Journal articles: 'Elective subject'

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Eachempati, Prajwal, and Praveen Ranjan Srivastava. "Personalized Elective Selection." International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 2019): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2019100103.

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This paper aims to recommend the appropriate elective subjects for management students keeping in mind their personalized priorities assigned to factors that influence their decision making. For achieving this objective, a hybrid multi-criteria technique fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and evaluation based on distance from average (EDA) has been adopted to analyze the criteria and determine the appropriate electives. The results of the study reveal that in different scenarios, based on the different priorities assigned by students, the choice of elective also varies. From a practical standpoint, the proposed model will help students in determining suitable subject choices in a real-time decision-making scenario and can be automated to provide quick dynamic decisions to students when they are faced with this challenge.

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Zalihić, Amra. "“Fundamental communication skills in medical practice” as minor elective subject." Acta Medica Academica 43, no. 1 (May 15, 2014): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.105.

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Мардахаева and Elena Mardakhaeva. "On Constructing the System of Elective Math Courses in Subject Oriented Education." Profession-Oriented School 3, no. 2 (April 17, 2015): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/10982.

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Тhe paper is aimed to help the inconsistency between the training of school graduates and requirements of universities for first-year students through the creation of training courses in profession-oriented classes. A variant of construction of elective courses for subject oriented classes is exemplified though the analysis of several topics from «Mathematics and Informatics». A sample program of elective course «Arithmetic and geometric progression and introduction to the theory of limits» recommended for all profiles is displayed. On the basis of these principles it is possible to develop other programs of elective courses for majoring classes on various subjects. The program contains all the necessary components, along with examples of tasks, materials for practical classes and individual work.

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Urrutia-Aguilar, María Esther, Angélica Arce Cedeño, Rosalinda Guevara Guzmán, Edward Beck, and Mónica Beatriz Aburto Arciniega. "Teaching Training in Medical Students as an Elective Subject." Creative Education 09, no. 08 (2018): 1212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.98090.

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Verma, Chitresh, Rajiv Pandey, and Devesh Katiyar. "Performance Evaluating System Based on MapReduce in Context of Educational Big Data." International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoci.2018010101.

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The Big Data subsist in every characteristic of our daily life. The educational Big Data is one of these aspects of Big Data which is linked to student life. This article provides the comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the grade analysis system using educational Big Data. The grade analysis can be used for helping the students in many ways like selecting an elective subject, determining the toughness of elective subjects. Selection of good subject by the student will improve their career opportunities and placement probability. Further, this article builds a reference performance evaluating system for any future performance system with other aspects like employee performance evolution in any human capital management system(HCM).

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MATSUO, TOKURO, and TAKAYUKI FUJIMOTO. "A NEW LECTURE ALLOCATION SUPPORT SYSTEM BASED ON USERS' MULTIPLE PREFERENCES IN CAMPUS INFORMATION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 06, no. 02 (June 2006): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026806001964.

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This paper proposes an effective lecture allocation method based on users' profiles and utilities in elective subjects. In many universities and colleges, elective subject systems are employed as a curriculum in which students make their own learning experiences. Students select multiple subjects based on their interests and preferences. Generally, each university determines members of elective subjects based on simple rules, such as the order of grade, random selection, and first arrival. Current determination systems have strong limitations in terms of reflecting users' multiple preferences. We propose a new determination algorithm and a user support system based on users' profiles and multi-attribute preferences. When users' preferences are not reflected in algorithm-based determination, a coordination agent decides lecture allocation cooperatively with each user's agent. Main advantage of our system is mainly that lectures are allocated effectively that reflected users' multiple preferences.

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Cole, Leonard A., Brenda Natal, Adam Fox, Arthur Cooper, Cheryl A. Kennedy, Nancy D. Connell, Gregory Sugalski, Miriam Kulkarni, Michael Feravolo, and Sangeeta Lamba. "A Course on Terror Medicine: Content and Evaluations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005579.

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AbstractIntroductionThe development of medical school courses on medical responses for disaster victims has been deemed largely inadequate. To address this gap, a 2-week elective course on Terror Medicine (a field related to Disaster and Emergency Medicine) has been designed for fourth year students at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School in Newark, New Jersey (USA). This elective is part of an overall curricular plan to broaden exposure to topics related to Terror Medicine throughout the undergraduate medical education.RationaleA course on Terror Medicine necessarily includes key aspects of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, though the converse is not the case. Courses on Disaster Medicine may not address features distinctively associated with a terror attack. Thus, a terror-related focus not only assures attention to this important subject but to accidental or naturally occurring incidents as well.MethodsThe course, implemented in 2014, uses a variety of teaching modalities including lectures, videos, and tabletop and hands-on simulation exercises. The subject matter includes biological and chemical terrorism, disaster management, mechanisms of injury, and psychiatry. This report outlines the elective’s goals and objectives, describes the course syllabus, and presents outcomes based on student evaluations of the initial iterations of the elective offering.ResultsAll students rated the course as “excellent” or “very good.” Evaluations included enthusiastic comments about the content, methods of instruction, and especially the value of the simulation exercises. Students also reported finding the course novel and engaging.ConclusionAn elective course on Terror Medicine, as described, is shown to be feasible and successful. The student participants found the content relevant to their education and the manner of instruction effective. This course may serve as a model for other medical schools contemplating the expansion or inclusion of Terror Medicine-related topics in their curriculum.ColeLA, NatalB, FoxA, CooperA, KennedyCA, ConnellND, SugalskiG, KulkarniM, FeravoloM, LambaS. A course on Terror Medicine: content and evaluations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(1):98–101.

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Aragon, D., R. Clancy, ML Sole, and Y. Zhang. "Variables influencing patients' outcomes after elective aortic reconstruction surgery." American Journal of Critical Care 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2000.9.4.279.

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BACKGROUND: Aortic reconstruction surgery for aneurysmal and occlusive disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To determine what variables influence patients' outcomes after elective aortic reconstruction surgery so that an evidence-based best-practice initiative can be developed for these patients. METHODS: A descriptive, comparative study of all patients undergoing elective aortic reconstruction from October 1997 through December 1998 was used. Retrospective chart review was used to collect demographic and clinical data on the first 48 subjects, who had been discharged from the hospital. Data on the other 63 subjects were collected prospectively. RESULTS: The typical subject was a 65-year-old man with a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and smoking. Subjects were grouped by type of surgery and by outcome (survived without complications vs died or survived with major complications). Outcomes were not significantly different in patients undergoing different types of surgery. Variables associated with poor outcomes included history of cardiovascular disease, elevated preoperative levels of serum urea nitrogen and creatinine, high volumes of salvaged autologous blood administered intraoperatively, and early postoperative hypotension that required treatment. Pulmonary complications were the most common; next most common were cardiac complications. History of cardiovascular disease and hypotension were significant predictors of outcome. CONCLUSION: The variables associated with poor outcomes can be used to design a best-practice initiative for patients undergoing elective aortic reconstruction.

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Dash, Poulami, and V. Vaidhehi. "Enhanced Elective Subject Selection for ICSE School Students using Machine Learning Algorithms." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 10, no. 21 (February 1, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i21/109551.

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Sanches, Luiz Miguel Picelli, Rodrigo Jensen, Maria Inês Monteiro, and Maria Helena Baena de Moraes Lopes. "Informatics teaching in undergraduate nursing programs at Brazilian public institutions." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 19, no. 6 (December 2011): 1385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692011000600015.

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This descriptive study aimed to verify the inclusion of subjects about informatics in undergraduate nursing programs at Brazilian (state and federal) public education institutions. The programs were located through the e-MEC system. The Internet was used to search for the curricula of the campuses offering the nursing program and identify subjects related to informatics. Eighty-one higher education institutions and 123 campuses were located. Only 100 campuses provided the curriculum on the Internet, 35 of which offered the subject. The highest proportion occurred in the Northeast (46.1%) and the lowest in the North (8.6%). The subject is mostly offered as an elective discipline (57%) in the first and second year (80%), with an average workload of 47 classroom hours. The low supply of this undergraduate subject goes against job market trends and the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Nursing Programs.

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Coşkun, Hasan. "Planning, implementation and evaluation of the subject of professions in the German courses." Journal of Education Culture and Society 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20191.93.121.

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Aim. In Turkey, in connection with the Bologna process, German is also taught in Turkish universities as an elective course. There is an important relationship between the selection of the subject in the elective German courses, detailed planning of the courses, and the implementation of the appropriate method. In this study, the subject of professions was planned for the elective German courses. The purpose of this study is the preparation, implementation and evaluation of a sample lesson to describe the selection of the subject of professions for the German course taught as an elective course in the universities. Concept and Methods. This study was conducted by qualitative research. The document research technique was used in the study (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2008). During the 2018/2019 academic year, I taught about the subject of profession selection in my German courses. I prepared, implemented and evaluated the subject of professions according to the lesson planning model I had previously developed (Coşkun, 2018). I prepared the materials used in this course according to this model. Result and Conclusion. The success of the lesson planning model mentioned above was also observed in the activities conducted earlier. It was also seen that the students who attended German courses in connection with the Bologna process exerted efforts in establishing contact with the instructor and the students attending the class. It was observed that the participants introduced themselves, mentioned the field or the branch in the university where they were studying, and were interested to gain experience abroad in order to be successful in their professions. In addition to the subject discussed in the class, the method implemented in the lesson and the planning of the lesson according to the method, play an important role in the continuation of this interest. Therefore, effective lesson planning models and unique methods should be developed. Origin. Students from all the departments of the university may attend the elective German language classes opened in connection with the Bologna process. The condition for participation in the courses “German for Erasmus” and “German for Communication” which I teach, is to learn German at the A1 level. It is frequently observed that the participants speak German at different levels. The overseas experience of the participants, the quality of the German and other language education they had received from primary to high school and university play an important role in this. In the recent years, the number of participants from German and other foreign language speaking countries has increased. The students who had been in German-speaking countries under the Erasmus program participate in the German courses also to maintain their fluency in the German language. In order to execute the German courses effectively for different purposes, for different fields and participants coming from different countries and students with different levels of fluency, a suitable method should be developed. It is believed that this inter-disciplinary study will contribute to the active German courses.

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Qiu, B., and H. Shi. "Topic-Driven and Project-Based Teaching for a Computer Image Processing Subject." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 33, no. 1 (January 1996): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099603300108.

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Topic-driven and project-based teaching for a computer image processing subject A computer image processing subject as an honours year elective for an electrical and electronic engineering course was developed. Topic-driven and project-based teaching was adopted. The important issues of the area were organised into several topic units, and the students also complete a few practically-oriented projects as part of the subject.

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Freer, Elisabeth, and Paul Evans. "Choosing to study music in high school: Teacher support, psychological needs satisfaction, and elective music intentions." Psychology of Music 47, no. 6 (August 13, 2019): 781–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735619864634.

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High school students do not value music education highly, nor do they see it as a useful part of their academic pathways. When music becomes an elective subject, low enrolment in elective classes is seen as a challenge for music educators. This study aimed to further investigate this issue by examining the motivational climate of the music classroom, including the perceptions of the music teacher, in the development of student motivation for music. It also examined how these motivational factors influenced students’ intentions to take music as an elective subject. A hypothesized model based on self-determination theory was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM), based on survey data from N = 395 students from 11 schools. The hypothesized model fit the data well. Students’ basic psychological needs fulfillment was predicted by the perceived needs-supportive practices of their teachers. These in turn were predictive of students’ elective intentions. Using multi-group SEM analyses, findings were invariant across gender, school type, year at school, and socio-economic status, and the role of prior music learning was examined. The results indicate that an effective target for increasing students’ motivation and value for music at school may be the motivational climate of the music classroom.

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Ruslaan, Mohd Asyraf, and Zalmiyah Zakaria. "University Course Timetabling System For Part-Time Students." International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/ijasce.1.2.5.

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University timetabling system is a part of a timetabling problem that aims to produce course timetable that meets student needs such as the maximum number of subjects that can be offered, the maximum number of elective subjects that can be offered and the number of subject students can take. In every semester, the timetabling process in UTMSPACE is done manually where there are likely to be a small number of students who will have problems because the subject to be taken is not in the subjects offering list. Additionally, the number of subjects offered is also not optimal and this will result in a loss on UTMSPACE because each subject is offered at a cost. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the Heuristic-based approach is used to overcome the problems mentioned and speed up the process to generate timetable. Heuristic engines have been developed using PHP language programming. This approach has been successfully tested and implemented using real-time scheduling data at UTMSPACE for Software Engineering course. The results show that Heuristics has successfully solved the problem of producing a timetable without affecting students who want to enroll the subject offered.

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Vitrih, Igor. "Production systems in primary education." Politehnika 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36978/cte.4.2.4.

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In the article I try to present the contents of production systems (general theoretical starting points and concrete examples from practice) in connection with the contents of the Slovenian primary school curriculum in the subject Technic and Technology and its elective subjects (Processing of materials - wood). I sought these connections mainly from the curriculum in the primary school curriculum, which relates to learning about wood, wood semi-finished products, wood machining and tried to connect them with the previously mentioned contents of production systems and thus give students a broader insight into such content.

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Park, Jihyun. "Investigating Students' Perception of Subject Selection in the Organization of High School Elective Curriculum." Asia-pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2020.09.09.

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신민자 and Bang-Ho Song. "Different Perceptions of Students and Teachers to the Elective Subject-Oriented Science Education System." SECONDARY EDUCATION RESEARCH 56, no. 2 (August 2008): 465–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25152/ser.2008.56.2.465.

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Romanova, Marina Yu. "Monitoring economic education of schoolchildren in Russia: status, issues and perspectives." Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya), no. 6, 2019 (2019): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2218-8711-2019-6-110-117.

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The article analyzes the main ways of realization of economic education of Russian schoolchildren: within the economic component of the subject “social science”, the subject “Economics” at the basic and profile level, elective courses; analyzes the forms of monitoring of economic education of schoolchildren: the unified state exam in social science, the international study of financial literacy. As the study result, the author identifies some existing problems in the field of monitoring of economic education.

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LUNGU, Mariana. "Overview of Japanese Language in Upper Secondary Education and School Curriculum in Romania." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.8.1.101-110.

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In this paper, I focus my attention on the problem of teaching Japanese as part of compulsory subjects in an upper secondary education to pupils aged between 15 to 19. This article starts out with a brief overview of the Romanian education system and the current state of Japanese teaching in the upper secondary education. As compared to other educational curricula, the Romanian education system focuses on competency-based curriculum emphasizing the applicability of knowledge and the development of competences in an integrated and inter-disciplinary approach. The Japanese Language is part of that curricular area named as Language and Communication. In the Romanian educational system, the process of teaching the Japanese language starts from lower secondary school and continues to upper secondary and then to university level. In the lower secondary school, pupils study the Japanese Language as an elective subject, while in the upper secondary school, they learn Japanese as a mandatory subject of the core curriculum and as an elective one of school-based curriculum. Next, attention is paid to outline the current situation of teaching Japanese in the upper-secondary education system, providing details of our curricula, types of subjects, and specific features of Japanese classes. Forms of Japanese language education vary greatly, as well as their target students and objectives. However, the focus of all is a balanced education in the four language skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking. In addition to the Japanese language study, Japanese syllabi provide cultural and general education to learn the properties in Japanese Society and about contemporary culture.

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Cappetta, Merissa, and Bridin P. Murnion. "Inpatient management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal." Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218822748.

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Objectives: To describe the baseline characteristics, treatment and retention in patients electively admitted for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal management. Methods: All patients admitted between July 2010 to June 2016 who used GHB two or more times per week with a minimum duration of 3 months were identified and data extracted by file review. Results: Twelve cases satisfied the inclusion criteria, of whom 50% were female; 75% were using GHB daily, with an average daily amount of 16 ml. Average duration of use was 60 months. All subjects were using amphetamine type stimulants and nicotine. Psychiatric comorbidity and unintentional overdose were common; 50% completed treatment. Medications used included diazepam and neuroleptic. Two patients completed withdrawal with no medications. No subject using greater than 90 ml GHB in the preceding week completed treatment. Pattern of GHB use did not predict medication requirements during withdrawal management. Conclusions: There were low numbers attending for elective treatment for GHB use. Heavier GHB use predicted poor treatment retention. Polysubstance use and psychiatric co-morbidities need consideration in treatment planning.

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Sala, R. A., K. Zanini, S. Juarez, C. Rapelli, A. Pendido, A. Aronna, and L. E. Fein. "Palliative care (PC) education for medical students: An unresolved need." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e20704-e20704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20704.

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e20704 Background: Chapters contained in subjects other than PC lack the specificity and the integration of concepts to impact quality of care. Since 2005 an elective subject is part of the undergraduate curriculum of the medical school of the UNR. Teaching is case based in large groups with elective rotations to an acute care hospital PC team. Methods: To evaluate if this subject, as it is outlined, produces sensitization about PC, results of initial surveys (IS) (358) and final surveys (FS) (292) performed each year were compared and changes over time evaluated. Summary measures were calculated and hypothesis tests were done. Results: Students average age: 23 years. Female sex: 75.8%. Global answer rate of IS: 86.77% (range: 76.2% to 96%) and of FS: 76.65% (range: 68% to 85.9%). Composition of courses according to year of study. Quantity of IS and FS/ year. Differences in identification of the objectives of PC between IS and FS was statistically significant (p = 0.002) only in 2005. In 2006 (p = 0.195), 2007 (p = 0.318), and 2008 (p = 0.10) there was not statistical significance. Average 97.3% (range: 93% to 100%) of students considered the contents of the subject will impact in their practice and 95,75% (range: 91.5% to 98.5%) found them useful. 87% (range: 87.3% to 94.1%) positively changed their vision of interdisciplinary team work. Conclusions: Few students have a correct knowledge of PC at the beginning of the course; this knowledge is increased at the end of each course without reaching statistical significance except in 2005 (p = 0.002), when all the students were in the third year of study. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Davey, Belinda, Kristine Elliott, and Maria Bora. "Negotiating pedagogical challenges in the shift from face-to-face to fully online learning: A case study of collaborative design solutions by learning designers and subject matter experts." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.16.1.3.

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With the increasing number of students enrolled in fully online programs and subjects across different Australian universities, online education has become a popular higher education alternative. The University of Melbourne has responded to this challenge by establishing the Melbourne School of Professional and Continuing Education (MSPACE), where the learning designers (LDs), project managers, educational technologists, graphic designers and video producers work collaboratively with subject matter experts (SMEs) from across the university to create high-quality fully online graduate subjects. The case study presented in this article examines how MSPACE used this team-based approach to design and develop Psychodynamic Psychiatry, a six-week elective in the Master of Psychiatry. This paper examines a number of pedagogical challenges that arise when converting a pre-existing face-to-face subject to a fully online subject, as well as some relatively unique aspects in the design and development process utilised by MSPACE. While the approach provided by MSPACE currently focuses on supporting SMEs by providing access to third-space professionals, it is hoped that this will act as a conduit through which the SMEs are enculturated into the ways of design thinking for effective online teaching and learning practice.

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Shadenkov, Valery I., Yury M. Korostelyov, Irina V. Vartanova, and Dmitry M. Shirokov. "Application of the laryngeal mask airway in cesarean section." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 68, no. 4 (October 5, 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd68499-106.

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Spinal anesthesia is considered the standard anesthetic technique for elective cesarean section, but it is contraindicated in some cases. General anesthesia in pregnant women is associated with a significant increase in frequency of complications, primarily related to airway management. In this article, we propose to use a laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to endotracheal intubation during elective operative delivery, subject to certain conditions. We present two clinical cases of general combined anesthesia with the installation of a second-generation laryngeal mask airway and mechanical ventilation — in a patient with the Arnold-Chiari type I malformation and in a patient with IV grade scoliosis.

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Orujeva, E. "Description of the Methodology of Using E-learning Technology in the Study of the Subject “Computer Science”." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/70/61.

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The role of both higher and secondary education at the present stage of development of the Republic of Azerbaijan is mainly measured by the tasks set for it, its transition to a democratic and rule-of-law state, to a market economy, the need to overcome the danger of the country lagging behind the world trends of economic and social development. The main goal of the modernization of education is to create a mechanism for the sustainable development of the education system. To achieve this goal, such important tasks as ensuring State guarantees of accessibility and equal opportunities for obtaining a full-fledged education and achieving a new modern quality of preschool, general and vocational education should be solved as a priority, among others. Within the framework of solving these tasks, the concept of modernization of Russian education at the senior level of general education provides for specialized training and the development of distance education. The model of a general education institution with specialized training at the senior level provides for the possibility of various combinations of academic subjects, which will provide a flexible system of specialized training. This system includes the following types of academic subjects: basic general education, specialized and elective. Elective courses are implemented at the expense of the school component of the curriculum and provide “support” for the study of the main profile subjects, as well as serve for intra-profile specialization of training and the construction of individual educational trajectories. Schools are faced with the task of developing elective courses. On the one hand, solving this problem requires highly qualified specialists, which is extremely difficult to provide, especially in rural areas. On the other hand, today schools, including rural ones, get access to high-speed Internet, therefore, we can say that there is a sufficient technical base for the development of distance learning, which will also solve the problems of specialized training.

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Vorsanger, PhD, MD, Gary J., Angela M. Klopfer, BS, Jim Xiang, PhD, Carmela J. Benson, MS, Bruce L. Moskovitz, MD, and Norman R. Rosenthal, MD. "Immediate-release tapentadol or oxycodone for treatment of acute postoperative pain after elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A randomized, phase IIIb study." Journal of Opioid Management 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2013.0170.

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Objective: Arthroscopic shoulder surgery can result in substantial postoperative pain. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tapentadol immediate release (IR) or oxycodone IR in this setting for the treatment of acute pain.Design: Subjects received tapentadol IR 50 or 100 mg or oxycodone IR 5 or 10 mg every 4-6 hours as needed for pain up to 7 days after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Twice daily, subjects recorded pain intensity from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as bad as you can imagine) and pain relief from 0 (none) to 5 (complete). Final assessments included patient and clinician global impression of change and subject satisfaction with treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the sum of pain intensity differences (SPID) over 3 days.Results: Of 378 subjects (192 tapentadol IR, 186 oxycodone IR) who took study medication, 312 (158 tapentadol IR, 154 oxycodone IR) had pain intensity ≥4 before the first dose and were evaluated for efficacy. Mean SPID scores over 3 days were 32.1 and 41.1 in the tapentadol IR and oxycodone IR groups, respectively (least-squares mean difference [95% confidence interval], 9.0 [-18.9, 36.9]; p = 0.527). Secondary analyses of pain intensity, pain relief, and subject satisfaction were similar between groups. Subjects and clinicians reported significantly better global impression of change for tapentadol IR. Adverse events were consistent with established safety profiles for IR opioids.Conclusions: Tapentadol IR and oxycodone IR had similar efficacy for pain after arthroscopic shoulder surgery, but subjects and clinicians reported greater overall improvement with tapentadol IR.

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IVINSKY, Dmitry V., and Anatoly M. PYATAKHIN. "Elective vector in physical education of students." Medicine and Physical Education: Science and Practice, no. 6 (2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2658-7688-2020-2-2(6)-68-75.

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The base of the quality improvement of higher education in the Russian Federation is in modern approaches to the education and upbringing of student youth. This provision also applies to physical education and sports. The modern requirements of the federal standard for the training process in the discipline “Physical Education and Sports” do not specify the means and methods of their implementation. This poses the problem for the teacher of a higher school to find accessible and effective means and methods of physical education of student youth, as well as to improve the elective environment of physical education. Purpose . Consideration and identification of distinctive features of elective disciplines in the field of physical education and sports, mechanisms for their organization and implementation at the modern stage of the development of higher education. Materials and methods . We analyzed the mandatory requirements for the implementation of educational programs of higher education, presented in the federal state educational standard of the third generation. Main results . We presented the pedagogical model of sports-oriented physical education in the organization of higher education and indicated the basic vectors of implementation of elective disciplines and the process of monitoring and accounting of student performance in elective disciplines. Conclusions . The elective environment of physical education is a set of subject-spatial, information-technological and socio-interactive conditions and opportunities created by the organization of higher education for the implementation of the student's individual educational route and its self-realization through physical education and sports. A necessary part of the process of physical training in the organization of higher education is the monitoring and accounting of student performance in elective disciplines.

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Camacho-Bejarano, Rafaela, Ana Barquero-González, María Isabel Mariscal-Crespo, and Dolores Merino-Navarro. "English in the nursing degree: a pending subject." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 21, no. 2 (April 2013): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692013000200023.

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OBJECTIVE: The new competence profile of nursing professionals, scientific and medical development, the free circulation of health professionals worldwide, and the increasing social and cultural diversity requires that nurses have specific abilities in spoken and written English. The objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of the English language training required for a Bachelors of Nursing in Spain. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional observational study has been performed in forty-six Spanish universities that offer the Bachelor in nursing degree. RESULTS: In line with the directives of the European Higher Education Area, all universities contemplate the mandatory credit of a second language emphasizing English, although there is considerable variability in the emphasis: 39.4% do not include any English subject, and of the remaining 60.6% who do include it, 60% considered it an elective subject, 32.5% basic education, and 7.5% mandatory. CONCLUSIONS: The English training has different characteristics in each university, which implies a different commitment from each center for this learning. This fact questions the adequacy of the education in relation to the new competence profile required by the European Higher Education Area, which may adversely affect future professional development.

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Lam, Nicholas C. K., Matthew Charles, Deana Mercer, Codruta Soneru, Jennifer Dillow, Francisco Jaime, Timothy R. Petersen, and Edward R. Mariano. "A Triple-Masked, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Ultrasound-Guided Brachial Plexus and Distal Peripheral Nerve Block Anesthesia for Outpatient Hand Surgery." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/324083.

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Background. For hand surgery, brachial plexus blocks provide effective anesthesia but produce undesirable numbness. We hypothesized that distal peripheral nerve blocks will better preserve motor function while providing effective anesthesia.Methods. Adult subjects who were scheduled for elective ambulatory hand surgery under regional anesthesia and sedation were recruited and randomly assigned to receive ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block or distal block of the ulnar and median nerves. Each subject received 15 mL of 1.5% mepivacaine at the assigned location with 15 mL of normal saline injected in the alternate block location. The primary outcome (change in baseline grip strength measured by a hydraulic dynamometer) was tested before the block and prior to discharge. Subject satisfaction data were collected the day after surgery.Results. Fourteen subjects were enrolled. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) strength loss in the distal group was 21.4% (14.3, 47.8%), while all subjects in the supraclavicular group lost 100% of their preoperative strength,P= 0.001. Subjects in the distal group reported greater satisfaction with their block procedures on the day after surgery,P= 0.012.Conclusion. Distal nerve blocks better preserve motor function without negatively affecting quality of anesthesia, leading to increased patient satisfaction, when compared to brachial plexus block.

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Beni Hani, I., K. Al Saudi, and A. Al Kafagel. "Innovative learning approaches in an established medical school: the experience at JUST in Jordan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 5-6 (March 31, 2003): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.5-6.1084.

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The Faculty of Medicine at Jordan University of Science and Technology was established in 1986. Innovative changes were introduced to the traditional subject-based, hospital-oriented curriculum in 1999, the objectives of which were to integrate student learning, emphasize student-centred learning, develop training in a community setting, and introduce elective learning packages. To evaluate the integrated learning in the new curriculum, we assessed the validity and reliability of students’ scores. The scores for the integrated ‘modules’ were compared with those in general subjects studied in the traditional way. Our study showed that results of tests taken on the new ‘modules’ are both valid and reliable measures of students’ performance

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Peiper, Christian, J. Nowack, K. Ktenidis, S. Hopstein, G. Keresztury, and S. Horsch. "Die prophylaktische Endarteriektomie der Arteria carotis interna beim symptomatischen Patienten als dringliche Indikation." Vasa 30, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.30.4.247.

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Background: The symptomatic patient showing a string sign or ulcerative stenosis of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is subject to a high risk of arterial thrombosis or persisting intracranial embolization during the waiting period before operative revascularization. Patients and methods: During one year 186 operative revascularization procedures of the ICA were performed on the symptomatic patient. 26 of them fulfilled the prophylactic urgency criteria: symptoms of the cerebrovascular insufficiency and a string sign or ulcerative stenosis of the ICA with ulceration greater than 2 mm in depth. These results were compared to the control group of the 157 procedures under elective circumstances. Results: Mean clamping time of the urgency and the elective patients were 23.8 min vs. 24.5 min and operation time 50.1 min vs. 54.3 min. None of our urgency patients presented new neurological defects in the postoperative phase, while this occurred in 3.8% in the elective group. Mortality rate in the elective group was 2.7% and 0% in the urgency group. Furthermore, there were fewer local complications in the urgency group. Conclusion: The urgent indication for the desobliteration of the ICA showing a symptomatic string sign or ulcerative stenosis can be recommended. Early thrombosis or neurological defects during the waiting period may be prevented without increasing complication rates.

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Кротенко, Татьяна, and Tatyana Krotenko. "Algorithm of distribution students on elective courses for project activity in system of professional education." Ergodesign 2019, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5d25e4dd41ac94.95837050.

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Some problems of formation students groups in the distance educational process using project methods of training are considered. The stages of formation groups are offered and some of the key aspects which are subject to further researches are allocated. A block diagram of the data clustering algorithm for the distribution of students on elective courses is presented.

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Pavlyutina, L. Yu. "On designing the content of elective course "Applied physical education" in higher education institutions." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/19-1/18.

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The purpose of the research is to find a theoretical basis for designing the programme of the Applied Physical Education course considering the theory of modern education contents. The subject of the research is the process of nurturing HEI students’ skills (competencies) for Applied Physical Education. To achieve the goal we used a system of scientific and pedagogical methods: theoretical analysis of scientific pedagogical literature, pedagogical observation, surveys, pedagogical planning. Thus, the analysis of scientific literature made it possible to identify the most appropriate approach to work out the programme of the elective course on Applied Physical Education that is based on universal culture principles and meets modern requirements of the society for the professional training of HEI students. The theory of modern education is a system of elements of social experience: knowledge systems, experience in performing well-known activities, emotion and value relationships, experience in creative activities, revealed in various fields and spheres, in academic subjects and programmes which can serve as the basis for nurturing students' competencies

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Fang, X. D., and Y. L. Yao. "Appropriate Introduction of Computer Control to Mechanical Engineering Students." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 23, no. 4 (October 1995): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030641909502300401.

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Introducing mechanical engineering (ME) students to microcomputer applications in data acquisition and control areas needs to be done appropriately. It would not be the type of training suitable for ME students if excessive hardware associated details are involved. This paper describes the development of a subject with such ‘appropriateness’ in mind. The subject, as an elective, has been welcomed and enthusiastically participated in by a larger percentage of the final year (i.e. fourth year) and postgraduate students during the last few years. This is in a way indicative that the approach taken is appropriate for ME students.

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Romanova, Olga Viktorovna. "Chemistry Olympiads in the system of modern school education." Современное образование, no. 3 (March 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8736.2018.3.22475.

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The subject of this research is the questions of students’ preparation for Chemistry Olympiads. The author analyzes the content of the school chemistry course, hosting of school Chemistry Olympiads and the issues of preparation, as well as formulates methodology of teaching the secondary school student how to solve the Olympiad tasks. The author also composes a number of standards for chemistry teacher aimed at the development of students’ creative abilities through solving the Olympiad tasks and selects the tasks for studying certain topics in the school chemistry course. The program of elective course that contributes to preparation of students for participation in Olympiads is being developed and tested. Having analyzed the research results, it is safe to say that the solution of Olympiad tasks is advantageous for the students, as they help to digest the new material. The majority of students believe that the Olympiad tasks should be used in educational process, because they develop thought process and creativity. A conclusion is made that introduction of the recommended elective course increases students’ interests in the subject, as well as the level of grasping the material and the quality of students’ knowledge.

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Toner, Andrew J., Vyhunthan Ganeshanathan, Matthew T. Chan, Kwok M. Ho, and Tomas B. Corcoran. "Safety of Perioperative Glucocorticoids in Elective Noncardiac Surgery." Anesthesiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001466.

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Abstract Background Glucocorticoids are increasingly used perioperatively, principally to prevent nausea and vomiting. Safety concerns focus on the potential for hyperglycemia and increased infection. The authors hypothesized that glucocorticoids predispose to such adverse outcomes in a dose-dependent fashion after elective noncardiac surgery. Methods The authors conducted a systematic literature search of the major medical databases from their inception to April 2016. Randomized glucocorticoid trials in adults specifically reporting on a safety outcome were included and meta-analyzed with Peto odds ratio method or the quality effects model. Subanalyses were performed according to a dexamethasone dose equivalent of low (less than 8 mg), medium (8 to 16 mg), and high (more than 16 mg). The primary endpoints of any wound infection and peak perioperative glucose concentrations were subject to meta-regression. Results Fifty-six trials from 18 countries were identified, predominantly assessing dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids did not impact on any wound infection (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6 to 1.2) but did result in a clinically unimportant increase in peak perioperative glucose concentration (weighted mean difference, 20.0 mg/dl; CI, 11.4 to 28.6; P < 0.001 or 1.1 mM; CI, 0.6 to 1.6). Glucocorticoids reduced peak postoperative C-reactive protein concentrations (weighted mean difference, −22.1 mg/l; CI, −31.7 to −12.5; P < 0.001), but other adverse outcomes and length of stay were unchanged. No dose–effect relationships were apparent. Conclusions The evidence at present does not highlight any safety concerns with respect to the use of perioperative glucocorticoids and subsequent infection, hyperglycemia, or other adverse outcomes. Nevertheless, collated trials lacked sufficient surveillance and power to detect clinically important differences in complications such as wound infection.

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Pacher, Juliane, Eva Brix, and Rainer Lehner. "The mode of delivery in patients with preeclampsia at term subject to elective or emergency Cesarean section." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 289, no. 2 (July 13, 2013): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-013-2936-3.

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Yu, Nan Sook, Min Kyung Baek, Sueun Ju, Ju Han, and Mi Jeong Park. "Structuralization of Elective Courses in High School Home Economics(subject group) in Preparation for The Next Curriculum." Korean Home Economics Education Association 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19031/jkheea.2021.3.33.1.129.

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Packová, Anna, Adam Rogers, and Daniela Takáčová. "The legal implication of certain interventions prohibited by law in the United Kingdom and Slovakia – a review." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 4 (2020): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089040375.

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Mutilation of dogs is an emotive and controversial subject for veterinarians and animal keepers. The elective docking of a dog’s tail is illegal under both UK and Slovak law except for specific breeds that are intended to be used for specific purposes while the elective cropping of dogs’ ears is illegal under all circumstances. In the EU, there is much variation between countries with some having a total ban on these procedures and others allowing elective ear cropping specifically. Under the current UK as well as Slovak legislation there is no legal requirement for a central monitoring of the number of docking procedures undertaken, therefore it is not possible to analyse the efficacy of the legislation, specifically, the monitoring of the number of legally docked dogs that are not eventually used for the purpose for which their exemption was granted. There is also no certification scheme for dogs undergoing ear cropping legally in EU countries that permit it. It is suggested that greater monitoring be implemented of the eventual use of docked dogs and the EU granting proof of legality to ear cropped dogs in order to understand how great a risk is posed by illegal docking and cropping procedures.

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Zukovic, Sladjana. "Students' assessment of family functionality and attendance of religious instruction in school." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 41, no. 2 (2009): 496–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi0902496z.

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The goal of the research presented in this paper was to study the relations between students' estimation of the real and desired state of family functionality and attendance of religious instruction in school. The results obtained on the sample of 421 secondary school students of the third grade, who opted for attending religious instruction at the beginning of this level of schooling (263 students) or for attending the alternative elective subject - civic education (158 students). For assessing relevant dimensions of the real and desired state of family system functionality, the standardized instruments were used - FACES III (cohesion and flexibility of the family) and F-COPES (strategies of family's overcoming of problems). For collecting data on sociodemographic characteristics of respondents and their families, as well as the assessment of effects of attending religious instruction on the family, we used the Student Questionnaire, constructed for the purposes of this research. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, we reached the conclusion that in certain aspects there are differences in students' assessment of the real and desired state of family functionality, depending on the elective subject they attend, as well as that it can be stated with great probability that some of the measured family characteristics are significantly correlated with the effects of religious instruction on students and their family as a whole.

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Lee, Hwayoung. "A Study on the Operating Status of Elective Subject According to the 2015 Revised High School Mathematics Curriculum." School Mathematics 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29275/sm.2021.03.23.1.169.

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Rudakova, Anastasiya Andreevna, and Anna Semenovna Zaitseva. "Elective courses “Educational Practice and” and “Industrial Practice” as the means of development of professional competences of school students." Педагогика и просвещение, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0676.2021.1.34545.

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The subject of this research is the educational-methodological support and organizational-pedagogical conditions for integration of vocational education in the discipline “Horticulturist” in a public school. Research methodology is based on the fusion of theoretical and empirical approaches with application of the methods of analysis, pedagogical engineering, pedagogical experiment, testing, survey, generalization, comparison, synthesis. The relevance of this study is defined by the importance of preparing citizens (counting public school graduates) for professional self-determination and choice of profession, need for development of the corresponding pedagogical conditions, including vocational education in the disciplines “Horticulturist”. This article considers elective courses of educational and industrial practices as the effective means of formation of professional competences of school students. The conducted research demonstrated that completion of educational and industrial practices indicates an increase in the level of formedness of professional competences among students. Comparative analysis of the results of 2018 and 2020 monitoring “Employment of Graduates” illustrated 100% better preparedness of the graduates of 2020 who took elective courses. The scientific novelty relies on the empirical data and formulated conclusions that the considered innovative approach towards modification of public education curriculum through integration with the program of vocational education contribute to achievement of  not only standard educational results (personal, metasubject and subject), but also to formation of professional competences useful for selection of future profession and employment.

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Warner, David O., Robert C. Klesges, Lowell C. Dale, Kenneth P. Offord, Darrell R. Schroeder, Yu Shi, Kristin S. Vickers, and David R. Danielson. "Clinician-delivered Intervention to Facilitate Tobacco Quitline Use by Surgical Patients." Anesthesiology 114, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31820d868d.

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Background Telephone quitlines that provide counseling support are efficacious in helping cigarette smokers quit and have been widely disseminated; currently, they are underused. Surgery represents a teachable moment for smoking cessation, which can benefit surgical outcomes; however, few surgical patients receive smoking cessation interventions. This study developed and tested a clinician-delivered intervention to facilitate quitline use by adult patients scheduled for elective surgery. Methods After formative work involving patients and clinicians, a brief intervention was designed to facilitate telephone quitline use. It was then evaluated in a randomized trial of 300 adults scheduled for elective surgery. A control standard brief stop-smoking intervention served as a comparator, with both interventions delivered by clinicians. The primary outcome was the use rate of a quitline accessed through a dedicated toll-free telephone number, with use defined as completing at least one full counseling session. Secondary outcomes included self-reported abstinence from cigarettes at 30 and 90 days postoperatively. Results Subject characteristics were similar between the two groups. Records from the designated quitline documented that 29 of 149 subjects (19.5%) in the quitline intervention group and 0 of 151 subjects in the control group completed the first full counseling session (P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in the self-reported point-prevalent and continuous abstinence rates between groups at either 30 or 90 days postoperatively, although rates tended to be higher in the quitline intervention group. Conclusions Clinicians can effectively facilitate quitline use by surgical patients. Further work is necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this approach in terms of long-term abstinence from cigarette smoking.

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Нечипуренко, Павло Павлович, and Володимир Миколайович Соловйов. "Using ICT as the Tools of Forming the Senior Pupils’ Research Competencies in the Profile Chemistry Learning of Elective Course “Basics of Quantitative Chemical Analysis." Педагогіка вищої та середньої школи 51 (October 31, 2019): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/pedag.v51i0.3648.

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Nechypurenko P.P. and Solovyov V.M. Using ICT as the Tools of Forming the Senior Pupils’ Research Competencies in the Profile Chemistry Learning of Elective Course “Basics of Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Aims of the study: to substantiate possibilities of the research competencies formation among senior pupils in terms of profile Chemistry learning by means of practical using information and communicationtechnology while accomplishing an elective course “Basics of quantitative chemical analysis”. This research considers the influence of various ICT tools on the formation of individual study and research competencies, in particular the system components of the research competencies among senior pupils in terms of profile Chemistry learning and the methods of their practical applying while accomplishing an elective course “Basics of quantitative chemical analysis”. Object of the study: ICT tools for Chemistry learning. Subject of the study: ICT tools of research competencies formation among senior pupils in terms of profile Chemistry learning. Methods of the study: reviewing and analyzing scientific publications, expert evaluation, summarizing pedagogical experience. Results of the study: the system of research competencies formation among senior pupils is effectively provided by the correct selection of ICT tools and conditions of their applying for the certain research competence formation, which embodies system components.Our research confirms the idea that the most ICT tools are to be leading in the development of research competencies among senior pupils in profile Chemistry learning. They are successfully tested by means of their applying in the process of studying the elective course “Basics of Quantitative Chemical Analysis”. They show the high effectiveness. Our study confirms that virtual chemical laboratories are the most universal and influential tools of forminghe research competencies among senior pupils in profile Chemistry learning.

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Ailawadi, Gorav, John A. Kern, Benjamin B. Peeler, and Irving L. Kron. "Cardiac Surgery in Patients with Drug Eluting Stents: The Risk of Stopping Clopidogrel." Clinical medicine. Cardiology 1 (January 2007): CMC.S340. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmc.s340.

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Recommendations for the duration of clopidogrel (Plavix®, Bristol Meyers Squibb, New York, NY) therapy following drug eluting stent (DES) insertion have been subject to recent criticism. Suggested recommendations for the continuation of clopidogrel have been extended to one year following DES insertion. However, patients with a previously inserted DES who now require cardiac surgery are requested to stop clopidogrel perioperatively. The safety of this practice is unclear. We report two cases of elective cardiac surgical intervention after the insertion of DES complicated by perioperative or intraoperative acute coronary ischemia attributed to DES closure.

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Atmadzas, K. A., V. V. Komok, N. S. Bunenkov, V. A. Pyagay, O. A. Grinenko, S. A. Beliy, and A. S. Nemkov. "The role of genetic markers of thrombophilia in the development of thrombosis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2016-15-1-4-10.

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Coronary artery bypass grafting is one of the most common surgeries performed among all elective cardiac surgery operations. Starting from the first operations, thrombosis not only in the coronary arteries, but also in the venous system was the subject of attention. Over the past two decades it has become evident that the hypercoagulable state, or socalled thrombophilia is multifactorial, genetically determined disorder of the hemostatic system. This article provides an overview of studies on the role of genetic polymorphisms in the development of thrombosis after coronary artery bypass grafting.

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Badlishah, Shahrizal, and Abdul Halim Abdul Majid. "Collaborative Learning via Sharing Session towards Achieving Training Effectiveness in Negotiation Education." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v1i2.8.

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Attaining training effectiveness for Negotiation as an elective subject in obtaining Bachelor of Human Resource Management in University Utara Malaysia will be beneficial for students when they start to work. The subject requires strong fundamental knowledge in human resource management and other management related subjects, as it demands students to be able to relate issues and needs in business venture strategic decision. However, the drawback in achieving this is difficult because students are weak in the basics due to low clasp of fundamental understanding. This action research has been conducted in two consecutive semesters in order to find the best way to improve student basic understanding thus connection to the higher-level knowledge is possible. Collaborative teaching, which was introduced as a sharing session, through small group discussion has been chosen for the purpose of developing effective negotiation education. As a result, students are more comfortable to be open-minded and less stressful while learning with their peers compares to instructors. Based on interviews and observations, results found that collaborative learning do improve understanding and built critical thinking. The approach developed had resulted a more relax and conducive learning environment and the training effectiveness achieved served as evidence in students' performance.

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Abdul Rahman, Mohamad Syukri, Muhammad Daoh, Ahmad Redzaudin Ghazali, Mohamad Rofian Ismail, Mohd Izzuddin Mohd Pisol, and Nurfida’iy Salahuddin. "EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNING MODULE FOR THE BALAGHAH SUBJECT AT HIGHER LEARNING INSTITUTES IN MALAYSIA." International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy and Language 4, no. 14 (June 15, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijhpl.414001.

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Balaghah is one of the main components in Arabic literature and it is mandatory for every student of the Arabic language at any learning institution to learn it either as a major or minor subject, compulsory or elective. In addition, learning Balaghah is also a crucial element in the process of mastering the Arabic language. However, students’ inability to master this subject has become an issue due to the absence of a specific Balaghah module prepared for them. Therefore, this study aims to identify the features of a learning module for the Balaghah subject at the Institutes of Higher Learning in Malaysia, evaluate the effectiveness of the learning module, and propose features and framework of the module based on the research findings. The findings of the study show that students’ ability to master the knowledge of Balaghah is at a low level and this is due to the approach, strategy, and teaching method that is not so effective and suitable for students of Public Higher Learning Institutions. In line with that, a Balaghah module has to be developed and introduced in order to create coordination for this subject among the Institute of Higher Learning in Malaysia. This is because there are many Institutes of Higher Learning that do not have a specific module for the Balaghah subject. This directly creates a vacuum in the teaching of Balaghah itself. Besides that, an effective teaching approach has to be planned and reorganized so that the teaching and learning objective of Balaghah can be achieved.

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Sholeh, Agus, and Mukhtarul Anam. "ENGLISH CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AT SDNU BANAT BANIN LAMONGAN." E-LINK JOURNAL 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/ej.v7i1.263.

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In this modern era, learning English is a must for every human. therefore, learning English at early level is better done. This time, it is determined that English subjects in elementary schools are local content group subjects whose status is as elective subjects, so the material is determined by each school. This research was using Qualitative descriptive. It is about An Analysis English Curriculum Development at SDNU Banat Banin lamongan. The Subject of the research was the teacher and the 5-grade at SDNU Banat Banin Lamongan in the academic year of 2019/2020. There are 30 students. The finding of the research, the curriculum applied at SDNU Banat Banin Lamongan was the 2013 curriculum and the researcher found four aspects that are done by SDNU Banat Banin Lamongan as curriculum development in learning English starting from the purpose of curriculum development, learning material, learning methods, and learning evaluation and the material presented in fifth grade in SDNU Banat Banin Lamongan is grammar, translating text, making sentences, and knowing the difference in the meaning of a word and once every week on Wednesday there is a habit of Speaking English . Keywords: English learning, curriculum development

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Bronner, Eva. "School Curricula in Germany: Dancing on the Edge." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 41, S1 (2009): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2049125500001217.

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In the German federal states of North-Rhine-Westfalia (NRW) and Baden-Württemberg dance isn't a school subject. However, there is dance within physical education—with big differences: In NRW physical education is committed to the purpose of holistic education. Dance is an essential part thereof and obligatory for girls and boys at all class levels and in all types of schools. In Baden-Württemberg dance diminishes within physical education the higher the class and educational level of the student. Unfortunately it has degenerated into a semisport without artistic or pedagogical depth. As an elective matter it can be chosen—or not.

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Delides, Alexander, Pavlos Maragoudakis, and Thomas Nikolopoulos. "Timing of Tracheotomy in Intubated Patients With COVID-19." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820930668.

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Timing of elective tracheotomy in the intensive care unit for intubated patients with COVID-19 is still unclear. Recent recommendations and guidelines describe the surgical steps to achieve maximum protection of the involved medical staff and propose a delay of the procedure, so the viral load is decreased. Most authors of these recommendations agree that tracheotomy should be performed after at least 14 days from intubation, but data on this subject are still lacking. We discuss the issue of timing for such a procedure in regard to viral load and propose that the decision should be predominately based on its calculation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Elective subject'

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