in the automotive industry, while being able to recoup the costs of implementation, that is, it meets the criterion “industrially applicable”.
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Khemis, A., T. Boutabba, and S. Drid. "Model reference adaptive system speed estimator based on type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic sensorless control of electrical vehicle with electrical differential." Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, no. 4 (June 27, 2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2023.4.03.
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Introduction. In this paper, a new approach for estimating the speed of in-wheel electric vehicles with two independent rear drives is presented. Currently, the variable-speed induction motor replaces the DC motor drive in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles where quick dynamic response is required. This is now possible as a result of significant improvements in the dynamic performance of electrical drives brought about by technological advancements and development in the fields of power commutation devices, digital signal processing, and, more recently, intelligent control systems. The system’s reliability and robustness are improved, and the cost, size, and upkeep requirements of the induction motor drive are reduced through control strategies without a speed sensor. Successful uses of the induction motor without a sensor have been made for medium- and high-speed operations. However, low speed instability and instability under various charge perturbation conditions continue to be serious issues in this field of study and have not yet been effectively resolved. Some application such as traction drives and cranes are required to maintain the desired level of torque down to low speed levels with uncertain load torque disturbance conditions. Speed and torque control is more important particularly in motor-in-wheel traction drive train configuration where vehicle wheel rim is directly connected to the motor shaft to control the speed and torque. Novelty of the proposed work is to improve the dynamic performance of conventional controller used of model reference adaptive system speed observer using both type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic controllers. Purpose. In proposed scheme, the performance of the engine is being controlled, fuzzy logic controller is controlling the estimate rotor speed, and results are then compared using type-1 and type-2. Method. For a two-wheeled motorized electric vehicle, a high-performance sensorless wheel motor drive based on both type-2 and type-1 fuzzy logic controllers of the model reference adaptive control system is developed. Results. Proved that, using fuzzy logic type-2 controller the sensorless speed control of the electrical differential of electric vehicle EV observer, much better results are achieved. Practical value. The main possibility of realizing reliable and efficient electric propulsion systems based on intelligent observers (type-2 fuzzy logic) is demonstrated. The research methodology has been designed to facilitate the future experimental implementation on a digital signal processor.
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Piantini, Simone, Alessandro Giorgetti, Niccolò Baldanzini, Cosimo Monti, and Marco Pierini. "Design of a Motorcycle Steering Damper for a Safer Ride." Machines 8, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8020024.
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Powered-two-wheelers (PTWs) are increasingly popular because of their lower cost compared to cars, and therefore the riders’ exposure risk is increasing. Due to their complex dynamics characterized by high non-linearity and inherent instability, PTWs are more difficult to control compared to four-wheeled vehicles. Wobble is a high-frequency instability mode affecting the steering assembly of the PTW, and which often causes the rider to lose control and crash when it occurs. In this paper, we present the design of a new motorcycle semi-active steering damper integrated into the steering column and utilizing a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) for variable damping torque. An analytical model of the concept was first used to perform the preliminary sizing, followed by concept validation using a 3D FE multiphysics magnetic-fluid analysis. The final innovative design offers several advantages compared to traditional steering dampers: (i) a wide range of adjustable damping torque values, with a multiplication factor up to 10 with a maximum electrical current of 2 A; (ii) total integration into the motorcycle steering column enabled by its axial design and limited radius; (iii) a simple chamber geometry that allows for easy manufacture; (iv) longer seal life due to the absence of direct contact between seals and the MRF.
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Sharma, Anil, and Vatsalsinh Gadariya. "A study of marketing tactics for the uptake of 2-wheeler electric vehicles among Indian consumers." SKIPS Anveshan 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53031/skips.3.2.2021.17.
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WADA, Masayoshi, Akira SAITO, and Yoshitaka MURATA. "1A2-G07 A chair balancing mechanism for electric wheelchairs(Wheeled Robot/Tracked Vehicle(2))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2012 (2012): _1A2—G07_1—_1A2—G07_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2012._1a2-g07_1.
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Umnitsyn, A. A., and S. V. Bakhmutov. "Evaluation of compliance with the current standards requirements regarding the anti-lock braking system effectiveness of an electric vehicle with mixed braking support." Trudy NAMI, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2022-2-51-59.
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Introduction (statement of the problem and relevance). In accordance to the current standards the requirements were assessed: for the braking process efficiency of M1vehicles category using an antilock braking system (ABS) and the combined possibility control of two actuators - electric machines installed in the vehicle driving wheels as well as the electro-hydraulic modulation pressure unit in the hydraulic circuit of the working brake cylinders.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed ABS algorithm in accordance with current standards and additional requirements.Methodology and research methods. The braking process computer simulation of a M1 vehicle category equipped with four electric motors and an electro-hydraulic braking system was carried out. As a result of calculations, the obtained braking parameters were to be compared and evaluate according to the requirements of UN Regulation No. 13H, as well as evaluate the braking efficiency parameters.Scientific novelty and results. The effectiveness of the developed control algorithm for the ABS actuators (electro-hydraulic unit and electric machines in the drive wheels) has been proven in terms of meeting the requirements of UN Regulation No. 13H. Studies showed an efficiency improvement of the ABS operating due to the proposed algorithm, when compared to foreign-produced analogues.The practical significance of the work is the proof of the developed algorithm efficiency for M1 electric vehicles category.
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V. M., Tretyak, Govorov O. F., Matskevich Yu. M., and Oliadnichuk R. V. "Problems of power division between the devices of agricultural machine-tractor units." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 15(114) (2022): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2022-15-14.
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Purpose. Determination of the rational use of various types of transmissions in the creation of multi-moving agricultural machine-tractor units. Methods. Analysis of technical characteristics of sources of mechanical energy, synthesis of power distribution system using motor-wheels. Results. Based on the analysis of literary sources, proposals were received for the choice of transmissions for multi-moving agricultural machine-tractor units. A kinematic synthesis of an electromechanical transmission for individual propellers for various purposes is proposed. Conclusions 1. The maximum transport speed of modern agricultural tractors is in the range of 40 ÷ 50 km/h, and the minimum technological speed at the maximum power of the traction vehicle (TV) can be within 4 ÷ 5 km/h when working with a soil loosener. 2. Modern agricultural TV should have a ratio of maximum speed to minimum speed up to 10. 3. The nominal range of rotation frequencies of traction electric motors available on the market is not able to overlap the ratio more than 2 ÷ 2.5. 4. The kinematic combination of the rotation frequencies of two electric motors allows you to cover the range of operating speeds of the MTA without mechanical switching of the transmission elements. 5. The proposed autonomous motor-transmission unit allows to compose MTA with the distribution of electrical power between additional engines of technological modules of MTA. Keywords: machine-tractor unit, transmission, traction concept, mover, electric wheel motor.
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Kosmodamianskiy, Andrey Sergeevich, Vladimir Ivanovich Vorobyev, Oleg Vasilyevich Izmerov, and Dmitriy Nikolaevich Shevchenko. "Modernization of wheels and motors units for diesel locomotives in conditions of import substitution." Transport of the Urals, no. 3 (2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2022-3-40-48.
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The paper considers problems of import substitution of parts for wheels and motors units for freight and shunting diesel locomotives with 1050 and 1250 mm wheels and it also considers a task of modernization of technically outdated assemblies. In result of the analysis the authors revealed that it is necessary to: 1) develop a new assembly of motor support bearings with the use of domestic parts; 2) create a new design of an electric traction motor suspension for the substitution of a spring suspension that has wearable parts; 3) organize a search for solutions for perspective diesel locomotives that are intended to operate on the Eastern polygon. For diesel locomotives with 1050 mm wheels the authors propose designs of a frame support traction drive equipped with flat rubber-metal elements and a traction drive with rigid support of an electric traction motor on wheel centres by the use of domestic bearings. Instead of the spring suspension the authors recommend to use suspensions with flat rubber elements and spherical rubber-metal mounting, which will provide interoperability of bogies with modified and unmodified electric traction motors. For perspective diesel locomotives with 1250 mm wheels the authors propose designs of two-axle bogies equipped with high-torque commutator motors and a traction drive with a frame support suspension of a traction motor and an axial gearbox.
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Belikov, Viktor, Serhii Kovalishyn, Inna Symonenkova, and Volodymyr Symonenkov. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF LOGISTIC SUPPORT BY BUILDING ROBOTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRACTORS ON THE BASIS OF TOPOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND LOCAL SCALING OF PROTOTYPES." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no. 15 (September 30, 2021): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2021.15.95-106.
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The article considers the problems related to the need to develop for the Armed Forces of Ukraine specialized robotic transport equipment for the military logistics system, namely – electromechanical tractors with high specific performance, capable of providing not only fast and covert delivery of weapons, military and special equipment, ammunition and personnel to the places of combat operations, but also the evacuation of the wounded and damaged equipment from the battlefield. Methods of realization of the set tasks on the basis of use of topological transformations and local scaling prototype are offered robotic tractor without a cabin Case IH Concept with a power plant a diesel engine with a power of 308 kW, a maximum speed of up to 50 km/ h and four double support-driving wheels of two different diameters. Topological transformations have shown the possibility of equipping a robotic, reduced in scale 1: 2 compared to the real prototype, a large-scale copy of an electromechanical tractor with high specific performance based on composite platforms of triangular generating autonomous blocks-modules. Modular structuring of the basic element of the platform of a specialized electromechanical tractor of military logistics from traction functional blocks-modules in the form of triangular autonomous units of multimodal transport provides their implementation as real three-wheeled electric motorcycles, which are fully suitable for autonomous practical application. Keywords: logistics, robotic electromechanical tractor, robotic tractor without a cabin, functional blocks-modules, topological transformations, triangular transport platform, autonomous generating element, autonomous drive modules, local scaling, support-driving wheels, electrochemical power sources, Li-ion batteries.
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Park, Jinhyun, Jeonghun Choi, Hyeonwoo Song, and Sung-Ho Hwang. "Study of Driving Stability Performance of 2-Wheeled Independently Driven Vehicle Using Electric Corner Module." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 37, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2013.37.7.937.
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TANAKA, Masato, Hiroki IIJIMA, and Tadashi EGAMI. "2A2-R14 Running control for electric wheelchair using crossroads recognition(Wheeled Robot / Tracked Vehicle (2))." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2013 (2013): _2A2—R14_1—_2A2—R14_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2013._2a2-r14_1.
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De Pinto, Stefano, Pablo Camocardi, Christoforos Chatzikomis, Aldo Sorniotti, Francesco Bottiglione, Giacomo Mantriota, and Pietro Perlo. "On the Comparison of 2- and 4-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle Layouts with Central Motors and Single- and 2-Speed Transmission Systems." Energies 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 3328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13133328.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are characterized by a significant variety of possible powertrain configurations, ranging from one to four electric machines, which can have an on-board or in-wheel layout. Multiple models of production EVs have recently been introduced on the market, with 4-wheel-drive (4WD) architectures based on a central motor within each axle, connected to the wheels through a gearbox, a differential, and half-shafts. In parallel, an important body of research and industrial demonstrations have covered the topic of 2-speed transmission systems for EVs, with the target of enhancing longitudinal acceleration and gradeability performance, while increasing the operating efficiency of the electric powertrain. Although several recent studies compare different electric powertrain architectures, to the best of the authors’ knowledge the literature misses a comparison between 2-wheel-drive (2WD) and 4WD configurations for the same EV, from the viewpoint of drivability and energy consumption. This paper targets this gap, by assessing 2WD and 4WD powertrain layouts with central motors, for a case study light passenger car for urban mobility, including consideration of the effect of single- and 2-speed transmission systems. An optimization routine is used to calculate the energy-efficient gear state and/or torque distribution for each considered configuration. For the specific EV, the results highlight the favourable trade-off of the single-speed 4WD layout, capable of reducing the energy consumption during driving cycles by approximately 9% with respect to the conventional 2WD layout with single-speed transmission, while providing satisfactory drivability and good gradeability, especially in low tire–road friction conditions.
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Kolator, B., S. Racewicz, and A. Olszewski. "Bench tests results of the traction parameters of the light two-wheeled electric vehicle." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 421 (October 11, 2018): 022015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/421/2/022015.
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Pratama, Jusuf Abimas, Miftahul Anwar, Sifaus Wulaning Arsri, Ferdiansyah Ashil Farisi, and Muhammad Nizam. "REGENERATIVE BRAKING MONITORING SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE." Journal of Electrical, Electronic, Information, and Communication Technology 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jeeict.v1i1.34474.
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<strong>Electric vehicles is in rapid development. The energy commonly used as a driving force for electric vehicles comes from batteries. The development of electric vehicle technology is currently concentrated on efforts to charge the battery used by utilizing the power wasted when braking electrically. The gearbox and final drive are installed as a mechanical transmission system for electric vehicles to increase the torque of the BLDC motor as the main driving force of the vehicle. The regenerative process occurs when the Kelly-KBL motor controller electric braking feature is activated. For this reason, Arduino Mega and LabVIEW software are used to observe the current and voltage of lead acid batteries with voltage 48 V and capacity 225 Ah (C20). In addition, a 2 kW BLDC motor RPM was also observed in the electric braking monitoring system. From the results of monitoring and data collection, the vehicle traveled a distance of 36.06 m in 68 s time intervals with an average speed of 16.8 m / s. The average torque value when electric braking on a BLDC motor supplies 154 Nm, while the average torque of the vehicle is 996.99 Nm. The average regenerative power of the wheels is 17.07 kW, while the average mechanical power of the wheels is 13.67 kW. Coulometric state of charge (SOC) shows an increase in battery capacity of 4.27% and 99.97% voltage SOC at the beginning of the activation of the electric brake pedal. Maximum battery power movement when charging, 2.25 kW is caused by the activation of the electric brake pedal. Whereas when using a maximum of 1.52 kW. The application of electric braking has a power consumption efficiency of 0.042%. and charging power charging 18.97%.</strong>
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Kahfi, M. Wildanul, Nely Ana Mufarida, and Kosjoko Kosjoko. "Desain dan analisis chassis tipe tubular space frame." ARMATUR : Artikel Teknik Mesin & Manufaktur 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/armatur.v4i1.3266.
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Automotive is one of the mainstay products in the world today, especially in 4-wheeled vehicles and 2-wheeled vehicles. One of them is electric cars whose main driving force uses electric power. Some of the advantages possessed by electric vehicles with oil-fueled vehicles include free air police from exhaust fumes, no odor and a smoother motor sound. The development of electric cars in Indonesia, which is now growing rapidly, especially among university students, is being held with competitions to make electric cars that are worthy of being marketed. For that we need an energy-efficient car chassis design that is in accordance with the regulations of the Indonesian Electric Car Competition (KMLI). Research on the design chassis in previous studies has been done with different dimensions, materials, and types of chassis used. The purpose of this research is to design and analyze chassis type Tubular Space Frame using Solidworks 2019 Software in the hope of producing a chassis that is strong, lightweight and has flexibility properties while still paying attention to the Factor of Safety (FOS) when used. The chassis designed using Solidwork 2019 software has dimensions, including: Length = 1883.40 mm, Height = 1033.40 mm, Width = 721.34 mm. The results of the analysis and determination of the material between Aluminum 6061-T6 and Aluminum 6063-T6 used with a comparison of the values of stress, displacement, and safety of factors that occur in the frame, it can be concluded that the chassis is a tubular type with the use of pipes 34.4 x 26.64 3.38 mm thick and 21.36 x 15.50 mm thick 2.77 mm is the most secure chassis and the weight is quite light.
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Szewczyk, Piotr, and Andrzej Łebkowski. "Studies on Energy Consumption of Electric Light Commercial Vehicle Powered by In-Wheel Drive Modules." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 7524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227524.
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This article presents the results of energy consumption research for an electric light commercial vehicle (eLCV) powered by a centrally located motor (4 × 2 drive system) or motors placed in the vehicle’s wheels (4 × 4 drive system). For the considered constructions of electric drive systems, mathematical models of 4 × 2 and 4 × 4 drive systems were developed in the Modelica simulation environment, based on real data. Additionally, the influence of changes in the vehicle loading condition on the operation of the motor mounted in the wheel and the energy consumption of the drive module was investigated. On the basis of the conducted research, a comparative analysis of energy consumption by electric drive systems in 4 × 2 and 4 × 4 configurations was carried out for selected test cycles. The tests carried out with the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) test cycle showed a roughly 6% lower energy consumption by the 4 × 4 drive system compared to the 4 × 2 configuration.
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Lin, Cheng, and Chun Lei Peng. "Mixed H∞/H2 Output Feedback Stability Control for Dual-Motor Independent Drive Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.602.
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This paper presents the design of mixed H∞/H2Output Feedback Controller for Independent Drive Electric Vehicle Stability Control. It generates yaw moment by applying driving intervention at front Independent driving wheels according to the vehicle states. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated through a series of simulations under different velocity and different mass. The simulation results show that the controller can help vehicle against a certain range of uncertainty (speeds and loads) and get excellent robust performance.
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Adkhar, M. Teguh, and Hasti Afianti. "Monitoring and Control System of Parallel Loads Electricity Consumption Based on IOT." JEECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54732/jeecs.v8i1.8.
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This paper discusses the design of a power consumption monitoring using telegrams and LCDs. Monitoring of electrical energy consumption is carried out for overconsumption does not occur as well as safeguarding the electronic devices used. The relay will automatically disconnect the power source in every room when the power is overloaded and this condition is reported via the internet network with the Telegram application. To monitor power usage, it is necessary to measure it. Measurement in this study used a digital multi-meter and the PZEM-004T sensor. Measurements were made on ten electrical loads including Lights, fans, laptop chargers, cell phone chargers, soldering iron, grinders, iron hand drills, drill bits, and circular grinding wheels. The test to compare PZEM-004T and multimeter has been done, resulting in voltage error values of 0.048-1.347% and current error values of 0-35.484%. From the error value obtained in this test, it can be concluded that the PZEM004T is suitable for measuring current and voltage. Automatic control in the relay works when rooms 1, 2, 3, or 4 experience power readings that exceed the desired capacity. It will automatically cut off the voltage from the source so that excess power does not occur, the goal is to protect an electric circuit.
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Shutov, D. S., and I. I. Lakin. "Forecasting the Residual Life of Wheelsets of 81-740/741 «Rusich» Cars of the Metro Electric Trains." World of Transport and Transportation 20, no. 3 (January 15, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2022-20-3-2.
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A modern approach to determining the useful life of components and parts of rolling stock allows not only to estimate the pre-failure state of an object, but also to predict its useful life.The objective of the study is to predict the mileage of wheelsets of modern electric trains of the «Rusich» series based on the use of statistical data and assessment of the residual life.The study used real data recorded during maintenance and repair of electric trains.The proposed approach allows getting a vivid presentation of the equipment wear rate, since it is based on the use of the measured parameters of the object. The analysis of these values makes it possible to determine the processes occurring in the product. When using large samples, it becomes possible to approximate the obtained numerical values and make a forecast of the technical condition with greater reliability.The task of predicting the residual life is quite complicated and must be solved separately for each type of equipment. That is why the generally accepted world practices are associated with preventive maintenance and repair system, while modern automated digital systems for technical diagnostics (including on-board and built-in ones) make it possible to partially switch to technical maintenance and repair considering the actual technical condition of the rolling stock.
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Artemenko, A., and O. Chornyi. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DETERMINING THE PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS OF THE QUARRY ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE TRACTION ELECTRIC DRIVE." Electromechanical and energy saving systems 4, no. 52 (December 23, 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2072-2052.2020.4.52.27-32.
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Purpose. The purpose of the work is to conduct experimental studies to determine the parameters of DC motors of sequential excitation in dynamic modes of operation for use in setting up the control system of the electric drive. The paper presents the results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of the traction electric drive of direct current quarry electric locomotive. The research was conducted on the basis of Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University with the use of a laboratory research stand with electromechanical equipment that simulates the operation of a traction drive, namely slippage of traction wheels when changing clutch conditions and differences in electrical parameters of traction motors. Methodology. The parameters were determined on the basis of a set of methods based on the measured instantaneous values of the state variables of the electric drive. The efficiency of application of the method of state space and the method which uses instantaneous values of current and voltage of the motor in the quasi-constant mode at power supply from the valve energy converter is proved. Results. The results obtained in the course of research indicate the possibility of calculating the parameters with an accuracy of 10 %. The verification of the obtained results is checked by subtracting the coefficient of determination and the sum of the squares of the deviations for the experimental data calculated on the basis of certain parameters. Originality. The accuracy of parameter determination is ensured by the use of instantaneous values of current and voltage at adjacent time intervals, and the voltage at the armature is formed by the control system and changes over time, ensuring the start of the motor with starting current limitation. Practical value. The developed computerized laboratory stand allows to measure instantaneous values of state variables and to carry out calculations of electric parameters of traction engines, and also to investigate static, power and dynamic operating modes of electromechanical transmissions of vehicles, both in regular operating modes, and to simulate various emergency operating modes, in particular. Figures 5, tables 2, references 7.
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Somov, S. Ye, and T. Ye Somova. "ENSURING THE SURVIVABILITY OF SPACECRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM AT CRITICAL FAILURES OF REACTION WHEELS." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 23, no. 2 (2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2021-23-2-66-74.
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A method for ensuring the survivability of the spacecraft attitude control system with a minimally redundant cluster of flywheels by General Electric scheme and a magnetic drive in the event of the flywheels' failures is presented. The results of computer simulation were obtained and it was found that in case of failure of any two flywheels, the Earth survey satellite retains the ability to scanning observation given targets.
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Hladchenko, Volodymyr. "EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF RE-EQUIPMENT A WHEELED VEHICLE INTO A ELECTROMOBILE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 2 (266) ’ 2021 (June 20, 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2021-2-266-18-21.
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The article presents the results of the carried out road tests of a wheeled vehicle of category M1, which was re-equipment into a electromobile. The electromobile is equipped with a traction electric motor Balkankar DS 3.6/7.5/14, a power storage battery on lithium cells with a maximum voltage of 100.8 V and a capacity of 6.45 kW∙h. The traction motor control system is impulse with electronic power switches. As a result of the road tests carried out, the maximum speed of movement, the acceleration time on a given path, the acceleration time to the given speed, the “acceleration – coasting” speed characteristic were determined and acceleration was carried out in gears that ensure the maximum speed. Comparison of the results of theoretical and experimental studies testifies to the adequacy of the developed mathematical model and the initial data that form the basis for calculating the indicators of re-equipped wheeled vehicle into electromobile.
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Xu, Kai, Zheng Feng, Hao Wu, Dongri Xu, Fu Li, and Chenhui Shao. "Optimal profile design for rail grinding based on wheel–rail contact, stability, and wear development in high-speed electric multiple units." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 666–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719854576.
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High-speed electric multiple units have numerous advantages. However, a number of critical maintenance issues arise in the operation of high-speed electric multiple units. The previous researches about rail profile design usually take only a single type of wheel profile into account, which would cause some other problems such as severe increase of hollow wear on the wheels. This study systematically investigates the influence of rail grinding on running stability and wear development in high-speed electric multiple units and designs a new rail profile as reference for grinding that takes all types of vehicle wheels running on a specific line into account, in order to design a ground rail which could match the wheel profile and thus improve the running stability of electric multiple units. All types of wheel profiles used on the Wuhan–Guangzhou railway line are taken as the design reference. A wheel–rail wear simulation program is constructed based on CONTACT numerical simulation software and SIMPACK vehicle system dynamics software. The simulation results show that both the wheel–rail contact relationship and the running stability of high-speed electric multiple units improved after rail grinding. The results of the wheel wear analysis show that when the rail is ground to the target profile, after a running mileage of 200,000 km, the wear area of the new wheel profile LMA and the greatest hollow wear wheel profile LMA-25 decreases by 1.13 mm2 and 9.86 mm2, respectively. In addition, this method can prolong the wheel reprofiling interval. For the Wuhan–Guangzhou railway line, normally the grinding interval for the tangent track and large-radius curve is 2–3 years, and for the entering and exiting tunnel sections, the grinding interval should be set for 1–2 years, which could remove the damaged layer of the rail surface and could restore the designed profile of the rail and prolong the rail service life.
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Zarif'yan, Aleksandr, and Pavel Kolpahch'yan. "Experimental Research of Energetic Efficiency of Electric Locomotive Asynchronous Traction Drive at Changing Load." Bulletin of scientific research results 2023, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2023-1-77-92.
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Purpose: As electric locomotives work in changing load conditions, the question on how traction drive energetic efficiency indicators depend on being realized capacity has important meaning. The task is set to get in the course of experimental research — energetic efficiency main indicators — efficiency coefficient, capacity usage coefficient and capacity coefficient — of asynchronous traction drive of new freight electric locomotives 2(3)ES5S of “Ataman” family at work with changing load. Methods: Studies are given on full-size bench for traction drive testing. Special attention is paid on experimental definition of losses depending on being realized capacity. The bench’s built according to mutual load scheme, each of two channels includes traction converter and wheel-drive block. Wheelset axles of two wheel-drive blocks are connected with the help of torque clutch which allows to register torque values on wheelsets and rotation frequency. Results: Tests are hold for capacity six levels that has made it possible to obtain dependencies of efficiency coefficients of drive main elements versus changing load. The results are shown in tabular and graphical forms. It’s also shown how efficiency coefficient does change depending on load (according to board logger). Practical significance: The obtained dependencies of efficiency coefficients of drive main elements (converter and traction electric drive with reducer) from load value represent initial information for the work of the algorithm of discrete-adaptive control of multidrive traction gear which’s applied on electric locomotive 2(3)ES5S. This algorithm realization has allowed to cut specific expenditure of electric energy on traction in 20–30% limits depending on exploitation conditions.
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Nakao, Manabu, Eiji Hasegawa, Taku Kudo, and Naoyuki Sawasaki. "Development of a Bridge Inspection Support Robot System Using Two-Wheeled Multicopters." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 31, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2019.p0837.
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We developed a bridge inspection support robot system that uses a two-wheeled multicopter and 3D modeling technology. Our system is divided into three main parts: 1) a two-wheeled multicopter to capture close-up images of the inspection target, 2) damage extraction using 3D modeling technology, and 3) a 3D model-based bridge maintenance system that stores inspection information linked with the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 3D product model. An inspector can use this system to visually inspect the overall structure and accurately detect hairline cracks.
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Dukalski, P., B. Będkowski, K. Parczewski, H. Wnęk, A. Urbaś, and K. Augustynek. "Analysis of the influence of assembly electric motors in wheels on behaviour of vehicle rear suspension system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 421 (October 11, 2018): 022004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/421/2/022004.
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Iizuka, Kojiro, Tatsuya Sasaki, Hidenori Hama, Atsuro Nishitani, Takeshi Kubota, and Ichiro Nakatani. "Development of a Small, Lightweight Rover with Elastic Wheels for Lunar Exploration." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 6 (December 20, 2012): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p1031.
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Rovers are one of the most important vehicles used for conducting planetary exploration missions. This paper focuses on a small, lightweight rover that can be used for lunar exploration. It should be noted that, with a small rover, it is difficult to traverse loose soil such as that on the lunar surface. The rocks that cover the lunar surface, moreover, hinder the traversal of a small, lightweight rover. We develop a small, lightweight rover having 2 configurations to solve these tasks. One configuration involves the installation of elastic wheels whose 2 form changes depending on the surface that the rover traverses. The other configuration involves passive suspension using differential gears. We perform running experiments on rovers with these configurations. Experimental results prove that elastic wheels are more efficient than rigid wheels for traversing loose soil. We also found, moreover, that the proposed rover shows good climbing performance. We thus have shown the efficiency of the proposed small, lightweight rover in this study.