Academic literature on the topic 'ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS'
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Journal articles on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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Sapee, Syazwana, Daing Mohamad Nafiz, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi, Azri Hizami Rasid, Muhammad Hadi Hassan, and Jiang Xiaoxia. "A review on electric two wheelers." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822503014.
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South East Asian cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and Bangkok rely heavily on motorcycles. A huge number of urban residents depend on motorcycles for all types of activities such as working, ridehailing and delivery services, going to school or leisure. According to Malaysia Automotive Association (MMA) statistics, there are about 13 million registered motorcycles in Malaysia as of August 2017. The pollutants that a four-stroke-engine 50 cc motorcycle emits per kilometre are usually much higher than a 2-litre passenger car; 2.7 times higher for CO and 6.7 times higher for HC and NOX. Controlling excessive air pollution and emissions levels generated by the use of a motorcycle is one of the keys to improving air quality. Electric two-wheelers have been well adopted in Asia Pacific countries like China and Taiwan. This paper provides extensive review and analysis on development history, environmental and mobility impacts, challenge and limitation of electric two-wheelers from around the world and the potential of its emergence in Malaysia.
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Jain, Anisha, Jinal Jain, D. R. Pallavi, and Varalakshmi. "An Empirical study on- Perspective and attitude of people on Electric Vehicle in India." REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jdaai/2/1/10.
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The Paper aims to look for aspects that influence a consumer's decision to acquire an electric vehicle. India has the greatest EV market in the world, particularly for two-wheelers. The penetration of electric vehicles has greatly increased over the past years as a result of numerous automakers releasing these vehicles at a quick rate. By 2025, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to be worth at least 475 billion, according to a recent study. By 2025, the percentage of electrified two-wheelers is predicted to increase to up to 15% from the current 1% penetration rate. Environmental pollution is currently a major problem worldwide. Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines are a major source of air pollution. The globe is actively promoting electric cars (EVs) to address environmental issues and counteract the consequences of fossil fuel pollution (ECs). The Indian government desires "only Electric Vehicles" to be on the roads by 2030.
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Jain, Anisha, Jinal Jain, D. R. Pallavi, and Varalakshmi. "An Empirical study on- Perspective and attitude of people on Electric Vehicle in India." REST Journal on Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/10.46632/jdaai/2/1/10.
Full textAbstract:
The Paper aims to look for aspects that influence a consumer's decision to acquire an electric vehicle. India has the greatest EV market in the world, particularly for two-wheelers. The penetration of electric vehicles has greatly increased over the past years as a result of numerous automakers releasing these vehicles at a quick rate. By 2025, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to be worth at least 475 billion, according to a recent study. By 2025, the percentage of electrified two-wheelers is predicted to increase to up to 15% from the current 1% penetration rate. Environmental pollution is currently a major problem worldwide. Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines are a major source of air pollution. The globe is actively promoting electric cars (EVs) to address environmental issues and counteract the consequences of fossil fuel pollution (ECs). The Indian government desires "only Electric Vehicles" to be on the roads by 2030.
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Tampubolon, Joshua Veli, and Rinaldy Dalimi. "Impact of Electric Vehicles toward Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1199, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1199/1/012005.
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Abstract There is an observed limitation in the number of electric vehicles using batteries as power sources (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles) in Indonesia. While the number of said electric vehicles is increasing in response to the government’s commitment to shift the transportation energy source towards electric energy for a more sustainable environment, this change is followed by an inevitable impact on the current electric network and infrastructure. Indonesia’s government predicted that there will be around 20 million 2-wheelers and 4 million 4-wheelers ICE by the year 2030 with an additional load of 29.300 MW to be expected. Lessons learned from other countries have shown that the abrupt changes in the supply-demand energy for the electric vehicle, such as the deficit/surplus of energy or the duck curve phenomena, create an urgency to prevent the said phenomena and the potential financial loss that might have cross-sectoral impacts. Through an analysis of the Jawa-Madura-Bali system, an independent system that can produce 30.970 MW by the year 2020 [1], the paper focuses on the impact of this system in developing an adaptive infrastructure to address increased power needs for electric vehicles in Indonesia. Literature review and data analysis shows that the impact of Electric Vehicles on the Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System is very pronounced. The amount of energy needed for the grid to be reliable in the EV transition is significantly higher than the natural growth of the grid energy supply. It is feasible that the increasing electricity demand from EVs could be offset by adding more renewable energy sources to the grid. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, (both centralized and decentralized) can help to offset the insufficient total energy supply growth from the conventional power producer. One approach to address these challenges is to continue the development of mixed renewable and non-renewable energy sources, allowing the grid to draw on a variety of sources as needed to meet demand. This development can help to ensure a reliable and stable supply of electricity to meet the needs of electric vehicles and other customers. A supply-demand simulation and prediction, which could be a very helpful tool in the conceptualization of a management plan for the energy system to mitigate the imbalance of supply and demand of electric energy supply should be developed.
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Dikshit, Anil, and Yash Aryan. "Comparing Environmental Impacts Arising from the Use of Electric Two-Wheeler vis-a-vis Gasoline Two-Wheeler in India." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 04, no. 04 (November 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2204035.
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Electric vehicles are becoming popular among consumers while BS-VI norms have been introduced and mandated for conventional vehicles in India. In the present study, the environmental impacts from the use phase of electric two-wheeler (EV) and gasoline two-wheeler (GV) have been evaluated and compared using the life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective. The functional unit adopted was 1000 km driven by one vehicle under Indian road and traffic conditions. CML 2001 and ReCiPe 2016 methods were used for the assessment using GaBi 10.6 software tool. The scope of the study was limited to the use phase of two-wheelers. The study considered a total of six impact categories viz. Abiotic Depletion (ADP) fossil, Acidification Potential (AP), Global Warming Potential (GWP), Human Toxicity Potential (HTP), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP) and Fine Particulate Matter Formation (PMF). The study found that EV had higher environmental impacts on five impact categories while GV had a higher impact on just one (ADP fossil) impact category. The results demonstrated that the use phase of EVs is not as environmentally preferable as it appears, mainly due to the apportioned impacts of electricity obtained from the typical grid in India for EVs charging. In this study, two improvement scenarios (S-1 & S-2) for EV were also proposed for a possible reduction in impacts. Scenario S-1 constituted the use of 50% electricity generated from photovoltaics (solar panels) to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~47% in the overall environmental impacts. Similarly, scenario S-2 constituted the use of 50% electricity provided by a waste-to-energy plant to charge the EVs, which offered significant reductions of ~40% in the overall environmental impacts. It may be concluded that the use of renewable source(s) for generating electricity will make EVs more environmentally preferable. This study will help policymakers and concerned authorities to make transportation in India more sustainable by minimizing the impacts on the environment.
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Nadeem, Anam, Mosè Rossi, Erica Corradi, Lingkang Jin, Gabriele Comodi, and Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh. "Energy-Environmental Planning of Electric Vehicles (EVs): A Case Study of the National Energy System of Pakistan." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093054.
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Energy-environmental planning for road transportation involves a vast investigation of vehicles’ technologies and electricity production. However, in developing countries where the public transportation sector is growing quickly, energy-environmental planning is urgently needed. This paper evaluates the future electricity demand, as well as fuel consumption and CO2 emissions reduction, due to the operation of an expected increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) in Pakistan. The planning of EVs up to 2040 is performed with the ePop simulator that calculates the future EVs’ electricity demand, while EnergyPLAN® assesses the expected new power capacities. Two scenarios are investigated by penetrating 30% and 90% of 2/3 electric wheelers and cars by 2030 and 2040 compared to 2020, respectively. To fulfill the expected energy demand, PV in the daytime and the national electric grid at nighttime are here considered. Finally, a 9 GW of PV capacity is needed to satisfy the EVs’ electricity demand of 14.7 TWh/year, and a 0.7 GW power plants capacity is needed to fulfill 4.7 TWh/year by 2040. Consequently, EVs’ charging scenarios at daytime and nighttime are assessed. Results indicated a total reduction of 10.4 Mtonnes of CO2 emissions and 9.1 Mtoe of fuel consumption by 2040 in the transportation sector.
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Sen, Vasundhara, Akanksha Hajela, G. Suneeth, Sarvesh Saxena, and Ayush Deore. "Greening of Public Transport in Pune – A Feasibility Study." Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal 17, no. 1 (2023): 220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v17i1.09.
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India's commitment to Electric Vehicles (EV) is a prime program furthering the country's achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 7. However, in spite of the much-needed policy push, EV adoption in India has been slow, both in private ownership and in public mobility. The average Indian commuter still depends heavily on public transport such as public buses, railways and rickshaws. Thus, the success of the EV transition in India lies in the speed with which e-vehicles can be developed and adopted in public transport solutions. This study assesses the feasibility of converting the public transport fleet (buses and 3 wheelers) into e-vehicles for the city of Pune. Pune records high per capita private vehicle ownership, resulting in high traffic congestion, traffic indiscipline issues and high vehicular fatalities. It is thus imperative that not only should public transport usage increase in the city, but it should also be electric, such that sustainability goals are achieved. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of greening Pune's public transport fleet. This paper begins with section 1, which introduces the EV landscape in India. Section 2 details the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) framework, which evaluates financial costs associated with EVs in public transport fleets. Section 3 presents model results from the TCO analysis. Payback calculations are also presented to understand the minimum number of years to realise EV investment payback. Section 4 finally concludes this paper by presenting demand-side and supply-side interventions for a speedy EV transition for public transport fleets in Pune Metro Region.
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Bugaje, Aminu, Mathias Ehrenwirth, Christoph Trinkl, and Wilfried Zörner. "Electric Two-Wheeler Vehicle Integration into Rural Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in Kenya." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237956.
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In both rural and urban areas, two-wheeler vehicles are the most common means of transportation, contributing to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Transitioning to electric two-wheeler vehicles can help reduce GHG emissions while also increasing the socioeconomic status of people in rural Kenya. Renewable energy systems can play a significant role in charging electric two-wheeled vehicles, resulting in lower carbon emissions and increased renewable energy penetration in rural Kenya. As a result, using the Conventional and Renewable Energy Optimization (CARNOT) Toolbox in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, this paper focuses on integrating and modeling electric two-wheeled vehicles (e-bikes) into an off-grid photovoltaic Water-Energy Hub located in the Lake Victoria Region of Western Kenya. Electricity demand data obtained from the Water-Energy Hub was investigated and analyzed. Potential solar energy surplus was identified and the surplus was used to incorporate the electric two-wheeler vehicles. The energy consumption of the electric two-wheeler vehicles was also measured in the field based on the rider’s driving behavior. The modeling results revealed an annual power consumption of 27,267 kWh, a photovoltaic (PV) electricity production of 37,785 kWh, and an electricity deficit of 370 kWh. The annual results show that PV generation exceeds power consumption, implying that there should be no electricity deficit. The results, however, do not represent the results in hourly resolution, ignoring the impact of weather fluctuation on PV production. As a result, in order to comprehend the electricity deficit, hourly resolution results are shown. A load optimization method was designed to efficiently integrate the electric 2-wheeler vehicle into the Water-Energy Hub in order to alleviate the electricity deficit. The yearly electricity deficit was decreased to 1 kWh and the annual electricity consumption was raised by 11% (i.e., 30,767 kWh), which is enough to charge four more electric two-wheeler batteries daily using the load optimization technique.
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Garmash, V. "CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF MANEUVERING OF A 4-WHEEL SPECIAL CHASSIS WITH A COMBINED POWER PLANT." Collection of scientific works of the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine 2, no. 40 (2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2409-7470/2022/2/40/270518.
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Cars with electric and hybrid drive of driving wheels have become widespread in the world in recent years. For a wide class of wheeled vehicles with a combined electromechanical drive, it became possible to make the front axle swivel, which makes it possible to increase their maneuverability. The use of separate control of electric motors of the front swivel drive axle makes it possible to control the turning of machines by creating a difference in tangential reactions on the front wheels. This article analyzes the controllability of a four-wheeled special chassis with a combined power plant when creating a difference in torque on the front wheels. The obtained analytical dependences make it possible to evaluate the controllability of vehicles with a front steering axle. It is determined that the indicators of controllability and turning (angular acceleration and angular velocity) with the front rotary drive axle and the creation of a torque difference on its wheels are higher than in the case of equality of certain moments. The influence of the law of changing the difference of torques on the kinematic parameters of the car turning is investigated. It is determined that for each of the three laws of changing the difference in torques, the relative angular velocity of the car turning increases with time. The proposed steering is a system with two degrees of freedom, since two independent control actions are created at its input - turning the steering wheel and creating a difference in torque on the front wheels. Therefore, the solution of the task was carried out using a complex motion model. It should be said that the rigid wheels of the car were considered. When studying the movement of a car with wheels that are elastic in the lateral direction, it is necessary to use a model of a multicomponent complex movement, consisting of one portable and two relative movements. The second relative movement is the movement due to the deformation of the tires during their lateral withdrawal.
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Jatsun, S. F., V. V. Bartenev, E. N. Politov, and D. V. Afonin. "MODELING THE MOTION OF THE ROBOT-TRACTOR FOR TRANSPORTING AIRCRAFT ON THE AIRFIELD." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-34-43.
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Towing aircraft ensures the effective functioning of the modern airport, including the military. In military aviation at alarm efficiency and coherence of work of tow trucks is the extremely important task. The article is devoted to solving the actual problem of automation of the process of towing aircraft on the territory of airfields. The paper describes the design of a three-wheeled mobile robot with two independent driving wheels, designed for the transportation of aircraft at airports. The driving wheels are located behind the center of mass, which ensures stable straight-line movement of the robot at all velocities. Robot moves along the horizontal plane along the contrast strip applied to it. Sensory system of the robot is represented by the opto-matrix that includes two opto lines. The criteria of design parameters of the robot, ensuring its stability when moving along a given trajectory are defined. The computing scheme of a three-wheeled robot as a system of three absolutely solid bodies, one of which is the platform together with the optometric matrix of electric drives, the other two-driving wheels is given. In the mathematical model of the robot, the following assumptions are made: the robot is considered as a system of absolutely solid bodies, the motion is carried out without slipping, the driven wheel moves forward. Robot has four degrees of freedom. The equations of the dynamics of the robot with two independent driving wheels on a horizontal rough plane, using the form of Maggi’s equations for electromechanical systems with non-holonomic links are given. A Coulomb model of dry friction is assumed. The conditions of steady motion of a wheeled robot without transverse sliding of driving wheels are also determined.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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MALHOTRA, CHHAVI. "CONSUMER ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION TOWARDS ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19496.
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The manufacturing and sales of the electric automobiles are being thrusted by the
concurrent environmental concerns. The Indian Semi-skilled and skilled technological
workforce combined with a huge customer base and a place where production and
labour costs are low attracted the global sharks like Bosch, AVL, Cummins etc to enter
and manufacture electric vehicles.
To study on bias attitude and perception towards electric 2 wheelers, there is a need to
study what are the various factors which impact and influences a consumer to invest
and purchase these vehicles. Various factors like environmental issues, performance,
infrastructure and price sensitivity and an individuals perception of these factors
influence the purchase decision of Electric 2-Wheelers.
Price Sensitivity and Infrastructure are the forerunners for the consumer perception
about electric 2 wheelers and cost and performance are the factors which act as a
blowback to the consumers while they adopt to electric 2 wheelers. Therefore, to
encourage and promote electric vehicles, the government has to intervene and
contribute as it plays a significant role by creating policies for the environment,
providing Infrastructure and subsidizing the cost of vehicles or lowering the interest
rates in banks.
As we all know, the 2 wheeler and automobile industry is one of the main
environmental offenders due to the amount of CO2 and other poisonous gas emissions
that have a major pact on climate change and pollution scenarios of this planet. Hence
it is essential to motivate consumers towards procuring electric vehicles. This study
considered four major components that affect the purchase intention of electric two wheelers- price sensitivity, environmental awareness, infrastructure and performance.
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Varela, Mafalda Pereira. "Desenho de antena mecanicamente flexível para segmento "2 wheeler" multimedia." Master's thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/122073.
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Como consequência da constante evolução da tecnologia e em particular da tecnologia das comunicações surgiu a necessidade da população estar permanentemente conectada entre si. Tendo em conta esta evolução foi também importante acrescentar valor ao nível da conectividade em grande parte dos dispositivos electrónicos. Assim, surgiu a necessidade de introduzir este tipo de tecnologia nos painéis de controlo dos veículos de duas rodas, com o objectivo de proporcionar ao utilizador uma experiência completa e segura. Para tal, pretende-se obter como resultado final uma melhoria da solução actual. Implementação esta que apresenta uma má performance. Este trabalho quer como resultado final a utilização do telemóvel através do painel de controlo e conectado aos capacetes, que permita, por exemplo, a realização de chamadas telefónicas ou a escolha de musicas. Na situação actual, são utilizadas chip antennas, escolhidas devido à sua fácil implementaçãoe pequena dimensão, contudo apresentam uma eficiência muito reduzida, não sendo portanto a solução ideal. Desta forma, ao longo desta dissertação será estudada e analisada uma diferente implementação, recorrendo a soluções diferentes e tendo sempre em conta o espaço disponível, o custo de produção e a implementação na linha de produção. Esta antena deve funcionar para as bandas Wi-Fi e Bluetooth, para tal a frequência central será 2,45GHz e a largura de banda terá de ser compreendida entre 2,4GHz e 2,5GHz. Ao longo deste trabalho será utilizado o Computer Simulation Technology (CST) para o desenho e simulação da antena a incorporar e posteriormentea prototipagem e caracterização na câmara anecóica a fim de confirmar os resultados obtidos em simulação.As a consequence of the constant evolution of technology and in particular of communications technology, the need for the population to be permanently connected to each other has arisen. In view of these developments, it has also been important to add connectivity value in most electronic devices.In this way, the need of introducing this type of technology in the control panels of two-wheeler vehicles had increased, however, this should provide to the user a complete and safe experience. For this, it is intended to obtain as an end result an improvement of the current solution. That has a poor performance. This implementation either as a final result the use of the mobile phone through the control panel and connected to the helmets, which allows, for example, making phone calls or choosing music.In the current situation, chip antennas are used, chosen due to their easy implementation and small size. However they have a very low efficiency and therefore are not the ideal solution.Therefore, all over this dissertation, a different implementation will be studied and analyzed,using different solutions and always taking into account the space available, the cost of production and the implementation in the production line. This antenna should work for the Wi-Fi and Blue-tooth bands, so the center frequency will be 2.45GHz and the bandwidth will have to be between 2.4GHz and 2.5GHz. Throughout this work will be used CST for the design and simulation of the antenna and later prototyping and characterization in the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the results obtained in simulation.
Books on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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Staff, National Center for Construction Education &. Research. Electrical Level 2: Instructor Guide With Core Curriculum (Wheels of Learning Series). Prentice Hall College Div, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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Narvekar, Payal, Richa Pandey, Anushka Sawant, and Hemant Kasturiwale. "Design and Development of Motor Speed Controller Using Brushless Direct Current Hub Motor for Electric Two-Wheeler." In Computing and Communications Engineering in Real-Time Application Development, 9–19. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003277217-2.
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Höfer, Andreas, Erhard Esl, Daniel Türk, and Veronika Hüttinger. "Conception and Development of a Last Mile Vehicle for Urban Areas." In Small Electric Vehicles, 167–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_13.
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AbstractIn megacities, increasing globalization effects are leading to rapidly increasing prosperity and augmented purchasing power, and thus to a growing need for punctual, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly delivery of goods. A smart, small electric vehicle concept is presented that targets on meeting the requirements for the delivery of goods in urban areas and that is designed especially for the delivery on the last mile. This last mile vehicle (LMV) for cargo transportation is attached to a truck. Whenever it is needed, for example to deliver goods into narrow streets, in pedestrian areas or in case of traffic jams, it can be unfolded and unloaded from the truck and hereby guarantees a flexible and punctual delivery of goods. This flexible on-time delivery is possible because the last mile vehicle is designed, so that the legal regulations of the non-motorized vehicle lane, that is everywhere to be found in Asia, are met. The vehicle is designed with three wheels, a range of 40-60 km and an electric drive train with a continuous power of 2 × 250 W that enables a maximum speed up to 40 km/h of the vehicle. The drive train consists of a battery pack that can be charged electrically from the truck, two inverters, and two electric wheel hub motors. The LMV has been designed and constructed as a prototype and has been tested on non-public roads to prove the vehicle concept. For Europe, it can be classified as an L2e vehicle and with slight modifications; it can be applied on European roads as well.
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Siraj, Farah, and Pooja Mehra. "The Influence of Financial Incentives and Other Socio-Economic Factors on Two-Wheeler EV Adoption in the NCR Region." In Sustainable Growth and Global Social Development in Competitive Economies, 248–79. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8810-2.ch013.
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Electric vehicles are a technological advancement that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the effects of climate change. However, externalities like knowledge appropriability and pollution reduction produce societal and economic benefits that are not reflected in the cost of electric vehicles. Governments have implemented a few strategies to solve the ensuing market failures. The authors identified a few additional socio-economic parameters based on the research that are anticipated to have an impact on the adoption rates of electric vehicles. They investigated the link between those variables and the effect of socio-economic factors on these variables using structural equation modelling. The model discovered that there is no correlation between financial incentives awareness and two-wheeler EV uptake. The findings indicate that among these socioeconomic characteristics, adoption of two-wheeled electric vehicles was most strongly correlated with age, gender, education, married status, and yearly family income.
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Allen, J., P. Ravenhill, B. Smither, R. Hoolahan, and G. Farmer. "Low cost electronic fuel injection for 2 and 3 wheeled motorcycles." In Innovations in Fuel Economy and Sustainable Road Transport, 177–85. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095879.5.199.
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Raju, K., Roshan Rajeshwar Tulaskar, and Canute Sherwin. "Solar-Powered Pesticide-Spraying RFID Robot." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 283–307. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6418-2.ch016.
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In this chapter, a solar powered pesticide-spraying RFID robot has been designed and developed for its use in different types of fruits and vegetable fields. The robot is equipped with DC motors, DC pump, a solar panel, and an ultrasonic sensor. The robot's navigation has been automated using RFID (radio frequency identification) technology. An ultrasonic sensor is used for sensing any obstacle in the path of the robot's navigation. A solar panel of 30W is used for charging the batteries that are used for driving the DC motors and the DC pump. The wheels of the robot are powered by DC motors, and the DC pump is used for spraying pesticides through the nozzles. The height of the nozzles can be varied depending on the size of the crop. The robot has been designed for spraying pesticides automatically thereby controlling pests, improving productivity, and reducing the health hazards of farmers posed by pesticides.
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Ceulemans, Arnout, and Pieter Thyssen. "The “Chemical Mechanics” of the Periodic Table." In Mendeleev to Oganesson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668532.003.0008.
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In 1969, the centennial of Mendeleev’s discovery of the periodic table was commemorated by an international conference devoted to the periodicity and symmetry of the elementary structure of matter. The conference was held in the Vatican and brought together a selected audience of first-rate atomic and nuclear scientists. In 1971, the proceedings were published in a joint publication [1] of the Academy of Sciences of Torino and the National Academy in Rome. Among the many interesting contributions, the American cosmologist John Archibald Wheeler described a mind-boggling journey from “Mendeleev’s atom to the collapsing star.” According to Wheeler [2], Mendeleev was convinced that the atom is not “deathlike inactivity” but a dynamic reality and Mendeleev expressed his hope that the discovery of an orderly pattern would “hasten the advent of a true chemical mechanics.” This hope has certainly been met by Schrödinger’s wave mechanics, which provides an accurate tool to simulate the properties of the elements. However, the overall structure and symmetry of the periodic table continues to defy understanding. The quest for an effective universal force law at the basis of the mechanics of multi-electron atoms forms the topic of this contribution. The search for central force laws should start with Bertrand’s theorem in classical mechanics. In 1873, the French mathematician Joseph Louis Bertrand presented to the Paris Academy a short note [3, 4] on central force laws that give rise to stable orbits. For a proper understanding of the research question which Bertrand was addressing, we start from an everyday experiment. A mass attached to a string can easily be swept around in a perfectly circular orbit by simply pulling on the string. The only requirement is that the force should be fixed and directed toward the center of the orbit. If we want the mass to go faster, we simply have to pull harder.
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Olson, Eric. "Persons." In Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-n041-2.
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A person, as most philosophers use the term, is something with certain special mental properties. Locke, for example, defined ‘person’ as ‘a thinking intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places’. To be a person (at a time) is to be intelligent and self-conscious (at that time). To say that something is a person is thus to say something about its mental properties. But we could know all about a thing’s mental properties without knowing the rest of its nature – what nonmental properties it has – just as we could know that something is a clock, or even know all about its timekeeping properties, without knowing its physical structure. The definition of ‘person’ as ‘intelligent, self-conscious being’ is like the definition of ‘clock’ as ‘device that measures time’: it specifies a role, but does not say what sort of thing fills the role. Here are some things that persons – that is, people – have been taken to be: Immaterial substances Collections of mental states and events Biological organisms Parts of organisms Nonorganisms constituted by organisms. Some have even denied that there are any people at all: there are acts of thought, but no beings whose thoughts they are. There is no consensus on the matter, or even any dominant view. It may be that different sorts of people belong to different metaphysical kinds, just as different sorts of clocks have different mechanisms. There are mechanical clocks made of springs and wheels, electronic digital clocks, atomic clocks and so on. Likewise, it may be that we human people are organisms, but some nonhuman people – gods, say, or the intelligent, self-conscious computers of the future – are not. This entry will consider only human people. It will discuss some of the main accounts of their nature, then briefly connect them to wider metaphysical themes.
Conference papers on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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Satyanarayana, PS, Prajod Ayyappath, Animesh Jaiswal, Ramkumar Iyer, and Siddalingesh Charantimath. "Development of 2 Speed Automatic Transmission for Battery Electric Two Wheelers." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology 2019. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-26-0109.
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Campisi, Tiziana, Nazam Ali, Nurten Akgün-Tanbay, Antonino Canale, and Giovanni Tesoriere. "The development of electric 2 and 3-Wheelers for low carbon passenger transport: A long-term benefits assessment." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING ICCMSE 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0119485.
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Huang, Fei-Hui. "Investigating Consumers' Demand for Electric Scooter Usage Based on User-Product Interaction." In 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004049.
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Scooters have traditionally been the most popular mode of transportation for the majority of the Taiwanese population who rely on two-wheelers. However, due to concerns about environmental sustainability and air pollution reduction, the Taiwanese government has been actively promoting electric two-wheelers (E2Ws). For example, to improve the charging convenience of E2Ws, the Taiwanese government initiated the infrastructure for charging pillars in 1995 and innovative battery swapping system services in 2010. It wasn't until the emergence of Gogoro, a company that introduced lightweight and aesthetically appealing electric scooters (e-scooters) and over 2,200 battery swapping stations in 2016, that E2Ws became competitive in the scooter market. These developments have contributed to promoting the adoption of E2Ws as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered scooters. However, despite these efforts, scooters still dominate the two-wheeler vehicle market, accounting for over 90% of sales in 2022, while E2Ws, including e-scooters, electric bicycles (e-bikes), and Pedal Electric Cycle (Pedelec), account for only 2%.The development of E2Ws has primarily concentrated on addressing consumer issues through technical solutions, leading to industry growth. However, convincing consumers to switch from mature products and services like gasoline-powered scooters and gas stations to emerging E2Ws like e-scooters and battery swapping stations without considering their actual needs presents a significant challenge. Therefore, emerging products and services must be designed with a user-centered approach to fulfill their requirements, offer innovative solutions, and enhance competitiveness in the market. This study aims to investigate why consumers prefer to purchase scooters over e-scooters. The study will use a subjective questionnaire survey to gather qualitative and quantitative feedback from respondents with experience riding E2W vehicles. The survey data will be analyzed to better understand consumers' preferences and needs for two-wheeler transportation. The study's results are expected to provide valuable information for policymakers and stakeholders in the transportation industry, as well as manufacturers of e-scooters, who can use the information to improve their products and services to meet the needs and preferences of consumers.Ultimately, this study aims to promote the adoption of e-scooters as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered scooters. The findings of this study will help identify the key factors that influence consumers' choices and will provide recommendations for improving e-scooter products or related services to meet consumer demands, not only in Taiwan but also in other countries facing similar transportation challenges. By doing so, this study will contribute to the development of more sustainable and efficient transportation systems globally.
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Dekate, Akshay, Nikhil Ghorpade, Aditi Rana, P. B. Karandikar, and Anam Kamal. "Autocap- supercapacitor based intelligent self start unit for 2 wheelers." In 2014 International Conference on Green Computing Communication and Electrical Engineering (ICGCCEE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgccee.2014.6922422.
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Mopidevi, Subbarao, Kiran Sai Dasari, Sk Alla Bakshu, and B. Srija Reddy. "Dynamic Performance Analysis & Sizing of Vehicle Body & Powertrain for 48V Electric 2-Wheeler System." In 2022 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Medical Sciences (ICETEMS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetems56252.2022.10093293.
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Jain, K. C., R. K. Gupta, and Arvind Kumar. "Usage Pattern of Various Intermittent Electrical Loads for a 2-wheeler in City Driving." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology (SIAT99). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/990056.
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Baklouti, Nesrine, and Adel M. Alimi. "Interval type-2 beta fuzzy neural network for wheeled mobile robots obstacles avoidance." In 2017 International Conference on Advanced Systems and Electric Technologies (IC_ASET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset.2017.7983740.
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Nidubrolu, Kranthi, Lohit Dhamija, Pramod Chaudhary, and Chinmay Kirtane. "An Optimal Rule Based Energy Management System for a Hybrid Electric 2-Wheeler Based on Dynamic Programming Technique." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology 2019. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-26-0128.
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Patil, Abhishek S., and Rajaram T. Ugale. "Design and Comparative Analysis of Axial Flux and Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for a 2-Wheeler Electric Vehicle Application." In 2022 IEEE Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation (IATMSI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iatmsi56455.2022.10119282.
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Kim, Junwoo, Moustafa El-Gindy, and Zeinab El-Sayegh. "Development of Novel Steering Scenarios for an 8X8 Scaled Electric Combat Vehicle." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0106.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work investigates the steering and wheel speed control of a completely custom built 8x8 scaled electric combat vehicle (SECV) which has been constructed to meet the Ackermann condition at low speeds. During remote control operation the scaled vehicle is capable of continuously maintaining and varying the individual wheel speed and individual wheel steering angles of all eight wheels in real time. Several steering scenarios have been developed including traditional (front 2-axle steering), fixed third axle (first, second and fourth axle steering), all wheel steering and crab steering (all wheels are parallel with same steering angle). The traditional, two axle steering scenario is experimentally tested for accuracy in this work with planned future research for experimental analysis of the other steering configurations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This work is conducted using Arduino software to control the physical SECV and TruckSim software to simulate the dynamics of the vehicle. The results obtained from the physical testing of the wheel angular velocity were validated using a handheld tachometer device. The steering angle measurement of each wheel was validated using linear actuator sensors. It was seen that the physical results from the SECV are within acceptable range of the theoretical data calculated and simulated in Trucksim Software. The continuous steering method is applied by investigating the relationship between the steering angles of all eight wheels while operating the steering system from zero to the maximum steering angle of the 1st axle inner wheel during a turn. A major contribution of this work is a novel physical experimentation of the continuous Ackermann relationship for eight wheels. During testing of the traditional two-axle steering configuration the metrics of performance that were reviewed include: wheel speed, center velocity, yaw rate, and eight-wheel steering angles. With these metrics being compared with the Trucksim simulation, the experimental results obtained from the scaled 8x8 electric combat vehicle are a solid foundation for the development of future full-size 8x8 electric combat vehicles.</div></div>
Reports on the topic "ELECTRIC 2 WHEELERS"
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Development of an Adaptive Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Control Strategy Applied to a Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0737.
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In recent years automobile manufacturers focused on an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants and CO2 emissions. Despite more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to intelligent energy management. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a new control strategy for a P3 parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative utilization of the electric motor and thermal engine to satisfy the vehicle power demand at the wheels (Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the two units is realized through a comparison between two equivalent fuel rates, one related to the thermal engine and the other related to the electric consumption. An adaptive function is introduced to develop a charge-blended control strategy. The novel adaptive control strategy (A-ETESS) is applied to estimate fuel consumption along different driving cycles. The control algorithm is implemented on a dedicated microcontroller unit performing a Processor-In-the-Loop (PIL) simulation. To demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the A-ETESS, the same adaptive function is built on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). The PIL results showed that the proposed strategy ensures a fuel economy similar to ECMS (worse of about 2% on average) and a computational effort reduced by 99% on average. This last feature reveals the potential for real-time on-vehicle applications.